Rus qurollari uchun 1709 yil shonli g'alabalarga to'la edi. Poltava yaqinida Buyuk Pyotr armiyani mag'lub etdi - rus qo'shinlari ularni Boltiqbo'yi hududidan muvaffaqiyatli haydab chiqarishdi. Fath qilingan mamlakatlarda o'z ta'sirini kuchaytirish uchun u o'zining ko'p qarindoshlaridan biri Kurland gertsogi Fridrix Vilgelmga uylanishga qaror qildi.
Imperator akasining bevasi Praskovya Fedorovnaga maslahat so'rab murojaat qildi: u qaysi qizini shahzodaga bermoqchi edi? Va u chet ellik kuyovni chindan ham yoqtirmaganligi sababli, u o'zining sevilmagan o'n etti yoshli qizi Annani tanladi. Bu kelajakdagi imperator Anna Ioannovna edi.
Bo'lajak imperatorning bolaligi va o'smirligi
Anna 1693 yil 28 yanvarda Moskvada Buyuk Pyotrning akasi oilasida tug'ilgan, u bolaligini onasi va singillari bilan Izmailovoda o'tkazgan. Zamondoshlari ta'kidlaganidek, Anna Ioannovna o'zini tuta bilmaydigan, jim va muloqot qilmaydigan bola edi. U yoshligidan savodxonlik, nemis va frantsuz tillarini o'rgatgan. U o'qish va yozishni o'rgandi, lekin malika hech qachon raqsga tushishni va ijtimoiy xulq-atvorni o'zlashtira olmadi.
Annaning to'yi 1710 yil 31 oktyabrda tugallanmagan Sankt-Peterburg Menshikov saroyida nishonlandi. Kelgusi yilning boshida Anna Ioannovna va Kurland gertsogi poytaxt Mitavaga jo'nab ketishdi. Ammo yo'lda Vilgelm kutilmaganda vafot etdi. Shunday qilib, malika to'ydan bir necha oy o'tgach, beva bo'lib qoldi.
Anna hukmronligidan yillar oldin
Buyuk Pyotr Annaga Kurlandda hukmdor bo'lib qolishni buyurdi. Uning unchalik aqlli bo'lmagan qarindoshi bu gersoglikda Rossiya manfaatlariga xizmat qila olmasligini tushunib, u bilan Pyotr Bestujev-Ryuminni yubordi. 1726 yilda Bestujev-Ryumin Kurlandiyadan chaqirib olinganda, Anna saroyida Kenigsberg universitetini tashlab ketgan zodagon Ernst Iogann Biron paydo bo'ldi.
Buyuk Pyotr vafotidan keyin Rossiya imperiyasida umuman eshitilmagan voqea yuz berdi - ayol taxtga o'tirdi! Pyotr I ning bevasi, imperator Ketrin. U deyarli ikki yil hukmronlik qildi. Uning o'limidan biroz oldin Maxfiy kengash Buyuk Pyotrning nabirasi Pyotr Alekseevichni imperator etib saylashga qaror qildi. U o'n bir yoshida taxtga o'tirdi, lekin o'n to'rt yoshida chechakdan vafot etdi.
Yashirin jamiyat a'zolarining shartlari yoki ijrosi
Oliy Maxfiylik kengashi Annaning avtokratik kuchini cheklab, taxtga chaqirishga qaror qildi. Ular Anna Ioannovnani taxtga taklif qilish shartlarini ifodalovchi "Shartlar" ni tuzdilar. Ushbu hujjatga ko'ra, Maxfiylik kengashining ruxsatisiz u hech kimga urush e'lon qila olmaydi, tinchlik bitimlari tuza olmaydi, qo'shin yoki qo'riqchiga qo'mondonlik qila olmaydi, soliqlarni ko'tara olmaydi yoki kirita olmaydi va hokazo.
1730 yil 25 yanvarda maxfiy jamiyat vakillari Metavaga "shartlar" ni olib kelishdi va gertsoginya barcha cheklovlarga rozi bo'lib, ularni imzoladi. Tez orada yangi imperator Anna Ioannovna Moskvaga keldi. U erda poytaxt zodagonlarining vakillari unga qoidalarni qabul qilmaslikni, balki avtokratik tarzda hukmronlik qilishni so'rab, ariza berishdi. Va imperator ularni tingladi. U ochiqchasiga hujjatni yirtib tashladi va Oliy Maxfiylik kengashini tarqatib yubordi. Uning a'zolari quvg'in qilindi va qatl qilindi va Anna Assumption soborida toj kiydi.
Anna Ioannovna: hukmronlik yillari va uning sevimli sevimlisining siyosatga ta'siri
Anna Ioannovna davrida vazirlar mahkamasi tuzildi, unda vitse-kanslerlardan biri Andrey Osterman asosiy rol o'ynadi. Empressning sevimlisi siyosatga aralashmadi. Anna Ioannovna yolg'iz hukmronlik qilgan bo'lsa-da, uning hukmronligi yillari rus tarixshunosligida Bironovschina nomi bilan mashhur.
1732 yil yanvarda imperator saroyi Peterburgga ko'chib o'tdi. Bu erda uzoq vaqtdan beri Evropada yashagan Anna o'zini Moskvadan ko'ra qulayroq his qildi. Anna Ioannovna davridagi tashqi siyosat Buyuk Pyotr siyosatining davomi edi: Rossiya Polsha merosi uchun kurash olib bordi va Turkiya bilan urushga kirdi, bunda rus qo'shinlari yuz ming kishini yo'qotdi.
Imperatorning Rossiya davlati oldidagi xizmatlari
Anna Ioannovna Rossiya uchun yana nima qildi? Uning hukmronligi yillari yangi hududlarning rivojlanishi bilan ajralib turdi. Davlat Bug va Dnestr o'rtasidagi dashtni egallab oldi, ammo Qora dengizda kemalarni saqlash huquqiga ega bo'lmasdan. Buyuk Shimoliy ekspeditsiya ishlay boshlaydi, Sibir va Shimoliy Muz okeani va Kamchatka qirg'oqlari o'rganiladi.
Imperatorning farmoni bilan Rossiya imperiyasi tarixidagi eng ulug'vor qurilish loyihalaridan biri - Evropa Rossiyasining janubiy va janubi-sharqiy chegaralari bo'ylab ulkan istehkomlar tizimini qurish boshlanadi. Anna Ioannovna davrida boshlangan bu keng ko'lamli qurilishni Rossiya imperiyasining Volga bo'yidagi birinchi madaniy va ijtimoiy loyihasi deb atash mumkin. Orenburg ekspeditsiyasi imperiyaning Evropa qismining sharqiy chegaralarida ishlaydi, buning uchun Anna Ioannovna hukumati ko'plab vazifalarni qo'ydi.
Imperatorning kasalligi va o'limi
Imperiya chegaralarida qurol-yarog'lar yangrab, askarlar va zodagonlar imperatorning shon-sharafi uchun o'lgan bo'lsa, poytaxt hashamat va o'yin-kulgida yashadi. Annaning zaifligi ov edi. Peterhof saroyining xonalarida har doim o'qlangan qurollar bo'lgan, ulardan imperator uchib ketayotgan qushlarga o'q uzgan. U o'zini sud hazillari bilan o'rab olishni yaxshi ko'rardi.
Ammo Anna Ioannovna nafaqat otish va o'yin-kulgi qilishni bilardi, balki uning hukmronligi yillari juda jiddiy edi davlat ishlari. Imperator o'n yil hukmronlik qildi va bu yillar davomida Rossiya o'z chegaralarini qurdi, jang qildi va kengaytirdi. 1740 yil 5 oktyabrda kechki ovqat paytida imperator hushini yo'qotdi va o'n ikki kun kasal bo'lib, vafot etdi.
Empress Anna Ioanovna 3-qism.
Empress Anna Ioannovna
Louis Caravaque
Monogramma
Avtokratik imperator
Poytaxtda aqllarning achchiqlanishi davom etdi. Olijanob doiralarning barcha "loyihalari" Oliy Maxfiy Kengashning qarshiliklariga duch keldi va proyektorlarning o'zlari o'rtasida ichki kurash va kelishmovchilik kuchaydi. Bunday sharoitda mutlaq monarxiyani tiklash tarafdorlari, aniq maqsad - taxtga so'zsiz nomzod, avtokrat - Anna Ioannovnaning avtokratik hokimiyatini tiklash tarafdorlari tobora kuchayib bordi.
Empress Anna Ioanovna
23-fevralda (5-mart) avtokratiya tarafdorlari knyaz Ivan Fedorovich Baryatinskiyning uyiga yig'ilib, Annaga Kengashni tugatish, avtokratiyani tiklash, Shartlarni yo'q qilish va hokimiyatni tiklashni talab qilib, ariza yozishdi. Senatning vakolati. Murojaatni rasmiylashtirgandan so'ng, knyaz Antioxiya Kantemir petitsiyani qo'llab-quvvatlash taklifi bilan knyaz Cherkassiga bordi. Cherkasskiy-Tatishchev doirasi mutlaq monarxiyani tiklash niyatida emas, balki absolyutistlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashga qaror qildi.
Empress Anna Ioanovna
1730-yil 25-fevralda (7-mart) tarixiy dramaning tan olinishi keldi. Knyaz Cherkasskiy katta dvoryanlar guruhi boshchiligida saroyga kelib, Annaga 87 nafar zodagonlar imzolagan petitsiyani taqdim etadi. Murojaatni Tatishchev o'qib chiqdi. Imzolangan shartlar uchun Annaga minnatdorchilik izhor qilib, zodagonlar "ba'zi hollarda ushbu fikrlarda shubhalar borki, odamlarning aksariyati kelajakdagi tashvishlardan qo'rqishadi" deb xavotir bildirdilar. Zodagonlar Annadan barcha fikrlarni ko'rib chiqish va tahlil qilish uchun maxsus kengash chaqirishni so'rashdi. Bunday petitsiya Oliy maxfiy kengash a'zolarini g'azablantirdi. Knyaz Vasiliy Lukich Dolgorukov knyaz Cherkasskiyga ayblovlar bilan hujum qildi va ular o'rtasida og'zaki janjal kelib chiqdi. Bu vaqtda imperatorning singlisi Ketrin qo'lida siyoh idishi bilan zalga kirdi va Annadan darhol petitsiya bo'yicha qaror chiqarishni talab qildi. Anna petitsiyada shunday deb yozgan: "Buni shunga ko'ra qiling."
Empress Anna Ioanovna
Shundan so'ng, zodagonlar qo'shni palatalarga yig'ilish uchun nafaqaga chiqishdi va Anna Oliy Maxfiylik kengashi a'zolarini tushlikka taklif qildi. Rahbarlar imperatorni rad eta olmadilar va yuzaga kelgan vaziyatlarga javob bera olmay, yakkalanib qolishdi.
Bu vaqtda imperator qo'riqchisi "jangga" kirdi, u imperatorning shaxsiy buyrug'i bilan o'sha kuni imperator xonalarini qo'riqladi. Soqchilarga general-leytenant, gvardiya podpolkovnigi Semyon Saltikov boshchilik qildi.
Graf Semyon Andreevich Saltikov (1672 yil 1 aprel - 1742 yil 1 oktyabr, Moskva) - Preobrajenskiy polkining qo'mondoni, senator, bosh kamerlen, birinchi chaqirilgan Avliyo Endryu ordeni sohibi.
Ispaniya elchisi de Liria voqealarni tasvirlaganidek, "qorovul zobitlari va boshqalar ko'p bo'lib, qirolichaning huzurida ular hech kim o'z imperatoriga qonunlar yozishni xohlamasliklarini istamasliklarini aytishdi. shov-shuv shu darajaga yetdiki, qirolicha ularga tahdid solishga majbur bo‘ldi, lekin hamma uning oyog‘iga yiqilib: “Biz, janobi oliylarining sodiq fuqarolari, sizning o‘tmishdoshlaringizga sadoqat bilan xizmat qildik va jonimizni fido qilamiz. Janobi Hazratingizning xizmatida, lekin biz zulmga toqat qilolmaymiz, Janobi oliylari, biz zolimlarning boshini oyoqlaringizga qo‘yamiz.
Empress Anna Ioanovna
Ayni paytda feldmarshal knyaz Ivan Trubetskoy imperatorga yangi ariza topshirdi, uni knyaz Antioxiya Kantemir o'qib chiqdi. Murojaat imperatordan avtokratik hokimiyatni tiklashni so'radi va 166 zodagonlar tomonidan imzolandi. Imperator unga ariza va shartlarni topshirishni buyurdi "Va janoblari butun xalq oldida bu fikrlarni yirtib tashlashga qaror qildilar." Podpolkovnik Saltikov qo'riqchi boshlig'i imperatorni avtokratik suveren deb e'lon qildi. Zodagonlar ham shunday qilishdi.
Anna Ioannovna "standartlarni" yirtib tashlamoqda.
Oliy Maxfiylik Kengashining rejasi barbod bo'ldi. Hozirgi oliy rahbarlar haqida zamonamizning qayd etishicha: “Ularning baxti o'shanda qimirlamagan; Agar ular zodagonlar hukmiga ozgina norozilik bildirganlarida edi, soqchilar ularni derazadan uloqtirgan bo'lar edi.
1730 yil 1 (12) martda xalq ikkinchi marta imperator Anna Ioannovnaga to'liq avtokratiya shartlarida qasamyod qildi.
Empress Anna Ioanovna
Ichki siyosat
Sud partiyalarining kurashi yoki "Ostermanni ag'darish"
Avtokratiya tiklanganiga qaramay, Annaning pozitsiyasi dastlab qiyin bo'lib qoldi. Uning o'z "partiyasi" yo'q edi, u tayanishi mumkin bo'lgan rasmiy siyosiy kuch. Imperatorning ichki doirasi dastlab juda noaniq va amorf edi. Dastlab absolyutizmni tiklash tarafdori bo'lgan aristokratiya vakillari va imperatorning eng yaqin qarindoshlari katta rol o'ynagan. Shunday qilib, imperatorning amakisi Vasiliy Saltikov Moskva general-gubernatori etib tayinlandi. Senatga imperatorning qarindoshi, avtokratiyani e'lon qilish davrida o'zini namoyon qilgan Semyon Saltikov kiritildi; amakisi - knyaz Ivan Romodanovskiy; kuyovi - malika Praskovya Ivan Dmitriev-Mamonovning morganatik eri. Sadoqatiga shubha yo'q bo'lgan feldmarshal knyaz Ivan Trubetskoy imperiyaning markaziy hududlarida joylashgan qo'shinlar qo'mondoni etib tayinlandi. Uning akasi, avtokratiyani tiklash haqidagi petitsiyani imzolagan knyaz Yuriy Trubetskoy Senatga tanishtirildi. "Germaniya sud partiyasi" deb nomlangan partiyadan boshida faqat ikki kishi bor edi - Reynhold Levenvolde va Andrey Osterman.
Empress Anna Ioanovna
Uzoq vaqt davomida, 1730 yildan 1732 yilgacha, sudda imperatorga ta'sir o'tkazish uchun saroy guruhlari o'rtasida kurash olib borildi. Imperatorning eng yaqin maslahatchisiga aylangan vitse-kansler Osterman ichki ishlarga katta ta'sir o'tkaza boshladi. Ko'p o'tmay, sudning bosh palatasi unvonini olgan Biron sudga graf Karl Lövenvolde va Burxart Minichni chaqirdi.
Ernst Iogan fon Biron (nem. Ernst Johann von Biron; 1690 yil 23 noyabr - 1772 yil 28 dekabr) - rus imperatori Anna Ioannovnaning sevimlisi, 1740 yil oktyabr-noyabr oylarida Rossiya imperiyasining regenti, Muqaddas Rim imperiyasining grafi (dan. 1730), 1737 yildan Kurland va Semigaliya gertsogi. 1740-61 yillarda. havolada.
Graf Burchard Kristof fon Myunnix (Rossiyada u Kristofer Antonovich Myunnix nomi bilan tanilgan; 1683 yil 9 may, Noyanxuntorf, Oldenburg — 1767 yil 16 (27) oktyabr, Sankt-Peterburg) — rus feldmarshali general (1732), eng faol davri. faoliyati Preobrajenskiy hayotini qo'riqlash polkining qo'riqchi podpolkovnigi Anna Ioannovna davrida sodir bo'lgan (1739 yildan Turkiya ustidan qozonilgan g'alaba uchun). Memuarist Iogann Ernst Munnixning otasi.
Ostermanning imperatorga ta'siri kuchayishi rus aristokratiyasining qarshiliklariga sabab bo'ldi, ular o'z fitnalarini tuzdilar. "Ostermanni yiqitish", lekin butun maqsadli "Nemis guruhi". Dastlab, Biron va Levenvolde Ostermanning ta'siriga qiziqish bildirishdi, bu hatto Ostermanni aristokratlar bilan murosa topishga harakat qilishga majbur qildi, ammo birlik. "Rus guruhi" birlashishga majbur qildi.
Empress Anna Ioanovna
"Nemislarga" knyaz Cherkasskiy va yana Senatning Bosh prokurori etib tayinlangan Yagujinskiy ustidan g'alaba qozonishga muvaffaq bo'ldi va 1730 yil 10 (21) dekabrda knyaz Mixail Golitsinning vafoti aristokratlarni o'zlarining eng nufuzli tarafdorlaridan biridan mahrum qildi. boshqa holatlar nihoyat mag'lubiyatga olib keldi "Rossiya guruhi".
Empress Anna Ioanovna
Biroq suddagi kurash deyarli 2 yil davom etdi va g'alaba bilan yakunlandi "Germaniya partiyasi", lekin partiyaning o'zi hech qachon ishlamadi. Tashqaridan tahdidning yo'qligi darhol kelishmovchiliklarning kuchayishiga olib keldi, ularning katalizatori Biron, Osterman va Levenvold bilan janjallashgan Minich edi. 1733 yilda Biron va Osterman zerikarli feldmarshaldan qutulib, uning Polshada qo'mondon etib tayinlanishiga erishdilar. Biron, shuningdek, Levenvolde klanining ta'sirini zaiflashtirishga harakat qildi - graf Karl Varshavaga, keyin esa Venaga muxtor vazir etib yuborildi. Biron o'z ijodlarini sudda targ'ib qilishga harakat qildi, ularning millatiga e'tibor bermadi. Biron homiyligida knyaz Aleksandr Kurakin bosh chavandoz bo'ldi va sevimlining yaqin doirasiga kirgan Artemiy Volinskiy bosh jagermeister bo'ldi.
Knyaz Aleksandr Borisovich Kurakin (1697 yil 31 iyul (10 avgust) - 1749 yil 2 (13) oktyabr) - davlat arbobi va Kurakinlar oilasidan diplomat: haqiqiy maxfiy maslahatchi, otliqlar boshlig'i (1736), senator.
Artemiy Petrovich Volinskiy (1689 - 27 iyun 1740, Sankt-Peterburg) - rus davlat arbobi va diplomati. 1719-1730 yillarda Astraxan va Qozon gubernatori. 1722 yilda u Buyuk Pyotrning amakivachchasiga uylanib, o'z mavqeini mustahkamladi. 1738 yildan boshlab imperator Anna Ioannovna kabinet vaziri. "Bironovizm" ga qarshi. Dvoryanlar davrasining boshida u davlatni qayta tashkil etish loyihalarini tuzdi. Bajarildi.
Anna Ioannovna hukmronligining ichki siyosiy dasturi
Yangi imperator hukmronligining ichki siyosiy dasturi 1730 yil 1 (12) iyundagi oltita shaxsiy farmonda shakllantirilgan: "Armiya, artilleriya va istehkomlar holatini ko'rib chiqish va ularni tuzatish uchun komissiya tuzish to'g'risida"; “Kollegiyalar va idoralar uchun shtat tuzish komissiyasini tashkil etish to‘g‘risida”; “Sudyalar tomonidan qudratning yuziga qaramay, berilgan qasamyodga muvofiq, vijdonan, ishlarning hal etilishi haqida (Adolat haqida)”; “Boshlangan Kodeksni zudlik bilan yakunlash to‘g‘risida...”; “Senatni boshqarmalarga bo‘lish va har biriga alohida faoliyat turini belgilash to‘g‘risida”; "Har shanba kuni imperator janoblariga ikkita hisobot taqdim etish to'g'risida."
“A. P. Volinskiy Vazirlar Mahkamasi majlisida”, V. Yakobi rasmi
Dastur beshta asosiy nuqtaga qisqartirildi:
1. Dehqonlardan olinadigan soliqlarni kamaytirish va harbiy muammolarni hal qilish uchun unga sarflanadigan xarajatlarni kamaytirish zarurati tufayli armiyani isloh qilish mumkin.
2. Davlat organlari xodimlarini ular uchun harajatlarning umumiy miqdorini aniqlash va uni mumkin bo‘lgan qisqartirish bo‘yicha ehtimoliy maqsad bilan ratsionalizatsiya va tartibga solishga qaratilgan ko‘rib chiqish.
4. Yangi Kodeksni ishlab chiqish bo'yicha ishlarni davom ettirish.
5. Senat islohoti.
Empress Anna Ioanovna
Dasturning o'zi bevosita oldingi hukmronlik davrida yuzaga kelgan muammolarga asoslangan edi. Dasturda ko'tarilgan masalalarning mazmuni shuni ko'rsatadiki, unga Pyotr I ning amalga oshirilmagan loyihalari ham, Ketrin I davrida ham ko'tarilgan, ammo hal etilmagan muammolar ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Shunday qilib, Ketrin I ning 1727 yil 9 (20) yanvardagi manifestida soliqlar bilan og'rigan dehqonlarning og'ir ahvoli, haddan tashqari murakkab davlat apparati va davlat apparatining etishmasligi haqida savollar ko'tarildi. huquqiy himoya dehqonlar Manifestda armiyaga xarajatlarni qisqartirish, byudjet moddalarini qayta taqsimlash, ishlab chiqarish va savdoni rivojlantirish orqali sog'lom byudjet, davlat apparatini qisqartirish va qonunchilikni takomillashtirish nazarda tutilgan.
Empress Anna Ioanovna
Boshqaruv Senatining tiklanishi
1730 yil 4 (15) martdagi manifest bilan imperator Anna Oliy Maxfiylik Kengashining tarqatilishi va 21 senatordan iborat Boshqaruv Senatining hokimiyati tiklanganligini e'lon qildi. Bu 1730-yil 25-fevralda (7-mart) berilgan ikkinchi petitsiyada bayon etilgan olijanob talablarning bevosita aksi edi. To'g'ri, imperator bu petitsiyaning ikkinchi bandiga amal qilmadi, unda zodagonlarga senatorlar, gubernatorlar va kollejlar prezidentlarini saylashga ruxsat berish kerak edi. Pyotrning Senat lavozimi haqidagi farmonlari asosida Senat tiklandi.
Deyarli barcha yangi senatorlar imperatorning hokimiyatini cheklashga urinish bilan bog'liq tadbirlarda faol ishtirok etishdi. Senat tarkibiga sobiq Oliy Maxfiylik kengashining 6 nafar vakili ham kirgan. Senatning shaxsiy tarkibi shuni ko'rsatadiki, Anna va uning atrofidagilar yil boshida zodagonlar harakatidan keyin tuzilgan sobiq byurokratik elita, aristokratiya va qarama-qarshi partiyalar bilan murosa o'rnatishga harakat qilishgan.
1805-1807 yillarda J. A. Atkinson tomonidan Admiraltydan quyi oqimdan Neva daryosining panoramik ko'rinishi. Imzo (ingliz, frantsuz): "Varaq 2. Admiralty. Aziz Isaak cherkovi. Pyotr I haykali. Senat. Promenade des Anglais. Fanlar akademiyasi."
Filo islohoti
Pyotr I hukmronligining so'nggi yillarida kema qurish sur'ati pasayishni boshladi. Butrus hukmronligining so'nggi yillarida yiliga 1-2 tadan ko'p jangovar kemalar qo'yilmagan va xodimlarni saqlash uchun zarur bo'lgan son yiliga 3 ta kema edi. Butrusning o'limidan keyin kemasozlikdagi vaziyat keskin yomonlashdi. 1727 yildan 1730 yilgacha bo'lgan davrda bitta ham kema qo'yilmagan. 1727 yilda flotga 15 ta jangovar tayyor jangovar kemalar (flotdagi 50 tadan) va 4 ta jangovar tayyor fregat (18 ta ro'yxatga kiritilgan) kiritilgan. Pyotr II hukmronligi davrida flot ekipajlarining jangovar tayyorgarlik intensivligi keskin kamaydi. 1728 yil aprel oyida imperator Oliy Maxfiylik Kengashining yig'ilishida butun flotning faqat to'rtta fregati va ikkita fleytasi dengizga chiqishni buyurdi va yana beshta fregat sayohatga tayyor edi. Qolgan kemalar portlarda qolishi kerak edi "g'azna jamg'armasi"
Evgeniy Evgenievich Lansere.
Pyotr I davridagi kemalar.
1731 yil oxirida dengiz floti 36 ta jangovar kema, 12 ta fregat va 2 ta kemani o'z ichiga oldi, ammo oddiy jangovar kemalarning atigi 29,63% to'liq jangovar tayyor edi, yana 18,52% Boltiqbo'yida faqat eng qulay vaqtda ishlay olishdi. yil, bo'ronlar yo'q. Umuman olganda, Rossiya dengizga to'liq jangovar tayyor bo'lgan 8 ta jangovar kemani va Boltiqbo'yida qisqa masofalarga 5 ta kemani olib kelishi mumkin edi. Katta darajali barcha kemalar - 90, 80, 70 qurollar - ishdan chiqdi. Faqat bitta 100 qurolli kema, beshta 66 qurolli kema va ettita 56-62 qurolli kema jangovar va qisman jangovar tayyor holatda qoldi.
Evgeniy Evgenievich Lansere.
Pyotr I davridagi kemalar.
Taxtga o'tirgach va Oliy Maxfiylik Kengashi tugatilgandan so'ng, imperator Anna Ioannovna o'zining birinchi farmonlari bilan flotni tiklash muammosini hal qildi. 1730 yil 21 iyulda (1 avgust) imperator shaxsiy farmon chiqardi. "Nizomlar va nizomlarga muvofiq galley va kema flotlarini saqlash to'g'risida", unda "Admiralty kengashi tomonidan kema va galley floti nizomlar, qoidalar va farmonlarga muvofiq, zaiflashmasdan va hozirgi farovon tinchlik davriga tayanmasdan saqlanishi kerakligi qat'iy tasdiqlandi".
Empress Anna Ioanovna
Empress Anna Ioanovna
1731 yil dekabr oyida imperator Boltiq flotida dengizga chiqish bo'yicha muntazam mashqlarni qayta tiklashni buyurdi, bu "odamlar uchun ushbu treningdan o'tish va kemalarni chinakam tekshirish uchun, chunki portda armatura va boshqa shikastlanishlarni tekshirish mumkin emas. xuddi kema harakatlanayotgandek”. 1731 yil yanvar oyida (hozirgi kunga ko'ra fevral) Admiralty kemasozlik zavodlarida yangi 66 qurolli kema qo'yildi. "Rossiyaga shon-sharaf", 1732 yil fevral va mart oylarida yana ikkita kema qo'yildi.
Ber, Iogann Filipp (vaf. 1756). A.I.ning portreti. Osterman, 1730-yillar. Podstanitskiy to'plami.
1732 yilda vitse-kansler graf Andrey Osterman raisligida flotni isloh qilish bo'yicha Harbiy dengiz komissiyasi tuzildi, uning tarkibiga vitse-admiral graf Nikolay Golovin, vitse-admiral Naum Senyavin, vitse-admiral Tomas Sanders, kontr-admiral Piter Bredal va boshqalar kirdi. Kontr-admiral -admiral Vasiliy Dmitriev-Mamonov. Komissiya birinchi rus dengiz doktrinasini ishlab chiqdi, boshqaruv islohotini o'tkazdi va yangi flot xodimlarini joriy qildi. 1732 yilgi davlat ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, dengiz flotida asosiylari 66 qurolli kemalar bo'lib, ular flotning 59,3 foizini tashkil qilishi kerak edi.
Graf Nikolay Fedorovich Golovin (1695 - 15 (26) iyul, 1745, Gamburg) - Rossiya dengiz floti rahbari, Rossiya-Shved urushi (1741-1743) davrida Boltiq floti qo'mondoni, Admiralty kengashi prezidenti, Sankt-Peterburg general-gubernatori. Sankt-Peterburg, admiral (1733), senator, birinchi chaqirilgan Sankt-Endryu ordeni sohibi.
Vasiliy Afanasyevich Dmitriev-Mamonov (1739 yil 18 yanvarda vafot etgan) - Dmitriev-Mamonovlar oilasidan bo'lgan rus admirali, oilaning eng olijanob (keyinchalik graf) tarmog'ining asoschisi. 1729 yildan - Moskva Admiralty idorasining direktori, 1732 yildan - Harbiy dengiz komissiyasi a'zosi. Empress Anna Ioannovna davrida u Dnepr harbiy flotiliyasiga qo'mondonlik qilgan.
1732 yil avgustda flot va kemasozlikni rivojlantirishda katta rol o'ynagan qaror qabul qilindi. Harbiy dengiz komissiyasi imperatorga 1722 yilda yopilgan Arxangelsk portini tiklash va Solombaladagi harbiy kemasozlik to'g'risida hisobot taqdim etdi. Solombala kemasozlik zavodi Boltiq flotining ikkinchi asosiy qurilish bazasiga aylandi va 1734 yilda ish boshladi. Quyi darajadagi kemalar - 54 qurolli kemalarni qurish uchun 1737 yilda 66 qurolli kemalar qurilishi boshlandi va 1783 yilda Arxangelskda 74 qurolli kemalar qurila boshlandi. Anna Ioannovna hukmronligi davrida Boltiq flotining barcha kemalarining 52,6 foizi Arxangelskda, Elizaveta Petrovna davrida - 64,1 foizi qurilgan. 1731-1799 yillarda Sankt-Peterburgda (shu jumladan Kronshtadtda) 55 ta, Arxangelskda 100 ta kema qurilgan.
"19-asr boshlarida Arxangelsk shahrining qirg'og'i." Rus rassomi Valerian Galyaninning rasmi 1826 yilda yozilgan
1826 yilda Arxangelsk shahrining ko'rinishi. Muqaddas Uch Birlik cherkovi bilan qirg'oqning bir qismi. Rus rassomi V. Galyaminning rasmi
Arxangelskdagi Shimoliy Dvina qirg'og'ining ko'rinishi. Kuznechixa va Shimoliy Dvinaning qo'shilish joyi. Gostiny Dvors binosi, sobori va Lyuteran cherkovining xarakterli tomi aniq ko'rinadi. Rasm 1826 yilda Valerian Galyamin tomonidan chizilgan.
Bironovschina
1730 yilda Pyotr II davrida yo'q qilingan Preobrajenskiy ordeni o'rniga maxfiy tergov ishlari boshqarmasi tashkil etildi. IN qisqa muddatga u favqulodda kuchga ega bo'ldi va tez orada davrning o'ziga xos ramziga aylandi. Anna doimo uning hukmronligiga tahdid soladigan fitnalardan qo'rqardi, shuning uchun bu bo'limning suiiste'mollari juda katta edi. Noaniq so'z yoki noto'g'ri tushunilgan imo-ishora ko'pincha zindonga tushishi yoki hatto izsiz yo'qolishi uchun etarli bo'lgan "So'z va ish" chaqiruvi "Petringacha bo'lgan davr" dan qayta tiklangan. Anna qo'l ostida Sibirga surgun qilinganlarning hammasi 20 mingdan ortiq odam edi, deb hisoblangan, birinchi marta Kamchatka surgun joyiga aylandi; Ulardan 5 mingdan ortig'i iz topa olmas edi, chunki ular ko'pincha o'z joyida hech qanday yozuvsiz surgun qilingan va ko'pincha surgun qilinganlarning o'zlari o'tmishlari haqida hech narsa aytolmaganlar; , chunki uzoq vaqt davomida qiynoqlar ostida ular boshqa odamlarning ismlari bilan ilhomlantirilgan, masalan: "Men Ivanning qarindoshligini eslay olmayman", bu haqda hatto maxfiy kantslerga ham xabar bermagan. 1000 ga yaqin odam qatl etilgan deb hisoblangan, tergov paytida vafot etganlar va yashirincha qatl etilganlar bundan mustasno, ularning soni ko'p edi.
Empress Anna Ioanovna
Empress Anna Ioanovna
Dvoryanlarga qarshi qatag'onlar: knyazlar Dolgorukiy va vazirlar mahkamasi vaziri Volinskiy jamiyatda alohida rezonansga ega edi. Pyotr II ning sobiq sevimlisi, knyaz Ivan Dolgorukiy 1739 yil noyabrda g'ildirakda o'tirgan edi; qolgan ikki Dolgorukining boshi kesilgan. Oila boshlig'i, knyaz Aleksey Grigorevich Dolgorukiy bundan oldin 1734 yilda surgunda vafot etgan. Volinskiy 1740 yilning yozida imperator haqida yomon so'zlar uchun ustunga qadalgan, ammo keyin uning tili kesilgan va boshi shunchaki kesilgan. .
Anna Ioannovna davrida hokimiyatni suiiste'mol qilishning barchasi vatanparvar vakillardir Rossiya jamiyati 19-asr nemislarning rus saroyidagi hukmronligi bilan bog'liq bo'lib, uni Bironovizm deb atashdi. Arxiv materiallari va tarixchilar tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqotlar Bironning xazinani o'g'irlash, qatl qilish va qatag'on qilishdagi rolini tasdiqlamaydi, bu keyinchalik 19-asrda yozuvchilar tomonidan [manba 986 kun ko'rsatilmagan].
Kurland gertsogi E.I.Bironning portreti. Rundale saroyi.
Tashqi siyosat.
Umuman olganda, tashqi siyosat Pyotr I an'analarini davom ettirdi.
1730-yillarda Polsha vorisligi uchun urush boshlandi. 1733 yilda qirol Avgust II vafot etdi va mamlakatda shohsizlik boshlandi. Frantsiya o'zining himoyachisi Stanislav Leszchinskini o'rnatishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Rossiya uchun bu jiddiy muammoga aylanishi mumkin, chunki Frantsiya Rossiya chegaralarida Polsha-Litva Hamdo'stligi, Shvetsiya va Usmonli imperiyasidan iborat davlatlar blokini yaratadi. Shu sababli, Avgust II ning o'g'li Avgust III Rossiya, Avstriya va Prussiyaga "Xayrlilar deklaratsiyasi" bilan murojaat qilganida, u Polshaning "hukumat shaklini" frantsuz aralashuvidan himoya qilishni so'raganida, bu urushni keltirib chiqardi ( 1733-1735). Frantsiya floti Gdanskda (Danzig) mag'lubiyatga uchradi. Leshchinskiy frantsuz kemasida qochib ketdi. Avgust III Polsha qiroli bo'ldi.
Stanislav I Leshchinskiy (1677 yil 20 oktyabr, Lvov, — 1766 yil 23 fevral, Lunevil, Fransiya) — 1704—1709 yillarda Polsha qiroli va Litva Buyuk Gertsogi. va 1733-1734 yillarda, keyin esa 1737-1766 yillarda Lotaringiyaning oxirgi gertsogi, Fransiya qiroli Lyudovik XV ning qaynotasi.
Avgust III Saksoniya (1696 yil 7 oktyabr - 1763 yil 5 oktyabr) - 1734 yil 30 iyundan Polsha qiroli va Litva Buyuk Gertsogi (1733 yil 5 oktyabrda e'lon qilingan), 1733 yil 11 fevraldan Saksoniya saylovchisi Fridrix Avgust II.
Urush paytida ham frantsuz diplomatiyasi Rossiyaning G'arbdagi sa'y-harakatlarini zaiflashtirish uchun rus-turk mojarosini keltirib chiqarishga harakat qildi. Ammo turklar bilan olib borilgan muzokaralar natija bermadi istalgan natijalar, chunki Porte Eron bilan urushda edi. Biroq 1735 yilda Turkiya bilan urush 20 ming kishining Kavkazga borishi va chegaralarni buzishi sababli boshlandi. Tatar qo'shinlari. Portiyaning tajovuzkor niyatlarini bilgan rus diplomatiyasi Eronning do'stona yordamini olishga harakat qildi. Shu maqsadda Kaspiy dengizining gʻarbiy va janubiy qirgʻoqlaridagi sobiq Eron mulklari 1735-yilda Eronga oʻtkazildi (Ganja shartnomasi). Shartnoma haqidagi xabar Istanbulda ma'lum bo'lgach, ular Zaqafqaziyaga jo'natildi Qrim tatarlari Eronga berilgan yerlarni bosib olish uchun.
1735 yilning kuzida 40 ming. General Leontyevning korpusi Perekopga etib bormay, orqaga qaytdi. 1736 yilda Minix qo'mondonligi ostidagi qo'shinlar Perekopga bostirib kirishdi va xonlikning poytaxti Baxchisaroyni egallab olishdi, ammo kasallik tufayli qo'shinning deyarli yarmini yo'qotib, Minix shoshilinch ravishda Qrimni tark etdi. 1736 yilning yozida Azov qal'asi ruslar tomonidan muvaffaqiyatli bosib olindi. 1737 yilda ular Ochakov qal'asini olishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. 1736-1738 yillarda Qrim xonligi mag'lubiyatga uchradi.
Sulton saroyi tashabbusi bilan 1737 yilda Nemirovda ruslar, avstriyaliklar va usmonlilar ishtirokida ixtilofni global miqyosda hal qilish bo'yicha qurultoy bo'lib o'tdi. Muzokaralar tinchlikka olib kelmadi va urushlar qayta boshlandi.
1739 yilda rus qo'shinlari Stavuchany yaqinida usmonlilarni mag'lub etib, Xotin qal'asini egalladi. Ammo o'sha yili avstriyaliklar birin-ketin mag'lubiyatga uchradilar va Porte bilan alohida sulh tuzishga kirishdilar.
1735-1739 yillardagi rus-turk urushi davrida feldmarshal Minich qo'mondonligidagi Rossiya imperiyasi armiyasi va Seraskir Veli posho boshchiligidagi turk armiyasi o'rtasidagi Stavuchaniy jangining rejasi (1739 yil 17 (28) avgust). . Rus va nemis tillarida.
Xotinning qo'lga olinishiga ode (parcha)
Rossiya, chunki siz baxtlisiz
Annaning kuchli qopqog'i ostida!
Qanday go'zalliklarni ko'rasiz?
Ushbu yangi g'alaba bilan!
Harbiylar uchun muammolardan qo'rqmang:
U erdan zo'ravonlik qochib ketadi,
Anna ulug'langan odamlar.
Yomon hasad o'z zaharini to'ksin,
Tilingiz g'azabda kemirsin;
Shunda bizning quvonchimiz nafratlanadi.
Mixail Lomonosov
1739-yil sentabrda Rossiya va Portiya oʻrtasida tinchlik shartnomasi imzolandi. Belgrad shartnomasiga ko'ra, Rossiya Azovni flotni saqlash huquqisiz qabul qildi, Ukrainaning o'ng qirg'og'idagi kichik bir hudud Rossiyaga o'tdi; Shimoldagi Katta va Kichik Kabarda. Kavkaz va Azov janubidagi muhim hudud "ikki imperiya o'rtasidagi to'siq" sifatida tan olingan.
1731-1732 yillarda Qozoq Kichik Juz ustidan protektorat e'lon qilindi.
Tashqi ko'rinish va xarakter
Omon qolgan yozishmalarga qaraganda, Anna Ioannovna edi klassik turi yer egasi xonimlar. U barcha g'iybatlardan, o'z fuqarolarining shaxsiy hayotidan xabardor bo'lishni yaxshi ko'rardi va atrofiga uni qiziqtirgan ko'plab hazil-mutoyiba va suhbatdoshlarni to'pladi. Bir kishiga yo'llagan maktubida u shunday deb yozadi: "Siz bizning xarakterimizni bilasiz, biz qirq yoshli va o'sha Novokshchenova kabi gapiradigan odamlarni yaxshi ko'ramiz".
Vitaliy Ermolaev Anna Ioannovna.
Valeriy Ivanovich Yakobi (1834-1902) "Imperator Anna Ioannovna sudidagi hazil-mutoyiba" Kompozitsiya 26 ta figurani o'z ichiga oladi: kasal imperator Bironning yotoqxonasida yig'ilganlar (uning boshida o'tirgan) va o'ynayotgan hazil-mutoyibalarning kayfiyatini ko'tarishga urinayotgan saroy a'zolari. sakrash. Bu M.A. Golitsin (egilgan holda) va N.F. Volkonskiy (uning ustiga sakrab tushdi), A.M. Apraksin (erga cho'zilgan), hazil Balakirev (hammaning tepasida), Pedrillo (skripka bilan) va d'Akosta (qamchi bilan), shtat xonim N.F. Lopuxina stol, uning sevimli Count Levenwolde va Gesse-Homburg gertsogi, ularning ortida Count Minikh va shahzoda N. Trubetskoy bir qamchi bilan uning o'g'li va maxfiy kantsleri A.I yaqin o'tirgan Anna Leopoldovna, frantsuz elchisi de Chatardy va to'shakning yonida - mitti Qalmiq Bujeninova, kiraverishda g'azab bilan qaraydi.
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fBL LBL NBMPPVTBPBCHBOOBS YNRETBFTYGB RMPIP TBVYTBMBUSH CH ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSCHI DEMBY, CH RPNPESH EK VSCHM UP'DBO PUPVSHCHK PTZBO chETIPCHOSCHK FBKOSHCHK UPCHEF. h EZP UPUFBCH CHPYMY b. qishloq NEOSHYYLPCH, EZP UFPTPOOILY r. b. fPMUFPK, w. n. bRTBLYO Y z. y. zPMPCHLYO, DYRMPNBF b. y, PUFETNBO, B FBLCE OBYVPMEE CHYDOSCHK RTEDUFBCHYFEMSH UFBTPK OBFY fan doktori. zPMYGSCHO. zBLFYUEULY CHUS CHMBUFSH CH UFTBOE UPUTEDPPFPYUMBUSH CH THLBI b. d NEOSHYILLPCHB, LPFPTSCHK YNEM OEPZTBOYUEOOPE CHMYSOYE HAQIDA YNRETBFTYGH. lFPF STLYK Y OEBHTSDOSHCHK YUEMPCHEL, FBLCE LBL Y UBNB ELBFETYOB I, CH RPMOPN UNSHUME UMPCHB RPDOSMUS "Y' ZTSY CH LOSY". rP NEOYA PDOYI UPCHTENEOOYLPCH, BY RTPYUIPDYM YJ PVEDOECHEYEZP DCHPTSOUFCHB, OP DTKHZIE, NEOEE DPVTPSEMBFEMSHOSHCHE, ZPCHPTYMY, YuFP BY VSHM CHKDBSHBCHUETPZP." BNY NPULPCHULYI XMYGBI HAQIDA. eEE CH AOPUFY NEOSHYYLPC RPRBM CH HUMKHTSEOYE L GBTA REFTH Y RTPYEM RKhFSH PF DEOOEYLB DP ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB. 1703-qism Z. ON UFBM RETCHSHN ZEOETBM-ZKHVETOBFPTPN REFETVHTZB, B PE CHTENS rPMFBCHULPK VBFBMYY LPNBODPCHBM TKHUULPK LPOOYGEK Y UNPZ RPMOPUFSHA JYPPOTPESHBTSEVDZ.
rTY CHUEK ITBVTPUFY Y OOETZYUOPUFY NEOSHYYLPCH PVMBDBM PYUEOSH UKHEEUFCHEOOSCHN OEDPUFBFLPN: EZP FSZB L LBOPLTBDUFCH YNEMB UPCHETYEOOP YUKhDPCHYEOSBSEOOP YUKhDPCHYEOSBSEBSEBSEB ULYI CHEMSHNPTS, OE PFMYUBCHYIUS PUPVEOOOPK EEREFYMSHOPUFSH. l FPNH CE ZHEMSHDNBTYBM VSHM RBDPL DP TPULPYY (CHYDYNP ULBSCCHBMPUSH ZPMPDOPE DEFUFCHP) Y PYUEOSH FEEUMBCHEO. “pVEDSCH EZP, RYUBM P NEOSHYILPCHE YUFPTYL d.n. VBOFSHCHY-LBNEOULYK, CH FPTSEUFCHEOOSHE DOY UPUFPSMY Y DCHHIUPF LKHYBOSHECH, RPDBCHBENSHI HAQIDA 'PMPFPN UETCHYE, LPFPTSCHE RTYZPFPCHMSMYUSH ZHYTPYBYBOSH... YM PO U YUTECHSHCHYUBKOPK RSCHYOPUFSHA: VETEZ HAQIDA CHSCHIPDS oechshch U NOPZPYUYUMEOOPK UCHYFPK, MAVYNEG REFTB UBDIYMUS, PVSHHLOPCHOOOP, CH MPDLH . POB RTYUBMYCHBMB L LYUBBLYECHULPK RTYUFBOY, WHERE OSHCHOE UEOBF (DPN ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB OBIPDIYMUS HAQIDA CHBUYMSHECHULPN PUFTPCHE b. n.). fBN PTSYDBMB NEOSHYILLPCHB LBTEFB, UDEMBOOBS HAQIDA RPDPVIE CHETB, HAQIDA OYILYI LPMEUBI U 'PMPFSCHN ZETVPN HAQIDA DCHETGBI, VPMSHYPK LOTSEULPK LPTPOPK Y'FPOPCE Y'BMBOTSBBR EUFSHHA MPIBDSHNY". rPOSFOP, YuFP RPDPVOSHK PVTB CYJOY DPUFBCHYM NEOSHYYLPCHH NOPTSEUFChP CHTBZPCH Y 'BCHYUFOILPC.
prBUBSUSH LPOLKHTEOGYY UP UFPTPOSCH DTHZYI UBOPCHOYLPCH, ZMBCHB CHETIPCHOPZP FBKOPZP UPCHEFB TEYYFEMSHOP TBURTBCHMSMUS UP CHUENY, LPZP RPDPJTECHFBM CHFPUCHFY PFPTPOSCH. h UETEDYOE BRTEMS 1727 Z. NEOSHYYLPCH OBYUBM UMEDUFCHYE RTPFYCH UCHPYI VSHCHYYI UPAYOILPC H RTDYDCHPTOPK VPTSHVE, r. b. fPMUFPZP Y REFETVHTZULPZP ZEOETBM-RPMYGNEKUFETB b. n. DECHYETB, PVCHYOYCH YI CH “OERPUFYFEMSHOPUFY” L YNRETBFTYGE. UHFSH LPOZHMYLFB, PDOBLP, VSHMB YOPK. OBLCHBOOSCH MYGB BLFYCHOP CHSHCHUFKHRBMY RTPFYCH UPUFBCHMEOOOPZP NEOSHYYLPCHSHCHN RMBOB TSEOIFSHVSH GBTECHYUB REFTB HAQIDA UCHPEK DPUETY NBTYY. rPUME DPRTPUUB Y RSCHFPL fPMUFPK Y DECHYET PFRTBCHYMYUSH CH UUSCHMLH. CHULPTE, 7 NBS 1727 Z., YNRETBFTYGB eLBFETYOB I KHNETMB. h PUFBCHMEOOPN EA UBCHEEBOVI DChOVDGBFIMEFOK GBTECHYU REFT PVYASCHMSMUS OBUMEDOILPN, OP DP EZP UPCHETYEOOPMEFYS UFTBOPK DPMTSEO VSHM RTBCHYFSH CHETPHEBFIMEFOK. h PDOPK YUFBFEK 'BCHEEBOYS UPDETSBMPUSH FBLCE RPTSEMBOYE "HYUYOYFSH UHRTKHTSEUFChP " NETSDH GBTECHYUEN REFTPN Y LOSTSOPK NEOSHYYLPCHPK.
UBN b. d NEOSHYYLPCH OYULPMSHLP OE UPNOECHBMUS, YuFP O RTBCHBI FEUFS UNPTsEF DETSBFSH AOPZP YNRETBFPTB CH THLBI. eUMY CH 1725 Z. BLFYCHOP RTPFYCHPDEKUFCHPCHBM CHUFHRMEOYA REFTB II HAQIDA RTEUFPM, FP FERTSH BLFYCHOP ENKH UPDEKUFCHPCHBM. OP VSHCHYYK GBTULYK DEOEIL DPRHUFYM DCHE LTHROSHCHE PYYVLY.
chP-RETCHSHI, HOYUFPTSBS UCHPYI UPRETOYLPCH YYYUMB UPTBFOYLPCH reFTB CHEMYLPZP, BY TBUYUYEBM DPTPZH L CHMBUFY RTEDUFBCHYFEMSN UFBTYOOOPK BTYUPPLTBY. chP-CHFPTSCHI, NEOSHYYLPCH SCHOP OEDPPGEOYM OBYEOOPZP L GBTECHYUKH CHPURYFBFEMEN BODTES YCHBOPCHYUB PUFETNBOB. rP EZP NOEOYA, PUFETNBO OE neftni qayta ishlash zavodi VSHFSH PRBUEO, FBL LBL, SCHMSSUSH CHSHCHIPDGEN YI CHEUFZHBMYY, OE YNEM RTY DCHPTE PYYTOSHHI UCHSJEK Y, L FPNH TSEFSHMSCHMBF 'B KHDBMEOYE fPMUFPZP, DYRMPNBFYUEULPN RPRTYEE HAQIDA UPRETOILB. PUFETNBO UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSH CHUSYUEULY RPDDETSYCHBM LFP 'BVMHTSDEOYE. PFRTBCHMSM NEOSHIYLPCHH RPDTPVOSHCHE, OP MTSOSHCHE, PFUEFSHCH P OBUFTPEOSI REFTB BMELUEECHYUB, B UBN FEN CHTENEOEN UFBTBFEMSHOP OBUFTBYCHBM UCHPEZHDTPFYFYFYB.
vPMSHYKHA TPMSH RTY DCHPTE UFBMY YZTBFSH RTEDUFBCHYFEMY UFBTYOOPZP TPDB dPMZPTHLYI. nPMPDK PZHYGET yCHBO dPMZPTHLYK UCHEM U REFTPN II VMYLHA DTHTSVH, B EZP PFEG UEOBFPT bMELUEK zTYZPTSHYU YURPMOSM PVSBOOPUFY CHFPTPZP, RPUME PUFETNBOB,. UBN REFT BMELUEECHYU PUEOSH FSZPFYMUS PRELPK NEOSHYYLPCHB. rP UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHH RTHUULPZP PZHYGETB l.-z. nBOYFEKOB, LBL-FP, CH NYOKHFKH ZOECHB, AOSCHK NPOBTI 'BLTYYUBM HAQIDA LOS: "RPLBTSKH FEVE, UFP S YNRETBFPT Y UFP S FTEVHA RPCHYOPCHEOYS bilan." TBBCHSLB OBUFKHRYMB PUEOSH 1727 Z. rPRSHCHFLB 'BTCHBCHYEZPUS CHTENEOAILB RTYUCHPYFSH DECHSFSH FSHUSYU YETCHPOGECH, RPDBTEOOSCHI LHRGBNY REFTKH, YUBREPYKONEPYZYH. ZHEMSHDNBTYBM VSHM BTEUFPCHBO, PUKhTSDEO Y PFRTBCHMEO CH UUSCHMLH, B CHUE EZP YNHEEUFChP LPOZHYULPCHBOP.
rPDBCHMSAEE VPMSHYOUFChP GBTEDCHPTGECH 'MPTBDUFCHPCHBMP, YVP 'BOPUYCHSHCHK NEOSHYYLPCH XUREM DPUBDYFSH VHLCHBMSHOP CHUEN. chPTPOETSULYK CHYGE-JVETOBFPT eZPT rBYLPCH RYUBM UCHPENH DTHZH y. yuETLBUPCHH: “rTPYMB Y RPZYVMB UHEFOBS UMBCHB RTEZPTDPZP zPMYBZHB, LPFPTPZP vPZ UIMSHOPK DEUOYGEK UPLTHYM; CHUE LFPNH PUEOSH TBDSCH...” ENH CHFPTYF CHYDOSCHK DESFEMSH REFTPCHULPK URPIY ERYULPR ZHEPZHBO rTPLPRPCHYU, LPFPTSCHK CH RYUSHNE L REFTH II OBZTBTSSDBEF NEOSHYLPCHB FBLYNYY MPHOBLUEBSC, OEZPDSK, LPFPTPNKH OEF RPDPVOPZP.”
rPUME RBDEOYS NEOSHYYLPCHB PUOPCHOPE CHMYSOYE CH CHETIPCHOPN FBKOPN UPCHEF RETEYMP CH THLY UFBTPC OBFY. l DCHB zPMYGSHCHOB (DNYFTYK NYIBKMPCHYU Y NYIBYM nyIBKMPCHYU), B FBLCE ZTBZH zBCHTYMB yCHBOPCHYU zPMPCHLYO Y BODTEK yCHBOPCHYU PUFETNBO. OPCCHE "VMYUFBFEMSHOSHCHE RETUPOSHCH", CHRTPUEN, DEKUFCHPCHBMY FENY TSE NEFPDBNY, YUFP Y NEOSHYYLPCH. sing OBNETECHBMYUSH TSEOIFSH REFTB II HAQIDA PDOPK Y' LOSCEO dPMZPTKHLYI Y BLFYCHOP TBBDBCHBMY UCHPYN UFPTPOOILBN CHSHUPLYE ZPUKHDBTTUFCHEOOSCH RPUFSHCH.
dPMZPTKHLYE L FPNH CE 'BRSFOBMY UEVS CH'SFPYUOYUEUFCHPN Y PYUEOSH DHTOP CHMYSMY AOPZP NPOBTIB HAQIDA. “REFT PFCCHSHL UPCHETYOOOP PF UETSHEOPZP 'BOSFYS, RYUBM YUFPTYL u. n. UPPMCHHECH, LFP IPFEM RTYVMYJFSHUS L OENKH, FPF DPMTSEO VSHM ZPCHPTYFSH P CHEEBI ENKH RTYSFOSHI, DPUFKHROSCHI: PV PIPFE, UPVBLBI Y F.R.” lFP UKhTsDEOYE RPDFCHETTSSDBEFUS Y UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHBNY UCHTENEOOILCH. “CHUE CH TPUUYY CH UFTBIOPN TBUUFTPKUFCHE, DPOPUYM PDYO Y' YOPUFTBOOSCHI DYRMPNBFPCH, GBTSH OE 'BOYNBEFUS DEMPN Y OE DHNBEF 'BOYNBFSHUS; DEOEZ OILPNKH OE RMBFSF, Y vPZ OBEF DP YuEZP DPKDHF ZHJOBOUSH; LBTSDSCHK CHPTHEF ULPMSHLP NPTsEF.”
eEE CH LPOGE 1727 Z. REFT II RETEOU UFPMYGH Y' REFETVHTZB CH nPULCHH. NOPZIE UPCHTENEOOYY CHYDEMY CH LFPN OBL PLPOYUBFEMSHOPZP TBTSCHB NPMPDPZP RTBCHYFEMS U MADSHNYI PLTHTSEOYS REFTB I. OE NEOEE UYNCHPMYYUOP CHZMSDEMP Y FPEECHPYF CHUFTEFYMUS UP UCHPEK VBVLPK ECHDPLYEK mPRKHIYOPK Y RPDBTYM EK CHPMPUFSH CH DCHE FSHUSYU DCHPTCH. "DKHTB DHOSHLB", LBL OBSHCHBM UCHPA UHRTKHZH REFT CHEMYLK, RTPVschCH DPMZIE ZPDSH CH NPOBUFSHTULPN 'BFPYUEOYY, CHCHUE OE KhFTBFYMB CHLHUB L YOFTYZHEMBOSF, BLFYCHOPE KHUBUFYE CH "RPRTBOYY" NEOSHYYLPCHB.
pDOBLP RTY REFTE II, LBL CHUEZDB VSCCHBEF PE CHTENS TELI RETENEO CH CHCHUYI UZHETBI, PDOPZP DPCHPMSHOPZP RTYIPDYMPUSH DEUSFSH PVITSEOOSCHI HAQIDA. UFTENIFEMSHOPE CHPCHSHCHYOEYE dPMZPTKHLYYY ZPMYGSHCHOSHI Oye FPMSHLP RKHZBMP "OPCHHA" OBFSH, OP Y TBBDTBTSBMP RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK DTHZYI UFBTYOOSHI ZHBNYMYK. TPDUFCHEOIL NBFETY REFTB I bMELUBODT MSHCHYU OBTSCHYLYO, TSYCHYYK CH UCHPEN RPDNPULPCHOPN YNEOYY, LPZDB KHOBM, YFP REFT II PIPFYFUS OERPDBMELKH Y TSEMBESHEFY, U ZP RPLMPOSFSHUS? s Y RPYUYFBFSH EZP OE IYUH, S UBN FBLPCH CE, LBL PO, Y DKHNBM HAQIDA GBTUFCH UYDEFSH, LBL PO. pFEG NPK (qilich LYYMMPCHYU OBTSCHYLYO b.n.) ZPUKHDBTUFCHPN RTBCHYM, DBK NOE CHSHKFY YJ LFK OHTSDSCH S OBA, YuFP UDEMBFSH! JB "RTEDETILYE UMPCHB" OBTSHCHYLYOB PFRTBCHYMY CH "DBMSHOAA EZP DETECHOA".
OEDPCHPMEO VSHHM Y PUFETNBO, PFFEUOOOSCHK dPMZPTKHLINY HAQIDA CHFPTPK RMBO. prschfoschk GBTEDCHPTEG IPTPYP CHYDEM, LBL PRSHSOOOOSCH KHDBUEK ZHBCHPTYFSH DEMBAF PYYVLKH 'B PYYVLPK, OBTSICHBS CHUE OPCHSHHI CHTBZPCH Y FETSS UPAJOILPC. h OBYUBME UEOFSVTS 1729 Z. REFT II CHSHCHEIBM Ch UPRTPCHPTSDEOOY UCHYFSHCH HAQIDA ZTBODYP'OKHA PIPFKH, DMS LPFPTPK UPVTBMY VPMEE YEUFYUPF UPVBL. rPFEI RTDDPMTSBMYUSH VPMEE DCHHI OEDEMSH, B CHULPTE RPUME CHPTBEEOYS CH nPULCHH UFBMP YJCHEUFOP, YuFP YNRETBFPT CHUFKHRBEF CH VTBL U DPYUTSHA LOSSYPTSHLZPZUB FETYOPK. 30 OPSVTS RTPYPYMP PVTHYUEOYE, Y 17-MEFOAA LOSSOKH UFBMY PZHYGYBMSHOP OBSCHCHBFSH YNRETBFPTULINE CHSHUPYUEUFCHPN. dChPTSOE UP CHUEK UFTBOSH RPFSOKHMYUSH CH nPULCHH UCHBDEVOSCH FPTSEUFCHB HAQIDA. OP CH UBNSCHK TBZBT RTEDRTBDOYUOSCHI IMPRPF REFT II 'BVPMEM PURPK Y CH OPYUSH U 18 HAQIDA 19 SOCHBTS 1730 Z. ULPOYUBMUS. h RTEDUNETFOPN VTEDKH ON 'ChBM L UEVE PUFETNBOB, B RPFPN RPFTEVPCHBM UBOY, YUFPVSH EIBFSH L UEUFTE oBFBMSHE BMELUEECHOE, LPFPTBS HNETMB VPMEE ZPDB FPNH OBBD.
UTBH TSE RPUME LPOYUOSCH REFTB II, YUMEOSH CHETIPCHOPZP FBKOPZP UPCHEFB UPVTBMYUSH UPCHEEBOYE HAQIDA. Losh bMELUEK zTYZPTSHYU dPMZPTHLYK UFBM FTEVPCHBFSH RTEUFPMB DMS UCHPEK DPYUETY, OP LFP RTEDMPTSEOYE VSHMP PFCHETZOHFP. rTPFYCH OEZP CHSHCHUFKHRIM DBTSE PDYO YUMEOOPCH ZHBNYMYY ZHEMSHDNBTYBM chBUYMYK chMBDYNYTPCHYU dPMZPTHLIK. “oEUMSCHIBOOPE DEMP CHCH 'BFECHBEFE, ZPCHPTYM ON TPDUFCHEOILBN, YuFPV PVTHYUEOOOPK OECHEUFE VSHFSH TPUUYKULPZP RTEUFPMB OBUMEDOYGEK! LFP 'BIPIUEF EK RPDDBOOSCHN VSHFSH? OE FPMSHLP RPUFPTPOOYE, OP Y S, Y RTPYUYE YUMEOSH ZHBNYMYY OILFP CH RPDDBOUFCHE KH OEE VSCHFSH OE BIPUEF. LOTSOB lBFETYOB U ZPUKHDBTEN OE CHEOYUBMBUSH”. RTEUFPM DPYUSH REFTB I EMYBCHEFKH, FBLCE OE RTYOSMY HAQIDA IDEA CHPCHEUFY: CHETIPCHOILY VPSMYUSH LPOLKHTEOGYY UP UFPTPOSH MYG YI EE PLTHTSEOYS.
OBLPOEG LOSSH DNYFTYK NYIBKMPCHYU ZPMYGSCHO 'BSCHYM, YuFP UP UNETFSHA REFTB II MYOYS, YDHEBS PF REFTB CHEMYLPZP, RTEUELMBUSH, Y URTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH FEVYEKUBETYBYB . fBL VSHMP RTYOSFP TEYEOYE RTYZMBUYFSH HAQIDA RTEUFPM BOOKH yPBOOPCHOH, LPFPTBS EEE CH 1711 Z. PCHDPCHEMB Y, UMEDPCBFEMSHOP, VE' RPNEI NPZMB CHETOHFSHUSY Y''Y. CHETIPCHOILY OBDESMYUSH, YuFP OE YNECHYBS RTPYUOSCHI UCHSJEK RTY TKHULPN DCHPTE ZETGPZYOS UFBOEF RPUMKHOOSCHN PTHDYEN CH YI THLBI. rTY LFPN YuFPVSH OBCHETOSLB UPITBOYFSH CHMYSOYE Y, RP UMPCHBN fan doktori. zPMYGSHCHOB, "UEVE CHPMY RTYVBCHYFSH", dPMZPTKHLYE Y zPMYGSHCHOSCH TEYMYMY RTEDMPTSYFSH OPChPK YNRETBFTYGE "LPODYGYY" F.E. HUMPCHYS, PZTBOYUYCHBAEYE UNING CHMBUFSH. h ZMKHVPLPK FBKOE VSHMB UPUFBCHMEOB ZTBNPFB, RP LPFPTPK boOOB yPBOOPCHOB, VKhDFP VShch RP UPVUFCHOOOPK CHPME, PVEEBMB PE CHUEN THLPCHPDUFCHBFSHUS FBKOE VSHMB THLPCHPDUFCHBFSHUS NOOOKHOPZPB CHPMY OE OBOBYUBFSH UEVE OBUMEDOILB, OE CHEUFY NETSDHOBTPDOSCHI RETEZPCHPTPCH, OE TsBMPCHBFSH LTROSHI ENEMSHOSHI CHMBDEOOK Y F.D. PUHEEUFCHMEOYE 'BNSHUMB CHETIPCHOILPC RP UHFY DEMB POBYUBMP VSC UP'DBOIE CH UFTBOE OPChPK ZHTNSCH RTBCHMEOYS PZTBOYUEOOOPK NPOBTIYY. OP PZTBOYUEOYE LFP DPMTSOP VSHMP PUHEEUFCHYFSHUS CH RPMSH'KH PYUEOSH KHLPK ZTHRRYTPCHLY CHCHUYI UBOPCHOYLPCH.
yNEOOOP OETSEMBOE Y OEKHNEOYE KHYFSHCHBFSH YOFETEUSCH YYTPLYI UMPECH DCHPTSOUFCHB (YMY, LBL FPZDB ZPCHPTYMY HAQIDA RPMSHULYK MBD, YMSIEFUFCHB) UVBLPOPCHOPKMEV. nOPZPYUYUMEOOSCH DCHPTSOYE, UYAEIBCHYYUSH CH nPULCHH OB GBTULHA UCHBDSHVH, OEPTSYDBOOP PLBBBMYUSH HAQIDA RPIPPTPOBI GBTS Y RTY CHSHVPTBI OPChPK GBTYGSHCH. IPDYCHYE UTEDY OYI UMKHIY P FBKOSCHI RTYZPFPCHMEOYSI CH CHETIPCHOPN UPCHEFE RPTPTsDBMY NOPTSEUFChP FTECHPZ Y PRBUEOYK Y, PDOPCHTENEOOOP, RPDFBMYACHTENEOOOP, RPDFBMYACHTENEOOOP, RPDFBMYACHTENEOOOP, RPDFBMYACHYCHMEOYSI CH CHETIPCHOPN UPCHEFE RPTPTs. TBMYUOSCH ZTHRRYTPCHLY DCHPTSO RTYUFHRYMY L UPUFBCHMEOYA UCHPYI RPTPELFPC ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOPZP HUFTPKUFCHB. rTPFYCH BCHFPTPCH LPODYGYK CHSHCHUFKHRYMY FBLYE STLYE MADI, LBL YUFPTYL fBFYEECH, RYUBFEMSH b. lBOFENYT, ERYULPR ZHEPJBO rTPLPRPCHYU. pDOYN YY MYDETPCH CHTBTSDEVOK CHETIPCHOILBN ZTHRRYTPCHLY UFBM CHYDOSCHK CHEMSHNPTSB LOSSH BMELUEK NYIBKMPCHYU YETLBUULYK.
oBUFTPEOYE VPMSHYOUFCHB DCHPTSO, CHYDECHYI CH UBNPCHMBUFOPN ZPUKHDBTE 'BEIFKH PF RTPYCHPMB CHTENEOEYLPCH Y ZHBCHPTYFPCH, RTELTBUOP CHSTBYM LBOULYKFPTSBCHVETCHPch K RYUBM CH nPULCHH: “UMSHCHYOP, YuFP'DEUSH DEMBEFUS H CHBU YMY KHTSE Y UDEMBMPUSH, YUFPVSH VSCHFSH OBU TEURKHVMYLE... 'MP bilan. CH LFPN UKHNOYFEMEO. VPTsE UPITBOY, YUFPV OE UDEMBMPUSH CHNEUFP PDOPZP UBNPDETTSBCHOPZP ZPUKhDBTS DEUSFY UBNPCHMBUFOSHY Y UIMSHOSHI ZHBNYMYK: Y FBL NSCH, YMSIEFUFCUFENCHENDBOSSP RTETSOEZP YDPMPRPPLMPOOYUBFSH Y NYMPUFY KH CHUEI YULBFSH”.
NETSDH FEN DERKHFBGYS PF CHETIPCHOPZP FBKOPZP UPCHEFB PFRTBCHYMBUSH CH UFPMYGH lHTMSODY NYFBCHH (OSCHOE EMZBCHB, CH mBFCHYY), ZHE RTEDUFBCHOSHYBOOO F B RTYOSMB VEJ CHUSLYI PZPCHPTPL. 4 ZHECHTBMS 1730 Z. VSCHM Y'DBO NBOYZHEUF PV Y'VTBOYY BOOSCH HAQIDA TPUUYKULYK RTEUFPM, B EDEMA URXUFS, POB RTYVSHMB CH UEMP CHUEUCKHSFULPE RPD nPULCH. 'DEUSH, PDOBLP, VKHDHEBS YNRETBFTYGB VSHUFTP RPOSMB, YuFP "'BFEKLB" CHETIPCHOILPC CHCHUE OE RPMSH'HEFUS EDYOPDHYOPK RPDDETTSLPK DCHPTSOUFCHB. PE CHTENS BKhDYEOGYY L BOOE SCHYMBUSH GEMBS FPMRB DCHPTSO, KHNPMSCHYI UNING "RTYOSFSH UBNPDETTSBCHUFChP". PUPVEOOOP CHPPDHYECHYMP ZETGPZYOA FP, YuFP UTEDY RTPFYCHOILPC UPCHEFB PLBBBMPUSH NOPZP ZCHBTDEKULYI PZHYGETPCH. rP UPPVEEOYA PYUECHYDGB UPVschFYK, YURBOULPZP RPUMBOILB s. DE MYTYB, ZCHBTDEKGSH DBCE PVTBFYMYUSH L OEK U FBLPK TEYUSHA: “NSH CHETOSHE RPDDBOOSHE CHBYEZP CHEMYUEUFCHB, CHETOP UMKHTSYMY chBYN RTEDYUFCHEOOILOBTSBOOSHBHN YYPTI H CHEMYUEUFCHH, OP OE NPTsEN FETREFSH FYTBOY OBD chBNY. rTYLBTSYFE Y NSCH RPCHETZOEN L chBYN OPZBN ZPMPCHSH FYTBOPCH.” B RTETSOE DPZPCHPTEOOPUFY.
rTPFEUFPCHBFSH OILFP OE TEYYMUS. lHTMSODULBS ZETGPZYOS CHUFXRYMB HAQIDA TPUUYKULYK RTEUFPM, CHETIPCHOSCHK FBKOSHCHK UPCHEF VSHM TBURKHEEO. rPOINBS, SFP EZP RMBOSH THIOKHMY, fanlar doktori. zPMYGSHCHO 'MPCHEE RTPY'OEU: “OBA, YuFP S VHDH TSETFChPK OEKHDBYUY LFPZP DEMB. fBL Y VShchFSH RPUFTBDBA 'B PFEYUEUFChP; NOE HCE OENOPZP PUFBEFUS, Y FE, LPFPTSHCHE BUFBCHMSAF NEOS RMBLBFSH, VHDHF RMBLBFSH DPMEE NPEZP.” lBL Y NOPZIE ITS RTEDYUFCHEOOILY, boOB YPBOOPCHOB DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP OYUBMB RTBCHMEOYE U OBLBBBOYS UCHPYI TEBMSHOSHI Y NOINSHI RTPFPYCHOILPC. URETCHB, CHRTPUEN, POB DEKUFCHPCHBMB PUEOSH PUFPPTTSOP. pFGH OUEPUFPSCHYEKUS GBTYGSH b. h. zPMYGSCHOKH RTYLBYBMY TSYFSH VECHSCHEDOP CH YNEOYY, B RTPYYI CHYDOSHCHI RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK TPDB TBPUMBMY ZHVETOBFPTBNY RP PLTBIOBN YNRETYY: chBUYHLYSHBYSCHBYSHBYSCHYMY, YUB H chPMPZDH, NYIBYMB chMBDYNYTPCHYUB H BUFTBIBOSH. Losh dnyftyk nyibkmpchyu zpmygshcho y EZP VTBF Zhemshdnbtybm nyibym nyibkmpchyyu zpmygscho UPITBOYMY HAQIDA OELPFPTPE CHTENS UCHPY CHSHCHUPLYE YYOSCH Y CHBOYS.
pDOBLP HCE OUEULPMSHLP NEUSGECH URKHUFS, OBYUBMYUSH OBUFPSEYE TBURTBCHSHCH: CH UETEDYOE 1730 Z. LOS BMELUES ZTYZPTSHECHYUB CHNEUFE UENSHEK UPUMBMY CH ETHZPCHBOB, BUENSHEK ZP YNRETBFPTB H VETE'PCH. h DELBVTE FPZP CE ZPDB ZHEMSHDNBTYBM NYIBYM NYIBKMPCHYU zPMYGSCHO, YYNHYUEOOOSCHK FTECHPZBNY UB UCHPA UHDSHVH, ULPOYUBMUS PF UETDEYUOPZP RTYUFKHR. dTKHZPK ZHEMSHDNBTYBM, chBUYMYK chMBDYNYTPCHYU dPMZPTKHLYK ch LPOGE 1731 Z. VSHM UBFPYUEO CH YMYUUUEMSHVHTZULHA LTERPUFSH, OECHYTBS RBBMFPCHFCHNS HAQIDA, UFTP RTEUFPM eLBFETYOSCH dPMZPTHLPK HAQIDA CHPCHEDEOYS. fPMSHLP Ch 1736 Z. boOOB yPBOOPCHOB YNEMB KHDPCHPMSHUFCHYE DPVTBFSHUS DP BCHFPTB LPOYGYK d. zPMYGSHCHOB. EZP PVCHYOMMY CH 'MPHRPFTEVMEOYSI RP UMKHTSVE, CH'SFPYUOYUEUFCHE Y, UBNPE ZMBCHOPE, CH "RTPY'OEUEOOYY VPZPNETLYI UMCH". lBL CHSHCHSUOYM UHD, CHPMSHOPDHNOSHCHK LOSSH PDOBTSDSCH 'BNEFYM, YuFP DMS RPMSH'SH DEMB UFBM VSH UMKHYBFSH UPCHEFSH UBNPZP UBFBOSHCH. DNYFTYS zPMYGSHCHOB PFRTBCHYMY CH YMYUUUEMSHVHTZ, ZHE PO Y KHNET CH 1737 Z. EEE YUETE DCHB ZPDB OBYUBMPUSH OPCHPE UMEDUFCHYE RP DEMKH dPMZPTCHMEKHLYSCHPBYP LUEECHYU VSHM RPDCHETZOKHF CH OPCHZPTPDDE NHYYFEMSHOPK LBJOY "YUETE LPMEUPCBOYE", B chBUYMYA mKHLYUKH, UETZEA Y yCHBOKH zTYZPSHECHYUBN dPMZPTHLIN PFUELMY ZPMPCHSHCH.
HOYUFPTSYCH CHETIPCHOSCHK FBKOSHCHK UPCHEF, boOOB yPBOOPCHOB UPJDBMB CH PLFSVTE 1731 Z. lBVYOEF NYOYUFTPCH, UIPDOSHCHK UPCHEFPN RP ZHOLGYSN, UPHEEEBCHRP. RETCHPOBUBMSHOP CH OEZP CHPYMY FTY UBOPCHOILB: b. y. PUFETNBO, LOSSH b. n. yuetlbuulik y ztbzh z. y. zPMPCHLYO. ch 1735 Z., RPUME UNETFY zPMPCHLYOB, YUMEOPN LBVYOEFB VSHM YJVTBO r. y. sZHTSYOULYK, B EEE RP'CE, Ch 1738 Z. b. r. hPMSCHOULIK. rPDRYUSH FTEI LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTPCH RPMOPUFSHHA UBNEOSMB UPVPK RPDRYUSH YNRETBFTYGSHCH.
vPMSHYKHA TPMSH UFBM YZTBFSH FBLCE ZEOETBM-ZHEMSHDNBTYBM v.-l. NYOYI, LPFPTSCHK CH 1730 Z. 'BOSM RPUF RTEIDEOFB chPEOOOPK LPMMEZYY (PTZBOB, THLPCHPDYCHYEZP CHPPTHTSEOOSCHNY UYMBNY UFTBOSHCH). oBLPOEG, OEPZTBOYUEOOOSCHN CHMYSOYEN HAQIDA YNRETBFTYGH RPMSH'PCHBMUS UNING ZHBCHPTYF y. vYTPO. YuFP TSE RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPK MADI, PRTEDEMSCHYE LHTU UFTBOSHCH PE CHTENS CHPKOSHCH 1735–1739 ZZ.?
yNRETBFTYGB BOOB yPBOOPCHOB, LBL ZPCHPTYMPUSH CHCHCHYE, CH 1710 Z., UPCHUEN EEE AOPK UENOBDGBFYMEFOEK DECHKHYLPK, VSHCHMB CHSHCHDBOB 'BNHTS 'BHTPCYRPYPULHPZOPDH HEMB. FEN OE NEOEE, REFT I OBUFPSM HAQIDA FPN, YuFPVSH boOB PFRTBCHYMBUSH Ch lHTMSODYA Y TSIMB FBN, KHRTBCHMSS ZETGPZUFCHPN U RPNPESH TPUUYKULYI UPCHEFOYLPCH. lHTMSODYS CH FP CHTENS YZTBMB PYUEOSH CHBTSOKHA TPMSH CH VPTSHVE TPUUYY 'B CHSHCHIPD L vBMFYKULLPNH NPTA, Y REFT CHEMYLYK OE neftni qayta ishlash zavodi PFLBBFSHUS PF CHMYSOYSBO. ZhPTNBMSHOP ZETGPZUFCHP UYUYFBMPUSH CHBUUBMPN TEYU rPURPMYFPK (UPA'OPZP ZPUKHDBTUFCHB rPMSHYY MYFCHSHCH), OP LFP OYULPMSHLP OE NEYBMP YNRETBFBSHMOSHRE NOTYYFBSHMO. h UEOFSVTE 1712 Z., KHOBCH, YuFP NOPZYE LHTMSODULYE DCHPTTSOE VE CHPUFPTZB CHUFTEFYMY RTYED BOOSCH YPBOOPCHOSCH, BY TKHUULPNH KHRPMOPNPYUEOOPNHr. n. VEUFHTSECH DEKUFCHPCHBFSH OBRPTYUFP Y TSEUFLP: "th DMS FPZP RPUSCHMBKFE HAQIDA LYELHGYY OBUYI DTBZHO... Y UNPFTYFE 'B OYNY, YUFPV SING UCHETIKH MHLEVEVEZUEP"
dTHZYE DETSBCHSHCH, CH RETCHHA PUETEDSH TEYUSH rPURPMYFBS Y rTKHUYS, FBLCE UFTENYMYUSH CHOSFSH lHTMSODYA RPD UCHPK LPOFTPMSH. at LFK GEMSHA POY FP RPDDETSYCHBMY RTEFEOOYY HAQIDA LPTPOKH DTHZYI TPDUFCHEOYLPCH RPLPKOPZP ZETGPZB, FP RSCHFBMYUSH RTEDMPTSYFSH boooe yPBOOPCHOE OPEChPOZP. PUPVEOOOP BLFYCHYYTPCHBMYUSH FBLYE RPRSCHFLY RPUME UNETFY REFTB I. h LPOGE 1725 Z. TEYUSH rPURPMYFBS CHCHDCHYOHMB CH LBUEUFCHE RTEFEODEOFB HAQIDA THLBO Y UETFOPCHOBCHOPY PMSHULPZP LPTPMS bChZKHUFB II nPTYGB UBLUPOULPZP. lHTMSODULPE DCHPTSOUFChP HAQIDA UCHPEN UEKNE EZP LBODYDBFHTH PDPVTYMP, DB Y ZETGPZYOE TSEOYI RPOTBCHYMUS, OP CH tPUUYY RPDPVOSCHES DEKUFCHYS CHSHCHZBMTE F. h NYFBCHH OENEDMEOOOP CHCHEIBM TKHUULYK DYRMPNBF LOSSH m. TBOYS nPTYGB YI PTSIDBEF RPMOPPE RPZMPEEOYE rPMSHYEK. h LBYUEUFCHE UPVUFCHEOOSCHI LBODYDBFPCH tPUUYS RTEDMPTSYMB HAQIDA CHSHVPT MYVP ZETGPZB zPMYFEKO-zPFPTRULPZP, MYVP b. d NEOSHYYLPCHB, DBCHOP IMPRPFBCHYEZP P UCHPEN Y'VTBOY ZETGPZPN. 'BFEN L LFYN DCHKHN VSHCHMY DPVBCHMEOSCH VTBFSHS LBTM Y MACHYZ ZEUUEO-ZPNVKHTZULIE, OBIPDICHYEUS TKHUULPK CHPEOOOPK UMHTSVE HAQIDA. yuBUFSH YUMEOPCH LHTMSODULPZP DPNB PE ZMBCHE U RTEUFBTEMSHN ZETGPZPN ZHETDYOBODPN CHSHCHULBBMBUSH UB RTYOGB ZEUUEO-lBUUEMSHULPZP. rPUME DPMZYI URPTCH Y NETSDHOBTPDOSCHY YOFTYZ, PE CHTENS LPFPTSCHI boob yPBOOPCHOB EDYMB UB LPOUKHMSHFBGYSNY CH REFETVHTZ, B NEOSHYYLPCH CH NIFBCH ZYUPSCHFMYUPSCHNF CHP CHPKULB, DEMP LPOYUMPUSH OYUEN. ZETGPZYOS 'BNXTs FBL Y OE CHSHCHYMB.
rPDPVOSCH YOGYDEOFSH, TBHNEEFUS, OBMPTSYMY OEYZMBDYNSCHK PFREYUBFPL HAQIDA IBTBLFET BOOSCH YPBOOPCHOSCH. u. n. UPPMCHHECH RYUBM RP LFPNH RPCHPDH FBL: “tBOOOEE Y VEDEFOPE CHDPCHUFChP CH UFTBOE UMBVPK, 'B CHMYSOYE, OBD LPFPTPK URPTYMY FTY UIMSHOSHI UPUEDB, Y'EMFUEPMYPE YK Y UPPVTBTCEOYK; POB UFBMB OECHEUFPK CHUEI VEDOSHI RTYOGECH, TSEMBCHYI RPMKHYUFSH lHTMSODYA CH RTYDBOPE; RMBOSHCH P VTBLE EE UPUFBCHMSMYUSH Y TBDEMSCHCHBMYUSH, UNPFTS RP PFOPEYOYA NETSDKH TPUUYEK, rPMSHYEK Y rTKHUUYEK... yUBYB XOYTSEOYS VSHMB CHSHOBFLSBSBB, CHMBUFPMAVICHBS, YUKHCHUFCHYFEMSHOBS L HOYTSEOYA”.
TBBPTCHBCh LPOPDIGYY, boOB yPBOOPCHOB RTDPDPMTSBMB PRBUBFSHUS UBZPChPTPCh UBZPChPTCH 'OFTIZ UP UFPTPOSH TPDPCHYFPK BTYUFPLTBFYY. PFUADB UNING TSEUFPLYE ZPOEOYS HAQIDA ZPMYGSCHOSHI, DPMZPTHLYI, AUHRPCSHCHI, PFUADB Y RPRSHFLB PRETEFSHUS HAQIDA "RTYYMSHI MADEK", JOPUFTBOGECH YMY TPUUYNECHSOYSCHIESCHISO, DPMYSCHOSHI UBNPK YNRETBFTYGE. CHUE UPCHTENEOOILY UIPDYMYUSH FPN, YuFP BOOB yPBOOPCHOB VSHMB KHNOB, OP NOPZIE RTY LFPN RPTYGBMY RTBCHYFEMSHOYGH 'B ZTHVPUFSH, ULMPOOPUFSH L TSEUFPLINE YHFPLINE VSHMBKHNOB. rTY DCHPTE CHUE CHTENS OBIPYMPUSH NOPTSEUFChP YHFPCH, HTPDPCH, TBOPZP TPDB UHNBUYEDYYI, UNEYYCHYYI YNRETBFTYGH. PUPVEOOOP MAVYMB BOOB yPBOOPCHOB TSEOEYO, LPFPTSCHE KHNEMY VSHCHUFTP Y VE'PUFBOPCHPYUOP ZPCHPTYFSH (“TSKHTsTSBFSH”, RP UMPCHBN UCHTENEOOILB). yOPZDB CH YHFB RTECHTBEBMUS YUEMPCHEL OBFOPZP RTPYUIPTSDEOOYS, OBCHMELYK HAQIDA UEVS ZOECH GBTYGSHCH, LBL, OBRTYNET, EEE PDO RTEDUFBCHYFEMSH OEOOBCHYUFOPZKUESHYSCHYB BMELUEECHYU. PE CHTENS RTEVSCCHBOYS 'B ZTBOYGEK ON TSEOMUS HAQIDA YFBMSHSOLE, RETEYEM CH LBFPMYUEUFChP (YuFP FPZDB UYUYFBMPUSH RTEUFKHRMEOYEN), B CHPCHTBFSUSH CHFPUTSFURCHF EIOP. boOOB CH 1733 Z. RTPYCHEMB OEYUBUFOPZP CH "LBCHBMETSH YHFPCHULZP PTDEOB" Y PVSBMB RPDBCHBFSH LCBU 'B PVEDPN. UIPDOBS UHDSHVB RPUFYZMB LOSJS chPMLPOULPZP, RPRBCHYEZP CH YHFSCH 'B UCHPE 'BOPUYCHPE RPchedeoye.
chPPVEE XOYTSEOYE YUEMPCHELB TPDPCHYFPZP Y ZPTDPZP RPYUFY CHUEZDB DPUFBCHMSMP YNRETBFTYGE KHDPCHPMSHUFCHYE. POB MAVYMB, OBRTYNET, OBFTBCHMYCHBFSH HAQIDA CHEMSHNPTS UCHPYI LPNOBFOSHI UPVBYUEL, 'BUFBCHMSMB RPTSYIMSHYY FHYUOSHI RTDCHPTOSHI RTPMEBFSH RPD UFPMCHMPYCHP, YFPMCHMPYCHPCHP BMB "Y' UPVUFCHOOOSCHI THL".
MADY, YURSHCHFBCHYYE HAQIDA UEVE ZOECH BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH, RP RPOSFOSHCHN RTYYUYOBN, TYUPCHBMY CH NENKHBTBI LTBKOye OERTYCHMELBFEMSHOSHCHK UNI RPTFTEF.
fBL TSEOB LBOOOOOPZP yCHBOB dPMZPTKHLPZP oBFBMSHS yETENEFECHB RYYEF P OEK: “rTEUFTBIOPZP VSHMB Ch'PTH; PFCHTBFOPE MYGP YNEMB; FBL VSHMB CHEMILB, LPZDB NETSDH LBCHBMETCH YDEF, CHUEI ZPMPCHPK CHCHYE YUTECHSHCHUBKOP FPMUFB”. h LFPN PFYSHCHE CHYDOP SCHOPE TSEMBOIE HSJCHYFSH "RPZHVYFEMSHOIGH" Y KHFCHETDYFSH UCHPE RTECHPUIPDUFCHP H FPK UZHETE, OBD LPFPTPK GBTULYE KHLBSHCH OE CHMSCHPFE TMBU PUFY.
UPCHTENEOOILY, OE YURSHCHFBCHYYE FBLYI FSTSLYI ZPOOYK, LBL yETENEFECHB, DETSBMYUSH VPMEE URPLKOSCHYY, UBUBUFXA, CHRPMOYE VMBZPTSEMBFEMSHOSHCHI PGEOPL. zPMYFYOULYK LBNET-AOLET f.-h. ZhPO VETIZPMSHG, OBCHYYK BOOKH yPBOOPCHOKH EEE ZETGPZYOEK, PFNEYUBEF, YuFP POB "TSEOYOB TsYCHBS Y RTYSFOBS, IPTPYP UMPTSEOB, OEDKHTOB UPVPK Y DETSYF UEVSCHUBLHERPYFYK ”. UHRTKHZB VTYFBOULZP RPUMB MEDY dCEKO tPODP CH PDOPN YUCHPYI RYUEN L RPDTHZE PFNEYUBEF: “pOB (YNRETBFTYGB b.n.) PUEOSH LTHROBS TSEOOYOB U PUEOSH ITPHYEKSSESSYP, MEZLY Y YSEOSCH. h CHSTBTTSEOYY MYGB EUFSH CHEMYUBCHPUFSH, RPTBTSBAEBS U RETCHPZP CHZMSDB, OP LPZDB POB ZPCHPTYF HAQIDA ZHVBI RPSCHMSEFUS OECHSTTBYNP NYMBS KHMSHVLB-PNCHPMCHYK... p HDSH POB YUBUFOSCHN MYGPN, FP, S DKHNBA, EE VSHCH OBSCHBMY PYUEOSH RTYSFOPK TsEOEYOPK "
BOZMYKULBS ZHCHETOBOBFLB MYJBVEF dTSBUFYU, TSYCHYBS CH REFETVHTZE U 1734 RP 1737 Z. (F.E. FPZDB, LPZDB yETENEFECHB OBIPYMBUSH CH UUSCHMUSCHFSECHP:DUSCHMUSCHFSECHP), “ee CHEMYUEUFCHP CHSHCHUPLB, PYUEOSH LTERLPZP UMPSEOYS Y DETTSYFUS UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOP LPTPOPCHBOOPK PUPVE. U HAQIDA MYGE CHSTBTSEOYE Y CHEMYUYS, Y NSZLPUFY. POB TSYCHEF UPZMBUOP RTYOGIRBN UCHPEK TEMYZYY. pOB PVMBDBEF PFCHBZPK, OEPVSHYUOPK DMS EE RPMB, UPEDYOSEF CH UEVE CHUE DPVTPDEFEMY, LBLYE NPTsOP VSCHMP VSH RPTSEMBFSH DMS NOBTYEK PUPVSH...". chRTPYUEN, URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY TBY UMEDHEF 'BNEFYFSH, YuFP dTsBUFYU RTY DCHPTE OE VSHCHBMB Y CHIDEMB YNRETBFTYGH MYYSH RTY RPUEEOOY FEBFTB. eEE PDYO BOZMYKULYK RHFEEUFCHEOIL, NEDYL dTsPO lHL CH UCHPYI 'BRYULBI P tPUUYY UPPVEBEF: “jNRETBFTYGB BOOB OE VSHMB LTBUBCHYGEK, OP PVDBMB YBLYNSHPMSHMBHN Sh URPMOEOB CHEMYYUS, YuFP LFP PLBJSCCHBMP HAQIDA NEOS UFTBOOP CHPDEKUFCHYE: BILAN PDOPCHTENOOOP YURSHCHFSHCHBM VMBZPZPCHEKOSHCHK UFTBI RETED OEK Y ZMHVPLP RPUYFBM EE.”
OBDP FBLCE ULBUBFSH, YuFP NOPZYE YI FEE OEDPUFBFLPC, B LPFPTSCHI RYUBMY CHTBZY BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH, CHCHUE OE SCHMSMYUSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOPK YETFPK YNREFTY. OE RPDMETSYF UPNOEOYA, YuFP ZPUKhDBTSCHOS MAVYMB YHFPCH Y UBBBChShCh. OP EE UPCHENOOIL, YCHEDULIK RKhFEYUFCHEOOIL l. t VETL, RPVSHCHBCHYYK CH REFETVHTZE, PFNEYUBM, YuFP FSZB L ZTHVPCHBFSHCHN TBCHMEYUEOOSN CHPPVEE VSHMB RTYUHEB TKHULPNH PVEEUFCHH. “OBTPD MAVYF YHFPCH Y HTPDPCH. RYYEF PO, h OBFOSHHI DPNBI PVSHYUOP EUFSH VBODHTYUF, LPFPTSCHK RPD'CHHLY UCHPEZP YOUFTHNEOFB RPEF OERPFTEVOSCH REUOY, LPTUB TBOSCH ZTYNBUSH.” LUFBFY, RP NOEOYA VETLB, OTBCHSH GBTULPZP DCHPTB RTY booe yPBOOPCHOE DBTSE UNSZYUMYUSH. “FERETSH RPNYNP 19 SOCHBTS DOS RTYIPDB YNRETBFTYGSH L CHMBUFY, PFNEYUBEF PO, RTY DCHPTE VPMSHYE HCE UIMSHOP OE RSHAF, B RTY ELBFETYOE, ZPCHPTSF, FTECHSHBMYLP. peri, LFP NZOPCHEOOP DEMBEFUS UPCHUEN RSSO, MAVSEBS ULTPNOPUFSH YNRETBFTYGB OE TsBMHEF Y RPFPNKH RTYLBBBBMB OUEULPMSHLINE ZTEOBDETBN RTYUHFUFCHPCHBFSH FBSHFYBMCHFGY (EPDCHFCHP.B.P.) IUS U OPZ CHOY L YI UMHZBN”. UFTBUFSH ZPUKHDBTSHOY L TPULPY FBLCE CHRPMOYE PFCHYUBMB OPTNBN LRPIY, B PFNEYUBENBS TSDPN NENHBTYUFPCH MEOSH EDCHB MY RTECHSHCHYBMB RBUUYCHOPUFSH DBTSKIPTCHPOBTCHRENING ENGLISH GEMPZIP. YuFP TSE LBUBEFUS RPDPYFEMSHOPUFY Y NUFYFEMSHOPUFY, FP POY, LBL ZPCHPTYMPUSH CHCHYE, YNEMY CHRPMOYE CHEULYE PUOPCHBOYS.
ZhBLFYUEULYN THLPCHPDYFEMEN LBVYOEFB NYOYUFTPC SCHMSMUS HTPTSEOEG ZPTPDB vPIKHNB ZEOTYI-yPZBOO-ZHTYDTYI PUFETNBO, LPFPTSCHK CH TPUUYOPY UFFPDYFEMEN LBVYOEFB. PO RTPYUIPDYM YUENSHY RBUFPTB, PVHYUBMUS CH KEOULPN XOYCHETUYFEFE, OP VSHM CHSCHOKHTSDEO RPLYOKHFSH ZETNBOYA YB-JB FPZP, YuFP PE CHTENS RBUFCHPYPZV KHMYYCHPYZP. ch 1703 Z. PUFETNBO PLBBBMUS Ch zPMMBODYY, ZDE CHUFTEFYMUS U BDNYTBMPN l. TKHUULKHA UMKHTSVKH HAQIDA lTAKUPN, RTYZMBUICHIYN EZP. ch 1708 Z. BY RPUFKHRIM CH rPUPMSHULYK RTYLB RETECHPDYULPN, DCHB ZPDB URXUFS, UFBM FBN UELTEFBTEN, B RPUME PLPOYUBOYS UECHETOPK CHPKOSH RTYOSMHULYBUBYBYB PZP NYTOPZP DPZPCHPTB UP YCHEGYEK. JOETZYUOSCHK DYRMPNBF, PUFETNBO FBLCE RTPSCHYM UEWS, LBL IIFTSCHK Y DBCE LPCHBTOSCHK GBTEDCHPTEG. RTY ELBFETYOE I BY CHUSUEUL DENPOUFTYTPCHBM UCHPA CHETOPUFSH NEOSHYYLPCHH, RTY REFTE II BLFYCHOP URPUPVUFCHPCHBM RBDEOYA VSHCHYEZP ZHBCHPTYFB Y CHPACHPOOLYOLY, BY CHPACHPOOTHYE TEUMEDPCHBM HCE UBNYI dPMZPTHLYI. 'BCHYDPCHBCHYYK XUREYBN PUFETNBOB, z. y. zPMPCHLYO LBL-FP 'BNEFYM: “BODTEC YCHBOPCHYU YUEMPCHEL CHETCH OERTBCHPUMBCHOPK, DB, LBCEPHUS, Y CHPPVEE OILBLPK.” CHEUSHNB STLYK PVTB ZMBCHSH LBVYOEFB NYOYUFTPC 'BREYUBFMEO CH 'BRYULBI RTHUULPZP PZHYGETB l.-z. nBOYFEKOB. “yuBUFP, UPPVEBEF LFPF BCHFPT, YOPUFTBOOSCH NYOYUFTSHCH FEYUEOOYE DCHHI YUBUPCH RTPZPCHPTSF U OYN (puFETNBOPN b.n.) Y RP CHSHCHIPDE Y' EZP LBVYOEFB FPSHPSHPY KhDB. YuFP PO OH RYUBM, YuFP OH ZPCHPTYM, NPZMP RPOINBFSHUS DCHPSLP. fPOLYK, RTYFCHPTOSCHK, PO KHNEM CHMBDEFSH UCHPYNY UFTBUFSNY Y CH UMHYUBE OHTSDSCH DBTSE TBOOETSYFSHUS DP UME. "PO OILLPZDB OE UNPFTEM OILPNKH CH ZMBBB YUFTBIB, YUFPVSH ZMBBB OE YENEOMY ENKH, PO KHNEM DETSBFSH YI OERPDCHYTSOP."
EEE Ch 1721 Z. b. y. PUFETNBO CHUFXRIM CH VTBL U NBTZHPK yCHBOPCHOPK UFTEYOECHPK, VTBFSHS LPFPTPK 'BOINBMY CHYDOSH ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSCH Y CHPEOOSH RPUFSHCH. haqida LFP PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHP CH EZP LBTSHETE UREGYBMSHOP KHLBSCCHBM, TSYCHYYK CH TPUUYY, DBFULYK HYUEOSCHKY RKHFEEUFCHEOIL r. ZHPO iBCHEO. “PUFETNBO, RYYEF PO CH UCHPYI NENKHBTBI, PVMBDBM RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOPK CHOEYOPUFSHA Y IPTPYN UMPTSEOYEN, OP Y OE NEOEE PDBTEOOOSCHN TBKHNPN BY VSHHM YKHBTSEO. pDOBLP OELPFPTCHBMY CH OEN RPNSCHUMSH, RP LPFPTSCHN CH ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSCH DEMB ON CHLMBDSHCHBM VPMEE VMBZPTBHNYS, OETSEMY DKHYY...PO RPYUFY CHUEZDB RTYFPMFCHPMFPY E CHSHIPDYM YJ DPNH Y OE RPDDETSYCHBM ULEN VSHCH FP OE VSHMP PUPVSCHI PFOPYEOIK, VMBZPDBTS YUENH YVEZBM NOPZYI RPDPTEOYK Y RTEUMEDPCHBOIK, DB Y MEZLP neftni qayta ishlash zavodi ULTSHCHBFSH UCHPY NSHUMY Y OBNTEEOYS... TSEOMUS HAQIDA RTYTDOPK TKHUULPK OBFOPK DBNE. vMBZPDBTS LFPNH RPUMEDOENH VPMSHYOUFChP TKHUULYI CHYDEMY CH OEN UPPFEYUEFCHEOILB. y LFYN ON EEE PUCHPVPDYMUS PF ULCHETOPZP RTP'CHYEB, LPFPTSCHN THUULYE ZPURPDB RPTPC OBZTBTSDBAF TSYCHHEYI CH tPUUYY OENGECH. tHUULYE OBSCHCHBAF YI "LHTZKHYSHCHNY", FP EUFSH "LPTPFLPICHPUFSHNY MPIBDSHNY". yVP TKHUULYE ZPCHPTSF, YuFP KH OENGECH CH LFPN ZPUKHDBTUFCHE OEF OH ICHPUFB, OH YNEOYK, OH UENSHI”. ZhPO IBCHEO UPPVEBEF FBLCE, YuFP BODTEC YCHBOPCHYU "OILPZDB OE RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHPCHBM OILPNH YUCHPYI DTHJEK." HAQIDA EEE PDOP, PYUEOSH TEDLPE DMS FPZP CHTENEY, LBYUEUFCHP PUFETNBOB KHLBSCCHBEF MEDY TPODP, RYUBCHYBS: “PO OE BMYEO, RPULPMSHLH PUFBEFUS VEDOSCHN RTY RTYCHPTHPUNKSUB SI.”
chFPTPK RPUFPSOOSCHK LBVYOEF-NYOYUFT, LOSSH bMELUEK NYIBKMPCHYU yuETLBUULYK CHSHZMSDEM TSICHSHN LPOFTBUFPN OOETZYUOPNH pUFETNBOKH.
BY RTYOBDMETSBM L DTECHOENH BTYUFPLTBFYUEULPNH TPDH Y PVMBDBM NOPTSEUFCHPN CHSHCHUPLPPRPUFBCHMEOOOSCHI TPDUFCHEOYLPCH. RETCHSHCHN VTBLPN LOSSH VSHM TSEOBF HAQIDA BZTYRRYOE MSHCHCHOE OBTSCHYLYOPK, DCHPATDOPK UEUFTE REFTB I, B CHFPTSHCHN HAQIDA NBTZHE fTHVEGLLPK, DPYUETY AUTYETYSHOE UEOBTHVETCHYPK. ChP CHMBDEOOY X b. n. yuETLBUULPZP OBIPYMPUSH UCHCHIE UENYDEUSFY FSHUSYU LTEUFSHSOULYI DKHY. oP RTY CHUEK UCHPEK OBFOPUFY, RTY CHUEN VPZBFUFCHE, LFP VSHM RBUUYCHOSCHK, NBMP DESFEMSHOSHCHK UYVBTYF. yUFPTYL XVIII qism. n. eETVBFPCH PIBTBLFETYYPCHBM EZP, LBL "YUEMPCHELB CHEUSHNB RPUTEDUFCHEOOPZP TBHNPN, MEOYCHPZP, OE OBAEEZP CH DEMBYY, PDOYN UMPCHPN, FBULBEEZOPUSP, B OECHPEZP YE". UPCHENEOOIL yuETLBUULPZP, b. r. CHPMSHCHOULYK SCHYFEMSHOP UBNEUBM: “OSHOO EZP RPUFBChSF HAQIDA UBChFTB RPUFTIZXF, B UB CHUE RTP CHUE NPMYUYF Y OYUEZP OE ZPCHPTYF.” dTsEKO tPODP FBLCE RYUBMB UCHPEK RPDTKHZE, YuFP LOSSH "OBNEOIF NPMYUBMYCHPUFSHA" Y SJCHYFEMSHOP DPVBCHYMB RP LFPNH RPCHPDH: "chMBDEOYS Y DPVBCHYMB OPSPUFSH OPSJPFZK FY, Y PO OBCHETOSLB OE UFBOEF OH HFTHTSDBFSH UEVS DEMBNY, OH NEYBFSH LBVYOEFKH UCHPYN LTBUOPTEYUYEN”.
chRTPYUEN, RTY REFTE I RPUMKHTSYFSH yuETLBUULPNH CHUE-FBLY RTYYMPUSH. 1715-qism Z. VSHHM OBYUEO PVET-LPNYUUBTPN refetvkhtzb Y, UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, PFCHYUBM 'B UFTPIFEMSHUFChP Ch NPMPDK UFPMYGE. oEULPMSHLP TB YNRETBFPT VMBZPDBTYM yuETLBUULPZP 'B "YURTBCHOSCHK RPTSDPL", B Ch 1719 Z. TEYM OBYUYFSH EZP ZHVETOBFPTPN Ch uYVYTSH, CHNEUFPCHYTCHPCHPCHB. r. zBZBTYOB. yURKHZBOOSCHK CHEMSHNPTSB KHNPMSM ZPUKHDBTS PFNEOYFSH OBYEOYE, ZPCHPTYM, YuFP U FBLYN DEMPN ENKH OE URTBCHYFSHUS, OP REFT PUFBMUS OERTELMPOEO. YuETLBUULYK, DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, OE UNPZ OBCHEUFY CH UYVYTULYI YENMSI RPTSDLB. rPUEFYCHYYK UYVYTSH FKH RPTH ZEOETBM-NBKPT h ZEOOYO U YTPOYEK RTPUYM YNRETBFPTB RTYUMBFSH yuETLBUULPNH "NEYPYUEL UNEMPUFY", YVP PO "DPVT DB" O. ch 1724 Z. LOSSH CHETOHMUS CH REFETVHTZ Y CHULPTE VSHM OBYUEO RTYUKHFUFCHHAEIN CH UEOBFE. mYYSH PDYO TB b. n. yuETLBUULYK RTPSCHYM OEBHTSDOHA BLFYCHOPUFSH: CH 1730 ZPDH, LPZDB CHCHUFKHRIM RTPFYCH CHETIPCHOILPC. uFBCH LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTPN, BY CHOPCHSH PFPYEM CH FEOSH, B RPUME RETEOOEOOPZP CH 1738 Z. BRPRMELUYUUEULPZP HDBTB DBCE RETEUFBM EDYFSH HAQIDA BUEDBYOEFB.
fTEFYK LBVYOEF-NYOYUFT zBCHTYMB yCHBOPCHYU zPMPCHLYO VSHM UFBTSHN DYRMPNBFPN REFTPCHULK YLPMSH, THLPCHPDYM U 1717 Z. lPMMEZYEK YOPUFTBOOSCHIPCHIMCHEMCHYB P UPCHEFB. NOPZYE UPCHTENEOOYL PVCHYOSMY ZPMPCHLYOB CH VEYSHCHOYBFYCHOPUFY, OP ULPTEE ON VSHM RTPUFP UMYILPN PUFPPTTSEO, YUFPVSH DENPOUFTYTPCHBFSH UChPA RPHYGYA YPCHPCHPUFSH. Pufetnbob zbchtymb ychbopchyu pftpchchyu, pdo-chefyb, men npz pptshv: lp chtthyer u Oyn VPMEES vshmpchlyox vshmpchlyusfy vshmpchvh, y menmshop vpmem bilan. rPUME EZP UNETFY, FTEFSHYN LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTPN CH 1735 Z. UFBM rBCHEM YCHBOPCHYU sZHTSYOULYK, EEE PDYO "RFEOEG ZOEDB rEFTPCHB".
USCHO VEDOPZP PTZBOYUFB Y' OENEGLPK UMPVPDSH, sZHTSYOULYK OE TB YURSHCHFBM CHOMEFSHCH Y RBDEOYS. 'BOYNBM DPMTSOPUFSH ZEOETBM-RTPLHTPTB UEOBFB, VSCHM RPUMPN CH RPMSHYE, RTHUUYYY BCHUFTYY, OP RTY ELBFETYOE I RPDCHETZUS ZPOEOYSN UP UFPTOSHTPOSCHBNE. 1730 OERTYSY DCHPTSOUFCHB L "'BFEKLE" U LPODIGYSNY. rP PF'SCCHBN UPCHTENEOOILPC, LFPF ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSCHK DESFEMSH VSHCHM KHNEO, PYUEOSH BNVYGYPJEO Y TEPL CH PVTBEEOYY. h UCHPE CHTENS OE VPSMUS RTPFPYCHPTEYUYFSH NEOSHYILLPCHH, OCHETOPE, OE RPVPSMUS VSHCHY PUFETNBOB, OP 'DPTPChShe EZP VSHMP RPDPTCHBOP. h 1736 W. sZHTSYOULYK HNET. oELPFPTPPE CHTENS PDOP NEUFP CH LBVIOEFE PUFBCHBMPUSH CHBLBOFOSHCHN, B 'BFEN EZP 'BOSM bTFENYK REFTPCHYU CHPMSHCHOULYK, CH RTPYMPN RTPYMPN RTBIBOULYK YHVEETTOFAYYK YHVEETTOBFAY.
THLPCPDYFEMSH CHPPTHTSEOOSHI UYM UFTBOSH vKHTIBTD-lTYUFPZH NYOYI TPDYMUS CH 1683 Z. CH ZTBZHUFCHE pMSHDEOVHTZULPN, WHERE EZP PFEG UMKHTSYM UMKHTSYM UMKHTSYM UMPFYFYF BFSH CHPEOOOSCHN YOTSEOETPN. ch 1701 Z. RPUFXRIM HAQIDA UMKHTSVKH ZEUUEO-dBTNYFBDFULCHA BTNYA, PFFHDB RETEYEM CH PUF-ZHTYUMBODULHA BTNYA, B Y' PUF-ZHTYUMBODULPK CH ZEUUESHULB-l. pDOBLP, NEMLYE ZETNBOULYE LOSCEUFCHB, CHYDYNP, VSHMY FEUOSCH DMS YuEUFPMAVICHPZP CHPEOOPZP Y Ch 1716 Z. NYOYI UFBM ZEOETBM-NBKTPPN Ch RSHPKULZPHALP FB bCHZKHUFB II. rTPUMHTSYCH RPMSHULPK LPTPOE RSFSH MEF, BY RTYOSM RTEDMPTSEOYE TPUUYKULPZP RPUMB u. h. TKHUULHA UMHTSVH HAQIDA dPMZPTHLPZP RETEKFY.
Reft I RPTHYUM NYOOO UPUFFBCHSH OPSHSCCHK RMBO Hltermeyk LTPOYFBDFB, Knuleftpchbfsh titsulha Laterpshi Pufbmus dpchpmeoschin RPTHEOSHYUSYUSNYY RPUMBM. h 1722–1725 ZZ. NYOYI RTYOINBM HYUBUFYE CH UPPTHTSEOY mBDPTSULPZP LBOBMMB. EZP OBUFPKYYCHPUFSH YURPMOYFEMSHOPUFSH PYUEOSH RPOTBCHYMYUSH ZPUKHDBTA. rTY PDOPN Y' RPUEEEOYK UFTPYFEMSHUFCHB reft DBCE 'BSCHYM: “po (nyOYI b.n.) ULPTP RTYCHEDEF mBDPTSULYK LBOBM L PLPOYUBOYA; Y' CHUEI YOPUFTBOGECH, VSHCHYI CH NPEK UMHTSVE, MHYUYE CHUEI KHNEEF RTEDRTYOINBFSH Y RTPYCHPDYFSH CHEMILYE DEMB”. rTHUULYK RPUMBOIL BLUEMSH ZhPO nBTDEZHEMShDF 'BNEFYM LBL-FP P NYOIE, YuFP PA "RPUFYZOHM DHI REFTPC". y DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, RPDPVOP YNRETBFPTH, LFPF CHPEOBYUBMSHOIL OE RTPUFP UFBTBMUS DPUFYUSH RPUFBCHMEOOOPK GEMY, OP OYEM L OEK OEHLMPOOOP, OE EBDS OH UETHZI,. uNETFOPUFSH TBVPYYI HAQIDA UFTPYFEMSHUFCH VSHMB PZTPNOPK, FAIRIES, LFP RShchFBMUS VETSBFSH, VYMY VBFPZBNY, OP LBOBM CHPCHPDYMUS.
rPUME UNETFY REFTB I ZHJOBOUYTPCHBOYE TBVPF RP KHUFTPKUFCHH LBOBMB TEOLP UPLTBFYMPUSH, Y NYOYI CHETOHMUS CH REFETVHTZ. oEUNPFTS HAQIDA PYUEOSH OBFSOHFSHE PFOPYEOYS U NEOSHYILPCHSCHN, ENKH HDBMPUSH YJVETSBFSH PRBMSH RTY ELBFETYOE I. REFT II RPTsBMPCHBM NYOYIH ZTBZHULPE DPUFYOBZBOYP HVETOBFPTB uBOLF-REFETVHTZB, JOZETNBOMBODIY Y LBTEMYY. lBL Y PUFETNBO, NYOYI PE CHTENS RPDZPFPCHLY CHETIPCHOILBNY LPODYGYK, 'BOSM CHSHTCYDBFEMSHOHA RPYGYA, B RPUME SCHOPZP RTPCHBMB YI RMBOPCH, CHUFBM PTCHPOCHBOHBOF HAQIDA. pRBMB ZHEMSHDNBTYBMPCH raqami. n. zPMYGSHCHOB Y h dPMZPTKHLPZP TBUYUYUFYMB ENKH RKhFSH L UBNSHCHN CHSHCHUPIN CHPYOULIN RPUFBN YUYOBN. boOOB yPBOOPCHOB OBYUYMB NYOYIB RTEYDEOFPN chPEOOOPK LPMMEZYY ZEOETBM-ZHEMSHDGEKINEKUFETPN (OBYUBMSHOYLPN CHUEK BTFYMMETYY), DBMB ENKH YUYO ZEOETBM-ZHEMBTYBTYN. CHYDOSHK RPMLPCHPDEG RTYOG ECZEOYK UBCHPKULYK, PDPVTSS FY DEKUFCHYS, RYUBM YNRETBFTYGE, YuFP POB CHCHETYMB THLPCHPDUFCHP BTNYEK "YUEMPCHELH, YUEMPCHELH, YUEMPCHELH.NETTYHAVETUEB ECHOPUFSH L UMHTSVE”.
YUFPTYL fan doktori BOFSHSH-LBNEOOLYK da, Ukhnnytpchbcht Tshoshchshchshchshchshchshchshchshchshchshchshchshchshchshchshchchshchshchshchshchshchshchshchshchchetenoiolpch, DBM ENHibzhybhn TPUFBPZP, Cheyuyufcheoopzp. ZMBYB Y CHUE YUETFSH MYGB RPLBYSHCHBMY PUFTPHNYE, OEKHUFTBIYNPUFSH Y FCHETDPUFSH IBTBLFETB; ZPMPU Y PUBOLB SCHMSMY CH OEN ZETPS. ON OECHPMSHOSCHN PVTBBPN CHUEMSM CH DTHZYI KHCHBTSEOYE LUEVE Y UFTBI; VSHM YUTECHSHCHYUBKOP FTHDPMAVYCH Y RTEDRTYYNYUYCH; OE OBM KHUFBMPUFY, NBMP URBM, MAVYM RPTSDPL, PFMYUBMUS, LPZDB IPFEM MAVEOPUFSHA CH PVEEUFCHBI, UFPSM CH TSDH U RETCHSHNYYOTSEOOETBNYY RPMLPCHPDGBNY UCHPEZP; OP CHNEUFE VSCHM ZPTD, YuEUFPMAVICH, MHLBCH, CHUSCHULBFEMEO Y TSEUFPL; OE DPTPTSYM DMS UCHPEK UMBCHSH LTPCHSHHA CHCHETEOOSCHI ENKH UPMDBF; LBBBMUS DTHZPN CHUEN, OE MAVS OYLPZP.”
l LFPC TBCHETOHFPK IBTBLFETYUFYLE UFPYF DPVBCHYFSH, RPTsBMHK, FPMSHLP PF'SCCH MEDY tPODP, PFTBTsBAEYK PUPVSHCHK, ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB HAQIDA TSEOULYK CHZMSD. ch 1735 Z. POB RYUBMB UCHPEK RPDTKHZE CH BOZMYA: “rTEDUFBCHMEOYE, LPFPTPPE UMPTSYMPUSH H CHBU P ZTBZHE NYOIE, UPCHETYOOOP OECHETOP. ChSC ZPCHPTYFE, YuFP RTEDUFBCHMSEFE EZP UEVE UFBTYLPN, PVMYLH LPFPTPZP RTYUHEB CHUS ZTHVPUFSH RPVSCCHBCHYEZP CH RETEDEMLBY UPMDBFB. OP ENKH UEKYUBU YFP-OYVKhDSH RSFSHDEUSF YUEFSHTE YMY RSFSHDEUSF RSFSH MEF, H OEZP LTBUYCHPE MYGP, PYUEOSH VEMBS LPCB, BY CHCHUPL Y UFTPEO, Y CHUETSYESOSHYP. PO IPTPYP FBOGHEF, PF CHUEI EZP RPUFKHRLPCH CHEF NMPPDPUFSHA, U DBNBNY PO CHEDEF UEVS LBL PDYO YUBNSHI ZBMBOFOSCHI LBCHBMETCH LFPZP DCHPTB Y, OBIPDSUSH SDBYPYFYMBBYB HYUBEF CHUEMPUFSH Y OETSOPUFSH, LPFPTSCHNOE PUEOSH OERTYSFOSCH, YVP RTYFCHPTOSCH. ...lBL VSHCHMY VSC CHCH KHYCHMEOSCH, KHCHYDECH, YuFP PO CHOINBEEF chBN U FPNOSCCHN CHJPTPN, RPFPN CHOEBROP ICHBFBEF chBYKH THLH Y U CHPUFPTZPN GEMHEF IT! OP OBULPMSHLP VPMEE CHCH VSHCHMY VSC KhDYCHMEOSCH, PVOBTHTSYCH, UFP ON RPMBZBEF PVSBFEMSHOSHCHN CHEUFY EUVS FBL UP CHUENY TSEOOEYOBNY. ...VSC UYUYFBMB bilan, YuFP EZP MAVINSCHN CHPEOOSHCHN RTYENPN DPMTSOP VSHFSH OBRBDEOYE YBUBDSH, YVP YULTEOOPUFSH LBYUEUFChP, U LPFPTSCHN PO, RP-NPENKH, OE.”
DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, LTPNE RPMLPCHPDYUEULYI FBMBOFPCH, NYOYI SCHOP PVMBDBM URPUPVOPUFSNY L RTDCHPTOSCHN YOFTYZBN Y FP RPDDETSYCHBM PUFETNBOB, FP RSCHFYFBUS EBBYVGBOB.
ZhBChPTYF YNRETBFTYGSH BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH YTOUF-yPZBOO vYTPO PZHYGYBMSHOP OBIPDIYMUS HAQIDA RTDCHPTOPK UMKHTSVE (PO VSHM PVET-LBNETZETPN), LP RTY LFPN UPCHBMYPYYS BTUFCHEOOSHE DEMB. uPZMBUOP YUUMEDPCHBOYSN OENEGLYI ZEOEBMPZPCH b. vKHIZPMSHGB Y zh. ZhPO mPTIOZIPCHEOB, VYTPO VSHM CHOEVTBYUOSCHN USCHOPN LPTOEFB RPMSHULPK BTNYY lBTMB VYTEOB Y RTPUFPK MBFSHCHYLY, OSOSHLY EZP DEFEC. EEE Ch 1714 Z. RSCHFBMUS RPUFKHRYFSH HAQIDA UMHTSVKH L GBTECHYUKH bMELUEA, USCHOKH REFTB I, PDOBLP, LBL YUEMPCHEL OYLPZP RTPYUIPTSDEOOYS, RPMKHYUM PFLB. rP CHPCHTBEEOY CH TPDOHA lHTMSODYA, vYTPO 'BOSM NEUFP LBNET-AOLETB RTY DCHPTE boosch yPBOOPCHOSCH, RTYUEN RPNPZ ENKH CH LFPN FPZDBYOYK ZPJNEKUZYOFET ZETGPr. n. vEUFHTSECH. iPDYMY UMKHIY, YuFP RTYYUYOPK RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHB SCHMSMBUSH MAVPCHOBS UCHSSH NETSDH VEUFHTSECHSCHN YUEUFTPK vYTPOB. CHULPTE MPCHLYK LHTMSODEG RTECHTBFYMUS CH CHPMAVMEOOPZP BOOSCH Y RETCHSHCHN DMPN DPVYMUS KHDBMEOYS VEUFHTSECHB, LPFPTSCHK FBLCE CHSHRPMOSM RTY ZETGPZYOE FPPMOSM RTY ZETGPZYOE FPPMOSSHYMUS CHPMAVMEOOPZP BOOSCH Y RETCHSHCHN. "CH OEUOPUOPK REYUBMY, RYUBM VEUFHTSECH UCHPEK DPYUETY CH 1728 Z. EDCHB PE NOE DHI DETSYFUS, RPFPNKH, YUFP YuETE YMSHI MADEK DTKHZ NPK UETDEYUBYYV TPO b.n.) VPMEE CH LTEDYFE PUFBMUS "
CHULPTE RPUME CHPUYEUFCHYS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH HAQIDA RTEUFPM, VYTPO VSHM KHFCHETTSDEO CH DCHPTSOUFCHE, B OBFEN CHPCHEDEO CH ZTBZHULPE DPUFPYOUFCHP uchSEOOP YUKYOP. ch 1737 Z. BY RPMKHYUM FYFHM ZETGPZB lHTMSODULPZP Y UENYZBMSHULPZP. rP PF'SCCHBN VPMSHYOUFCHB UPCHTENEOOILPC, ZHBCHPTYF PUEOSH TECHOYCHP PVETEZBM UCHPE RPPTSEOYE RTY PUPVE YNRETBFTYGE Y VETSBMPUFOP TBURTBCHMSMUS U RTPFYCHOILBNY. TSYCHYYK CH REFETVHTZE CH 1733 Z. BOZMYQULYK RKhFEYUFCHEOOIL w. DYCHHD PFNEYUBEF CH UCHPYI 'BRYULBI: «x ZTBZHB NOPTSEUFChP OEDTHZPCH (B LBLPK CHSHCHDBAEIKUS YUEMPCHEL YI OE YNEEF?) MADEK BUFBCHMSAF VSHFSH PUNPFTYFEMSHOSHNY Y DETSBFSH SJB 'B 'XVBNYa OENBBDMIFEMShosh, UXTPChShCh OPLBBOP'S, LPFPTShN RPDChtsBAF HAQIDA PUOPCHBOY PDOYRPKDPTEY”. fBL CH RPUMEDOYK ZPD RTBCHMEOYS boosch yPBOOPCHOSCH vYTPO PFRTBCHYM HAQIDA LYBZhPF LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTB b. r. chPMSHCHOULPZP, RPRSHCHFBCHYEZPUS PUMBVYFSH EZP CHMYSOYE HAQIDA ZPUKHDBTSHOA.
lTPNE RPDPTYFEMSHOPUFY, vYTPO PFMYUBMUS FSZPK L LBOPLTBDUFCHH, NPFPCHUFCHPN, FEEUMBCHYEN Y OEPDOPLTBFOP XUBUFCHPCHBM CH UBNSHCHI FENOSHI NBIYOBGYSI. ZHEMSHDNBTYBM v.-l. NYOYI, LPFPTSCHK UOBYUBMB U ZHBCHPTYFPN DTHTSYM, B RPFPN CHTBTSDPCHBM, PF'SCCHBEFUS P OEN FBL: "fFP YuEMPCHEL, UDEMBCHYK UFPMSH KhDYCHYFEMSHOHA LBTSHETCHPMCHPY SHLP RP-OENEGLY Y UCHPEN RTYTDOPN HAQIDA LHTMSODULPN OBTEYUYY; BY DBTS DPCHPMSHOP RMPIP YUYFBM RP-OENEGLY, CH PUPVEOOPUFY, EUMY RPRBDBMYUSH MBFYOULYE YMY ZHTBOGHYULYE UMPCHB. VSHM DPChPMSHOP LTBUYCHPK OBTHTSOPUFY, CHLTBDYUCH Y PUEOSH RTEDBO YNRETBFTYGE, LPFPTHA OILLPZDB OE RPLYDBM, OE PUFBCHYCH PLPMP OEE UCHPEK TSEOSCH. yNRETBFTYGB OE YNEMB CHCHUE UFPMB Y PVEDBMB YMY HTSYOBMB U UENEKUFChPN VYTPOB Y DBCE CH LPNOBFBI UCHPEZP ZHBCHPTYFB. ON TsIM CHEMILPMEROP, OP CHNEUFE U FEN VSHM VETETSMYCH, CHUSHNB LPCHBTEO Y LTBKO NUFYFEMEO”.
MEDY TPODP, OE YNECHYBS RTYUYO RYFBFSH L ZHBCHPTYFKH OERTYSYOSH, FEN OE NEOEE, PFNEYUBEF CH UCHPEN RYUSHNE: “ZETGPZ PYUEOSH FEEUMBCHEO, LTBKOYE CHUDBFSHYMER YYBCHYSHYMER S, OEUDETTSBO CH CHSTBTSEOSI. BY RTEITBEF TKHUULYI Y UFPMSH SCHOPS CHCHULBSCCHBEF UCHPE RTETEOIE PE CHUEI UMKHYUBSI RETED UBNSHNY OBFOSHNYY OYI, SFP, S DKHNBA, PDOBTDSCH LFP RTICHEDEF ETICHEDEB".
MYGB, TSEMBCHYE UDEMBFS RTDCHPTOHA LBTSHETKH, Y YOPUFTBOOSCH DYRMPNBFSH 'BYULYCHBMY OE FPMSHLP RETED UBNYN vYTPOPN, OP Y RETED EZP TPDUFCHEOILBNY.
rP UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHH YCHEDB l.-t. VETLB, UBLUPOULYK RPUMBOIL nPTYG MYOBT HDPUFPYM UHRTKHZH vYTPOB "YUEUFY, RTYOBDMETSBEEK CHPPVEE-FP MYYSH YUMEOBN YNRETBFPULPK ZHBNYMYY, GEMPTHIPCHOBZYB." HYGETSCH "PVIBTSYCHBAF FBLCE AOPZP ZTBZHB vYTPOB (USCHOB ZHBCHPTYFB b.n.), DCHEOBDGBFYMEFOEZP NBMSHYUKHZBOB."
pDOYN Y UPPVEOILPC VYTPOB CH OUEULPMSHLYI PYUEOSH OEVMBZPCHYDOSHI DEMBY VSHM PVET-ZPZHNBTYBM LBTM-TEKOZPSHD MECHEOCHPMSHDE, LPFPTSCHK RPMSH'PCHBMFCCHUS FBLCEPSHPLHPLSH. y. puffetnbob. oELPFPTSCHE UPCHTENEOOILY RPMBZBMY DBCE, YuFP MECHEOCHPMSHDE DPOPUYM PUFETNBOKH P DEMBY ZHBCHPTYFB, B FPF UCHPEZP RTYSFEMS RPVBYCHBMUS. UBN PUFETNBO CH PFLTSCHFSCHK LPOZHMYLF U VYTPOPN OE CHUFKHRBM, OP RTPFYCH YOFTYZY, LBL, CHRTPYUEN, Y RTPFYCH DTHZYI CHMYSFEMSHOSCHI CHEMSHNSPTS.
eEE PDOYN CHEUSHNB RTYNEYUBFEMSHOSCHN YUEMPCHELPN SCHMSMUS BODTEK YCHBOPCHYU KHYBLPCH, THLPCHPDYFEMSH LBOGEMSTYY FBKOSHHI TPSHCHULOSHI DEM, UREGYBMSHOPZP RUBFEMSHOSCHN'BOUB 1731 Z. xYBLPCH RTPYUIPDYM ' PVEDOECHIYI OPCHZPTPDULYI DCHPTSO, CH OBYUBME UECHETOPK CHPKOSH PFMYUYUMUS, LBL ITBVTSHK PZHYGET Y VSCHM YAAFREFREFPNBD GBB. . ch 1712 Z. ON 'BOSM DPMTSOPUFSH ZHYULBMB, B Ch 1718 Z. OBYUBM UMHTSVH Ch fBKOPK LBOGEMSTYY, LPFPTBS VSHMB KHUTETSDEOB DMS UMEDUFCHYS RP DEMH GBTECHYMBBBB, TP'SHULPN RP RPMYFYUEULYN DEMBN CHPPVEE. 'DEUSH KHYBLPCH RTPYYEM RPDMYOOHA YLPMH "LOHFPVYFYS" RPD OBYUBMPN r. b. fPMUFPZP. rTY DPRTPUBI CH LBOGEMSTYY YTPLP RTBLFYLPCHBMYUSH RSHCHFLY: DSHVE, TBULBMEOOSCHNY AIRGBNY YMY ZPTSEINY CHOOILBNY HAQIDA. h PFOPYEOYY PDOPZP Y' RPDUMEDUFCHEOOSCHI fPMUFPK UPCHEFPCHBM KHYBLPCHH “YUBEE EZP RSHCHFBFSH, DPLPME YMY RPCHYOYFUS YMY YJDPIOEF...”. pDOBLP CH 1726 Z. fBKOBS LBOGEMSTYS VSHMB MYILCHYDYTPCHBOB, B ZPDPN RPTSE BODTES yCHBOPCHYUB UBNPZP BTEUFPCHBMY RP DEMH fPMUFPZP Y DECHYETB. MYYSH UP CHUFKHRMEOYEN HAQIDA RTEUFPM BOOSCH YPBOOPCHOSCH XYBLPCH UNPZ CHETOHFSHUS L RTYCHSHCHYUOPNH 'BOSFYA. lBOGEMSTYS FBKOSCHI TPSHCHULOSCHI DEM OBRPNYOBMB fBKOXA LBOGEMSTYA OE FPMSHLP RP OBCHBOYA, OP Y RP ZHOLGYSN, Y RP NEFPDBN TBVPFSH. oEHDYCHYFEMSHOP, YuFP YNS XYBLPCHB CHOKHYBMP FTEREF UCHTENEOOILBN. “bTEUFPCHBOOPNH RP EZP RTYLBYH YUEMPCHELH, RYUBM l. t VETL, CHRPTKH ZPFPCHYFSHUS L LOKHFKH.”
rPDPTTYFEMSHOPUFSH YNRETBFTYGSH Y VYTPOB OETEDLP RTYCHPDYMB CH THLY XYBLPCH DBTSE BUMHTSEOOSCHI UBOPCHOILPC. BY KHUBUFCHPCHBM CH TBVPTE CHUEI LTHROSHI RPMYFIYUEULYI DEM GBTUFCHCHBOYS BOOSH YPBOOPCHOSCHY PDOPCHTEENOOOP UMEDYM 'B RPTSDLPN CH UFPMYGE, LPNBODPCHBM PDOYNBODPCHBM PDOYNBODPCHMECHPUSCHUBBO LPCH MEKV-ZCHBTDAYY UENEOPCHULIN. yOPUFTBOOSCH RHFEYUFCHEOOILY OE TSBMEMY NTBUOSCHI LTBUPL DMS PRYUBOIS FEMEUOSCHI OBLBBBOYK Y URPUPVCH LBYOY, RTYOSFSCHI CH TPUUYKULPK YNRETYY. l. t. VETL RPDTPVOP TBUULBYSHCHBEF Y P "RshchFPYuOPN VYFSHE, LPZDB PVCHYOSENPZP... RPDOINBAF UP UCHSBOOSHNY UUBDY THLBNY Y BLTERMEOOOSCHNY OPZBNYY", Y P "VYFFSHPTCHOBSCHOB" ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBBPN DMS UPMDBF Y NBFTPUPC", Y P UNETFOPK LBJOY. pDOBLP CH TPDOPC ENKH YCHEGYY CH FP CHTENS EEE RTYNEOSMPUSH LPMEUPCBOYE, B CH YURBOYY TBUFSZYCHBOYE RTEUFHROLLB MPYBDSHNY. oYUBMP XVIII CHELB CHPPVEE OE PFMYYUBMPUSH NSZLPUFSHA OTBCHR.
l UPVUFCHEOOP CHPEOOOPK UMFE RTYOBDMETSBM FBLCE ZEOETBM-RPTHUYL (U 1736 Z. ZEOETBM ZHEMSHDNBTYBM) rEFT REFTPCYU mBUUY, YTMBODEG RP RTPYUIPTSDEOOYA. by RPUFKHRIM HAQIDA TKHUULKHA UMKHTSVKH EEE CH 1700 Z., XYUBUFCHPCHBM CH UECHETOPK CHPKO Y rTHFULPN RPIPDE REFTB I, CH BCHZXUFE 1725 Z. UFBM LHKXUFE 1725 Z. UFBM LHKXUFY. rP PGEOLE fanlar doktori vBOFSHCHY-lbNEOUULPZP, mBUUY “U RTPUCHEEOOOSCHN KHNPN UPYUEFBM DPVTPE UETDGE, CHPCHSHCHYEOOSH YUKHCHUFCHB... VSHHM TEYYFEMEO CH CHPEOOSCHI RTPUCHEEOOOSCHN KHNPN UPYUEFCHB... OE OBBM RTDCHPTOSCHY YOFTYZ...”. h umx rpumedezufp Pvuuy Oetedlp Vshchbm PF Teyeoys CB ZTROYCHCHRUOOOSCHI CB ZTBOYCHHEUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUPOYMS.
NOPZIE TKHUULYE BTYUFPLTBFSCH PE CHTENEOB BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH TsBMPCHBMYUSH HAQIDA BUYMSHE OENGECH. CHRPUMEDUFCHYY RPDPVOSH PGEOLY RETEYYY CH FTHDSCH OELPFPTSCHI YUFPTYLPCH, RTYYUEN CHUE DESFEMY LFPZP RETYPDB TBUUNBFTYCHBMYUSH YNY, LBL OELBS EDOBS, CHPUSDYEVY MBS. pDOBLP, VMYCE L YUFYOE VSHM CHUE-FBLY u. n. UPMPCSHHECH, YuEFLP PFDEMSCHYK PUFETNBOB Y NYOYIB PF CHTENEOEYLPCH CHTPDE VYTPOB Y MECHEOCHPMSHDE. RETCHSCHI ON IBTBLFETYYPCHBM, LBL "YOPUFTBOGECH, PUEOSH DBTPCHYFSHCHY KHUSCHOPCHYYI UEVS TPUUYY, OETTBTSCHOP UPEDYOYCHYI UCHPA UMBCHH U EE UMBCHPK", B CHFPTSCHITPCHYFYFY" PMEOOOOPE UPUFPSOYE tPUUYY CH GBTUFCHPHBOYE BOOSCH.”
2. “xYUTETSDEOOYE REFTB CHEMYLPZP LTERLP UPDETSBFSH.”
uTBH RPUME RTYIPDB L CHMBUFY OPChPK YNRETBFTYGE Y EE RTYVMYTSEOOSCHN RTYYMPUSH TEYBFS UMPTOSOSHE RTPVMENSHCH, LBUBCHYEUS CHPPTHTSEOOSCHI UYM UFTBOSHCH. REFT II CH FEYUEOYE UCHPEZP LTBFLPCHTENEOOPZP GBTUFCHPCHBOYS BTNYEK RPYUFY OE YOFETEUPCHBMUS. rPUME PFUFBCHLY CH 1727 Z. b. d NEOSHYYLPCHB, DBTSE OE RPFTKhDYMUS OBYUYFSH OPCHPZP RTEYDEOFB chPEOOOPK LPMMEZYY. NYOYI UPUFPSM CHYGE-RTEYDEOFPN, OP RTY RETEEEDE DCHPTB CH nPULCHH, PUFBMUS CH REFETVHTZE DMS OBVMADEOYS JB TBVPFBNY HAQIDA mBDPTSULPN LBOBME. fBL YuFP LPMMEZYS VSHMB ZhBLFYUEULY PVE'ZMBCHMEOB. h PLFSVTE 1729 Z. chETIPCHOSCHK UPCHEF DPMPTSYM YNRETBFPTH, YuFP Ch lPMMEZYY DBCHOP HCE OEF RTEYDEOFB, Y'-'B YuEZP RRPMOEOYE ChPKUL OPCHPVTBOGBYPY UCHPVTBOGBYPY TBKOye RMPIP. UPCHEF TELPNEODPCHBM HYUTEDYFSH PUPVKHA LPNYUUYA, LPFPTBBS 'BOSMBUSH VSC TBVPTPN DEM PJYGETPCH, KHCHPMEOOSCHY U CHPEOOOPK UMKHTSVSH, Y CHETOHMB VSC UMKHTSVSH. OP RMBO LFPF OE VSHM TEBMYPCHBO. PUFBMUS HAQIDA VKHNBZE Y EBNSCHUY PUFETNBOB KHUFTPYFSH CHEUOPK 1729 Z. RPD nPULCHPK CHPEOOSHCHK MBZETSH HAQIDA DCHUSYU YUEMPCHEL, YuFPVSH CH OEN YUEMPCHUY PVKHBUFU.
ZMPF rEFTB II FPCE OE YOFETEUPCHBM. vPMSHYYI RBTHUOSCHI LPTBVMEK RTY OEN CHPPVEE OE UFTPIMY, B UPPTHTSBMYUSH PDOY MYYSH ZTEVOSCHE UKHDB. h BRTEME 1728 Z. HAQIDA 'BUEDBOYY CHETIPCHOPZP FBKOPZP UPCHEFB YNRETBFPT RTYLBBM, YUFPVSH YJ CHUEZP TPUUYKULPZP ZHMPFB RPUFPSOOP CHSHCHIPDYMYSHTEKHTEB B, DB EEE RSFSH ZHTEZBFPCH VSHMY ZPFPCHSH L LTEKUITPCHBOYA. rTPYUYN LPTBVMSN, DMS "UVETETSEOYS LBJOSCH" OBDMETSBMP PUFBCHBFSHUS CH RPTFBI. zhTBOGKHULYK DYRMPNBF n. nBOSHSO UPPVEBM UCHPENH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH, UFP HAQIDA DPCHPDSH CHPEOOSCHI NPTSLPCH P OEPVIPDYNPUFY RPUFPSOOP DETSBFSH ZHMPF HAQIDA NPTE, GBTSH PFCHEFYMFTHSDBFTHEPFV S RPKDH CH NPTE; OP S OE OBNETEO ZKHMSFSH RP OEN, LBL DEDHYLB.”
OETEZHMSTOSH CHSHHRMBFSH TSBMPCHBOYS CHEM L PFFPLH PZHYGETPCH Y CHPPTHTSEOOSCHI UYM, B OEICHBFLB LPNBODYTPCH, CH UCHPA PYUETEDSH, CHSHCHBMB RBDEOYE UDYYRMBFSH. PE CHTENS UIMSHOPZP RPTSBTB CH NPULCHE CH BRTEME 1729 Z. ZCHBTDEKULYE UPMDBFSCH, RTYUMBOOSCH DMS VPTSHVSH U PZOEN, RTYOSMYUSH ZTBVYFSH DPNB, B PZHYGETSCHUS OE BMPUCHYFYF TEY. fPMSHLP U RTYVSHCHFYEN CH ZPTPD YNRETBFPTB RPZTPNSCH RTELTBFYMYUSH, OP OILFP YI CHYOPCHOSHI OBLBBO OE VSHM, FBL LBL EB OYI BUFKHRYMUS YCHBO dPMZPTBDKHLYCH,.
hCE CH YAOE 1730 Z. YNRETBFTYGB boob yPBOOPCHOB TBURPTSDYMBUSH HYUTEDYFSH UREGYBMSHOHHA chPYOULHA LPNYUUYA, GEMSHA LPFPTPK VSHMP OBCHEDEOYE RPTSDLB CH. KHLB ZPUKHDBTSCHOY ZMBUYM: “CHUSLYK CHETOSCHK USCHO PFEYUEFCHB RTYOBFSH DPMTSEO, YFP LTERPUFSH Y VE'PRBUOPUFSH ZPUKHDBTUFCHB, UPDETSBOYE NYTB Y UCHSFPSYFPZPZPZFYB SHOP, VMBZPRPMHYUYE CHUEI RPDDBOOSCHI RP vPJE PF UPDETSBOYS RPTSDPUOPK BTNYY 'BCHYUYF; B RP LPOYUYOE DSDI OBEZP NOPZIE OERPTSDLY Y RPNEYBFEMSHUFCHB RTY OEK SCHYMYUSH Y OSHOE EE SCHMSAFUS Y RTPYUIPDSF, DMS RPRTBCHMEOYS LPFPTSCHI EEE RTY FEFLEBFYOENYE (I.F.O.) REFTE II b.n.) PUPVMYCHCHE LPNYUUYY XUTETSDEOSCH VSHCHMY, OP CH DEKUFCHP OE RTPY' CHEDOSCH. OBIYE UPYCHPMEOYE EUFSH HYUTETSDEOYE REFTB CHEMYLPZP LTERLP UPDETSBFSH, CHUE OERPTSDLY Y RPNEYBFEMSHUFCHB YURTBCHMSFSH Y RTYCHEUFY BTNYA CH DPVTPETOPYOPPYOPPSYFYFY”. rTEDUEDBFEMEN lPNYUUYY OBYUMY v.-l. nYOYIB.
pUOPCHH TKHULPK BTNYY L OBYUBMKH GBTUFCHPCHBOYS BOOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH UPUFBCHMSMB TEZKHMSTOBS REIPFB. POB CHLMAYUBMB DCHB ZCHBTDEKULYI RPMLB (rTEPVTBTSEOULYK Y UENEOPCHULIK), UPTPL BTNEKULYI RPMLPCH Y UENOBDGBFSH RPMLPCH PFDEMSHOPZP OYPCHPZP LPTRHUB, UZhPTNYTPZP LPTRHUB, UZhPTNYTPSHBOOPHBOOPCHBOOPHBOOPCHBOOPCHBOOPYP.
pDOPK Y' RETCHSHCHI NO RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB UFBMP UP'DBOYE CH 1730 Z., CH nPULCHE, OPChPZP ZCHBTDEKULPZP RPMLB, OBCHBOOPZP y'NBKMPCHULN. BOOB yPBOOPCHOB Y ITS RTYVMYTSEOOSCH U OEDPCHETYEN PFOPUYMYUSH L "UFBTSHCHN" rTEPVTBTSEOULPNH Y yBNBKMPCHULPNH ZCHBTDEKULIN RPMLBN, CH LPFPTSCHI UMHTFSYMBYKUPCHYZYF P DCHPTSOUFCHB. USCHO ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB v.-l. NYOYIB BTOUF NYOYI CH UCHSY U FYN RPDUETLYCHBM HAQIDA UFTBOIGBI UCHPYI EBRYUPL: "rTYNEYUBFEMSHOP, UFP RP UDEMBOOPNH RTPELFKH, KHRPNSOKHFSCHK TIPFOSHCHOBLOPYPYPYFY OBSCHCHBENSHI PDOPDCHPTGECH (RPFPNLPCH UMKHTSYMSHI MADEK, TSYCHYYI HAQIDA ZTBOIGBI UFTBOSHCH b.n.) YMY KHLTBYOGECH OBVTBO, B PZHYGETPCH PRTEDEMSMY CH POSHCHK OE YOSHI, LTPNE MJMSODGECH YMY DTHZYI YUXTSEUFTBOOSCHI. OBNETEOYE RTY UEN VSHMP FBLPE, YUFPVSH DTECHOAA FPMRKH Y'VBMPCHBOOSCHI Y OEPVHDBOOSCHI MADEK UPDETSBFSH CH THLBI, YUFP, LBCEFUS, DMS FPZDBYOYI CHTENEOY OEVHTSOKSOK”. rPMLPCHOILPN Y YEZhPN YNBKMPCHGECH UFBM ZEOETBM-BDYAAFBOF, PVET-YFBMNEKUFET YNRETBFPULPZP DCHPTB l.-z. MECHEOCHPMSHDE, B RPNPEOILPN L OENKH OBYUMY sLPVB LEKFB, YPFMBODGB RP RTPYUIIPTSDEOYA. h UEOFSVTE 1731 Z. RPML VSHM RETECHEDEO Y' nPULCHSHCH H REFETVHTZ, ZDE TBNEUFYMUS CH UMPVPDE 'B TELPC zhPOFBOLPK.
h FPN Idoralar 1731 ZPDH DCHB BTNEKULYI RPMLB TBUZHPTNYTPCHBMY. eEE DCHB ZPDB URKHUFS, CH UCHSY U RPDRYUBOYEN UPA'OPZP DPZPCHPTB U RETUYEK, RPMLY oYPCHPZP LPTRHUB CHPCHTBFYMYUSH CH TPUUYA Y RTYUPEDYOMYUSH RTYUPEDYOMYUSH L BTTYCHPCHULYB Y, h TEKHMSHFBFE L OBYUBMKH CHPKOSHCH U fKHTGYEK, F.E. L 1735 Z., TPUUYKULBS REIPFB OBUYFSHCHBMB FTY ZCHBTDEKULYI Y RSFSHDEUSF BTNEKULYI RPMLPCH.
UPZMBUOP CHSTBVPFBOOSCHN chPYOULPK LPNYUUYEK YFBFBN, BTNEKULYK RPML CH NYTOP CHTENS DPMTSEO VSHM OBUYFSHCHBFSH 1406 YUEMPCHEL: 38 PZHYGETPGETSBOOSP6, CH Y F.D.), 1152 TSDPCHSHCHI Y 148 OEUFTPECHSHI UPMDBF. h CHPEOOPE CHTENS YUYUMEOOPUFSH RPMLB KHCHEMYUYCHBMBUSH DP 1556 YUEM. LBTSDSCHK BTNEKULYK RPML DCHB VBFBMSHPOB HAQIDA DEMYMUS, B LBTSDSCHK VBFBMSHPO HAQIDA YUEFSHTE TPFSH. zChBTDEKULYE RPMLY VSHMY NOPZPYUYUMEE BTNEKULYI. rTEPVTBTSEOULYK RPML CHLMAYUBM YuEFSHTE VBFBMSHPOB, B UENEOPCHULIK Y YINBKMPCHULIK RP FTY VBFBMSHPOB.
uPMDBFSH-REIPFYOGSH YNEOPCHBMYUSH ZHYIMETBNY. CHPPTHTSBMYUSH LTENOCHESCHNY THTSHSNY (ZHHESNY) Y YRBZBNY ni kuylang. 1731-qism Z. DMS OI VSHMB RTYOSFB ZHJES OPChPZP PVTBGB. POB, LBL Y RTETSOSS, CHSFBS HAQIDA CHPPTHTSEOYE EEE RTY REFTE I, YNEMB LBMYVT 19.8 NN, OP PFMYUBMBUSH VPMSHYPK DMYOPK (147 UBOFYNEFTCH CHNEUFP VSHPMFNE 142) 5).
h BRTEME 1732 Z. HAQIDA FHMSHULYK PTHTSECOSCHK 'BCHPD Y' LBOGEMSTYY ZMBCHOPK BTFYMMETYY RPUFKHRYMP TBURPTTSEOYE, UPDETSBCHYE LPOLTEFOSHCHE KHLBFESHPSHNYS YZPFPCHMEOYY OPCHSHHI ZHJEK: UFChPMSH OE DPMTSOSCH VSHMY PFMYUBFSHUS DTHZ PF DTHZB RP FPMEYOE UFEOPL Y CHOEYOEK PFDEMLE, 'BRBMSH RTEDRYUSCHBM PUSH RTPFSHHETMY, OE RTPVYCHBFSH. h TBURPTSCEOYY CHRECHCHE ZPCHPTYMPUSH P OEPVIPDYNPUFY CHBYNPUBNEOSENPUFY PDOPFYROSCHI DEFBMEK, YUFPVSH "CH RPMLH PF PDOPK ZHJEY LBTSDHA YUBUFSH NPTTHNEOSIFO".
uFTEMSMB ZHHES PVTBGB 1731 Z. RKHMEK CHUPN CH DECHSFSH 'PMPFOYLPCH (38 ZTBNNNPCH). rPOSFOP, YuFP FBLBS FSTSEMBS RHMS OBOPUYMB UFTBIOSCHE TBOSCH, OP RTYGEMSHOBS DBMSHOPUFSH UFTEMSHVSHCH OE RTECHSHCHYBMB FTEIUPF YBZPCH. LBTSDSCHK TSDPCHPK YNEM RTY UEVE DCHBDGBFSH RHMSH, LPFPTSHCHE OPUYM CH DCHHI RBFTPOOSHI UCHNLBI. eEE RP FTYDGBFSH RHMSH HAQIDA YUEMPCHELB RPMBZBMPUSH CHPJIFSH CH SAILBY HAQIDA UREGYBMSHOSHI ZHHTBI. dMS VMYTSOEZP VPS ZHJES VSHMB UOBVTSEOB FTEIZTBOOSCHN YFSHLPN DMYOPK 44,5 UN. ch 1737 Z. lTPNE FPZP, UFChPM UFBM LTERYFSHUS L MPTSKH OE CEMEOSCHNY YRYMSHLBNY, LBL X ZHJEK 1715 Y 1731 ZZ., B U RPNPESHA MPTSECHSHCHI LPMEG, YuFP PUOOSH HRTPUFYMPYMPYMPYMPYPYMPYMPYPYZP Y'MP. zHJES PVTBGB 1737 Z. PUFBCHBMBUSH HAQIDA CHPPTHTSEOY GEMSHCHI DECHSFOBDGBFSH MEF. pDOBLP UOBVDYFSH CHUA REIPFKH EDYOPPVTBOBOSCHN PTKHTSYEN CH GBTUFCHPCHBOYE BOOSCH YPBOOPCHOSCHOE KHDBMPUSH, Y OETEDLP DBCE CH PDOPN RPMLH UPUEDUFCHBMY ZHJULPMTHYFYZ B.
UETSBOFSH REIPFOSCHI RPMLPCH CHPPTHTSBMYUSH BMEVBTDBNY OEVPMSHYYNY FPRPTYLBNY HAQIDA DMYOSHI DTECHLBY. oEUFTPECHSCH UPMDBFSHCHNEUFP YRBZ OPUYMY RPMKHUBVMY RTHUULPZP PVTBGB. pZHYGETBN RPMBZBMPUSH YNEFSH YRBZY YURBOFPOSH. URBOFPO RTEDUFBCHMSM UPVPK LPTPFLPPE LPRSHE U RMPULIYN YYTPLINE OBLPOYUOILPN Y VSHM PTHTSYEN ULPTEE GETENPOIBMSHOSCHN, OETSEMY PECHSHCHN. ch 1736 Z. NYOYI TBURPTSDYMUS, YuFPVSH PZHYGETSHCH RPIPD URBOFPPOCH OE VTBMY "YVP CHOYI RTPFYCH OSCHOEYOEZP OERTYSFEMS OHTSDSCH OE RTYOBEFUS." chNEUFP VEURPMEOSCHI LPRYK PZHYGETSCH RPMKHYUMY LPTPFLYE THTSSHS UP YFSHLBNY.
LUFBFY, VPTSHVB U FBFBTULPK LPOOYGEK UFBMB RTYYUYOPK EEE PDOPZP OPChPCHCHEDEOYS. rP YOYGYBFYCHE NYOYIB, REIPFOSH RPMLY UFBMY UOBVTSBFSHUS "RILYETOSCHNY" Y "TPZBFPYUOSCHNY" LPRSHSNY. RETCHSHCHNY CHPPTHTSBMY, RTY TBCHETOHFPN UFTPE, UPMDBF CHFPTPK YETEOZY. chFPTTSCHE, VPMEE FSTSEMSCHE, 'BLTERMSMYUSH CH UREGYBMSHOSCHI VTHUSHSI Y RTECHTBBEBMYUSH CH UCHPEPVTBIOSCHE “RTPFYCHPLBCHBMETYKULYE” ETSY. h LBTSDPN RPMLH, YDKHEEN CH RPIPD, OBDMETSBMP YNEFSH 288 RILYETOSCHI LPRYK, 1200 TPZBFPYUOSHI LPRYK Y 48 VTHUSHECH.
lTPNE ZHKHYMETCH CH UPUFBCH REIPFSCH CHIPDIMY ZTEOBDETSH, UPMDBFSCH CHPPTHTSEOOSCH, RPNYNP ZHJEK, THYUOSCHNY ZTBOBFBNY. eEE CH GBTUFCHPCHBOYE REFTB I VSCHMY UPJDBOSH UREGYBMSHOSCH ZTEOBDETULYE RPMLY, OP CH 1731 Z., RP YOYGYBFYCHE NYOYIB, YI TBUZHPTNYTPCHBMY, B ZTEOBDBOSHMY UEFB RP DEUSFSH YUEMPCHEL TPPH HAQIDA. fBL LBL ZTBOBFSHCH FP CHTENS VSHCHMY DPCHPMSHOP FSTSEMSCH (2,5 LZ), CH ZTEOBDETSH PFVYTBMY OBYVPMEE UYMSHOSCHY TPUMSHHI OPCHPVTBOGECH.
h BCHZKHUFE 1731 Z. chPYOULBS LPNYUUYS Y'DBMB TBURPTTSEOYE, RTEDRYUSCHCHBCHYEE OPUYFSH CHUEN "CHYOULIN YYOBN" ZHTNKH KHUFBOPCHMEOOOPZP PVTBJGB. DEMP CH FPN, YuFP IPFS EDYOPPVTBOPE PVNHODYTPCHBOYE DMS LBTSDPZP TPDB CHPKUL VSHMP CHCHEDEOP EEE REFTPN I, PVEUREYUYFSH YN CHUE CHYOULYE YUBUFY DPMZPE YUBUFY DPMZPESHBCHUESHBBL YI YULBSEOYK. chRTPYUEN, CHOPCHSH RTYOSFBS ZHTNB PUEOSH OBRPNYOBMB REFTPCHULHA. uPMDBFSCH CHUEI BTNEKULYI REIPFOSCHI RPMLPCH RPMKHYUMY FENOP-YEMEOSH PDOPVPPTFOSHCH LBZHFBOSH DMYOPK DP LPMEO Y LPTPFLYE LTBUOSCH YFBOSH U VEMSHNYY YUKHMLBNYY. rPD LBZhFBO OBDECHBMUS LTBUOSCHK LBN'PM. rPDVPK, CHPTPFOIL, PVYMBZB KH LBZhFBOB FBLCE VSHCHMY LTBUOSCHNY. h LBYUEUFCHE PVHCHY UPMDBFSH OPUYMY VBYNBLY, L LPFPTSCHN DPVBCHYMY VEMSHCHY UHLPOOSHE ZBNBYY HAQIDA RKHZPCHYGBI. zPMPCHOSCHN KHVPTPN ZHKHYMETCH RP-RTETSOENH UMKHTSYMB YUETOBS FTEHZPMSHOBS YMSRB, OP RETEDOYK EE KHZPM VSHM RPDOSF, Y FTEKHZPMLB UFBMB RTECHTBCHEBHZPCHMLH. zTEOBDETBN RPMBZBMBUSH LPOKHUPCHYDOSH YBRLY, OH UNYBCHYE 'BNBIH RTY VTPULE ZTBOBFSHCH. SChOP OEKHDBYUOSCHN OPCHYEUFChPN SCHMSMPUSH CHCHEDEOYE CH 1730 ZPDSH DMS UPMDBF OBRKhDTEOOSCHI RTYUUEUPL U LPUBNY. fY RTYUEUULY PFOINBMY X CHPYOPCH NOPZP CHTENEY Y PLBBMYUSH PYUEOSH OZYZYEOYUOSCHNY, FEN VPMEE YUFP CH OELPFPTSCHI RPMLBI UB OEINEOYEN RKhDTSH YURPMCHBHUP.
pVNHODYTPCHBOYE PZHYGETPCH RPIPDYMP UPMDBFULPE HAQIDA. EZP PFMYUYUFEMSHOSHNY YETFBNY VSHMY YEKOSCHE NEFBMMYYUEULYE OBLY CHYDE YYTPLZP RPMKHNEUSGB Y FTEIGCHEFOSCH LTBUOP-UYOE-VEMSCHE YBTZHSCH, LPFPTSHYRMUSCHE YBTZHSCHE YPUETYYUSHCHE. yFBOSHCH PZHYGETPCH VSHMY OE LTBUOSCH, B YEMEOSHCH. dMS TBMYYUYS PFDEMSSHOSHI BTNEKULYI RPMLPCH UMHTSYM RMEFEOOOSCHK YOKHTPL HAQIDA MECHPN RMEYUE LBZHFBOB, DBMELYK RTEDYUFCHEOIL RPZPOB. h ZChBTDEKULYI RPMLBI VSHMY TBOPGCHEFOSCH LBZHFBOOSCH CHPTTPFOILY: UYOYE X UENEOPCHGECH, LTBUOSCHE X RTEPVTBTSEOGECH, YEMEOSHCH YYNBKMPCHGECH. zChBTDEKULYE ZTEOBDETSCH YNEMY HAQIDA YBRLE RSCHYOSCHK RMANBTs Y' LTBOUOSCHY VEMSHI UFTBKHYOSCHI RETSHECH.
OHTsOP PFNEFYFSH, YuFP PVNHODYTPCHBOIE PE CHTENEOB BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH RPUFBCHMSMPUSH CH RPMLY OE CHYDE ZPFPCHSHCHEE CHEEK, B UKHLOPN, OIFSNY, RKHZPCHYBDYGBY DYTSCH CH LBTSDPN RPMLH UBNPUFPSFEMSHOP. fYRYYUOSCHI DMS XIX CHELB LBJBTN FPCE OE UKHEEUFCHPCHBMP. YuBEE CHUEZP UPMDBFSH UFPSMY RPUFPEN CH DPNBI PVSHCHBFEMEC. rTY LFPN IP'SECHBN RPMBZBMPUSH OE FPMSHLP RTEDPUFBCHMSFSH RPNEEEOOYE, OP Y UOBVTSBFSH UPMDBF DTPCHBNY, MKHYYOPK, UEYUBNY.
rPUFPK MPTSYMUS HAQIDA RMEYU ZTBTSDBO PUEOSH FSCLINE VTENEOEN, Y DEMP 'DEUSH VSHMP OE FPMSHLP CH NBFETYBMSHOSHI TBUIPDBI: 'BZTHVEHIE X VPSI CHPIOSCH DBMECHUEZTB PPPP. uMKHYUBMYUSH RSHSOLY, DTBLY, CHPTPCHUFCHP Y DBCE YOBUYMPCHBOYS. lP CHUENKH RTPYUENKH TBNEEEOOYE RPUFPEN PUEOSH 'BFTKhDOSMP UVPT UPMDBF CH UMHYUBE FTECHPZY: YOPZDB PDYO RPML UFPSM CH OEULPMSHLYI DETECHOSI YMY PFTHDBZPOOOF. pDYO Y' RHOLFPPCH FBLPN UMHYUBE UMHTSYM NEUFPN TBBNEEEOYS "YFBVOZP DCHPTB". lTPNE UBNPZP YFBVB, CH OEN OBIPDIYMYUSH: MBBBTEF, VBOS, DPNB DMS PZHYGETPCH, LBTBKHMSHOSHE RPNEEEOYS, VMPLZBKHSCH, RPTPIPCHPK RPZTEV, YPOAJBPMBABF, YPOAJBPMBAFY, DPNB. h TBKPOBI TBULCHBTFYTPCHBOYS RPMLPCH UPPTHTSBMY FBLCE RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHEOOSHE VBYOSCH (“NBZBYOSCH”). pDOBLP RPTPC UCHSSH NETSDH YFBVPN Y KHDBMEOOSCHNY PF OEZP TPFBNY RPMLB PUFBCHMSMB TSEMBFSH MHYUYEZP.
oOBYVPMEE LPNRBLFOP TBNEEBMYUSH OBIPDICHYYEUS CH REFETVHTZE ZCHBTDEKULYE RPMLY, DMS LPFPTSCHI UFTTPYMY UREGYBMSHOSCH CHPEOOSH ZPTPDLY UMPVPDSCH. eEE CH OPSVTE 1726 Z. YNRETBFTYGB ELBFETYOB I KHLBBBMB PFCHEUFY rTEPVTBTSEOULPNH Y UENEOPCHULPNH RPMLBN YENMY RP vPMSHYPK RETYRELFYCHOPK DPTPYPELFCHE (CHRPYELFYCHOPK DPTPYTPFCHE) bDNYTBMFEKUFCHB. CHEUOPK UMEDHAEEZP ZPDB UENEOPCHGSH URMBCHYMY RP OECHE, CH REFETVHTZ UFTPECHPK MEU Y UMPTSYMY EZP HAQIDA VETEZKH ZhPOFBOLY. l OEYUBUFSHA, CH NBE GBTYGB HNETMB, B OPCHSHCHK ZPUKHDBTSH, REFT II UHDSHVPK UFTPIFEMSHUFCHB OE YOFETEUPCHBMUS. 'BZPFPChMEOOSChK MU UUBFIUOP YURPMSH'PCHBMY HAQIDA RPYYOLH YFBVOPPZP DCHPTB (OBIPDIYMUS HAQIDA NEUFE OSCHOEYOEZP AUKHRPCHULPZP DCHPTGB), YUBUFYUFYUOP. 'BFP, AOSCHK YNRETBFPT RPDBTYM rTEPVTBTSEOULPNKH RPMLKH DCHPTEG b. n. DECHYETB (NEUFE OSHCHOEYOEZP boyULLPCHB DCHPTGB HAQIDA), CH LPFPTPN TBNEUFYMUS RPMLPCHPK YFBV. oEPVIPDYNPUFSH LFK NETSCH VSHMB PYUECHYDOB, FBL LBL TBOSHYE DEMP DPIPDIMP DP LHTSHEB SAIL U RPMLPCHPK LBOPK ITBOYMUS RPRETENOOOP CH TBOSHI YUBUFS ZPTPDB.
12 DELBVTS 1739 Z. YNRETBFTYGB boob yPBOOPCHOB YJDBMB KHLB P UFTPIFEMSHUFCHE ZCHBTDEKULYI RPMLPCHSHCHI UMPPVD CH REFETVHTZE, HAQIDA nPULPCHULPK UFPTTEHLPOE, YJPOHLPKBOE, 'zhPOCHLPK Y, ZPCHPTYMPUSH: “chNEUFP LBJBTNPCH UFTPYFSH RPMLPCHCHE UMPVPDSCH, DBVSH UPMDBFSH U CHEEEA CHSHCHZPDPK U TSEOBNY UCHPYNY TSYFSH " dBMEE KHLB HFPYUOSM NEUFP TBBNEEEOYS UMPVPD: "... rTEPVTBTSEOULPNH RPMLH RP'BDY mYFEKOPZP DCHPTB, UENEOPCHULPNH RP'BDY zhPOFBOLY UB PVNYRPBFEMSHULYB, DBCCHBFEMSHULYB LYOPK DETECHOY, YMY ZDE RP XUNPFTEOYA XHDPVOE VHDEF...” CHRPUMEDUFCHYY DMS yBNBKMPCHULPZP RPMLB PFCHEMY XUBUFPL, PZTBOYUEOOOSCHK OSCHOEYOYYN NPULPCHULYN Y METNPOFPCHULINE RTPURELFBNY, ZhPOFBOLPK Y pVChBOBMPNOSCH.
h UMPVPDBI UPMDBFSH TSIMY CH DETECHSOOSHI YVBI (YI OBSCHCHBMY “UCHSSNY”). rPUTEDY "UCHSYY" OBIPDIMYUSH VPMSHYYE UEOY, B RP UFPTPOBN UPMDBFULYE LPNOBFSCH-UCHEFMYGSCH. lPMYUEUFChP Y'V CH LBTSDPN RPMLH VSHMP TBOSCHN. OBRTYNET, CH rTEPVTBTSEOULPN RPMLH YI OBUYFSHCHBMPUSH 192. 'B RTEDEMBNNY TSYMPK 'POSH OBIPDIMYUSH PZPTPDSH. chPPVEE, PVYFBFEMY UMPVPD NPZMY CHEUFY UCHPE IP'SKUFChP, CHSTBEYCHBFSH PCHPEY Y ZHTHLFSCH, UPDETSBFSH DPNBIOAA RFYGH Y ULPF. dMS RPDDETTSBOYS HAQIDA FETTYFPTYY UMPVPDSH DPMTSOPZP RPTSDLB OBOBYUBMYUSH DETSKHTOSH PZHYGETSCH, B RP OPYUBN RTPYCHPDYMPUSH RBFTKHMYTPCHBOYE, DBVSHYOYEPTSCHO UPMDBFSH "OE CHSHCHIPDYMY Y DPNPCH VE ZHPTNSCH, OE THVYMY DTPCHB CH RPMLPCHSHCHI TPEBI."
lBChBMETYS CH GBTUFCHPCHBOYE BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH RPDCHETZMBUSH ZPTBJDP VPMEE ZMKHVPLPK TEPTSBOYBGYY, YUEN REIPFB. l 1730 Z. TEZKHMSTOBS LPOOYGB UPUFPSMB YULMAYUYFEMSHOP Y' DTBZXO, LPFPTSCHI OBUYFSHCHBMPUSH 33 RPMLB. dTBZHOSH SCHMSMYUSH UCHPEZP TPDB "EDSEEK REIPFPK" Y PVKHYUBMYUSH CHEDEOYA VPS, LBL CH REYEN, FBL Y CH LPOOPN UFTPPZP. pDOBLP, YNEOOP CH UYMKH FBLPK DChPKUFCHOOOPK TPMY, LBL LPOOYGB POY VSHCHMY DPCHPMSHOP UMBVSHCH. ch 1731 Z. chPYOULBS LPNYUUYS RTEDMPTSYMB RETEZHPTNYTPCHBFSH YUBUFSH DTBZHOULYI RPMLPCH CH LIGHTBUYTULYE. lYTBUYTBN RTEDUFPSMP UFBFSH KHDBTOPK UYMPK TKHUULPK LBCBMETYY. sing UOBVTSBMYUSH 'BEYEBCHYYNY ZTHDSH DPUREIBNY (LITEBUBNY), RPMKHYUBMY UBNSCHI MKHYYYI MPYBDEK Y RTPIPDYMY KHYMEOOHA RPDZPFPCHLH. bTZKHNEOFYTHS OEPVIPDYNPUFSH UP'DBOYS LFPZP OPChPZP FYRB LPOOYGSCH, YUMEOSH chPYOULPK LPNYUUYY CH PDOPN YUCHPYI “TBUKHTSDEOYK” BBMPUPYPOYPYPYPYS: LBCBMETYY, LTPNE DTBZHOULYI RPMLPCH, B YNEOOOP: TEKFBTPC Y LITEBUYT OE VSHCHBMP, B RTY DTHZYI RTY CHUEI ECHTPREKULYI CHPKULBI YNEAFUS VPMSHYE TEKFBTULYE, OETSEMY DTBZHOULYE RPMLY, B RTY OELPFPTSCHI, B PUPVMYCHP RTY TYNULYI GEUBTULYYI (BCHUFTYKULYI b.n.) CHPKULBI, YNEAFUS LIGHTBUYTULYE RPMHTCHPCHPHEPSCHP PCHBMY MHYUYE DTHZYI, Y MEZLIE DTBZHOULYE RPMLY RTPPFYCH FBLYI TEKFBTULYI LIGHTBUYTULYI RPMLPCH OE NPZHF BCHBOFBTSEN UFPSFSH, FP TBDY chPYOULBS LPNYUUYS TBUUUKHTSDBEF, DBVSC CH OSHCHOEYOEEE NYTOPE CHTENS HYYOYFSH FBLYI LIGHTBUYTULYI DEUSFSH RPMLPCH HAQIDA OENEGLYI MPYBDSI.”
l UPTSBMEOYA, Y'-'B ZHOBOUPCHSHHI 'BFTKhDOEOYK L OBYUBMH CHPKOSH U FHTLBNY Y FBFBTBNY XUREMY UP'DBFSH CHUEZP FTY LIGHTBUYTULYI RPMLB: PDYO ZHOBOUPCHSHI 17 Ch ZY3P CH OBYUBME 1731 Z. boOOB yPBOOPCHOB Y'DBMB KHLB, ZMBUICHIYK: “vschchyyk mekv- tezyneof OBCHBFSH lPOOBS ZCHBTDYS, B Ch TBZ VschFSh RTPFYCH ZChBTDYY, B VShchFSH Ch RPMLKH KHOFET-PJYGETPCH Y TSDPCHSHCHI FSHUSYUH YUEMPCHEL.” fBL RPSCHYMUS MEKV-ZCHBTDYY lPOOSCHK RPML, PDYO Y' OBYVPMEE RTYCHYMEZYTPCHBOOSCHI CH THUULPK BTNYY. UEVE YNRETBFTYGB RTYUCHPYMB 'CHBOYE RPMLPCHOILB LFPPZP RPMLB, B RPDRPMLPCHOILPN OBYUYMB PVET-YFBMNEKUFETB sZHTSYOULPZP. rPUME CHUEI RETEZHPTNYTPCHBOYK THUULBS LBCHBMETYS CHLMAYUBMB PDYO ZCHBTDEKULIK, 3 LITBUYTULYI Y 29 DTBZHOULYI RPMLPCH, OBUYUYFSHCHBAEYI RPYUFCHUSCHY 36YSSP.
rP YFBFKH 1731 Z. YUYUMEOOPUFSH PDOPZP DTBZHOULPZP RPMLB UPUFBCHMSMB 1093 YUEM. CH NYTOPE CHTENS Y 1225 YUEM. H CHPEOOPE CHTENS. yuYUMEOOPUFSH LIGHTBUYTULPZP RPMLB OE NEOSMBUSH, CHUEZDB TBCHOSSUSH 974 YUEM. lBTsDSCHK DTBZHOULYK YMY LIGHTBUYTULYK RPML DEMYMUS HAQIDA DEUSFSH TPF. dTBZHOSH CHPPTHTSBMYUSH ZHKHESNY UP YFSHCHLBNY, RBMBIBNY Y RYUFPMEFBNY. LTBUYTBN CHNEUFP ZHJEK RTEDRYUSCHCHBMPUSH YNEFSH HLPTPYOOOSCH LBTBVYOSCH, B RBMBYY KHOYI VSHCHMY 'BNEFOP DMYOOEEY FSCEMEE DTBZHOULYI.
pVNHODYTPCHBOYE DTBZHO, LBL Y REIPFOPE, PUFBCHBMPUSH RPIPTSYN HAQIDA FP, YuFP VSHMP RTYOSFP RTY REFTE I. yN RPMBZBMYUSH UYOYE LBZHFBOSH U LTBUOSCHNY Y REIPFOPE FBOSHCH. h LPOOPN UFTPA, DTBZKHOSH OBDECHBMY UBRPZY U TBUFTKHVBNY, B CH REYEN VBYNBLY. lPOOPZCHBTDEKGSCH RTY UOEN LBZhFBOE OPUYMY LTBUOSCH LBN'PM Y YFBOSHCH. l FPNH TSE YI NHODITSCH VSHMY VPZBFP KHLTBYEOSCH 'PPMPFShChN ZBMXOPN.
LTBUYTBN RTEDRYUSCHCHBMPUSH CH UFTPA YNEFSH UHLPOOSCHE YMY LYTPCHSHCHE NHODITSCH-LPMEFSH VEMPZP GCHEFB U EMEOSHNY CHPTPFOILBNY PVYMBZBNY, LITEBUSHCH, MPUYOBUSHCH, MPUYOBUSHCH, MPUYOSHFSHFCHPTSHYY. CHOE UFTPS YN RPMBZBMPUSH PVNHODYTPCHBOYE, PUEOSH UIPDOPE U DTBZHOULINE. VEDB, PDOBLP, VSHMB CH FPN, YuFP Y'ZPFPCHYFSH DPUFBFPYUOPE LPMYUUEUFChP "KHUFBCHOSHI" NHODYTPCH DMS RETCHSCHI LIGHTBUYTULYI RPMLPCH PE CHTENS OE KHUREMY. ch YAOE 1733 Z. nyOYI RYUBM YNRETBFTYGE: “chBYE yNRETBFPTULPE CHEMYUEUFCHP, OE UPI'CHPMYFE MSH KHLBBFSH HAQIDA POSH DCHB LIGHTBUYTULYE RPMLSHTOSHCHHESHHOYD, LPYI CH tPUUYY DPUFBFSH OECHPNPTSOP... CHSHCHRYUBFSH YOENEGLYI LTBECH”. CHETPSFOP, YNEOOOP RPFPNH BOZMYUBOYO ZHTYOUYU DYCHKHD, TSYCHYYK CH REFETVHTZE MEFPN 1733 Z., RYYEF, YuFP TKHUULYE LITEBUYTSCH “PDEFSHCH UYOUBOYPCHOYBYB ShCh». UYOYE LBN'PMSHCH DTBZHOULYE, B TSEMFPCHBFP-LPTYUOECHSHCHE RPLHROSCHE, OENEGLYE. zPMPCHOSCHN KHVPTPN Y CH LIGHTBUYTULYI, Y CH DTBZHOULYI RPMLBI UMHTSYMB YETOBS YETUFSOBS YMSRB.
bTFYMMETYS PE CHTENEOB BOOSCH YPBOOPCHOSCH DEMYMBUSH HAQIDA RPMECHHA, PUBDOKHA Y LTERPUFOKHA. rPMECHPK BTFYMMETYY RTEDRYUSCHBMPUSH, ZPCHPTS SJSHLPN KHUFBCHB FPZP CHTENEOY, "UFPSFSH HAQIDA CHCHUPLYI NEUFBI YY POSCHI (RKHYEL b.n.) ULPMERTSOPMARPTY. ULPMERTSOPMARPTY."
h LBTSDPN REIPFOPN BTNEKULPN RPMLKH, RP YFBFBN 1731 Z., UMEDPCHBMP YNEFSH DCHE RKHYLY, VYCHYIE SDTBNY CHUEPN RP FTY ZHKhOFB (1,2 LZ). dTBZHOBN RPMBZBMPUSH FPMSHLP RP PDOPK FBLPC RHYLE HAQIDA RPML, DB Y FP OE CHUEN RPMLBN. uHEEUFCHPCHBM FBLCE PFDEMSHOSHCHK bTFYMMETYKULYK RPML YUYUMEOOPUFSHA CH 1046 PZHYGETPCH Y OITSOYI YYOPCH. lBL EDYOPE RPDTBBDEMEOYE ON OE DEKUFCHPCHBM, OP CH RPMECHCHI HUMPCHYSI YEZP DEUSFY TPF ZHTNYTPCHBMYUSH VTYZBDSH RTPYCHPMSHOPK CHEMYUSHCH, LPFPTSCHEMCHFYP VSHFSH RTDBOSH CHPKULBN. l bTFYMMETYKULPNH RPMLH, RP YFBFBN 1731 Z., RTYRYUSCHCHBMPUSH 63 PTHDIS.
CHPPTHTSEOYY HAQIDA RPMECHPK BTFYMMETYY OBIPDIMYUSH RHYLY CHUPCHSHCHN LBMYVTPN CH FTY, YEUFSH, CHPUENSH Y DCHEOBDGBFSH ZHHOFPCH, RKhDPCHSHCHE RPMHRKHCHPVFCHYY, BTFYMMETYY OBIPDIMYUSH YMMETYKULYE PTHDYS, RTEDOBOBYEOOSCH DMS CHEDEOYS OBCHEUOPZP PZOS. dBMSHOPUFSH UFTEMSHVSHCH PTHDYK TBOPZP LBMYVTB OEULPMSHLP TBMYUBMBUSH. fBL DCHEOBDGBFYZHHOFPCHSHCHE RHYLY NPZMY CHEUFY PZPOSH TAQMINCHI 800 YBZPC, CHPUSHNIZHHOFPPCHCHE RHYLY TAQMINCHI 700 YBZPC, YEUFYZHHOFPCHSHCHE YUFYZHHOFPCHSHCHTE 65 YBZPC0 ZHR. rPUMEDOYE VSHCHMY OBYVPMEE HRPFTEVYFEMSHOSHCHNYY UPUFBCHMSMY, RP YFBFBN 1731 Z., OE NEOEE YUEFCHETFY CHUEK RPMECHPK BTFYMMETYY. uFTEMSMY RHYLY SDTBNY, TBTSCHCHOSCHNY ZTBOBFBNY, NEFBMMYYUEULYNY RKHMSHLBNY LBTFEYUSHA Y VTBODULCZEMSNY (UREGYBMSHOSCHNY 'BTSIZBFEMSHOSHCHNY UOBTSDBNY). LBTSDHA FTEIZHHOFPPCHHA RKHYLKH, OBRTYNET, RPMBZBMPUSH YNEFSH 120 SDET, 25 ZTBOBF Y 30 LBTFEYUOSHI 'BTSDPH haqida.
ch 1737 Z. nYOYI RTYYEM L CHCHCHPDH P OEPVIPDYNPUFY KHYMEOYS RPMLPCHPK BTFYMMETYY. rP EZP TELPNEODBGYY YNRETBFTYGB booob yPBOOPCHOB RTYOSMB YNEOOOPK KHLB, LPFPTSCHK RTEDRYUSCHBM YNEFSH RTY LBTSDPN REIPFOPN RPMLH RP YuEFSHTE RTEIZHHOFPCHBCPLHPNUL . “xCHEMYUEOYE RPMLLPCHPK BTFYMMETYY RPYUFY CHDCHPE, RYUBM RP LFPNH RPCHPDH CHPEOOSHCHK YUFPTYL b. vBCHR, OUEUPNOOOOP, DP OELPFPTPK UFEREOY KHNEOSHYYMP RPDCHITSOPUFSH RPMLPCH; PDOBLP, LFP OEHDPVUFChP U Y'VSHCHFLPN CHPOBZTBTSDBPUSH FPK RPMSH'PK, LPFPTHA BTFYMMETYS RTYOPUYMB RTY VPECHSHI UFPMLOPCHEOYSI U FHTLP-FBFBTBNY.” UMEDHEF FBLCE 'BNEFYFSH, YuFP BCHFPTSCH OPCHPZP YFBFB CHUE TSE OE 'BVShChBMI P RPDCHITSOPUFI RPMLPCh: XChMIUEOE BTFIMMETYY VSHMP DPUFYZOKHUESHELHUBFY I MEZLIYI CH FP CHTENS.
FTY LPTRHUB HAQIDA PUBDOBS BTFYMMETYS RPDTTBDEMSMBUSH. EE PUOPCHH H PRYUSCHCHBENPE CHTENS UPUFBCHMSMY NPTFYTSCH, BOE LTHROPLBMYVETOSH PUBDOSCH RHYLY, LBL RTY REFTE I. lTERPUFOBS BTFYMMETYS OBIPYMBUSH CH ZBTOYPOSIMBYBTS ULMYPOSIMBY, LPFPTSCHE UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBMY FTEVPCHBOYSN CHTENEOY, OENBMP KHUFBTECHYI NPDEMEK. yFBFSH PUBDOPK Y LTERPUFOPK BTFYMMETYY RTEFETRECHBMY NOPZPLTBFOSCH YYNEOOYS, OP OH PDYO YI CHSTBVPFBOOSCHI lPNYUUYEK CHBTYBOFPCH FBL Y OE VSHM HFCHETTSDEO. PUOPCHOSHE UNING VBSCH TBURPMBZBMYUSH CH REFETVHTZE, VTSOULE, PUETEDE.
TTBTBVPFLB OPCHSHCHI LPOUFTHLGYK BTFYMMETYKULYI PTHDYK, RP NOEOYA NOPZYI CHPEOOSCHI YUFPTYLPCH, CHEMBUSH CH 1730s ZPDSH UMYYLPN CHSMP Y OERPUMEDPCHB. ZEOETBM-MEKFEOBOF o. e vTBODEOVKhTZ, TKHLPCHPDYCHYK CH 1877–1903 ZZ. bTFYMMETYKULIN NHJEEN, RYUBM: “CHUE PZTBOYUYCHBMPUSH PDOPK CHOEYOPUFSHAH, Y FPMSHLP TBCHE UMKHYUBKOP PFLTSCHYEUS CHPRYAEYE OUEPPVTTBOPUFY CHSHCHCHBMY HAQIDA DEEPPVTTBOPUFY CHSHCHCHBMY DEETYTBOBFKNSH HAQIDA. ...rTPYCHPDYMY UNPFTSCH RTBLFYUUEULPK UFTEMSHVSH YMY PVHYUEOYE RPUMEDOEK, OP RTY HUMPCHYSI, DEMBCHYI YI OYI VPMEE CHYOULHA RPFEIKH, YUEN UETSHOPE DEMP.” pDOBLP LBLYI-MYVP DPCHPDPH CH RPMSH'H FBLPK FPYULY 'TEOYS vTBODEOVHTZ OE RTYCHEM. pF'ShChChShCh TSE UPChTNIOOLPCh P VPEChShI LPUEUFChBI THULPK BTFYMMETYY PUEOSH TBOPTEYUYCHSHCH. lTYFYUEULY OBUFTPEOOOSCHK YCHED t.l. VETL TBUULBYSCHCHBEF, YuFP RTY PUBDE TKHUULYNY CHPKULBNY dBOGOYZB CH 1734 Z. NOPZYE RKHYLY OE UNPZMY UFTEMSFSH, FBL LBL "OE RPDIPDYMY OH MBSDF." bozmyyuboyo dts. lHL, OBRTPFYCH, 'BSCHMSEF, YuFP O REFETVHTZULPN mYFEKOPN DCHPTE "PFMYCHBAF OBIMHYUYE CH NYTE RHYLY, NPTFYTSCHY VPNVSH."
l YUYUMH VEUURPTOSCHI OEDPUFBFLPCH TPUUYKULPK BTFYMMETYY CH 1730s ZPDSH UMEDHEF PFOEUFY OETBGYPOBMSHOHA PTZBOYBGYA UNING MYYUOPZP UPUFBCHB. DEMP CH FPN, YUFP EDPCHSCHE (F.E. UPMDBFSH Y PZHYGETSCH, PFCHEYUBCHYE UB RETECHPLH PTHDYK Y VPERTYRBUPCH) VSHMY PFDEMEOSCH PF UPVUFCHEOOP BTFYMMETYUFPSCHUBCHME (F.E. UPMDBFSH Y PZHYGETSCH) ZHKHTYFBDF”) Y RPDYUYOOESCH UCHPENKH LPNBODITH, OEBCHYUYINPNKH PF LPNBODITB bTFYMMETYKULPZP RPMLB.
pVEEE THLPCHPDUFCHP BTFYMMETYEK PUHEEUFCHMSM ZEOETBM-ZHEMSHDGEKINEKUFET. RETCHPOBUBMSHOP bfh DPMTSOPUFSH 'BOINBM UBN NYOYI, OP CH 1735 Z. PO VSHHM OBRTBCHMEO ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIN CH DEKUFCHHAEHA BTNYA, Y BTFYMMETYA CHPZMBGSHMCHYMCHYMZPZY- UEO-zPNVKHTZULIK. l. t VETL PFNEYUBM CH UCHPYI 'BRYULBI, YuFP RTYOG "VPMEE TBURPMPTSEO L LFPNH (BTFYMMETYKULPNH b.n.) DEMH, YUEN EZP RTEDYUFCHEOOIL." CHRTPYUEN, OH RTYOG, OH NYOYI RTPZHEUUYPOBMSHOSCHNY BTFYMMETYUFBNY OE VSHMY. dMS TEYEOYS UREGYBMSHOSHI CHPRTPUPCH RTY ZEOETBM-ZHEMSHDGEKINEKUFETE YNEMUS YFBV.
pVNHODYTPCHBOYE UPMDBF bTFYMMETYKULPZP RPMLB UPUFPSMP Y LBZhFBOB Y LBN'PMB LTBUOPZP GCHEFB. rP RPLTPA LBZhFBO OBRPNYOBM REIPFOSHCHK, OP, RPNNYNP GCHEFB, PFMYUBMUS PF RPUMEDOEZP VPMSHYYN LPMYUEUFCHPN NADOSHI RKHZPCHYG, LPFPTSCHE RTYIPDYFPSHOPSH.
yFBFSH YOTSEOETOSHCHPKUL VSHMY KHFCHETTSDEOSCH OEBDPMZP DP CHUFKHRMEOYS boosch yPBOOPCHOSCH HAQIDA RTEUFPM, CH YAOE 1728 Z.Y CH 30th ZPDSH UFOSSYUSHMEFMEF. h UFTBOE UKHEEUFCHPCHBM yOTSEOETOSHCHK RPML Y NYETOBS TPFB, RTYUEN UFTPECHPK YUBUFSHA VSHMB FPMSHLP RPUMEDOSS. rPML UPUFPSM RTEINHEEUFCHEOOP YJ PZHYGETPCH, LPFPTSCHE RP NETE OBDPVOPUFY LPNBODYTPCHBMYUSH DMS TEYEOYS LPOLTEFOSCHI 'BDBU.
pF RPMECHSCHI BTNEKULYI YUBUFEK VSHCHMY YUEFLP PFDEMEOSCH ZBTOIPOOSCH CHPKULB, RTEDOBOBYOOOOSCH DMS CHOKHFTEOOEK UMKHTSVSHCH. FBLCE UPUFPSMY REIPFSCHY DTBZKHO ni kuylang. l 1730 Z. ZBTOYPOOSHCHPKULB OBUYFSHCHBMY UPTPL DECHSFSH RPMLPCH Y DCHB PFDEMSHOSHI VBFBMSHPOB REIPFSCH, YUEFSHTE RPMLB Y DCHB PFDEMSSHOSHI ULBDTPOB DTBZKHO. h 1734–1736 ZZ. L OYN VSHMY DPVBCHMEOSCH EEE FTY DTBZHOULYI RPMLB. lTPNE FPZP, VHI PITBOSH mBDPTsULPZP LBOBMMB UZhPTNYTPCHBMY UREGYBMSHOSCHK mBDPTSULYK LBOBMSHOSCHK VBFBMSHPO. rPNYNP PUOPCHOPK ZHOLGYY, ZBTOYPOOSH CHPKULB UMKHTSIMY DMS RETCHPOBUBSHOPK RPDZPFPCHLY OPCHPVTBOGECH RETED PFRTBCHLPK CH RPMECHHA BTNYA.
OBTSDKH U TEZKHMSTOSHNY CHYOULINY YUBUFSNY CH UPUFBCH TPUUYKULPK BTNYY CHIPDYMY NOPZPUYUMEOOSCH YTTTEZKHMSTOSH ZHPTNYTPCHBOYS. rTETSDE CHUEZP, LFP VSHMY LBBBLY: DPOULYE, NBMPTPUUYKULYE, YUKHZHECHULYE, SYGLYE, UMPVPDULYE Y DT. lPMYUEUFCHP TEEUFTPCHSHI (F.E. PZHYGYBMSHOP CHOSFSHCHI HAQIDA KHUEF RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHPN) DPOULYI LBBLBLCH CH GBTUFCHPCHBOYE boosch yPBOOPCHOSCH UPUFBCHMS5MPSMPYP. NYOYI PUEOSH CHSHCHUPLP PGEOYCHBM DPOGPCH Y RYUBM CH PDOPN Y UCHPYI RTYLBBPCH, YuFP POY “FBL CHETOP Y TBDEFEMSHOP L UMKHTSVE Y PFEYUEUFCHH RPUFHRBMY, OBL VPMCHEPCHPEEFs."
h VPA DPOULYE LBBLY YUBEE CHUEZP CHSHRPMOSMY ZHXOLGYY MEZLPK LBCHBMETYY. mPIBDEK, PTHTSYE Y PDETSDH UCHPK UUEF HAQIDA RTYPVTEFBMY SING. pVSHYUOP DPOGSH OPUMY UYOYE YUELNEOY (PDOPVPPTFOSCH LBZHFBOSH FTBDYGYPOOPZP THUULPZP RPLTPS) VE' RHZPCHYG, YYTPLYE YBTPCHBTSHCH, NSZLYE UBCHRPSHZYBR RUBCHYB. chPPTHTSEOYE LBBLBLB UPUFPSMP YI RYLY, UBVMY, THTSSHS VE YFSHLB, OP, CH UYMKH PFUHFUFCHYS LBLYI-MYVP RTBCHYM UOBVTSEOYS, PFMYUBMPUSH VPMOPPVSHYYYN. lBBBLY 'BLBLBSCHBMY THTSHS Y UBVMY HAQIDA TPUUYKULYI NBOKHZBLFKHTBI, RPLHRBMY H PFDEMSSHOSHI TENEUMEOILPC, PYUEOSH MAVYMY FTPZHEKOPE PTHTSIE. pFRTBCHMSSUSH CH RPIPD, SING PVAEDYOSMYUSH CH RPMLY TBOPZP UPUFBBCHB. chPEOOBS LPMMEZYS FPMSHLP CHEMB HUEF DPOULYN LBBBBBLBN, B HAQIDA MAVSCHE RPRSHCHFLY CHNEYBFEMSHUFCHB CH YI CHOKHFTEOOYE DEMB LBBYUEUFCHP TEBZYTPCHBMP PYUEOOPP.
EEE CH 1716 Z. YUBUFSH DPOULYI LBBLPLCH, RP YOYGYBFYCHE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, TELKH IPRET HAQIDA RETEUEMYMBUSH, DMS 'BEIFSHCH OCHPIPRETULPE LTERPUFY PFOBFYCHIP. ch 1724 Z. PLPMP FSHUSYU LBYUSHYI UENEK VSHMY ORTTBCHMEOSCH "CHEYUOP TSYFEMSHUFCHP HAQIDA" TELKH bZTBIBO HAQIDA, B CH 1733 Z. EEE FSHUSYUB UENEK TBNEUSHNETCHOSCHYMBG. fY RPUEMEOYS RPMPTSYMY OBYUBMP chPMTSULPNH LBBUSHENH CHPKULKH.
yuYUMEOOPUFSH TEEUFTPCHSCHI NBMPTPUUYKULYI LBBLPLCH, RP DBOOSCHN b. vBKChB, UPUFBCHMSMB PLPMP 55 FSHUSYU YuEMPCHEL. UMEDHEF 'BNEFYFSH, YUFP OBYUYFEMSHOBS YUBUFSH LBBYUEUFCHB PYUEOSH FSZPFYMBUSH LPOFTPMEN UP UFPTPOSH TPUUYKULPZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB Y PFOADSH OE KHTTBBBYMBFYFY Y. rTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH CHUENETOP IPFEMP HTE'BFSH RPMOPNPYUS UFBTYOSCH (CHETIKHILY LBBUEUFCHB). eEE RTY REFTE I, Ch 1722 Z. VSHMB MILCHYDYTPCHBOB CHSHCHVPTOPUFSH ZEFNBOPCH, B KHRTBCHMEOYE CHUEK MECHPVETTSOPK hLTBIOPK RETEDBOP nBMPTPUUYKULPK LPMMEZYYY. pDOBLP, RPUFPSOOBS KHZTP'B CHPKOSH U fKHTGYEK 'BUFBCHYMB CHMBUFSH RPKFY HAQIDA LPNRTPNYUU U NBMPTPUUYKULYNYY LBBBLBNY. ch 1727 Z. REFT II KHRTBDOYM nBMPTPUUYKULHA LPMMEZYA Y TBTEYYM CHSHVPTSH ZEFNBOB, LPFPTSCHN UFBM NYTZPTPDULYK RPMLPCHOIL dBOYMB bRPUFPM. l ZEFNBOKH, CHRTPUEN, VSHM RTYUFBCHMEO "NYOYUFT" ZhEDPT oBKHNPCH, CH ZHOLGYY LPFPTPZP CHIPDIMP UMEDYFSH, YUFPVSHCH UFBTYOKH YVYTBMYUSH FPMYUST DPMYUSTCHUPE. " h SOCHBTE 1734 Z. bRPUFPM KHNET Y, RP TEYEOYA lBVYOEFB NYOYUFTPCH, CHMBUFSH RETEYMB L rTBCHMEOYA ZEFNBOULZP HTSDB LPMMEZYBMSHOPNH PTZBOKH YJ GBTECHYOTULYHBY FBTYOSH. fFP TEYEOYE CHCHBMP UYMSHOPE OEDPCHPMSHUFChP LBBYUEUFCHB. ZEOETBM-MEKFEOBOF bMELUEK yBIPCHULPK, OBIPDIYCHYKUS FPZDB HAQIDA HLTBIOE, U FTECHPZPK DPOPUYM YNRETBFTYGE: “lPNH POY ZEFNBOPN VSHFSH TSEMBAF, FPZP SSPOBFDPE, OPTZP SZPZPZP NBOB TSEMBAF.”
h UYMKH CHSHCHYEYIMPTSEOOSCHI RTYUYO PE CHTENS CHPKOSHCH 1735–1739 ZZ. TPUUYKULPE LPNBODPCHBOYE PFOPUYMPUSH L NBMPTPUUYKULIN LBBLBLBN U YYTSDOSCHN RPDPTEOYEN, B OEPVIPDYNPUFSH UPVMADBFSH OELPFPTSCHE LBBIUSHY RTYCHYMEZY BBDT OBBSECHOMBY. fBL v.-l. NYOYI CH 1739 Z., VKHYUY RTPEJDPN CH ZMKHIPCHE Y KHOBCH P OECHCHZPDOPN DMS OEZP TEYEOYY NEUFOPZP UKhDB, LTYYUBM HAQIDA UKHDEK: “fBLYI UKHDEK VPCHEUDPYMBF, UPUCHYSHYMBF FSH!" pV KHLTBYOULYI 'BLPOBI ZHEMSHDNBTYBM CHSHCHTBYMUS U CHPEOOOPK RTSNPFPK: “yEMSHNB RYUBM, B LBOBMSHS UKHDYM.”
OBYVPMEE PTZBOYPCHBOOSCHNY H CHPEOOPN PFOPYEOYY VSHMY UMPVPDULYE YUHZHECHULYE LBBBLY. UMPVPDULYE LBBBLY Y CH NYTOP, Y PE CHTENS CHPKOSH PVAEDYOSMYUSH H RSFSH RPMLPCH, LPFPTSHCHE UPUFBCHMSMY VTYZBDH, RPDYUYOOOHA LPNBODITH HLTBYOULPK DYCHYYY. y 1729 RP 1731 Z. CH YUEFSHTEI YY RSFY UMPVPDULYI RPMLPCH VSHMP UZhPTNYTPCHBOP Y' LBBBLPCH RP PDOPC TEZKHMSSTOPK TPFE. ch 1736 Z. FBLYI TPF UFBMP RP DCHE Ch LBTSDPN RPMLH, B Ch 1739 Z. CHUE DEUSFSH TEZKHMSTOSHCHI LBBYUSHYI TPF VSHMY UCHEDEOSCH CH UMPVPDULPK TEZKHKH. zhPTNEOOBS PDETSDB UMPVPTSBO UPUFPSMB YY UYOEZP LBZhFBOB U PFLYDOSHNY THLBCHBNY Y YBTPCHBT, GCHEF LPFPTSCHI UBCHYUEM PF RPMLB: CH iBTSHLPCHULPN TSEMFCHIFSHNUPNY, EMEOSHCHE, CH yYANULPN LTBUOSCHE, B CH PUFTPPZPTSULPN PTBOTSECHSCHE.
YuHZHECHULYE LBBBLY VSHMY PVAEDYOEOSCH CH PDYO RPML RSFYUPFEOOOPZP UPUFBCHB, RTYYUEN FTY UPFOY UPUFBCHMSMY UPVUFCHOOOP LBBLBLY, B DCHE UPFOY LTEEEOOSH LBMNSCHLY. lBL Y UMPVPDULYE LBBBLY, YUKHZHECHULYE UPITBOSMY UCHPA PTZBOYBGYA CH NYTOPE CHTENS.
ch 1734 Z. CH TKHUULPE RPDDBOUFCHP CHOPCHSH VSHMY RTYOSFSH 'BRPTPTSULYE LBBLLY, RPUEMYCHYEUS CH OPCHPK UEYU RTY XUFSHHE TELY VHHCHMHL. vPMSHYPK PRSHCHF VPTSHVSH U FHTLBNY DEMBM YI PYUEOSH GEOOSHNY UPTBFOILBNY DMS TKHULPK BTNYY, OP, RTYCHSHHLYE L CHPMSHOYGE 'BRPTPTSGSH PFMYUBMYUSH FBLCESHEKOPHETBUG FSH CHOKHYBMB RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH UIMSHOSHE UPNOEOYS. ch 1735 Z. 'BRPTTsGSh DBTsE OPUNPZMY (YMY OE 'BIPFEMY) UPPVEYFSH TPUUYKULPNH LPNBODPCHBOYA FPYUOKHA YUYUMEOOPUFSH UCHPYI UYM Y XLMPOYBSCHMPYCHPED VSCHCHBEF Y KHVSCHCHBEF”.
eEE PDOYN, CHEUSHNB UREGIZJYYUOSCHN, YTTESHMSTOSHN ZHTNYTPCHBOYEN SCHMSMYUSH ZHUBTSCH. eEE REFT I RPTHYUM UCHPYN DYRMPNBFBN RTYCHMELBFSH HAQIDA UMHTSVH UETVPCH, IPTCHBFPCH, CHEOZTPCH, LPFPTSCHI TBUEMSMY HAQIDA HLTBYOE Y PVEUREYUYCHBMYRPGBMYRPGEB UBTS TYNULPZP.” l 1731 Z. YUYUMYMPUS PLPMP YuEFSHTEIUPF ZHUBT, RTEINHEEUFCHEOOP UETVPCH. ch 1737 Z., HTSE CH IPDE CHPKOSH, RPMLPCHOIL UFPSOPCH UNPZ UZHTNYTPCHBFSH UETVULYK ZKHUBTULYK RPML, B EEE ZPD URKHUFS RPMLPCHOIL lHNYOZ RTYCHEM YJ UHNYOZ RTYCHEM YJ CHPCHEMCHYCHP Y CH CHEOZETULYK ZHUBTULYK RPML. oBLPOEG, Ch 1739 Z. LOSSH nBNHLPCH-dBCHSHCHDPCH RPMKHYUM TBTEYEOYE PTZBOYPCHBFSH zTHYOULKHA ZKHUBTULKHA TPFKH CH UPUFBCHE 74 YUEMPCHEL. CHUE ZKHUBTSCH, RTETSOYI PUOPCHBOYSI HAQIDA, RPMKHYUBS PF RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB TsBMPCHBOYE Y KHUBUFLY YENMY CH RTYZTBOYUSHI TBKPOBI, DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY UPDEWTSBF. rPLTPK PVNHODYTPCHBOYS X OYI UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBM OBGYPOBMSHOSCHN FTBDYGYSN: TBUYYFSHCHE YOKHTBNY LHTFLY YYFBOSHCH, LPTPFLYE RMBEY, NIPCHSHE YBRLYY F. D.
UCHPEPVTBOBOSCHN RTPNETSKHFPYUOSCHN CHBTYBOFPN NETSDH YTTTEZKHMSTOSHCHN Y TEZKHMSTOSHCHN CHPKULPN UMHTSYMB MBODNYMYGYS. CHRETCHSCHE POB RPSCHYMBUSH CH 1713 Z. CH LPMYUEUFCHE RSFY REIPFOSCHI RPMLPCH, LPFPTSHCHE VSHMY RTEDOBYOOSH DMS 'BEIFSH ATSOSH ZTBOIG UFTBOSH Y ZHTNYYTPCHBMCHPYUSHP VETOYK. CHULPTE RPUME ZHTNYTPCHBOYS MBODNYMYGYA TBURKHUFYMY, OP KhCE CH 1722 Z. UPVTBMY CHOPPCHSH. ch 1729 Z. VSHMP TEYEOP DPCHEUFY YUUMEOOPUFSH MBODNYMYGYY DP DEUSFY RPMLPCH, OP TEBMYPCHBFSH LFPF RMBO RPMOPUFSH OE HDBMPUSH.
ch 1731 Z., NYOYI RTEDMPTSYM DMS 'BEIFSHCH HLTBYOSCH PF FBFBTULYI OBVEZPCH HUFTPIFSH "NETSDH UECHETULIN dPOGPN Y VETEUFPCHPK Y pTEMY TELBNY Y RPHYPOGPSKHEP CH NEUFB L RTPIPDH OERTYSFEMSHULPNKH, UDEMBFSH LTERPUFY.” pVPTPOB LFK MYOY CHPMBZBMBUSH HAQIDA MBODNYMYGYA, TEPTZBOYBGYA LPFPTPK RPTHYUYMY RPMLPCHOILBN fBTBLBOPCCH Y DEVTYOSHY. h YFPZE YI DESFEMSHOPUFY RPSCHYMPUSH DCHBDGBFSH MBODNYMYGEKULYI RPMLPCH, Y' LPFPTSCHI DECHSFSH (YUEFSHTE REIPFOSHHI Y RSFSH LPOOSHI) RPUEMYMY HAQIDA MYOYY, B RTPPVCHYMPUSHPEBMCHPELPYUYU. lBL UPPVEBM NYOYI YNRETBFTYGE CH SOCHBTE 1736 Z., DMS LBTsDPZP RPMLB "HYUYOEOP BLLHTBFOPE TBDEMEOYE OBJEOSCH... DPCHPMSHOSHE NEUFB, LBL HAQIDA YNRETBFTYGE, FBUOPLCHPOSHKHK, UBL". mBODNYMYGYPOETSH TSYMY CH UCHPYI DPNBI Y YNEMY IP'SKUFCHP, OP, RTY LFPN RPUFPSOOP (B OE RETYPDYUEULY, LBL VPMSHYOUFCHP LBBLLPCH) OEUMY UMHTSVH. h MEFOEE CHTENS YI UPVYTBMY HYUEOYS CH UREGYBMSHOSHI MBZETSI HAQIDA. dP 1736 Z. MBODNYMYGYS OE YNEMB UCHPEZP PVNHODYTPCHBOYS Y UOBVTSBMBUSH UFBTSHNY NHODYTBNY REIPFOSHY Y DTBJHOULYI RPMLPCH. 'BFEN UNING UPMDBFBN VSHMY RTYUCHPEOSCH VEMSHCHE LBZHFBOSHCH, LTBUOSCH LBN'PMSHCH, YFBOSHCH "LP'MPCHPK LPTSY" Y ZTEOBDETULYE YBRLY VEMPZP GCHEFB. pZHYGETSCH RTY FBLYI TSE LBZhFBOBI Y LBN'PMBI OPUYMY LTBUOSCHE YFBOSHCH.
rPNYNP CHUEI RETEYUYUMEOOSCHI CHPKUL, CH UPUFBCH THUULPK BTNYY CHIPDIYMY PFTSDSH LBMNSCHLPCH, UPUFPSCHIYE RPD OBYUBMPN "UFBTYO YUCHPYI CHMBDEMSHGECH". Sing OPUYMY OBGYPOBMSHOSCHN PDETSDH Y VSHCHMY CHPPTHTSEOSH MHLBNY, UBVMSNY, LPRSHSNY Y RTPYYN OBGYPOBMSHOSCHN PTHTSYEN.
lPNRMELFPCHBOYE TEZKHMSSTOPK BTNYY TSDPCHCHN UPUFBCHPN PUHEEUFCHMSMPUSH RPUTEDUFCHPN TELTHFULYI OBVPTPCH, KHUFBOPCHMEOOOSCHI REFTPN I. TELTHFULBSFPCHYOPUFTCHMBBHB YENH 'BLPOPDBFEMSHUFCHH, CHUEI HAQIDA, “LPFPTSCHE CH RPDKHYOSCH PLMBDSH RPMPTSEOSCH” F.E. LTEUFSHSO HAQIDA CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH. pF OEE VSHCHMY PUCHPVPTSDEOSCH, RPNNYNP RTYCHYMEZYTPCHBOOSCHI UPUMPCHYK, PDOPDCHPTGSCH CHPTPOETSULPK, LYECHULPK, LBBOULPK Y BUFTBIBOULPK ZKHVETOY, LPPTMYASMPESHMUG PVPD, RTYRYUBOSCHI L ELBFETYOVHTSULIN 'BCHPDBN, FHMSHULYE Y UEFTPTEGLYE PTTSEKOILY, CHUE OBUEMEOYE PZTPNOPK UYVYTYY OELPFPTSCHI DTHZYI FETTYFPTYK.
rPUME 1724 Z. OBVPT TELTHFPCH UFBM RTPYCHPDYFSHUS U PRTEDEMOOOPZP LPMYUEUFCHB "TECHYULYI DKHY", BOE RKHFEN RPDCHPTOPK TBULMBDLY, LBL TBOEE. pVEEE LPMYUUEUFCHP RTYYSCHOYLPCH PRTEDEMSMPUSH TEBMSHOSCHNY RPFTEVOPUFSNY BTNYY Y, UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, CH TBOSCH ZPDSH VSHMP TBMYUOSCHN. fBL CH GBTUFCHPCHBOYE boosch yPBOOPCHOSCH CH PFDEMSHOSH OBVPTSCH FTEVPCHBMY PDOPZP TELTHFB PF 320, 169, 102, 98 DKHY. 'BVPFSUSH P CHSHRPMOEOYY RTYOSFSHCHI OPTN, RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP OBMBZBMP DEOETSOSCHE YFTBZHSCH HAQIDA ZHVETOBFPTPCH 'B LBTSDPZP OEDPVTBOOPZP TELTHFB.
chPTBUF TELTKHFB neftni qayta ishlash zavodi LPMEVBFSHUS PF RSFOBDGBFY DP FTYDGBFY MEF, OP RTYYSCHCHOILPC NMBDYE CHPUENOBDGBFY MEF 'BRTEEBMPUSH OBRTBCHMSFSH CH DEKUBTCHAEHA. chPEOOBS LPMMEZYS UYFBMB TSEMBFEMSHOSHCHN, YUFPVSH TPUF TELTHFB VSHMOE NEOEE DCHHI BTYOPCH YUEFSHTEI CHETYLPCH (1 N 60 UN), IPFS RTYYSHCHBMY Y NEO CHCHUPLYI.
fBL LBL UPMDBFULBS UMKHTSVB VSHMB RPTSYOOOOPK, B DYUGYRMYOB CH BTNYY PYUEOSH UHTPCHPK, LTEUFSHSOE CHYDEMY CH "TELTHFYUYOE" FSTSEMEKYEE VTENS, OBDBLBB MYYE. UREGYZHYUEULPK ZHTNPK RTPFEUFB UFBMY RPVEZY. “nOPZIE LTEUFSHSOIE, UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHHEF l. t VETL, Y' UFTBIB VSHCHFSH CH UPMDBFSHCH UPMDBFSHCH KHVEZBAF PF UCHPYI ZPURPD CH u.-REFETVHTZ, ZDE, MYVP DPVSHCHBAF UEVE RTPRYFBOYE HAQIDA ZPUKHDBTUFCVPHEOFFSE, THAF Y ZTBVSF. eUMY ZPURPDB PFSHCHULICHBAF FBLYI VEZMEGPCH (PF YuEZP FE, RTBCHDB, UFBTBFEMSHOP VETEZKHFUS, YuBUFP RETEVYTBSUSH U NEUFB HAQIDA NEUFP), FP OBZTBCHDPF UVOHBOPF”. OETEDLYY VSHCHMY Y UMHUBY DEYETFYTUFCHB HCE OBIPDICHYIUS UMHTSVE UPMDBF HAQIDA. fBL CH PDOPN MYYSH 1732 ZPDH CH VEZBI YUYUMYMPUSH PLPMP DCHBDGBFY FSCHUSYU “OYTSOYI YYOPCH”. pV PUFTPFFE RTPVMENSH UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHHEF UFTPZPUFSH OBLBBBOYK JB KHLMPOOYE PF CHPEOOOPK UMHTSVSHCH. 'B YUMEOPCHTEDYFEMSHUFCHP VYMY YRYGTHFEOBNY (NEFBMMYYUEULY YPNRPMBNY), RPUME YuEZP, CH 'BCHYUYNPUFY PF UPUFPSOYS'DPTPCHSHS, 'BRYUSCHCHBMY YDBMSHPOSHCHP. eee UFTPTSE OBLBSCHBMY 'B DEYETFYTUFChP. fBL UPMDBF veMPYETULPZP REIPFOPZP RPMLB y. BUFBZHSHECH, VETSBCHYK YL LBTBKHMB, VSHM VYF LOKHFPN, B 'BFEN EZP, CHSHTEBBCH OPIDTY, UPUMBMY CH UYVYTSH. zHTSHETB zBMYGLPZP REIPFOPZP RPMLB b. MBTYPOPCHB 'B FBLHA TSE CHYOH FPTSE OBLBBBMY LOHFPN Y PFRTBCHYMY ZBMETSH HAQIDA.
CHRTPUEN, LTEUFSHSOYO neftni qayta ishlash zavodi Y'VETSBFSH RTY'SCCHB 'BLPOOSCHN RKHFEN, CHSHCHUFBCHYCH UEVE'BNEUFIFEMS. rMPIYN RPUMEDUFCHYSN FBLPK RTBLFLYLY RPUCSEEOB UREGYBMSHOBS 'BRYULB, RPDBOOBS Ch lBVYOEF NYOYUFTPCH OEYCHEUFOSCHN MYGPN (ChPNPTSOP, UBNYN ZChOYIPBEF TEUFSHSOIE, UPVTBCH UPPVEB OEPVIPDYNSCHE DEOSHZY, OBOINBAF VPVSHCHMEK, RSHSOIG, “Xcheyuoschi MADEK”, LPFPTSHCHE Y PFRTBCHMSAFUS CHNEUFP OYI CH BTNYA. DMS "YULPTEOEOYS JMB" CH 'BRYULE RTEDMBZBMPUSH PZTBOYUYFSH UTPL UPMDBFULPK UMHTSVSH DEUSFSHHA ZPDBNY.
uVPT TELTHFPCH CH 1730s ZPDSH RTPYCHPDYMUS PUPVSHNY OBVPTEILBNY YUYUMB PZHYGETPCH. h YI PVSBOOPUFY CHIPDIMP MYUOP RTYUHFUFCHPCHBFSH RTY RTYENE OPCHPVTBOGECH Y "OBLTERLP UNPFTEFSH", YuFPVSH POY UPPFCHEFCHPCHBMY CHUEN FTEVPCHBOYSN. Ryosfshchchn ThthBN Utbx TSU, DBVHX Yubsoy, Repvetsy Vshchm, RPVetsyf, RPVTNOBH, RPJBBBH V ShCHFFSh neftni qayta ishlash zavodi. YoFETEUOP, YuFP Ch 1734 Z. RP YOYGYBFYCHE nyOYIB CH RTBCHYMB UPDETSBOYS TELTHFPCH, TBTBVPFBOOSCH EEE CH 1719 Z., VSHMY CHOUEOSCH YYNEOOOPVSEBOSCH YE RTYYSCHOYLPCH. pZHYGETBN RTEDRYUSCHCHBMPUSH CHEUFY TELTKHFPCH "RPTSDPUOP Y OILBLLPZP PJMPVMEOYS YN PFOADSH OE YUYOYFSH", DOECHOPK NBTY OE neftni qayta ishlash zavodi RTECHSHCHYBFSH CTYDGBFYMBHIV RPCHPLBI, B FAIRIES, LFP CH YUEN-OYVKhDSH RTPCHYOMUS “OBLBYSHCHBFSH, RTY UPVTBOY DTHZYI CHUEI VBFPZBNY, PDOBLP Ts HAQIDA. U TBUUNPFTEOYEN, YuFPV OILFP YYHCHEYUEO OE VSHM, RPOETSE POY MADI OPCHSHCHE Y CHYOULYI RTBCH EEE OE OBAF”.
UPMDBF, RPFETSCHIYI HAQIDA UMKHTSVE 'DPTPChShE 'MI RPMXUYChYYI FSCEMSCHE HCHEYUSHS, OBYUBMY UFPTPTSBNY L LBEOOSCHN ULMBDBBN Y NBUFETULYN, YOPZDBYFFRETECHMOJYPOCHPB. FEI, LFP OE neftni qayta ishlash zavodi ChShchRPMOSFSH ChPPVEE OILBLYI PVSBOOPUFEK, KHChPMSHOSMY UP UMKHTSVSHCH. dMS PFUFBCHOSHI CHPYOPCH YNEMYUSH VPZBDEMSHHOY RTY NPOBUFSHTSI, OP NEUF CHOYI HAQIDA CHUEI OE ICHBFBMP, Y PUEOSH YUBUFP UFBTSHCHE UPMDBFSHCH CHMBYUMYUMYFSHCHP UKYUMYUFCHPB. ch 1736 Z. RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP UDEMBMP RPRSHFLH PVEUREYUYFSH KHCHPMEOOSCHI UP UMHTSVSH UPMDBF Y KHOFET-PZHYGETPCH ENMEK. uPZMBUOP KHLBKH YNRETBFTYGSHCH, YI UMEDPCBMP TBUUEMYFSH CH rPCPMTSSHE, "VMY ZTBOIG HAQIDA RHUFSHCHI NEUFBI", CHSHCHDEMYCH HAQIDA LBTSDHHA UENSHA PF 20 YUEDPEKHETF3. lFI OBDEMSCH NPTsOP VSHMP RETEDDBCHBFSH RP OBUMEDUFCHH, OP BRTEEBMPUSH RTDPDBCHBFSH, 'BLMBDSCHBFSH Y PFDBCHBFSH CH RTYDBOPE 'B DPYuETSHNY. pDOBLP, RPDBCHMSAEE VPMSHYYOUFCHP PFUFBCHOYLPCH OE RPTSEMBMP EIBFSH CH PFDBMEOOSCH Y OEURPLPKOSCHE, Y'-'B UFSCHUEL U VBYLYTBNY, TBKPOSH UFTBOSHCH. ch 1739 Z. UEOBF UPPVEIM lBVYOEFKH NYOYUFTPC, YuFP PE CHUEI ZKHVETOYSI OBUMPUSH FPMSHLP YEUFSH YUEMPCHEL, UPZMBUOSHI RMKHYUYFSH YENMA HAQIDA CHPMZE. h PFCHEF, RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP RPIMP FTBDYGYPOOSCHN DMS tPUUY RHFEN: RTYLBYBMP RETEUEMSFSH PFUFBCHOSHI CHPYOPCH CH PVSBFEMSHOPN RPTSDLE.
'BFP OEUPNOOOOSCHN HUREIPN UFBMP TBUYYTEOYE UEFI YLPM DMS UPMDBFULYI DEFEC: RP YNRETBFPTULPNH KHLBKH PF 21 UEOFSVTS 1732 Z. SING HYUTETSDYCHBMUEBISHTY. h FYI YLPMBI USCHOPCHEK UPMDBF PVHYUBMY YUFEOYA, RYUSHNH, UUEFH, 'BLPOKH vPTSSHENH, OBYUBMBN CHPEOOOPK UMHTSVSHCH, PVEUREYUYCHBS RTY LFPN PVNHODYTPFRYBOSCHBOYBEO. “h LBTSDPN ZBTOYPOOPN ZPTPDE EUFSH CHPEOOBS YLPMB, PFNEYUBEF UMHTSYCHYK CH tPUUYY BOZMYYUBOYO dts. lHL, CHUE NBMSHYULI RPMKHYUBAF EDYOKHA ZHTNKH. lBRYFBO PVEUREYUYCHBEF RPTSDPL. nBMSHYULY FBLCE PITBOSAF YLPMH. ...rPPETSAF FAIRIES Y' OYI, LFP RPTSEMBEF VYFSH CH VBTBVBO YMY YZTBFSH HAQIDA LBLPN-OYVHDSH CHPEOOPN NHYSHCHLBMSHOPN YOUFTHNEOFE. pDOBLP PMHIPCH, OE CHSHBLBSCHCHBAEYI OILBLYI URPUPVOPUFEK, PVKHYUBAF FPMSHLP THTSECOSCHN RTYENBN.”
pJYGETULYK LPTRKHU TPUUYKULPK BTNYY LPNRMELFPCHBMUS RTEINHEEUFCHOOOP DCHPTSOBNY. REFT I RTEDRTYOSM GEMSHK TSD UBNSCHI TEYFEMSHOSHI NO VHI FPZP, YUFPVSH JBUFBCHYFSH "RETCHPE UPUMPCHYE" UMKHTSYFSH HAQIDA "RPRTYEE CHPEOOPN YMY ZTBTSDBOULPN". h NBTFE 1714 Z. VSHHM RTYOSF OBNEOIFSHCHK KHLB P EDYOPOBUMEDYY, UPZMBUOP LPFPTPNH DCHPTSOBN 'BRTEEBMPUSH DEMYFSH YNEOYS NETSDH USCHOPCHSHSNY. rPSUOSS UHFSH LFK NETSCH, GBTSH-TEZHPTNBFPT KHLBSHCHBM, YuFP RTY RETEDBYUE JENEMSH FPMSHLP PDOPNKH OBUMEDOILH, RTPYUYE "OE VHDHF RTBDOSHCH, YVP RTYOKCHPSHTPSVPYSCHEV , HYUEOYEN, FPTZBNY Y RTPYYN”. UREGYBMSHOPE DPRPMOEEOYE L KHLBYH P EDYOPOBUMEDYY 'BRTEEBMP DCHPTSOYOH, UPUFPSCYENKH HAQIDA CHPEOOOPK UMKHTSVE, RPLHRBFSH ENMY TBOEE, YUEN "RP EDSHNY ESHHTSV MEFZP". dMS FEEI TSE, LFP OE UMKHTSYM CHPCHUE, LFP 'BRTEEEOOYE DEKUFCHPCHBMP "DBCE DP UNETFY". 'B PFLB PF UMHTSVSH DCHPTSOBN ZTPYMB Y LPOZHYULBGYS YNEAEYIUS CHMBDEOYK, RTYUEN YUBUFSH YI RETEDBCHBMBUSH DPOPUYILKH, YICHEUFYCHYENH RTBCHYFEMOFCESHUFCUFY "." UMPCHPN, YNRETBFPT RPUFBCHYM DEMP FBL, UFP HAQIDA 'BLPOOSCHI PUOPCHBOYSI DCHPTSOYO OILPYN PVTBBPN OE neftni qayta ishlash zavodi KHLMPOIFSHUS PF UMHTSVSHCH. 'BFP CHSHCHIPDEG Y' OEDCHPTSOULPK UTEDSH, RPMHYUCH RETCHSHCHK PZHYGETULYK YUYO RTBRPTEILB, RPMKHYUBM PDOPCHTEENOOOP Y RTBCHP HAQIDA DCHPTSOULPE DPUFPYOUFChP.
TsEMBS YNEFSH RPDZPFPCHMEOOOSCHI CH RTPZHEUYPOBMSHOPN RMBOE PZHYGETPCH, REFT I OBUFBYCHBM HAQIDA FPN, YUFPVSH DCHPTSOE OBUYOBMY UMHTSVH TSDPCHSHNYCHNY UPMDBFBBDY. ch "chPYOULPN KHUFBCHE " 1716 Z. ZPCHPTYMPUSH: "yMSIEFUFCHH TPUUYKULPNH YOPK URPUPV OE PUFBEFUS CH PZHYGETSCH RTPYUIPDYFSH, LTPNE YuFP UMHTCHBTDY CH Z." lTPNE FPZP, DMS PVHYUEOYS VHDHEYI LPNBODYTPCH VSHMY PFLTSCHFSH UREGYBMSHOSHE YLPMSCH: OBCHYZBGLBS, YOTSEOETOBS, BTFYMMETYKULBS Y DT. 'B RPVEZ YILPMSH L HYUEOILKH NPZMY VSHFSH RTYNEOOSHCH UBNSCHE UKHTPPCHSHE OBLBBOYS, CHRMPFSH DP UNETFOPK LBYOY.
oEUNPFTS HAQIDA CHUA UFTPZPUFSH REFTPCHULZP 'BLPOPDBFEMSHUFCHB, NOPZIE DCHPTSOE RTDPDPMTSBMY CHUSUEULY KHLMPOSFSHUS PF UMHTSVSHCH. 1732-qism Z. RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP PVIASCHYMP, YuFP VPMSHYPE LPMYUEUFChP OEDPTPUMEK TSYCHEF RP UCHPYN DPNBN Y "L DEMBN OILKhDB OE PRTEDEMEOSHCH". tBUUNBFTYCHBMPUSH DBCE DEMP P DCHPTSOYOE, LPFPTSCHK, YUFPVSH YJVETSBFSH UMKHTSVSHCH, 'BRYUBMUS CH LHREYUEUFChP. chYOPCHOPZP PFRTBCHYMY UPMDBFPN CH ZBTOYPO, B U VKHTNYUFTPCH, CHOEUYI EZP CH URYULY, CHSMY YFTBZH.
ch 1736 Z. CHCHYEM NBOYZHEUF, LPFPTSCHK OEULPMSHLP PVMAZYUM RPPTSEOYE DCHPTSOULYI DEFEK, XUFBOPCHYCH PDOPCHTENEOOOP VPMEE YUEFLYK LPOFTPMSH 'V YI UMKHTs. PFOSHCHOE PDYO YUSCHOPCHEK RPNEAILB neftni qayta ishlash zavodi PUFBCHBFSHUS DPNB "DMS UNPFTEOYS DETECHEOSH Y LLPOPNYY", B OEPVIPDYNSCHK UTPL UMKhTSVSH PUFBMSHOSHI PZTBOYUYCHFBUMYSVHTMYSVBMUYYCHFBMUMP (VRTBOYUYCHOPCHEK). rTEDRYUSCHCHBMPUSH "CHUEN YMSIFYUBN PF 7 DP 20 MEF CHPTBUFB VShchFSH CH OBHLBI, B PF 20 MEF KHRPFTEVMSFSH CHPEOOKHA UMHTSVH, Y CHUSLYK DPMTSEO UMHTSEO UMHTCHMECHFSHF2 PEZP 25 MEF, B RP RTPYEUFCHYY 25 MEF CHUEI, IPFS LFP EEE Y CH UMHTSVKH VSHM ZPDEO, PF ChPYOULPK Y UFBFULPK UMKHTSVSH PFUFBCHMSFSH U RPCCHYEOYEN PDOPZP TBZB Y PFRKHULBFSH CH DPNSCH, B LFP YI OYI DPVTPCPMSHOP VPMSHYE FSHBSHBYE FSHBSHBYBHBYBYB CHPMA."
ch 1737 Z VSHCHMB CHCHEDEOB PVSBFEMSHOBS TEZYUFTBGYS CHUEI DCHPTSOULYI DEFEK (“OEDPTPUMEK”) UFBTYE UENY MEF. h 12-MEFOEN CHPTBUFE YN OBOBYUBMBUSH RTPCHETLB, PE CHTENS LPFPTPK NBMSHYULY DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY RPLBUBFSH KHNEOYE YUYFBFSH Y RYUBFSH. dBMEE, EUMY TPDUFCHEOOILY DBCHBMY PVEEBOYE 'B YUEFSHTE RPUMEDHAEYI ZPDB OBKHYUIFSH DEFEC 'BLPOKH vPTSSHENKH, BTYJNEFYLE Y ZEPNEFTYY, YI PFRHULBMY DPNPK. peri TSE, YUSHS UENSHS FBLPZP PVEEBOYS DBFSH OE NPZMB, OBRTBCHMSMY CH TBMYUOSCHE YLPMSCH. rP DPUFYTSEOY YEUFOBDGBFY MEF DCHPTSOULYI DEFEC UPVYTBMY CH REFETVHTZE Y NPULCHE, CHOPCHSH RPDCHETZBMY LBNEOH Y CHOPCHSH PRTBYCHBMY TPDUFCHEOILFDBRPHRPHPC ZTBZHYY, YUFPTYY Y ZhPTFYZHYLBGYY. OB LFPF TB, PDOBLP, OEDPTPUMS NPZMY OE FPMSHLP PFRTBCHYFSH CH HYUMYEE YMY PFRKHUFYFSH DPNPK, OP Y 'BUYUMYFSH HAQIDA ZTBTSDBOULHA UMKHTSVH. peri TSE, LFP RP DPUFYTSEOY YEUFOBDGBFY MEF VSHM RP-RTETSOENH OEZTBNPFEO, RPMBZBMPUSH PRTEDEMSFSH CH NBFTPUSH VE RTBCHB CHSHCHUMKHZY. h CHPTBUFE DCHBDGBFY MEF NPMPDSH DChPTSOE DPMTSOSCH VSHMY SCHYFSHUS HAQIDA YUEFCHETFSHCHK, RPUMEDOYK UNPFT, RPUME LPFPTPZP YI OBRTBCHMSMY HAQIDA CHPEOOKHA RMBBBBOBYBOYM CH OBHLBI RPMKHYUBMY RTBCHP XULPTEOOPE HAQIDA RTPYYCHPDUFCHP CH PZHYGETULYK YUYO.
dMS KHMHYUYEOYS RPDZPFPCHLY PZHYGETPCH CH 1731 Z. H REFETVHTZE VSHM HYUTETSDEO yMSIEFOSHCHK LPTRKHU, SCHYCHYKUS CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSHCHN DBCHOPCHYPCHYP. DEMP CH FPN, YuFP YLPMSCH, UPJDBOOSHCH GBTUFChPCHBOIE REFTB I, CHSHCHBMY OEDPCHPMSHUFChP DCHPTSO, LPFPTSCHI PFRKHZYCHBMY LBL GBTYCHYE CH OYI UHTPCHSHCHBL YPSDULYP USH MYGB "OEVMBZPTPDOPZP RTPYUIPTSDEOOIS." pFRTBCHLB NPMPDSCHI DCHPTSO HYUEVKH 'B ZTBOYGKH FBLCE OE PRTBCHDSHCHBMB UEVS HAQIDA. UFPYMY LFY RPEDLY PYUEOSH DPTPZP, B OECHPNPTSOPUFSH RPUFPSOOPZP OBJPTB RTYCHPDYMB L FPNH, YuFP HYUEOILY OETEDLP CHPCHTBEBMYUSH DPNPK VE CHUSLYI OBOBOIK. dBFSH CE RPMOPGEOOPE PVTBBPCHBOIE DEFSN CH UENSHSI NPZMP DBMELP OE CHUE DCHPTSOUFChP. dPRPMOYFEMSHOPE PUMPTSOOEYE 'BLMAYUBMPUSH CH FPN, YuFP PF UMHTSVSHCH ZCHBTDYY, SCHMSCHYEKUS, RP 'BNSHUMH REFTB, ZMBCHOPK LH'OYGEK LPNBODOSHHI LBDTPC, OELPSHPOTSCHBNFHDP, RTYUEN CHEUSHNB PTYZIOBMSHOSCHN RHFEN. TPDYFEMY UFBMY 'BRYUSCHCHBFSH UCHPYI PFRTSHULPC CH ZCHBTDYA EDCHB MY OE U TPTSDEOOIS. TEVEOPL FPMSHLP YUYUMYMUS CH RPMLH, OP YYOSCH ENKH YMY, FBL YFP L UPCHETYEOOPMEFYA ON VSHM HCE PZHYGETPN. obrtynet, bMELUBODTTB zPMYGSCOB, USCHOB ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB n. n. zPMYGSHCHOB, UTBH RTY TPTSDEOYY, CH 1724 Z., 'BRYUBMY CH rTEPVTBTSEOULYK RPML, Y CH CHPUENOBDGBFSH MEF ON RPMKHYUM YUYO LBRYFBOB. h 1726 Z. b. b. OBTSHYLYO VSHHM RTPY'CHEDEO CH NYUNBOSH ZHMPFB CH CHPTBUFE PDOPZP ZPDB.
h tPUUYY SCHOPE OBTEMB OEPVIPDYNPUFSH h FBLPN CHPEOOP-HYUEVOPN UBCHEDEOYY, LPFPTPPE U PDOPK UFPTPOSCH KHDPCHMEFCHPTYMP VSH LPTRPTBFYCHOSCHE YUBSOYS DCHPSCYPSCBZPU H CHSHCHUPLCHBMMYZHYYTPCHBOOSCHI LPNBOYTPCH. yMSIEFOSHCHK LPTRKHU LFYN FTEVPCHBOYSN CHRPMOE UPPFCHEFUFCHCHBM. h OEZP NPZMY RPUFKHRBFSH NPMPDSH DCHPTSOE h ChPTBUFE PF FTIOBDGBFY DP CHPUENOBDGBFY MEF. hYUEVOSCHK LHTU VSHM TBUUUYFBO HAQIDA YEUFSH MEF Y CHLMAYUBM, LBL PVEEPVTBIPCHBFEMSHOSHCHE, FBL Y UREGYBMSHOSCHE, CHPEOOSHCHE RTEDNEFSHCH.
at UBNPZP OBYUBMB LPTRKHU VSCHM 'BLTSCHFSHCHN 'BCHEDEOYEN. hPURYFBOOILY YNEOPCHBMYUSH LBDEFBNY (PF ZHTBOGKH'ULPZP "kursant" NMBDIYK) Y TsYMY CH UREGYBMSHOPN YOFETOBFE RPD RPUFPSOOSCHN OBDJPTPN REDBZPZPCH. chOKHFTEOOYK TBURPTSDPL LPTRKHUB YNEM CHPEOOSHCHK IBTBLFET. rPNYNP OBHL LBDEFSCH 'BOYNBMYUSH UFTPECHSHNY KHRTBTSOEOSNY, OEUMY CH LPTRKHUE LBTBKHMSHOHA UMHTSVKH Y CHPPVEE DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY "PE CHUEN CHEUSHNB RP-UPYSHNB RP-UPSHNFULBSHPUFR." h DEOSH PZHYGYBMSHOPZP PFLTSCHFYS LPTRHUB 17 ZHECHTBMS 1732 Z. CH OEN YUYUMYMPUSH CHUEZP 56 CHPURYFBOoilPCH, OP HCE YUETE NEUSG YI VSHMP 300 YUEMPCHEL.
NOPZIE UPCHTENEOOILY, YOPUFTBOGSH Y TPUUYSOE, PFYSHCHBMYUSH P yMSIEFOPN LPTRKHUE, LBL PV PDOPN YI MKHYUYI HYUEVOSCHI 'BCHEDEOYK UFTBOSHCH. sTLHA LBTFYOH TSYYOY LBDEF TYUHEF, OBRTYNET, CH UCHPYI 'BRYULBI l. t. vetl. "chTENS LBTSDPZP LBDEFB, PFNEYUBEF PO, RPMOPUFSH TBURTEDEMEOOP RP 'BOSFYSN Y HRTBTSOEOYSN, LPFPTSCHE RP ULMPOOPUFSN Y CH UPPFCHEFUFCHYY U CHPBUFHEFUFCHYY U CHPBUFHEFUFCHYY U CHPBUFYUBEFPNYH UULYK, OENEGLYK, ZHTBOGKHULYK Y MBFYOULYK SJSHHLY, YUFPTYS, ZEPZTBJYS, ZEPNEFTYS, ZhPTFYJYLBGYS, BTYJNEFILB , RYUSHNP Y UPUFBCHMEOYE RYUEN, FBOGSHCH, ZHEIFPCHBOYE, CHPMSHFYTSYTPCHLB, TYUPCHBOYE Y CHETIPCHBS EBDB. LBTSDSCHK KHYYFEMSH RP OBHLBN Y HRTBTSOEOYSN YNEEF CH UCHPEN LMBUUE URYUPL LBDEF, RTYIPDSEYI HAQIDA HTPL, Y DEMBEF YN RP LFPNH URYULH RETELMYULH. YuFPVSH PVHYUEOOYE YMP LBL NPTsOP HUREYOOEE, OH X LPZP HAQIDA HTPLE OEF VPMSHYE 16 LBDEF.” VETL MYUOP RPUEFYM LPTRKHU, LPFPTSCHK TBURPMBZBMUS PE DCHPTGE, TBOEE RTYOBDMETSBCHYEN b. d NEOSHYYLPCHKH, Y RTYYEM L CHSHCHPDKH, YuFP “LPNOBFSCH YUYUFSHCHE PRTSFOSHCHE”, B LPTNSF CHPURYFBOOILPC PYUEOSH IPTPYP. chRTPYUEN, YCHEDULYK RHFEEUFCHEOOIL PFNEFYM FBLCE OBLBBBOYS, PTSIDBCHYE OETBDYCHSHI HYUEOILPC. rTPCHYOYCHYIUS, RP EZP UMPCHBN, CHSHCHUFBCHMSMY L RPPTOPNH UFPMVH, VYMY ZHHIFEMSNY (F.E. YRBZPK RMBINS), UBTSBMY CHETIPN HAQIDA PUFTHA DPUHLYCHYH, B MUBYBSHYBYSHYHYK YBOIK 'B PVEDPN Y LPTNYMY FPMSHLP IMEVPN U CHPDK.
UPCHETYEOUFCHPCHBMYUSH Y CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSH UBCHEDEOYS, ZPFPCHYYE L UMKHTSVE CH UREGYBMSHOSHI TPDBI CHPKUL. ch 1735 Z. H REFETVHTZE PFLTSCHMBUSH bTFYMMETYKULBS YLPMB, UPUFPSCHYBS YJ DCHHI PFDEMEOYK: PDOP DMS DCHPTSOULYI Y PZHYGETULYI DEFEC, B DTHZPE DMS “RHYDEFLBTEKULY. h OEK PVHYUBMY RTEINHEEUFCHEOOP NBFENBFYUEULYN OBHLBN Y BTFYMMETYY. CHSHCHRKHULOILY "DCHPTSOULPZP" PFDEMEOYS OBRTBCHMSMYUSH KHOFET-PJYGETBNY CH BTFYMMETYKULYE YUBUFY.
OBTSDKH U KHTPTSEOGBNY TPUUYY HAQIDA CHPEOOKHA UMKHTSVKH RTYOINBMY YOPUFTBOOSCHI RPDDBOOSCHI, YuFP OETEDLP CHSHCHCHBMP TBBDTBTSEOYE X NOPZYI PZHYGETPCH RPVUFCYKUPZYI PZHYGETPCH RPVUFCYTPOPZU. fP TBBDTBTSEOYE PUPVEOOB HUIMYCHBMPUSH FEN PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHPN, YuFP EEE U CHTENEO REFTB I DEKUFCHPCHBMY RTBCHYMB, RP LPFPTSCHN PZHYGET-YOPUFTBOEG VMPTBOEG VMKHYBYBYE, PMKHYBYGs PUYSOYO. ch 1732 Z., RP RTEDMPTSEOYA chPYOULPK LPNYUUYY, chPEOOBS LPMMEZYS RTYOSMB TEYEOYE P CHSHHRMBFE CHUEN PJYGETBN PDOBLLPCHPZP TsBMPCHBOYS. rTY UBUIUMOYY YOPUFTBOGECH HAQIDA UMKHTSVH U OYNY 'BLMAYUBMYUSH UREGYBMSHOSHE DPZPCHPTSH (“LBRYFHMSGYY”), CH LPFPTSCHI ZHYLUYTPCHBMYUSH YI RTBCHB Y PVSBOOPUPUYY.
h OBYUBME RTBCHMEOYS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH CHUE BURELFSH RPMECHPK, UFTPECHPK Y ZBTOIPOOPK UMHTSVSH TEZKHMYTPCHBMYUSH RTYOSFSHCHN CH 1716 Z. chPYOULIN YTPNYFCHPN KHU .
pDOBLP HCE CH 1730 Z. chPYOULPK LPNYUUY VSHMP RPTHYUEOP RETEUNPFTEFSH UHEEUFCHHAEYE RTBCHYMB RPUFTPEOOYS Y DEKUFCHYS CHPKUL CH VPA, "DBVSH RTY CHUEKCHETTY, YBFYOBTY TYY, CHCHDEOSCH VSHCHMY LLYETGYGYY PDOYY TBCOSCHS, RPOETSE PF TBOPUFY CH LYETGYGYSI RTY UMKHYUBSI CHEMILYE. OERPTSDLY Y UMSHCHS UMEDPCBOYS RTYLMAYUYFSHUS NPZHF”. 1731-qism Z., PUOPCH UPVTBOOPZP HAQIDA LPNYUUYEK NBFETYBMB, v.-l. NYOYI RPDZPFPCHYM FBL OBSCCHBENHA "LLYETGYGYA REYKHA", FP EUFSH, ZPChPTS SJSHLPN VPMEE RPDOEZP CHTENEY, KHUFBCH REIPFOPK UMKHTSVSHCH. OCHBS "LLYETGYGYS" OE PFNEOSMB RTETSOEZP chPYOULPZP KHUFBCHB, OP UMHTSYMB RPSUOOYEN L OENKH.
PUOPCHOPK FBLFYUEULPK EDYOYGEK UYUYFBMUS RPML. h CHPEOOPE CHTENS Y H REIPFE, Y H LPOOYGE Y' OEULPMSHLYI (DCHHI, FTEI Y VPMEE) RPMLPCH ZHTNYTPCHBMYUSH VTYZBDSH, LPFPTSHCHE, CH UCHPA PYUETEDSH, UPUFBCHMSMY DYCHYY. DYCHYYY NPZMY YNEFSH YYULMAYUYUFEMSHOP REIPFOSHCHK YMY LBCHBMETYKULYK, Y UNYBOOSCHK UPUFBCH. h NYTOPE CHTENS DYCHYYY CHSHCHUFKHRBMY ULPTEE CH TPMY BDNYOYUFTBFYCHOSHI EDYOYG, OETSEMY CHYOULYYYUBUFEK.
ZMBCHOSCHN CHYDPN RPUFTPEOYS REIPFOPZP RPMLB SCHMSMUS TBCHETOHFSHCHK UFTPK, RTY LPFPTPN CHUE EZP CHPUENSH TPF TBURPMBZBMYUSH CH PDOKH MYOYA, UPUFPSSHIKHA YUEEFPSCHIKHA YUE. yOFETCHBMPCH NETSDH TPFBNY RP ZhTPOFKH OE VSHMP. dYUFBOGYS NETSDH YETEOZBNY UPUFBCHMSMB FTY YBZB. MADI LBTSDPK RPUMEDHAEEK YETEOZY UFBOPCHYMYUSH CH 'BFSHMPL CHREEDY UFPSCHYYN. YuEFSHTE, UFPSCHYE DTKhZ 'B DTHZPN, YuEMPCHELB PVTBPCHCHCHBMY PDYO TSD. pF UPMDBF CH UFTPA FTEVPCHBMPUSH DETSBFSHUS "RTSNP Y VPDTP Y OYUEN PFOADSH OE FTPZBFSHUS".
eUMY RPMLH VSHMP OHTsOP "TBDBFSHUS" RP ZhTPOFH, RTYNEOSMPUSH FBL OBSCHCHBENPE "UDCHBYCHBOYE YETEOZ", DMS LPFPTPZP UPMDBFSH FTEFSHEK YETEOZY CHIPDIMY YETEOZY CHIPDIMNY YOFETCHPMSHBYFK YuEFCHETFPK NETSDH UPMDBFBNY CHFPTPK. xZMKHVMEOYE RPUFTPEOOYS RTPYCHPDYMY "UDCHBYCHBOYEN TSDPCH", RPUME LPFPTPZP UPMDBFSCH TBURPMBZBMYUSH CH CHPUENSH YETEOZ. dMS OELPFPTSHCHI VPMEE UMPTSOSHI RETEUFTPEOYK LBTSDBS TPFB DEMYMBUSH HAQIDA YUEFSHCHTE CHJCHPDB (RMHFPOZB). fBL VHI BFBLY, OBRTYNET, UPMDBFSH NPZMY RPUFTPIFSHUS PE CHPDOSH YMY DCHHICHCHPDOSCH LPMPOOSCH.
rPDPVOP VPMSHYOUFCHH THLPCHPDUFCH FPZP READING, “L'ETGYGYS REYBS” RTEDRYUSCHCHBMB UFTEMSFSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOP 'BMRBNY. lBYUEUFCHB PTHTSYS FPZP CHTENEY CHUE TBCHOP OE RP'CHPMSMY CHEUFY YZHZHELFYCHOHA RTYGEMSHOHA UFTEMSHVH, Y PF UPMDBF FTEVPCHBMY CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH OEPUFYFOYFOYK. dPRHULBMBUSH UFTEMSHVB RP YETEOZBN Y RP RMHFPOZBN. h RETCHPN UMKHYUBE REIPFYOGSHCH, 'BTSDYCH ZHKHJEY, RETEUFTBICHBMYUSH YUEFSHTEI YETEOZ CH FTY. rPUME LFPZP UPMDBFSH RETEDOEK YETEOZY RTYNSCHLBMY L ZHHJESN YFSHHLY Y UFBOPCHIMYUSH HAQIDA LPMEOP, FPZDB LBL OBIDYYEUS PE CHFPTPK Y FTEFSHEK YETEOZFTPK Y FTEFSHEK YETEOZFTPSHBM UPDMPSSHBM UPDPF. rP LPNBODE "RTYLMBDSHCHBKUS" UPMDBFSH RTYGEMYCHBMYUSH. 'BFEN RPDBCHBMBUSH LPNBODB "RBMY". rETChPK UFTEMSMB FTEFSHS YETEOZB, B 'BFEN, RP PYUETEDY, CHFPTBS Y RETCHBS. rTY UFTEMSHVE RMHFPOZBNY PUOPCHOPE FTEVPCHBOYE UPUFPSMP CH OERTETCHCHOPUFY RBMSHVSHCH, F.E. YUFPVSH RMKhFPOSY CHEMY PZPOSH OERPUTEDUFCHEOOP DTKhZ 'B DTHZPN, YUETE PDYO (UOBYUBMB RETCHSHCHK RMHFPOS, 'BFEN FTEFYK, 'BFEN CHFPTPK Y, OBLPOEG, YUFCHKUE). "'LUTGIGIS" FTEVPCHBMB FBLCE PVHYUBFSH UPMDBF UFTEMSHVE HAQIDA IPDH, RTY OBUFHRMEOYY YMY PFUFHRMEOYY.
PUPVSHCHK TBDEM "L'ETGYGYY" KHUFBOBCHMYCHBM RTBCHYMB VTPUBOYS ZTBOBF DMS ZTEOBDET. yNEMYUSH FBLCE TBDEMSCH Y RHOLFSHCH, TEZMBNEOFYTPCHBCHYE PVSBOOPUFY LPNBODITB RPMLB, TPFOSCHI LPNBODITPCH Y CHUEI RTPYYI DPMTSOPUFOSCHI MYG. UTEDY OYI PUPVPZP CHAINBOYS 'BUMHTSYCHBEF RHOLF, RPUCHSEOOOSCHK PVSBOOPUFSN OBNEOPUGB. ZMBUYM bo'yicha: “h VPA OE OBDMETSYF PUFBCHMSFSH ('OBNS b.n.) RPD UNETFOP LBJOYA..., B EZDB PRBUOPK UMKHYUBK CH TEFYTBDE HYYOYFUS, FPZDB OBNS PF DTECHTBSYFSHYF Y PLPMP UEVS PVCHYFSH Y FBLP UEVS "U POSCHN URBUBFS ."
RETEUFTPEOOYS Y 'BMRPCHBS UFTEMSHVB FTEVPCHBMY PF UPMDBF IPTPYEK CHSHXYULY. POB DPUFYZBMBUSH RKHFEN KHFPNYFEMSHOSHCHI, NOPZPYUBUPCHSHHI OBOSFYK Y UHTPCHSHCHI OBLBBOYK UB PYYVLY. TEKHMSHFBF, FEN OE NEOEE, VSHM OBMYGP. vPMSHYOUFChP YOPUFTBOGECH, CHYDECHYI TPUUYKULHA BTNYA Y YNECHYYI CHNPTSOPUFSH UTBCHOYFSH EE U BTNYSNY DTKHZYI UFTBO, U VPMSHYP RPICHBMPK PF'SCCHBMPCHPUCHPYP OOOP ZCHBTDEKGECH. “YUEFSHTE ZCHBTDEKULYI, YOZETNBOMBODULYK Y OECHULYK (REIPFOSHCHE b.n.) RPMLY, LYETGYGYY LPFPTSCHI BILAN CHYDE, RYYEF YCHED l. t VETL, CHSHRPMOSAF RTYENSH RPYUFY FBLCE IPTPYP, LBL RTHUUBLY, PDOBLP VE' UBBBChOSCHI RPDRTShChZIChBOVK. OE UPNOECHBAUSH, YuFP OBIPDSEYEUS CH RPME RPMLY FPCE IPTPYP PVHYUEOSCH.” bozmyyuboyo zhtyouyu dychkhd, VSHCHBCHYYK, LUFBFY, PE zhTBOGYY, PFNEYUBEF: “zChBTDEKULYE RPMLY CHSHZMSDSF FBLYNY RTECHPUIPDOSHNY UPMDBFBNY, LBLYI S LPDBMMYVZPID.” EZP UPPFEYUEUFCHEOOYGB MY'BVEF dTSBUFYU, LBL YUFYOOBS RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOYGB RTELTBUOPZP RPMB, CH UCHPYI 'BNEFLBI P tPUUYY RPCHEUFCHHEF P OBTSDBJDBOSHLE F. FEN OE NEOEE, Y POB UPYUMB OEPVIPDYNSCHN 'BNEFYFSH: “CHYDEMB bilan, LBL 32 FSCHUSYU UPMDBF DEMBMY CHPEOOSH HRTBTSOEOYS HAQIDA MSDH. OBDP RTYOBFSH, UFP POY IPTPYE UPMDBFSH.”
PE CHTENS TKHUULP-FKHTEGLPK CHPKOSHCH 1735–1739 ZZ., LPZDB “L'ETGYGYS REYBS” RPDCHETZMBUSH UHTPCHPK RTPCHETLE, CH OEE VSHCHMY CHOUEOSCH OELPPSDPIMOSESH. 1736-qism Z., RP KHLBBOYA NYOYIB, ZEOETBM qismi ZhETNPT UPUFBCHYM "dYURPYGYA VPECHPZP RPTSDLB Y NBOECHTTPCH ZEOETBMSHOPK VBFBMYY U FHTLBNY." h OEK PFNEYUBMPUSH, SFP OHTsOP KHYUFSH CHPKULB FPMSHLP FPNH, SFP "RTYDEFUS DEMBFSH Ch VPA". h LBYUEUFCHE MHYUYEZP URPUPVB CHEDEOYS PZOS OBSHCHBMBUSH UFTEMSHVB RP RMHFPOZBN, RTYUEN LBTSDSCHK RMHFPOZ DPMTSEO VSHM UFTEMSFSH RPYETEOPTsOP. pDOPCHTENEOOOP "DYURPYGYS" FTEVPCHBMB PFLBJBFSHUS PF 'BMRPChPK UFTEMSHVSHCHN VBFBMSHPOPN YMY, FEN VPMEE, RPMLPN. PUOPCHBOYS DMS LFPZP VSHMY UMEDHAEYE: CH-RETCHSHI, PZHYGET, LPNBODHAYK PZOEN VBFBMSHPOB, OE NPTsEF Y'-'B RPTPIPCHPZP DSCHNB IPTPYP CHIDEFSH RTPCHPSHPTHBPE VPEN; PE-CHFPTSCHI, RTY UFTEMSHVE VBFBMSHPOOPK YETEOZPK HAQIDA OETPCHOPK NEUFOPUFY Oye CHUE UPMDBFSH PDYOBLPCHP IPTPYP CHYDSF RTPPHYCHOILB; CH-FTEFSHYI, RETETSCHCHSHCH NETSDH PFDEMSHOSHNY 'BMMRBNY PUEOSH CHEMIL. "DYURPYGYS" FBLCE KHLBSCCHBMB, LBL CHEUFY UFTEMSHVH YI LMPOO Y UFTEMSHVH YI-YB KHLTSCHFYK.
pZPOSH Y LPMPO TELPNEODPCHBMPUSH RTYNEOSFSH RTY OBOSFIY LBLPC-OYVKHSH "FEUOYOSCH". lBCDBS LPMPOOB PVTBPCHCHCHBMBUSH RMHFPOZBNY PDOPZP VBFBMSHPOB YMY RPMLB, RPUFBCHMEOOOSCHNY DTHZ 'B DTHZPN. uP'DBOYE LMPOO YUYUMEOOPUFSHA VPMEE RPMLB VSHMP RTYOBOP OETBGYPOBMSHOSCHN Y'-'B CHPNPTSOPK RKhFBOYGSCH CH LPNBODBY. uFTEMSHVH UMEDPCHBMP CHEUFY RP RMHFPOZBN, OP CH PFMYUYE PF PVSHYUOPZP CHBTYBOFB, UPMDBFSH LBTSDPZP RMHFPOZB UFTEMSMY CHUE TBBPN. dBCh NBUUYTPCHBOOSCHK 'BMR, RETEDOYK RMHFPOZ PFIPDYM CH ICHPUF LPMPOOSCH Y PFLTSCHCHBM RTPUFTBOUFCHP DMS UFTEMSHVSH UMEDHAEENKH.
rTY OBMYYUYY RETED ZHTPOPFPN LBLPC MYVP EUFEUFCHEOOPK 'BEIFSHCH (Y'ZPTPDY, IPMNB, THYUSHS Y RTPYUEZP) UPMDBFSH DPMTSOSCH VSHMY UFTPIFSHUS OE CH YUEFCHEOOPK YUEFSHYTE,. h LFPN UMKHYUBE UFTEMSMB DPMTSOB VSHMB FPMSHLP RETCHBS YETEOZB, B PUFBMSHOSHE 'BTTSSBMY THTSSHS Y RPDBCHBMY YI UFEMSAEIN. UFBTSHCHK URPUPV, LPZDB ETEOOZB, DBC ЪBMR, PFIPDIMB OBBD, B UNING NEUFP CHSCCHYZBMBUSH DTHZBS, RTYOBMY OEKHDBYUOSCHN HAQIDA. rP NOEOYA BCHFPTIB "DYURPYGYY", MADI, 'OBS, YuFP RPUME CHSHCHUFTEMB POY UNPZHF PFPKFY, VHDHF FPTPRYFSHUS Y RMPIP CHEUFY PZPOSH. rTY RETEENEEOOY YETEOZ NPTSEF CHP'OYLOKHFSH 'BNEIBFOMSHUFChP, LPFPTPPE URTPCHPGYTHEF OBFYUL CHTBZB.
rTYOBCHBS, YuFP MKHYUYN PTHTSYEN SCHMSEFUS ZHYES UP YFSHLPN, "dYURPYYGYS" KHLBSHCHBMB HAQIDA YZHZHELFYCHOPUFSH RTYNEOOYS RTPFYCH LPOOYGSH DMYOOSCHI. rYLBNY, RP NOOOYA EE BCHFPTB, UMEDPCHBMP CHPPTHTSBFSH UPMDBF CHFPTPK YETEOZY, B UPMDBFBN RETCHPK YETEOZY OBDMETSBMP YNEFSH RTYNLOHFSCHE YFSHHLY. "DYURPYGYS" HYUMB FBLCE ULMPOOPUFSH FBFBT L BUBDBN Y CHOEBROSHCHN OBRBDEOYSN. rTY RETEDCHYTSEOYSI POB TELPNEODPCHBMB OEUFY ZHKHJE OE "YUETE RMEYUP", B CH THLBI, YNES CHUEZDB VPMSHYPK RBMEG RTBCHPK HAQIDA LHLTL. dMS KHCHEMYUEOYS RPDCHITSOPUFY REIPFYOGECH CH VPA, TELPNEODPCHBMPUSH OBLBOKHOYE “VBFBMYY” PUFBCHMSFSH TBOGSH, YYOEMY YYRBZY CH PVPJE.
lBUBSUSH CHBYNPDEKUFCHYS REIPFSCH Y BTFYMMETYY, "DYURPYGYS" RTEDRYUSCHCHBMB TBNEEBFSH RHYLY UB ZHMBOZBNY VBFBMSHPOB, YuFPVSH OERTYSFEMSH "OE Rafinerisi" rTY OEPVIPDYNPUFY PFLTSCHFSH BTFYMMETYKULYK PZPOSH, RMHFPOZY, UFPSCHYE RETED RHYLBNY, DPMTSOSCH VSHMY UDCHPYFSH TSDSCH Y CH PFLTSCHYYEUS VTEY RHYTCHYYEUS VTEY RHYYYYTFUSHYLY "UFTTPYTFUSPHA" rTY RPUFTPEOOY LPMPOOBNY RHYLY TBTEYBMPUSH UFBCHYFSH UB PDOYN GEOFTBMSHOSHI RMHFPOZPCH.
dMS PFTBTSEOYS CHTBTSEULPK LPOOYGSH TPUUYKULBS REIPFB YuBUFP YURPMSH'PCHBMB LBTE RPUFTPEOYE CHYDE YuEFSHTEIKHZPMSHOILB, LBTSDHA UFPPTPOH LPFPTPZMYP YPUFBTEZMYP. DMS YFKHTNB CHTBTSEULYI LTERPUFEK CHPYOSCH UFTPIMYUSH CH LPMPOOSCH, RTYUEN CHREDY YMY ZTEOBDETCH.
pVTBEBEF HAQIDA EUVS CHOYNBOYE, YFP DEKUFCHYS LBCHBMETYY CH "DYURPYYGYY" RPYUFY OE 'BFTPOHFSCH, IPFS, LBBBMPUSH VSHCH, RTY CHPKOE U FHTLBNYYBYBYBYBYBY MEOOPK LPOOYGEK, YNEOOOP LFPF CHPRTPU DPMTSEO VSHM RTYCHMEYUSH CHOYNBOYE LPNBODPCHBOYS.
chPNPTSOP, UMPTSYCHYEUS RPMPSEOYE PVYASUOSEFUS FEN, YFP NYOYI, IPFS Y UPJDBM RETCHSCH TPUUYY LIGHTBUYTULYE RPMLY, RP UPVUFCHEOOPNH RTYOBOYA, LBCHBMETYMPIPMPUL. ch NBE 1736 Z. PFTEDBLFYTPCHBOOKHA “dYURPYGYA” TBUBUMBMY CH RPMLY CH CHYDE “ZEOETBMYFEFULPZP TBUUHTSDEOOIS.”
ZMBCHOSCHN DPLHNEOFPN, PRTEDEMSCHYYN UFTPECHHA UMKHTsVKH LBCHBMETYY, VSHMB "LLETGYGYS CH RPMLKH EZP yNRETBFPULPZP CHSHPUYUEUFCHB". POB RPSCHYMBUSH CH 1732 Z.Y RTEDOBOBYUBMBUSH DMS LIGHTBUYTPCH. 1736 LBI qismi." PUOPCHOSCHN RPUFTPEOYEN LPOOYGSH FBLCE RTYOBCHBMUS TBCHETOHFSHCHK UFTPK YI FTEI YETEOZ. DMS BFBLY CHSHCHUFTBICHBMYUSH LPMPOOSCH TBOPZP UPUFBCHB: ULBDTPOOSHCH, YUEFSHTEICHCHPDOSCH, CHCHPDOSCH DT. yOFETCHBMPCH RP ZhTPOFKH NETSDH CHUBDOILBNY OE VSHMP CHCHUE: LBCBMETYUFSCH FPZP CHTENEY UTBTSBMYUSH UFTENS CH UFTENS. UFTENIFEMSHOPK BFBLE LIGHTBUYT Y DTBZXO OE PVKHYUBMY YN TELPNEODPCHBMPUSH DEKUFCHPCHBFSH “NBMPK TSCHUGPK”.
dMS RPDZPFPCHLY REIPPHYOGECH Y LBCHBMETYUFPCH TEZKHMSTOP RTPCHPDYMYUSH RPMLPCHSHCHE HYUEOYS. IPD REIPFOPZP HYUEOYS RPJCHPMSEF RTEDUFBCHYFSH RTYLB RP UENEOPCHULPNH RPMLH PF 3 UEOFSVTS 1736 Z. uPZMBUOP LFPNH DPLHNEOFH, RPML CHSHCHIPYM DMSSK HYUTBOHYUETPOG SHCHN ZHTPOFPN. UBBBUB UBLMAUMBUS X FPN, UFPVShChShChTBVPFBFSh OChShShHLY UFTEMSHVSH YETEOZBNY, UOBYUBMB HAQIDA NEUFA, UBFEN CH DCHYTSEOYY “OBUFXROSCHNYYHNYYPOCHYB”.
iHCE PVUFPSMP DEMP U PVHYUEOYEN BTFYMMETYUFPCH. chPEOOBS LPMMEZYS OEPDOPLTBFOP FTEVPPCHBMB PF LBOGEMSTYY “zMBCHOPK BTFYMMETYY ZHPTFYZHYLBGYY” UPPVEYFSH, LBL VSHMY PTZBOYPCHBOSH BTFYMMETYKULYE HYUEOGETEMBTYSTYB RTPU Y'CHEUFOPNKH BTFYMMETYKULPNKH ZEOETBMKH h. ZEOOYOH, CHEDBCHYENH CH FP CHTENS KHTBMSHULINY 'BCHPDBNY. ZEOOYO PFCHEFYM: “rTY NPEC VSHFOPUFY CH TPUUYY HAQIDA BTFYMMETYKULPK UMKHTSVE CH LPNBODE ZMBCHOPK BTFYMMETYY, P BTFYMMETYKULPK LYETGYYYY, B YNEOOOP: RVBOSCHYV, NEFBOYYH ULPTPUFTEMSHOBS, LBLYN PVTBBPN RTPYCHPDYFSH, PF ZMBCHOPK BTFYMMETYY KHLBB S OE YNEM, FPMSHLP BTFYMMETYKULYI UMKHTSYFEMEK CHEMEOP VSHMP PVKHUBFSH RTBLFYLE.” ch 1731 Z. CHPKULB RPMKHYUMY UPUFBCHMEOOOSCHK RP KHLBBOYA UEOBFB "HYUEVOSCHK BTFYLHM RKHYYUOSCHK." dMS RPDZPFPCHLY BTFYMMETYUFPCH UMEDPCHBMP PFPVTBFSH CH LBTSDPN RPMLH CHPUENSH YUEMPCHEL, LPFPTSCHI "PVKHYUBFSH LBOPOYTULPK DPMTSOPUFY" UOBYUBMB HAQIDA ZZMETYUFTO UMKh.
OBTSDKH U KHIPRKHFOPK BTNYEK CH 1730 ZPDSH BLFYCHOP UPCHETYEOUFCHPCHBMUS CHPEOOSHCHK ZHMPF tPUUYY. lBL ZPCHPTYMPUS CHCHCHYE, RTY REFTE II EZP TBCHYFYE ZBLFYUEULY PUFBOPCHYMPUSH. 1728-qism Z. YCHEDULIK RPUMBOIL DPOPUYM UCHPENH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCH Y' REFETVHTZB: “ETSEZPDOHA RPUFTPKLH ZBMET HAQIDA oEUNPFTS, TKHUULYK ZBMETOSCHK ZHMPFEMOSCHK ZHMPFEMSOYBENEF, UTOPSOYBEF; LPTBVEMSHOSHCHK CE RTYIPDIF CH RTSNPE TBPTEOYE, RPFPNH, YuFP UFBTSCHE LPTBVMY CHUE ZOYMSCH, FBL YuFP VPMEE YUEFSHTEI YMY RSFY MYOEKOSHI LPTBVMEK LPTBVMEK CHCHCHPEUFYMB MB. h BDNYTBMFEKUFCHBI TSE FBLPE OUNPFTEOYE, YuFP ZhMPF Y CH FTY ZPDB OEMSH'S RTYCHEUFY CH RTETSOEEE UPUFPSOYE, OP PV LFPN OILFP OE DKHNBEF.”
rPUME CHUFKHRMEOYS HAQIDA RTEUFPM BOOSCH YPBOOPCHOSCH UYFKHBGYS UTBYH YYNEOYMBUSH. xTsE X YAME 1730 Z. VShchM RTYOSF KHLB, CH LPFPTPN "OBYLTERYUBKIE RPDFCHETSDBMPUSH bDNYTBMFEKUFCH-LPMMEZYK, YUFPVSH LPTBVEMSHOSHCHK Y ZBMETOSCHK ZHRPSHHSHMBOFYB KHLBBN, OE PUMBVECHBS I OE KHRPCHBS HAQIDA OSHOEYOE VMBZPRPMKHYOOPE NYTOP CHTENS.” h DELBVTE 1731 Z. BDNYTBMFEKULPK HAQIDA CHETJY 'BMPTSYMY OPCHSHCHK 66-RKHYYEUOSCHK LPTBVMSH. fPZDB CE YNRETBFTYGB TBURPTSDYMBUSH CHPPVOPCHYFSH HAQIDA vBMFYKULPN ZHMPFE TEZKHMSTOSHCHE HUEOOYS U CHSHCHIPDPN CH NPTE, DBVSH "YNEFSH UYE Y MADSN PVHYOOYP BOY FBLEMBTTS Y RTPYUEE RPCHTETSDEOOYE OECHPNPTSOP FBL PUNPFTEFSH, LBL LPTBVMSH CH DCHYTSEOYY”.
ch 1732 Z. VSHMB KHYUTETSDEOB UREGYBMSHOBS LPNYUUYS, GEMSHA LPFPTPK RTPCHPZMBYBMPUSH "RTYCHEDEOYE CH OBDMETSBAKE, RPUFPSOOSCHK Y DPVTSHCHK RPTSDPL ZHMPBLPBLPZP NYTBMFEKUFCHB Y CHUEZP, YuFP L FPNH RTYOBDMETSYF.” rTEDUEDBFEMEN nPTULPK LPNYUUYY UFBM b. y. PUFETNBO, B CH EE UPUFBCH CHPYMY PRSHFOSHCH NPTSLY, LPOFT-BDNYTBMSCH f. UBODETU, oh. uEOSCHYO, r. vTEDBMSH, qismi dNYFTYECH-nBNPOPC Y ZTBZh o. zPMPCHYO. lPNYUUYS RTYOSMB TEYEOYE UTPYUOP CHPP'PVOPCHYFSH UFTPYFEMSHUFCHP HAQIDA VBMFILE LTHROSSHI RBTHUOSHI LPTBVMEC.
l 1736 Z. vBMFYKULYK ZHMPF CHLMAYUBM 20 MYOEKOSCHI LPTBVMEK, 17 ZHTEZBFPCH, 2 YOSCHSHCH, 2 VPNVBTDYTULYI UKHDOB Y 8 RBLEFVPFPCH. lTPNE FPZP, UHEEUFCHPCHBMB UBNPUFPSFEMSHOBS Y DPCHPMSHOP NOPZPYUYUMEOOBS zTEVOBOBS ZHMPFYMYS. PUOPCHOSCHN FYRPN ZTEVOPZP UHDOB SCHMSMBUSH ULBNRBCHES YMY ZBMETB. POB YNEMB 18 RBT CHUEEM Y PF 3 DP 5 RKHYEL LBMYVTPN CH 12, 8 Y 3 ZHHOFB. lPNBODB ULBNRBCHEY OBUYFSHCHBMB PLPMP 150 YUEM.
rTY booe yPBOOPCHOE VSHMB FBLCE RTEPVTBBPCHBOB THLPCHPDYCHYBS CHPEOOP-NPTULINY UYMBNY bDNYTBMFEKUFCH-LPMMEZYK. CHNEUFP RTETSOYI PDYOOBDGBFY LPOFPT CH EE UPUFBCHE UP'DBMY YUEFSHTE LUREDYGYY, YUFP OBYUYFEMSHOP HRTPUFYMP DEMPRTPYCHPDUFCHP, KHNEOSHYMP RETERYUFCHYY BFETYBMSHOKHA PFUEFOPUFSH.
TEZHPTNYTPCHBMY YYFBFSH MYYUOPZP UPUFBCHB ZHMPFB CH GEMPN. CHUE PJYGETSHY NBFTPUSH LPTBVEMSHOPZP Y ZBMETOPZP ZHMPFB VSHMY UCHEDEOSCH CH 36 TPF. h DPRPMOEOYE LOYN CH 1733 Z. UZhPTNYTPCHBMY DCHB NPTULYI UPMDBFULYI RPMLB RP DCHEOBDGBFSH TPF LBCDSCHK. oBLPOEG CH 1734 Z. RPSCHYMUS LPTRKHU NPTULPK BTFYMMETYY, FBLCE CH UPUFBCHE DCHEOBDGBFY TPF. UCHYDEFEMSH TEPTZBOYBGYY ZHMPFULYI YFBFPCH DBFYUBOYO r. ZHPO IBCHEO, UMKHTSYCHYK, LUFBFY, KHYUFEMEN CH UENSHE BDNYTBMB r. vTEDEMS, PFNEFIM CH UCHPII 'BRYULBI: "CHUE NBFTPUSH (ZBMETOPZP ZHMPFB b.n.) RPMKHYUMY PTHTSIE, LBL UPMDBFSHCH, B YNEOOOP YRBZY, THTSSHS Y VBZYEFSHCH, Y PPVDEFSHPUBNETP EE Y CHPEOOPNH. eFP SCHOP UDEMBOP U GEMSHA VPMEE HUREYOP RTYNEOSFSH YI HAQIDA ZHMPFIYMSI RTPFYCH FHTPL. CHEUSH PJYGETULYK YFBF VSHM FBLCE YYNEOO Y KHUFTPEO RP BOZMYKULPNH PVTBGH CH MHYUYKHA DMS PZHYGETPCH UFPPOH...».
zPFPCHYCHYBS ZHMPFULYI PZHYGETPCH nPTULBS BLBDENIS Ch 1733 Z. RPMKHYYMB OPCHPE 'DBOYE: Y' LYLYOSCHI RBMBF UNING RETECHEMY Ch DPN LOSJS b. h. dPMZPTKHLPZP, UFPSCHYK HAQIDA OBVETETSOPK OECCH CH OBYUBME ftEFSHEK MYOY HAQIDA CHBUYMSHECHULPN PUFTPCHE (NEUFE OSCHOEYOEZP BDBOYS BLBDENYY IHDPCEUFCH HAQIDA). fTBDYGYS PFDBCHBFSH RPD HYUEVOSCH 'BCHEDEOYS DCHPTGSCH PRBMSHOSHI CHEMSHNPTS PUFBCHBMBUSH, FBLYN PVTBBPN, OESHCHVMENPK. dP 1738 Z. HYUEVOSCHN RTPGEUUPN CH BLBDENYY THLPCHPDYM YPFMBODEG ZEOTY (BODTEC dBOYMPCHYU) ZBTLCHBTUPO, RTYZMBYEOOOSCHK HAQIDA UMKHTSVKH REFTPN I EEE PUYBMCHO BOYS RP NBFENBFYLE, OBCHYZBGYY, BUFTPOPNYY DTHZYN OBHLBN, OP, FBL LBL ZHMPFULBS UMKHTSVB VSHMB PYUEOSH FSCEMPK, DCHPTSOE RPUFKHRBMY CH BLBDENYA OEPIPPHOP, PUPVEOOOP RPUME PFLTSCHFYS yMSIEFOPZP LPTRHUB. FEN OE NEOEE ZHPO IBCHEO PFNEYUBM, YuFP "VPMSHYOUFChP ZHMPFULYI PZHYGETPCH RTYTPDOSHCHE THUULYE, LPFPTSCHE PVHYUBMYUSH CH REFETVHTZE LBL LBDEFSCH NFNEYUBM YRPSHYPSDCHMBY HTSYNY UFTBOBNY."
u PVPUFTEOYEN PFOPYEOYK NETSDH TPUUYEK Y fHTGYEK 'BNEFOP KHUIMYMUS YOFETEU RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB L UPPTHTSEOYA LPTBVMEK HAQIDA DPOKH Y DOERTE. Cheuopk 1733 Z. DPO VSHM PFTBChmeo Chikeo-Bdneitbm Kommerseniu, LPFPPNH RPTHubmpush "RPUYYYYEENda" RTYUFHRIFSh L Uftpyphemshufch, 23 VPFPCH 400 VHDBT. h 1735–1736 ZZ. LFY UKHDB, RP NETTE YZPFPCHMEOYS, UPUTEDPFPYYCHBMYUSH CH rBCHMPCHULE Y fBCHTPCHY CHIPDIMY CH UPUFBCH dPOULPK ZHMPFYMYY. h SOCHBTE 1738 Z., RP YOYGYBFYCHE NYOYIB DOERT HAQIDA, PUFTPCHE iPTFYGB HAQIDA VSHMB PUOPCHBOB 'BRPTPTsULBS CHETZHSH.
PUPVEOOOP CHREYUBFMSAEE CHZMSDSSF UMEDHAEYE GYZhTSCH: EB CHUE GBTUFCHPCHBOIE BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH FPMSHLP DMS vBMFYKULPZP ZHMPFB RPUFTPIMY PLPMP 100 VPECHMECHU2, TBVMEK Y 10 ZHTEZBFPCH.
yFBL, Ch 1730 ZPDSH THLPCHPDUFCHP TPUUYKULYNY CHPPTHTSEOOSCHNY UYMBNY UFBMP VPMEE GEOFTBMYPCHBOOSCHN. dMS RPDZPFPCHLY PZHYGETPCH VSHM PFLTSCHF yMSIEFOSHCHK LPTRKHU, YuFP RPMPTSYMP OBYUBMP RPMKHFPTBCHELPCHPK YUFPTYY LBDEFULYI LPTRHUPCH CH TPUUYY. TBUYYTIMBUSH UEFSH YLPM DMS UPMDBFULYI DEFEC. h UPUFBCHE LBCHBMETYY RPSCHYMYUSH LIGHTBUYTULYE RPMLY. vShchMY HFPYUOOESCH Y KHUPCHETYEOUFChPCHBOSH RTBCHYMB CHEDEOYS VPS REIPFPK. ZBLFYUEULY CHPTPDYMPUSH LPTBVMEUFTPEOYE. pDOBLP, OECHYTBS HAQIDA LFY PUECHYDOSH ZBLFSCH, NOPZIE YUFPTYLY, CH PUPVEOOPUFY UPCHEFULLPZP RETYPDB, OBCHSYUYCHP RPCHFPTSMY FEYU P "BUFPE" Y "HRBDLE"YOOODYING CHPEDEB. fBL u. n. fTPYGLYK CH UCHPYI LPNNEOFBTYSI L "YUFPTYY tPUUYY" y. n. UPMPCHCHB Khfchetsdbm: “Ycheufop, YuFP YENEOOOP PHOTESSHY XVIII h., Lpzdb Chuke Chokhfteoek yuyyok ipuyi tpuyi chedbmy puffetnbo, nyoyi yi ri rtvmocho, rtyymey ni RTVHA t y u t o y o n u n o y i l u n o y i l i fenh Pvhyeois, Ortychyhaus L Nhyft y KHCHEMYUYCHBAEHA FSTSEUFSH UMHTSVSH VHI UPMDBF.” URPTH OEF, UPMDBFULBS UMKHTSVB RTY NYOIE VSHMB FSCEMB, OP RPYUENH UPJDBOIE OPCHSHHI CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSHI UBCHEDEOYK Y UFTPIFEMSHUFCHP DCHBDGBFY MYOEKOSCHI LPTBLPBDs FSCEMB? bFPZP YUFPTYL RTEDRPYUEM OE PVASUOSFSH.
Anna Ioannovna 1730 yildan 1740 yilgacha hukmronlik qilgan rus imperatori, I Pyotrning jiyani, uning ukasi va hukmdori Ivan Alekseevichning qizi. Uning hukmronligi odatda favoritizmning (Bironovizm) gullab-yashnashi va mashhur Muz uyi ruhidagi ko'ngilochar tadbirlarga bo'lgan ishtiyoq bilan bog'liq.
Biroq, Anna Ioannovna hukmronligining o'n yilligini faqat shu bilan qisqartirish adolatdan bo'lmaydi. O'zining barcha noaniqligiga qaramay, imperator Anna Rossiyaning buyukligiga hissa qo'shishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.
Izmailovskaya malika
Malika Anna 1693 yilda tug'ilgan. U bolaligini Izmailovodagi qirol saroyida o'tkazgan. Dowager Tsarina Praskovya Fedorovna o'zining kichkina dunyosini go'yo Pyotr I ning bo'ronli o'zgarishlari Rossiyada hech qachon sodir bo'lmagandek boshqardi, uning o'rtasi Anna bo'lgan uchta qizi Petrindan oldingi malika kabi minorada o'sgan. marta, faqat xizmatkorlar, onalar va enagalar, hazil-mutoyiba va taqvodor sargardonlar bilan muloqot qilish. Biroq, Praskovya Fedorovna ba'zi yangi tendentsiyalar bilan kelishib olishga majbur bo'ldi: malikalarning o'qituvchilari bor edi - nemis va frantsuz, ularga savodxonlik, arifmetika, tillar, raqs va odob-axloq qoidalarini o'rgatishgan. Izmailovoda sud teatri va o'z orkestri bor edi.
Kurland gertsoginyasi
Qachon tugadi Shimoliy urush, Pyotr Kurland gersogligida (zamonaviy Latviyaning g'arbiy qismi) rus tojining mavqeini mustahkamlashga qaror qildi. Bunga erishish uchun 1709 yilda yosh Kurland gertsogi Fridrix Vilgelmga rus malikalaridan biriga uylanishga qaror qilindi. Butrus Tsarina Praskovya Fedorovnani qizlaridan qaysi biri gersoginya bo'lishini tanlashni taklif qildi. U o'sha paytda 16 yoshga to'lgan Annaga ishora qildi. Bir yil o'tgach, Sankt-Peterburgda ajoyib to'y bo'lib o'tdi. Bayramlar va to'plar ikki oy davom etdi. 1711 yil yanvar oyida yoshlar Kurlandiya poytaxti Mitava shahriga borishdi.
Biroq, Fridrix Vilgelm o'z mulkiga etib bormasdan, yo'lda vafot etdi. Zamondoshlarning ta'kidlashicha, bunga haddan tashqari libaslar sabab bo'lgan. Bir kun oldin yosh gertsog kim kimni ichishi mumkinligini bilish uchun Pyotr I bilan raqobatlashishga qaror qildi. Anna onasiga qaytib keldi. Bir yil o'tgach, Piter o'z jiyanini Kurlandiyaga gersoginya sifatida yubordi. Lekin yolg'iz emas. Pyotr Bestujev-Ryumin u bilan Mitavaga jo'nadi, u yosh beva ayolga yordam berish va unga qarashni buyurdi. U buni kuzatib turardi. Biroz vaqt o'tgach, Sankt-Peterburgda o'rta yoshli Bestujev - u Annadan 30 yosh katta edi - uning sevgilisi ekanligi ma'lum bo'ldi.
1727 yilda Bestujev janjal bilan Peterburgga qaytarildi. Anna qadrdon do'sti uchun uzoq vaqt qayg'urmadi. Bir necha oy o'tgach, Ernst Ioxann Biron Kurland gertsogining yuragini egalladi. Anna bu sevgisini umrining oxirigacha saqlab qoldi.
Rossiya imperatori va avtokrati
1730 yilda Tsarevich Aleksey Petrovichning o'g'li va imperator Pyotrning nabirasi yosh imperator Pyotr II vafot etdi. Bu Romanovlar oilasining erkak avlodidagi so'nggi avlodi edi. Olijanob fitna natijasi o'limidan oldin taxtni Buyuk Pyotrning nabirasi Karl Pyotr Ulrixga (bo'lajak Pyotr III) vasiyat qilgan Ketrin Ining irodasiga zid ravishda Anna Ioannovnani hukmronlikka taklif qilish edi. Odatda adabiyotda "oliy rahbarlar" deb ataladigan fitnachilar uzoq yillar begona yurtda o'tkazgan va mish-mishlarga ko'ra na aql, na iste'dod bilan porlamagan Annani ularning itoatkor quroliga aylantirishga qaror qilishdi.
Anna Ioannovnaning davlat ishlariga aralashmaslik majburiyatlarini o'z ichiga olgan hujjat - "Shartlar" deb nomlangan hujjat bilan imperatorning kuchini cheklashga qaror qilindi. Biroq, aslida u butunlay boshqacha bo'lib chiqdi. Anna itoatkorlik bilan "Shartlarga" imzo chekdi, lekin Rossiyaga kelganida, u tarafdorlari borligini bilib oldi. 1730 yil 25 fevralda imperator sud va "oliy amaldorlar" ishtirokida "shartlarni" yirtib tashladi.
Anna Ioannovnaning hukmronligi
Uzoq vaqt davomida rus tarixi va fantastikasida Anna Ioannovna hukmronligining "qorong'u o'n yilligi", Bironovizm va nemislarning sudda hukmronligi haqida fikr mavjud edi. Biroq, so'nggi tarixiy tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, bu qisman mubolag'a. Darhaqiqat, Anna va uning taxtini o'rab olgan odamlar Rossiya uchun juda ko'p foydali narsalarni qila oldilar.
Anna Ioannovna hukmronligi dasturi quyidagi asosiy vazifalarni hal qildi:
Armiyani isloh qilish vazifasi xarajatlarni qisqartirish zarurati bilan bog'liq edi, chunki oldingi hukmronlik davrida ham dehqonlarga haddan tashqari soliq yuki masalasi paydo bo'lgan edi;
Shuningdek, davlat organlari faoliyatini tartibga solish va xarajatlarni kamaytirish maqsadida ularning tarkibini qayta ko‘rib chiqish zarurligi haqida so‘z yuritildi;
Hamma uchun adolatli va teng sud yaratish zarurligi e'lon qilindi;
Senat isloh qilindi. Uning oldingi hukmronligi davrida uzilib qolgan ishi Butrusning farmonlari asosida tiklandi.
Imperator flotni isloh qilish uchun juda ko'p ish qildi. Uning ostida kemasozlik qayta tiklandi va Boltiq dengizida muntazam mashqlar yana boshlandi. Rossiya flotining rivojlanishida hal qiluvchi rol o'ynagan Harbiy dengiz komissiyasi tuzildi. Nihoyat, 1732 yilda Arxangelskdagi yopiq port qayta ochildi va tiklandi, Solombaladagi kemasozlik zavodi ham ishga tushdi.
Anna hukmronligi davrida Qrim xonligiga hal qiluvchi zarba berildi, Rossiya turkiy Xotin qal'asini egallab oldi, Azov qal'asini, Ukrainaning o'ng qirg'og'i hududining bir qismini, Shimoliy Kavkazdagi hududlarni va Rossiya tojining protektoratini oldi. qozoq qabilalari - Kichik juzlar ittifoqi e'lon qilindi.
Biroq, Maxfiy kantslerning faoliyati, qiynoqlar ostidagi so'roqlar, surgunlar va qatllar shubhali va fitnalardan juda qo'rqqan Anna Ioannovna hukmronligiga jiddiy soya solib, unda qorong'u iz qoldirdi.
Bularning barchasi "Bironovizm" deb nomlangan, chunki jamoatchilik fikri maxfiy kantsler faoliyati uchun barcha aybni imperatorning sevimlisiga yuklagan. Keyinchalik, arxiv hujjatlari Bironning maxfiy kantslerning tergov ishlarida ishtirok etmaganligini ko'rsatdi. Bundan tashqari, rus xalqiga bo'lgan barcha noroziliklari bilan Biron bizning mamlakatimizga foyda keltira oldi: aynan u Rossiyada otlarni malakali ko'paytirishni boshlagan va unga chinakam ishtiyoqi bor edi.
Toj kiyish: |
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Oldingi: |
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Voris: |
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Tug'ilgan: |
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Sulola: |
Romanovlar |
Praskovya Fedorovna |
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Frederik Uilyam (Kurland gertsogi) |
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Monogramma: |
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Taxtga kirish
Anna Ioannovnaning hukmronligi
Ichki siyosat
Rossiya urushlari
Bironovschina
Tashqi ko'rinish va xarakter
Hukmronlikning oxiri
San'atdagi iz
Adabiyot
Filmografiya
Qiziqarli faktlar
(Anna Ivanovna; 28 yanvar (7 fevral) 1693 yil - 1740 yil 17 oktyabr (28) - Romanovlar sulolasidan rus imperatori.
Praskovya Fedorovnadan Tsar Ivan V ning ikkinchi qizi (Tsar Pyotr I ning ukasi va hukmdori). U 1710 yilda Kurland gertsogi Fridrix Vilgelmga turmushga chiqdi; To'ydan 4 oy o'tib beva bo'lib, u Kurlandda qoldi. Pyotr II vafotidan keyin u 1730 yilda Oliy Maxfiylik kengashi tomonidan cheklangan vakolatlarga ega bo'lgan monarx sifatida Rossiya taxtiga taklif qilindi, ammo Oliy Kengashni tarqatib yuborish orqali barcha hokimiyatni o'z qo'liga oldi.
Keyinchalik uning hukmronligi davri deb nomlandi Bironovizm sevimli Biron sharafiga nomlangan.
Erta biografiya
1682 yildan boshlab aka-uka Pyotr I va Ivan V 1696 yilda oqsoqol, ammo kasal bo'lib qolgan podshoh Ivan V vafot etgunga qadar rus taxtiga hukmronlik qilishdi. 1684 yil yanvar oyida Ivan (yoki Jon) Praskovya Fedorovna Saltikovaga uylandi, u suveren besh qizni tug'di, ulardan faqat uchtasi tirik qoldi. Katta qizi Ketrin keyinchalik gertsog Charlz Leopoldga uylandi va uning nabirasi qisqa muddat Ivan VI nomi bilan Rossiya imperatori bo'lib xizmat qildi. O'rtancha qizi Anna 1693 yilda tug'ilgan va 15 yoshiga qadar onasi Praskovya Fedorovna bilan Moskva yaqinidagi Izmailovo qishlog'ida yashagan.
1708 yil aprel oyida qirollik qarindoshlari, jumladan Anna Ioannovna Sankt-Peterburgga ko'chib o'tdi.
1710 yilda Pyotr I Rossiyaning Boltiqboʻyi davlatlarida taʼsirini kuchaytirmoqchi boʻlib, Annani Kurlandiyaning yosh gertsogi, Prussiya qirolining jiyani Frederik Uilyamga uylandi. To'y 31 oktyabr kuni Sankt-Peterburgda, knyaz Menshikov saroyida bo'lib o'tdi va shundan keyin er-xotin Rossiyaning shimoliy poytaxtidagi ziyofatlarda vaqt o'tkazishdi. 1711 yil boshida o'z mulki uchun Sankt-Peterburgdan zo'rg'a chiqib ketgan Fridrix Vilgelm, ular taxmin qilganidek, ziyofatlarda haddan tashqari haddan tashqari ko'tarilganligi sababli vafot etdi.
Pyotr I ning iltimosiga binoan Anna Rossiya vakili P. M. Bestujev-Ryumin nazorati ostida Mitauda (hozirgi Latviyaning g'arbiy qismi) yashay boshladi. U gersoglikni boshqargan va uzoq vaqt davomida Annaning sevgilisi edi. Anna 1726 yilda Saksoniya Moritsga turmushga chiqishga rozilik berdi, ammo Kurlandiya gersogligi uchun rejalari bo'lgan Menshikovning ta'siri ostida nikoh muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi. Taxminan bu vaqtda Annaning hayotiga bir kishi kirdi, u o'limigacha unga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi.
1718 yilda 28 yoshli Kurland zodagoni Ernest-Iogann Buren keyinchalik frantsuz gertsogi Birona nomini olgan Dowager gertsoginyasining idorasida xizmatga kirdi. Ba'zida vatanparvar yozuvchilar ta'kidlaganidek, u hech qachon Annaning kuyovi bo'lmagan, lekin tez orada mulklardan birining boshqaruvchisi bo'lgan va 1727 yilda u Bestujevni butunlay almashtirgan.
Bu haqda mish-mishlar bor edi kenja o'g'li Biron Karl Ernst (1728 yil 11 oktyabrda tug'ilgan) aslida uning Annadan o'g'li edi. Bunga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri dalil yo'q, lekin bilvosita dalillar mavjud: Anna Ioannovna 1730 yil yanvar oyida qirol bo'lish uchun Mitavadan Moskvaga borganida, Bironning o'zi va uning oilasi Kurlandda qolgan bo'lsa ham, bu chaqaloqni o'zi bilan olib ketdi.
Taxtga kirish
1730 yil 19 (30) yanvar kuni soat 1 da Pyotr II vafotidan so'ng, eng yuqori boshqaruv organi - Oliy maxfiy kengash yangi suveren haqida maslahatlasha boshladi. Rossiyaning kelajagini 7 kishi aniqladi: kansler Golovkin, Dolgorukiylar oilasining 4 vakili va ikkita Golitsin. Vitse-kansler Osterman muhokamadan qochdi.
Savol oson emas edi - erkaklar qatorida Romanovlar sulolasining bevosita avlodlari yo'q edi.
Kengash a'zolari quyidagi nomzodlarni muhokama qildilar: malika Yelizaveta (Pyotr I ning qizi), Tsarina-buvisi Lopuxina (Pyotr I ning 1-xotini), Golshteyn gertsogi (Pyotr I ning qizi Anna bilan turmush qurgan), malika Dolgorukaya (Pyotr II ning turmush qurganlari) . Ketrin I o'z vasiyatnomasida Elizabetni Pyotr II farzandsiz vafot etgan taqdirda taxt vorisi deb atagan, ammo bu esga olinmagan. Yelizaveta yoshligi va oldindan aytib bo'lmaydiganligi bilan eski zodagonlarni qo'rqitdi va yaxshi tug'ilgan zodagonlar, odatda, sobiq xizmatkor va chet ellik Yekaterina Alekseevnadan Pyotr I ning bolalarini yoqtirmasdi.
Keyin, knyaz Golitsinning taklifiga binoan, ular 1696 yilgacha Pyotr I bilan nominal hamkasb bo'lgan Tsar Ivan Alekseevichning yuqori safiga murojaat qilishga qaror qilishdi.
Kengashning 8 a'zosi Tsar Ivan Alekseevichning turmushga chiqqan to'ng'ich qizi Ketrinni rad etib, uning 19 yil davomida Kurlandiyada yashagan va Rossiyada hech qanday sevimli yoki partiyasi bo'lmagan kenja qizi Anna Ioannovnani 8 yilga qadar taxtga sayladilar. 19-yanvar (30) kuni ertalab soat, ya'ni hamma uchun tartibga solingan. Anna zodagonlarga itoatkor va boshqariladigan bo'lib tuyuldi, despotizmga moyil emas edi. Vaziyatdan foydalanib, rahbarlar Annadan ba'zi shartlarni imzolashni talab qilib, avtokratik hokimiyatni o'z foydasiga cheklashga qaror qilishdi. Shartlar" Ga binoan " Shartlar"Rossiyadagi haqiqiy hokimiyat Oliy Maxfiy Kengashga o'tdi va monarxning roli vakillik funktsiyalariga qisqartirildi.
1730 yil 28 yanvarda (8 fevral) Anna imzoladi " Shartlar", unga ko'ra, Oliy Maxfiylik Kengashisiz u urush e'lon qila olmaydi yoki sulh tuza olmaydi, yangi soliqlar va soliqlar kirita olmaydi, xazinani o'z xohishiga ko'ra sarflay olmaydi, polkovnikdan yuqori martabalarga ko'tarolmaydi, mulklar bera olmaydi, zodagonni hayotdan mahrum qila olmaydi. va sudsiz mulk, nikoh qurish, taxtga merosxo'r tayinlash.
1730 yil 15 (26) fevralda Anna Ioannovna tantanali ravishda Moskvaga kirdi, u erda davlatning qo'shinlari va yuqori martabali amaldorlari Assotsiatsiya soborida imperatorga sodiqlik qasamyod qildilar. Qasamyodning yangi shaklida avtokratiyani anglatuvchi ba'zi oldingi iboralar chiqarib tashlandi, ammo ma'noni anglatuvchi iboralar yo'q edi. yangi forma qoida va, eng muhimi, Oliy Maxfiylik Kengashining huquqlari va imperator tomonidan tasdiqlangan shartlar haqida hech qanday gap yo'q edi. O'zgarish shundan iboratki, ular imperator va vatanga sodiq bo'lishga qasamyod qilishdi.
Ikki partiya o'rtasida yangi hukumat tizimi uchun kurash davom etdi. Rahbarlar Annani yangi vakolatlarini tasdiqlashga ishontirishga harakat qilishdi. Avtokratiya tarafdorlari (A. I. Osterman, Feofan Prokopovich, P. I. Yagujinskiy, A. D. Kantemir) va zodagonlarning keng doiralari Mitauda imzolangan "Shartlar" ni qayta ko'rib chiqishni xohlashdi. Achchiqlanish, birinchi navbatda, Oliy Maxfiylik Kengashi a'zolarining tor guruhining mustahkamlanishidan norozilik tufayli yuzaga keldi.
1730 yil 25 fevralda (7 mart) katta zodagonlar guruhi (turli manbalarga ko'ra 150 dan 800 gacha), shu jumladan ko'plab soqchilar ofitserlari saroyga kelib, Anna Ioannovnaga ariza topshirdilar. Murojaatda imperatorga zodagonlar bilan birgalikda barcha xalqqa ma'qul keladigan boshqaruv shaklini qayta ko'rib chiqish iltimosi bildirilgan. Anna ikkilanib qoldi, lekin uning singlisi Yekaterina Ioannovna qat'iyat bilan imperatorni petitsiyaga imzo chekishga majbur qildi. Dvoryanlar vakillari qisqacha mulohaza yuritishdi va kunduzi soat 4 da imperatordan to'liq avtokratiyani qabul qilishni va "Shartlar" ning fikrlarini yo'q qilishni so'ragan yangi ariza berishdi.
Anna sarosimaga tushgan rahbarlardan yangi shartlarni tasdiqlashni so'raganida, ular faqat boshlarini qimirlatib rozi bo'lishdi. Zamonaviy ta'kidlaganidek: " O'shanda qimirlamagani ular uchun baxt edi; agar ular zodagonlar hukmiga zarracha norozilik bildirganlarida edi, soqchilar ularni derazadan uloqtirgan bo‘lar edi.." Dvoryanlar huzurida Anna Ioannovna yirtib tashladi " Shartlar"va sizning qabul xatingiz.
1730 yil 1 (12) martda xalq ikkinchi marta imperator Anna Ioannovnaga to'liq avtokratiya shartlarida qasamyod qildi.
Anna Ioannovnaning hukmronligi
Anna Ioannovnaning o'zi davlat ishlariga unchalik qiziqmasdi, ishlarni boshqarishni sevimli Biron va asosiy rahbarlar: kansler Golovkin, knyaz Cherkasskiy, tashqi ishlar bo'yicha Osterman va harbiy ishlar bo'yicha feldmarshal Minichga topshirdi.
Ichki siyosat
Hokimiyatga kelgach, Anna Oliy Maxfiylik kengashini tarqatib yubordi va keyingi yili uning o'rniga A. I. Osterman, G. I. Golovkin, A. M. Cherkasskiy kirgan vazirlar kabinetini tuzdi. Hukmronligining birinchi yilida Anna Vazirlar Mahkamasining majlislarida diqqat bilan qatnashishga harakat qildi, ammo keyin u biznesga qiziqishni butunlay yo'qotdi va 1732 yilda u bu erda atigi ikki marta bo'ldi. Asta-sekin Vazirlar Mahkamasi yangi funksiyalarni, jumladan, qonun va farmonlar chiqarish huquqini oldi, bu esa uni Oliy Kengashga juda oʻxshatib qoʻydi.
Anna hukmronligi davrida yagona meros toʻgʻrisidagi dekret bekor qilindi (1731), Gentry kadet korpusi tashkil etildi (1731), dvoryanlar xizmati 25 yil bilan cheklandi. Annaning eng yaqin doirasi chet elliklar (E.I.Biron, K.G. Levenvolde, B.X. Minich, P.P. Lassi)dan iborat edi.
1738 yilda Rossiya imperiyasida yashovchi Anna Ioannovnaning fuqarolari soni deyarli 11 million kishini tashkil etdi.
Rossiya urushlari
B.X. Armiyaga qo'mondonlik qilgan Minich armiyani yevropacha tarzda qayta qurishga kirishdi. Prussiya ta'lim tizimi joriy etildi, askarlar nemis kiyimida kiyinishdi, jingalak va ortiqcha oro bermay kiyishni va kukunni ishlatishni buyurdilar.
Minichning loyihalariga ko'ra, Vyborg va Shlisselburgda istehkomlar qurilgan, janubiy va janubi-sharqiy chegaralar bo'ylab mudofaa chiziqlari qurilgan.
Yangi qo'riqchilar polklari - Izmailovskiy va ot gvardiyasi tuzildi.
Umuman olganda, tashqi siyosat Pyotr I an'analarini davom ettirdi.
1730-yillarda Polsha vorisligi uchun urush boshlandi. 1733 yilda qirol Avgust II vafot etdi va mamlakatda shohsizlik boshlandi. Frantsiya o'zining himoyachisi - Stanislov Leshchinskiyni o'rnatishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Rossiya uchun bu jiddiy muammoga aylanishi mumkin, chunki Frantsiya Rossiya chegaralarida Polsha-Litva Hamdo'stligi, Shvetsiya va Usmonli imperiyasidan iborat davlatlar blokini yaratadi. Shuning uchun Avgust II ning oʻgʻli Avgust III Rossiya, Avstriya va Prussiyaga “Xayrlilar deklaratsiyasi” bilan murojaat qilib, Polsha “hukumat shakli”ni fransuz aralashuvidan himoya qilishni soʻraganida, bu “casus belli” (1733-1735) ni keltirib chiqardi. .
Frantsiya floti Gdanskda (Danzig) mag'lubiyatga uchradi. Leshchinskiy frantsuz kemasida qochib ketdi. Avgust III Polsha qiroli bo'ldi.
Urush paytida ham frantsuz diplomatiyasi Rossiyaning G'arbdagi sa'y-harakatlarini zaiflashtirish uchun rus-turk mojarosini keltirib chiqarishga harakat qildi. Ammo turklar bilan olib borilgan muzokaralar kutilgan natijalarni bermadi, chunki portlar Eron bilan urushda edi. Biroq 1735 yilda Turkiya bilan urush 20 ming kishining Kavkazga borishi va chegaralarni buzishi sababli boshlandi. Tatar qo'shinlari. Portiyaning tajovuzkor niyatlarini bilgan rus diplomatiyasi Eronning do'stona yordamini olishga harakat qildi. Shu maqsadda Kaspiy dengizining gʻarbiy va janubiy qirgʻoqlaridagi sobiq Eron mulklari 1735-yilda Ganja shartnomasini tuzib, Eronga oʻtkazildi. Shartnoma haqida Istanbulda ma'lum bo'lgach, Qrim tatarlari Eronga o'tkazilgan yerlarni zabt etish uchun Zaqafqaziyaga yuborildi.
1735 yilning kuzida 40 ming. General Leontyevning korpusi Perekopga etib bormay, orqaga qaytdi. 1736 yilda qo'shinlar Perekopdan o'tib, xonlikning poytaxti Baxchisaroyni egallab olishdi, ammo yarim orolda qurshab qolishdan qo'rqib, qo'shinlarga qo'mondonlik qilgan Minix shoshilinch ravishda Qrimni tark etdi. 1736 yilning yozida Azov qal'asi ruslar tomonidan muvaffaqiyatli bosib olindi. 1737 yilda ular Ochakov qal'asini olishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. 1736-1738 yillarda Qrim xonligi mag'lubiyatga uchradi.
Sulton saroyi tashabbusi bilan 1737 yilda Nemirovda ruslar, avstriyaliklar va usmonlilar ishtirokida ixtilofni global miqyosda hal qilish bo'yicha qurultoy bo'lib o'tdi. Muzokaralar tinchlikka olib kelmadi va urushlar qayta boshlandi.
1739 yilda rus qo'shinlari Stavuchany yaqinida usmonlilarni mag'lub etib, Xotin qal'asini egalladi. Ammo o'sha yili avstriyaliklar birin-ketin mag'lubiyatga uchradilar va Porte bilan alohida sulh tuzishga kirishdilar. 1739-yil sentabrda Rossiya va Portiya oʻrtasida tinchlik shartnomasi imzolandi. Belgrad shartnomasiga ko'ra, Rossiya Azovni flotni saqlash huquqisiz qabul qildi, Ukrainaning o'ng qirg'og'idagi kichik bir hudud Rossiyaga o'tdi; Shimoldagi Katta va Kichik Kabarda. Kavkaz va Azov janubidagi muhim hudud "ikki imperiya o'rtasidagi to'siq" sifatida tan olingan.
1731-1732 yillarda Qozoq Kichik Juz ustidan protektorat e'lon qilindi.
Bironovschina
1730 yilda Pyotr II davrida yo'q qilingan Preobrajenskiy ordeni o'rniga maxfiy tergov ishlari boshqarmasi tashkil etildi. Qisqa vaqt ichida u ajoyib kuchga ega bo'ldi va tez orada davrning o'ziga xos ramziga aylandi. Anna doimo uning hukmronligiga tahdid soladigan fitnalardan qo'rqardi, shuning uchun bu bo'limning suiiste'mollari juda katta edi. Noaniq so'z yoki noto'g'ri tushunilgan imo-ishora ko'pincha zindonga tushishi yoki hatto izsiz yo'qolishi uchun etarli bo'lgan "So'z va ish" chaqiruvi "Petringacha bo'lgan davr" dan qayta tiklangan. Anna qo'l ostida Sibirga surgun qilinganlarning hammasi 20 mingdan ortiq odam edi, deb hisoblangan, birinchi marta Kamchatka surgun joyiga aylandi; Ulardan 5 mingdan ortig'i iz topa olmas edi, chunki ular ko'pincha o'z joyida hech qanday yozuvsiz surgun qilingan va ko'pincha surgun qilinganlarning o'zlari o'tmishlari haqida hech narsa aytolmaganlar; , chunki uzoq vaqt davomida qiynoqlar ostida ular boshqa odamlarning ismlari bilan ilhomlantirilgan, masalan: "Men Ivanning qarindoshligini eslay olmayman", bu haqda hatto maxfiy kantslerga ham xabar bermagan. 1000 ga yaqin odam qatl etilgan deb hisoblangan, tergov paytida vafot etganlar va yashirincha qatl etilganlar bundan mustasno, ularning soni ko'p edi.
Dvoryanlarga qarshi qatag'onlar: knyazlar Dolgorukiy va vazirlar mahkamasi vaziri Volinskiy jamiyatda alohida rezonansga ega edi. Pyotr II ning sobiq sevimlisi, knyaz Ivan Dolgorukiy 1739 yil noyabrda g'ildirakda o'tirgan edi; qolgan ikki Dolgorukining boshi kesilgan. Oila boshlig'i, knyaz Aleksey Grigorevich Dolgorukiy bundan oldin 1734 yilda surgunda vafot etgan. Volinskiy 1740 yilning yozida imperator haqida yomon so'zlar uchun ustunga qadalgan, ammo keyin uning tili kesilgan va boshi shunchaki kesilgan. .
19-asrda rus jamiyatining vatanparvar vakillari Anna Ioannovna davridagi barcha hokimiyatni suiiste'mol qilishni nemislarning Rossiya sudidagi hukmronligi bilan bog'lashni boshladilar. Bironovizm. Arxiv materiallari va tarixchilarning tadqiqotlari Bironning xazinani o'g'irlash, qatl qilish va qatag'on qilishdagi rolini tasdiqlamaydi, keyinchalik 19-asrda yozuvchilar tomonidan unga tegishli bo'lgan.
Tashqi ko'rinish va xarakter
Omon qolgan yozishmalarga qaraganda, Anna Ioannovna er egasining klassik turi edi. U barcha g'iybatlardan, o'z fuqarolarining shaxsiy hayotidan xabardor bo'lishni yaxshi ko'rardi va atrofiga uni qiziqtirgan ko'plab hazil-mutoyiba va suhbatdoshlarni to'pladi. Bir kishiga yozgan maktubida u shunday yozadi: " Siz bizning xarakterimizni bilasiz, biz qirq yoshli va o'sha Novokshchenova kabi gapiradigan odamlarni yaxshi ko'ramiz" Empress xurofotli edi, qushlarni otish bilan zavqlanardi va yorqin kiyimlarni yaxshi ko'rardi. Davlat siyosati ishonchli shaxslarning tor guruhi tomonidan belgilandi, ular orasida imperator manfaati uchun qattiq kurash olib borildi.
Anna Ioannovnaning hukmronligi ko'ngilochar tadbirlar uchun katta xarajatlar, to'plarni o'tkazish va hovlini saqlash xarajatlari bilan ajralib turdi, bu uning qo'l ostidagi armiya va flotni saqlash xarajatlaridan o'nlab baravar ko'p edi, birinchi marta fillar bilan muz shaharchasi paydo bo'ldi tanasi favvoradek yonayotgan yog'ning kirish eshigi, keyinroq uning sud mittisining masxaraboz to'yi paytida, yangi turmush qurganlar to'y kechasini muz uyida o'tkazdilar.
Rus saroyidagi ingliz elchisining rafiqasi Jeyn Rondo xonim 1733 yilda Anna Ioannovnani shunday tasvirlagan:
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U deyarli mening bo'yim, lekin bir oz qalinroq, nozik qomatli, qorong'u, quvnoq va yoqimli yuzi, qora sochlari va ko'k ko'zlari bilan. Uning tana harakatlari birinchi qarashda sizni hayratga soladigan qandaydir tantanavorlikni ko'rsatadi; lekin u gapirganda, lablarida tabassum o'ynaydi, bu juda yoqimli. U hamma bilan ko'p gapiradi va shunday mehr bilan gapiradiki, go'yo siz tengdosh bilan gaplashayotganga o'xshaysiz. Biroq, u monarxning qadr-qimmatini bir daqiqaga ham yo'qotmaydi; Aftidan, u juda mehribon va menimcha, agar u shaxsiy odam bo'lsa, uni yoqimli va nozik ayol deb atashardi. Imperatorning singlisi, Meklenburg gertsoginyasining qiyofasi muloyim, gavdasi yaxshi, sochlari va ko'zlari qora, ammo past bo'yli, semiz va uni go'zallik deb atash mumkin emas; U quvnoq tabiatga ega va satirik ko'rinishga ega. Ikkala opa ham faqat rus tilida gaplashadi va nemis tilini tushunadi. |
Ispaniyalik diplomat Dyuk de Liria imperatorni tasvirlashda juda nozik:
Gertsog yaxshi diplomat edi - u Rossiyada chet el elchilarining xatlari ochilib, o'qilishini bilar edi.
Birondan tashqari uning sevgilisi - Karl Vegele ham borligi haqida afsonalar mavjud
Hukmronlikning oxiri
1732 yilda Anna Ioannovna taxtni Meklenburg gertsoginyasi Yekaterina Ioannovnaning qizi, jiyani Yelizaveta-Ekaterina-Kristinaning erkak avlodi meros qilib olishini e'lon qildi. Ketrin, Anna Ioannovnaning singlisi, Pyotr I tomonidan Meklenburg gertsogi Karl-Leopoldga turmushga chiqdi, ammo 1719 yilda u bir yoshli qizi bilan erini Rossiyaga tashlab ketdi. Anna Ioannovna pravoslavlikda suvga cho'mgandan keyin Anna Leopoldovna ismini olgan jiyani, xuddi o'z qizi kabi, ayniqsa 1733 yilda Yekaterina Ioannovna vafotidan keyin qaradi.
1739 yil iyul oyida Anna Leopoldovna Brunsvik gertsogi Anton-Ulrichga turmushga chiqdi va 1740 yil avgustda er-xotin Jon Antonovich ismli o'g'il ko'rdi.
1740 yil 5 (16) oktyabrda Anna Ioannovna Biron bilan kechki ovqatga o'tirdi. To'satdan u kasal bo'lib qoldi va hushidan ketdi. Kasallik xavfli deb hisoblangan. Oliy martabali shaxslar o‘rtasida uchrashuvlar boshlandi. Taxtga vorislik masalasi ancha oldin hal qilingan edi, imperator o‘zining ikki oylik farzandi Ivan Antonovichni o‘zining vorisi deb atadi. U voyaga etgunga qadar kim regent bo'lishini hal qilish kerak edi va Biron o'z foydasiga ovoz to'plashga muvaffaq bo'ldi.
16 (27) oktyabrda kasal imperatorning yaqin orada o'limini bashorat qilgan tutqanoq tutdi. Anna Ioannovna Osterman va Bironni chaqirishni buyurdi. Ularning huzurida u ikkala hujjatga - Ivan Antonovichdan keyingi meros va Bironning regentligi to'g'risida imzo chekdi.
1740 yil 17 (28) oktyabr kuni kechqurun soat 9 da Anna Ioannovna hayotining 48 yoshida vafot etdi. Shifokorlar o'lim sababini tosh kasalligi bilan qo'shilgan podagra deb e'lon qilishdi. Otopsiya paytida buyrakda o'limning asosiy sababi bo'lgan kichik barmoq kattaligidagi tosh topildi. U Sankt-Peterburgdagi Pyotr va Pol soborida dafn etilgan.
San'atdagi iz
Adabiyot
- V. Pikul “So‘z va ish”
- Anna Ioannovna - Valentin Pikulning "So'z va ish" romanidagi bosh qahramonlardan biri.
- M. N. Volkonskiy "Knyaz Nikita Fedorovich"
- I. I. Lazhechnikov. "Muz uyi"
- Anna Ioanovnaning toj kiyish albomi
Filmografiya
- 1983 yil - Demidovlar. 2-qism. - Lidiya Fedoseeva-Shukshina
- 2001 yil - Saroy to'ntarishlari sirlari. Rossiya, XVIII asr. Film 2. Imperatorning vasiyatnomasi. - Nina Ruslanova
- 2001 yil - Saroy to'ntarishlari sirlari. Rossiya, XVIII asr. Film 5. Imperatorning ikkinchi kelini. - Nina Ruslanova
- 2003 yil - Saroy to'ntarishlari sirlari. Rossiya, XVIII asr. Film 6. Yosh imperatorning o'limi. - Nina Ruslanova
- 2003 yil - Rossiya imperiyasi. Seriya 3. Anna Ioannovna, Elizaveta Petrovna.
- 2008 yil - Saroy to'ntarishlari sirlari. Rossiya, XVIII asr. Film 7. Vivat, Anna! - Inna Churikova
- Afsonaga ko'ra, o'limidan biroz oldin imperator Anna Ioannovnaning o'ziga juda o'xshash ayol bilan gaplashayotganini ko'rgan. Keyinchalik imperator bu uning o'limi ekanligini aytdi.
