Question 1.
LOCATION OF THE CENTER VISUAL ANALYZER ARE
b. OPTIC NERVES
V. RETINA RECEPTOR CELLS
d. VISUAL TRACTS
Question 2.
THOSE PERFORMING THE CONDUCTING FUNCTION INCLUDED
A. OCcipital lobes of the telencephalic cortex
b. RETINA RECEPTOR CELLS
V. OPTIC NERVES
d. VISUAL TRACTS
Question 3.
TO THE STRUCTURES OF THE VISUAL ANALYZER,
PERFORMING A PHOTO-SENSITIVE FUNCTION INCLUDED
A. OCcipital lobes of the telencephalic cortex
b. OPTIC NERVES
V. VISUAL TRACTS
d. RETINAL RECEPTORS
Question 4.
ADRENAL HORMONES
A. GENITAL
b. GLUCAGON
V. FOLLICULESTIMULATING
d. GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Question 5.
TESTICAL HORMONES
A. MELANOTROPIC
b. ANDROGENS
V. THYROSTROPIC
g. SEROTONIN
Question 6.
HORMONES OF THE PINAL PHYSUS
A. ANDROGENS
b. MELATONIN
V. THYROSTROPIC
Question 7.
THE NERVE CENTERS OF THE OLfactory ANALYZER ARE LOCATED
A. IN THE OLfactory NERVES
b. IN THE OLfactory Bulbs
V. IN THE LIMBIC STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN
d. IN RECEPTOR CELLS OF THE NASAL MUCOSA
Question 8.
A. END BRAIN
b. DENAMEBRAIN
V. SPINAL CORD
CERVICAL PLEXUS
Question 9.
THE REFRACTIVE POWER OF THE CRYSTAL IS DECREASED
A. WHEN CONTRACTING THE CILIARY MUSCLE
V. WHEN RELAXING THE CILIARY MUSCLE
d. WITH CONTRACTION OF THE PUPIL SPHINCTER
Question 10.
FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE OF THE BASAL NUCLEI OF THE BRAIN
b. VEGETATIVE SUBCORTICAL CENTER
V. REGULATION OF COMPLEX AUTOMATIC MOTOR ACTS
d. ORIENTATIVE VISUAL REFLEX
Question 11.
INTERNATIONAL NEURONS ARE LOCALIZED
A. IN THE LATERAL HORNS OF THE SPINAL CORD
b. IN THE ANTERIOR HORNS OF THE SPINAL CORD
V. IN THE DORSAL HORNS OF THE SPINAL CORD
d. IN THE SPINAL GANGLIA
Question 12.
FAMILY MUSCLES ARE INNERVED
A. GLOSPHARYNGEAL NERVE
b. FACIAL NERVE
V. TRIGEMINAL NERVE
d. VAGUS NERVE
Question 13.
K PITUITARY-INDEPENDENT ENDOCRINE GLANDS:
b. PANCREAS
V. THYROID
g. PARATHYROID
d. GENITAL
Question 14.
IN HYPERFUNCTION OF THE THYROID GLAND, ITS INFLUENCE ON THE BASIC METABOLISM
A. INCREASES
b. TERMINATES
V. WEAKEN
Question 15.
OLfactory INFORMATION IS CARRIED OUT:
A. RECEPTOR CELLS OF THE NASAL MUCOSA
b. OLfactory NERVES
V. OLfactory Bulbs
HOOK, PARAHIPPOCAMPUS
Question 16.
HORMONES PRODUCED BY A-CELLS OF THE PANCREAS:
A. INSULIN
b. GLUCOCORTICOID
V. TRYPSINOGEN
GLUCAGON
Question 17.
EQUILIBRIUM RECEPTORS ARE LOCATED
A. ORGAN OF CORTI
b. IN THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
V. IN THE MIDDLE EAR MUCOSA
Question 18.
HORMONES OF THE PANCREAS
A. GLUCOCORTICOIDS
b. INSULIN
V. ESTROGENS
GLUCAGON
Question 19.
FACTORS AFFECTING THYROID FUNCTION:
A. THE AMOUNT OF IODINE COMING FROM FOOD
b. LEVEL OF TSH (THYROTROTICAL HORMONE) IN THE BLOOD
V. INCREASE IN IODINE IN BLOOD
d. CONDITION OF THE PITUITARY Gland
Question 20.
WHICH HORMONE PRODUCTION IS STIMULATED IN DUE TO DEFICIENCY
Ca+ IN BLOOD:
A. PARATE HORMONE
b. INULINA
V. THYROREOCALCIOTANINE
ALDLSTERON
Question 21.
WHEN THE SECRETION OF VASOPRESSIN (ADH) DECREASES, DIURESIS
A. ABSENT
b. REDUCED
V. INCREASED
Question 22.
HORMONES OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY Gland:
A. PROLACTIN
b. SOMATOTROPIC
V. VASOPRESSIN
THYROSTROPIC
Question 23.
K PITUITARY-DEPENDENT ENDOCRINE GLANDS:
A. PARATHYROID
b. THYROID
V. GENITAL
ADRENAL GLANDS
Question 24.
THE INTERTECAL SPACES OF THE BRAIN INCLUDED
A. EPIDURAL
b. WEB
V. SUBARACHNOIDAL
SUBDURAL
Question 25.
THE SPINAL CORD IS LOCATED IN THE CANAL
A. SPINAL
b. VERTEBRATE
V. BONE Marrow
CRANIAL
Question 26.
A ROUND WINDOW IS A FORMATION OF THE WALL OF THE TYMPAN CAVITY
A. FRONT
b. MEDIAL
V. LATERAL
REAR
Question 27.
LENSES ARE USED TO CORRECT MYOPIA
A. DOUBLE-CONCAVE
b. SIMPLE
V. biconvex
d. COMPLEX
Question 28.
THE HORMONES OF THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY PHYSLE ARE
A. VASOPRESSIN
b. PROLACTIN
V. MELANOTROPIN
OXYTOCIN
Question 29.
TYPICAL EARDER SETS
A. AVERAGE FROM INNER
b. EXTERNAL EAR FROM THE MIDDLE
V. EXTERNALFROM INNER
Question 30.
SMOOTH MUSCLES OF VESSELS AND INTERNAL ORGANS INNERVATES
A. GLOSPHARYNGEAL NERVE
b. NERVUS VAGUS
V. FACIAL NERVE
d. TRIGEMINAL NERVE
Question 31.
LOCATED IN THE MIDDLEBRAIN
A. LATERAL VENTRICLES
b. FOURTH VENTRICLE
V. THIRD VENTRICLE
SYLVIEV VODOPOVOD
Question 32.
OVARIAN HORMONES
A. ANDROGENS
b. FOLLICULESTIMULATING
V. ESTROGENS
d. GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Question 33.
THE REFRACTIVE POWER OF THE CRYSTAL INCREASES
A. WHEN RELAXING THE CILIARY MUSCLE
b. WHEN CONTRACTING THE PUPIL DILATTOR
V. WITH CONTRACTION OF THE PUPIL SPHINCTER
d. WITH CONTRACTION OF THE CILIARY MUSCLE
Question 34.
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXTRAPYRAMIDAL PATHWAY
b. PAIN SENSITIVITY
V. MUSCULAR-ARTICULAR SENSATION
Question 35.
FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SUPERIOR COLLECTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL QUADRICOLMUS
A. REGULATION OF COMPLEX AUTOMATIC MOTOR ACTS
Question 36.
GROWTH LAYER OF SKIN
A. RETICULATE
b. PAPILLARY
V. SPINIOUS
ROGOVOY
Question 37.
IN HYPEROPISECTION, THE REFRACTIVE POWER OF THE CRYSTAL
A. ADEQUATE
b. FINE
V. WEAK
STRONG
Question 38.
INCREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IS CHARACTERISTIC DURING:
A. DECREASED KIDNEY FILTERING CAPACITY
b. INCREASING INSULIN LEVELS
V. DECREASED INSULIN LEVELS
d. INCREASING GLUCOGONE LEVELS
d. INCREASED CONSUMPTION OF SUGAR-CONTAINING PRODUCTS
Question 39.
WITHOUT WHICH HORMONE THE TRANSPORT OF GLUCOSE FROM BLOOD TO CELLS IS IMPOSSIBLE:
A. INSULIN
b. GLYCOCORTICOLIDS
V. INULIN
GLUCOGON
Question 40.
THE CERVICAL PLEXUS INNERVATES:
b. DIAPHRAGM AND PERICARDIUM
V. SKIN AND MUSCLES OF THE HANDS
g. SKIN AND MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL
Question 41.
SENSITIVE NEURONS ARE LOCALIZED
A. IN THE DORSAL HORNS OF THE SPINAL CORD
b. IN THE SPINAL GANGLIA
V. IN THE LATERAL HORNS OF THE SPINAL CORD
d. IN THE ANTERIOR HORNS OF THE SPINAL CORD
Question 42.
THE ZONE OF SKIN SENSITIVITY IS LOCALIZED
A. IN THE OCCIPITAL LOBE
V. IN THE PARIETAL LOBE
Question 43.
IN MYOPIA, THE REFRACTIVE POWER OF THE LENS
A. WEAK
b. FINE
V. ADEQUATE
STRONG
Question 44.
HEARING RECEPTORS ARE LOCATED
A. IN AMPULARY CRYSTES
b. IN THE MIDDLE EAR MUCOSA
V. IN THE OTOLITHOUS APPARATUS
d. IN THE ORGAN OF CORTI
Question 45.
THE MOTOR AREA OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX IS LOCATED
A. IN THE POSTERIOR CENTRAL GYRUS
b. IN THE SUPERIOR TEMPORAL GYRUS
d. IN THE LOWER FRONTAL GYRUS
Question 46.
HORMONES PRODUCED BY β-CELLS OF THE PANCREAS:
A. GLUCAGON
b. INSULIN
V. GLUCOCORTICOID
TRYPSINOGEN
Question 47.
ADRENOCORTICOTRONIC (ACTH) HORMONE STIMULATES THE WORK OF:
A. PANCREAS
b. THYMUS
V. ADRENAL GLANDS
GENITAL GLANDS
Question 48.
MAIN FACTORS DETERMINING ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY:
PANCREAS
A. PITUITARY HYPERFUNCTION
b. BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL
V. LEVEL OF MUSCLE WORK
Question 49.
THE MEDULNA OBLIGUNA FORMS
A. THIRD VENTRICLE
b. SYLVIEV WATER PIPELINE
V. FOURTH VENTRICLE
d. LATERAL VENTRICLES
Question 50.
MOTOR NEURONS ARE LOCALIZED
V. IN THE SPINAL GANGLIA
Question 51.
IN THE TERMINAL SECTION OF THE BRAIN ARE LOCATED
A. FOURTH VENTRICLE
b. SYLVIEV WATER PIPELINE
V. THIRD VENTRICLE
d. LATERAL VENTRICLES
Question 52.
DEPARTMENTS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
A. SPINAL GANGLIA
b. MIDDLE BRAIN
V. MEDULLA
d. LIMIT BRAIN
Question 53.
FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
A. ORIENTATIVE VISUAL REFLEX
V. VEGETATIVE SUBCORTICAL CENTER
d. ORIENTATIVE AUDITORY REFLEX
Question 54.
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEEP CONDUCTING PATH
SENSITIVITY
A. INVOLUTIONARY MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
b. VOLUNTARY MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
V. PAIN SENSITIVITY
d. MUSCULAR-ARTICULAR SENSATION
Question 55.
BRACHIAL PLEXUS INNERVIATES
A. FACIAL SKIN AND FAMILY MUSCLES
b. SKIN AND MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL
V. DIAPHRAGM AND PERICARDIUM
g. SKIN AND MUSCLES OF THE HANDS
Question 56.
THE SMELL IS PERCEIVED BY:
A. OLfactory Bulbs
b. OLfactory NERVES
V. RECEPTOR CELLS OF THE NASAL MUCOSA
Question 57.
A DECREASE IN THE LEVEL OF GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD IS CHARACTERISTIC WITH:
A. INCREASING GLUCOGONE LEVELS
b. INCREASING CONSUMPTION OF SUGAR-CONTAINING PRODUCTS:
V. DECREASED INSULIN LEVELS
d. INCREASING INSULIN LEVELS
Question 58.
CONTRACTION OF THE PUPIL PROVIDES
A. LATERAL OLIQUE MUSCLE
b. CILIARY MUSCLE
V. PUPILE DILATTOR
d. SPHINCTER OF THE PUPIL
Question 59.
SYMPATHETIC CENTERS ARE LOCALIZED
V. IN THE THORACIC SEGMENTS OF THE SPINAL CORD
d. IN THE MEDULENA
Question 60.
HORMONES AFFECTING BLOOD PRESSURE:
b. ALDOSTERONE
V. ADRENALIN
g. ESTROGEN
d. PARATHORMONE
Question 61.
THE STRUCTURES OF THE TENDER BRAIN INCLUDE
A. QUADHRILLED
b. CEREBELLUM
V. BASAL NUCLIA
THALAMUS
Question 62.
LAYER OF SKIN THAT DETERMINES ITS COLOR
A. BRILLIANT
b. PAPILLARY
V. GRAINY
SHIPOVATYY
Question 63.
IN HYPOFUNCTION OF THE THYROID GLAND, ITS INFLUENCE ON BASIC METABOLISM
A. INCREASES
b. TERMINATES
V. WEAKEN
Question 64.
WITH INCREASED VASOPRESSIN (ADH) SECRETION DIURESIS
A. REDUCED
b. ABSENT
V. INCREASED
Question 65.
AUTONOMIC NEURONS ARE LOCALIZED
A. IN THE ANTERIOR HORNS OF THE SPINAL CORD
b. IN THE DORSAL HORNS OF THE SPINAL CORD
V. IN THE SPINAL GANGLIA
d. IN THE LATERAL HORNS OF THE SPINAL CORD
Question 66.
THE LOWER BOUNDARY OF THE SPINAL CORD CORRESPONDS TO THE UPPER BORDER OF THE LUMBAR
VERTEBRA
A. SECOND
b. THIRD
V. FOURTH
FIRST
Question 67.
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
A. SLOWS YOUR HEART RATE
b. ACCELERATES YOUR HEART RATE
V. INCREASES HEART MINUTE VOLUME
d. INCREASES THE FORCE OF MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTIONS
Question 68.
LENSES ARE USED TO CORRECT farsightedness
A. COMPLEX
b. DOUBLE-CONCAVE
V. biconvex
g. SIMPLE
Question 69.
FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE OF THE MEDIAL GENICATE BODIES OF THE BRAIN
A. REGULATION OF COMPLEX AUTOMATED MOTOR ACTS
b. ORIENTATIVE AUDITORY REFLEX
V. ORIENTATIVE VISUAL REFLEX
VEGETATIVE SUBCORTICAL CENTER
Question 70.
VISUAL AREA IS LOCALIZED
A. IN THE OCCIPITAL LOBE
b. IN THE PARIETAL LOBE
V. IN THE ANTERIOR CENTRAL GYRUS
d. IN THE POSTERIOR CENTRAL GYRUS
Question 71.
THE AREA OF INNERVATION OF THE SACRA PLEXUS ARE
A. SKIN AND MUSCLES OF THE BACK
b. SKIN AND MUSCLES OF THE BACK SURFACE OF THE THIGH AND SHIN
V. SKIN AND MUSCLES OF THE FRONT SURFACE OF THE THIGH AND SHIN
g. SKIN AND MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL
Question 72.
IN HYPOFUNCTION OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS IS OBSERVED
A. HYPERCALCIEMIA
b. NORMOCALCIEMIA
V. ACALCIEMIA
d. HYPOCALCIEMIA
Question 73.
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE CONDUCTION PATH
SENSITIVITY
A. VOLUNTARY MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
b. INVOLUTIONARY MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
V. MUSCULAR-ARTICULAR SENSATION
d. PAIN SENSITIVITY
Question 74.
THE STRUCTURES OF THE DIENANEBRAIN INCLUDE
b. HYPOTHALAMUS
V. QUADHRILLED
Question 75.
THE OPTICAL SYSTEM OF THE EYE INCLUDES STRUCTURES
A. vitreous body
b. CORNEA
V. CRYSTAL
WATERY MOISTURE
Question 76.
FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LOWER COLLECTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL QEDARDOCEMUM
A. ORIENTATIVE AUDITORY REFLEX
b. REGULATION OF COMPLEX AUTOMATED MOTOR ACTS
V. ORIENTATIVE VISUAL REFLEX
VEGETATIVE SUBCORTICAL CENTER
Question 77.
PITUITARY HORMONES
A. ANDROGENS
b. SEROTONIN
V. THYROSTROPIC
Question 78.
SENSITIVE FIBERS OF THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE ARE FORMED BY DENDRITES
NEURONS
A. HYPOTHALAMUS
b. VISUAL THUMBLE
V. Rhombus fossa
d. TRIGEMINAL NERVE NODE
Question 79.
IN THE INTERMEDIATE DIVISION OF THE BRAIN ARE LOCATED
A. FOURTH VENTRICLE
b. THIRD VENTRICLE
V. LATERAL VENTRICLES
SYLVIEV VODOPOVOD
Question 80.
HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL MEDULA
A. NORADRENALINE
b. ADRENALIN
V. GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Question 81.
WITH HYPERFUNCTION OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS, IT IS OBSERVED
A. HYPOCALCIAEMIA
b. HYPERCALCIEMIA
V. NORMOCALCIEMIA
acalciemia
Question 82.
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
A. ACCELERATES YOUR HEART RATE
b. REDUCES THE FORCE OF MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION
V. DECREASES HEART MINUTE VOLUME
d. SLOWS THE HEART RATE
Question 83.
ORGAN OF CORTI IS LOCATED IN:
A. TYMPAL CAVITY
b. SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
V. SNAIL
PREDVERIE
Question 84.
THE AREA OF INNERVATION OF THE LUMBAR PLEXUS ARE
A. SKIN AND MUSCLES OF THE FRONT SURFACE OF THE THIGH AND SHIN
b. SKIN AND MUSCLES OF THE BACK
V. SKIN AND MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL
d. SKIN AND MUSCLES OF THE BACK SURFACE OF THE THIGH AND SHIN
Question 85.
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PYRAMIDAL PATHWAY
A. VOLUNTARY MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
b. PAIN SENSITIVITY
V. MUSCULAR-ARTICULAR SENSATION
d. INVOLUTIONARY MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
Question 86.
THE AUDITORY ZONE IS LOCALIZED IN THE CORTAL GYR
A. IN THE INFERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS
b. IN THE POSTERIOR CENTRAL GYRUS
V. IN THE SUPERIOR TEMPORAL GYRUS
d. IN THE ANTERIOR CENTRAL GYRUS
Question 87.
A HORMONE THAT PROMOTES THE BREAKDOWN OF GLYCOGEN IS
A. INTERMEDINE
b. ALDOSTERONE
V. INSULIN
GLUCAGON
Question 88.
THE STRUCTURES OF THE LACRIMAL APPARATUS INCLUDE
A. LACRIMAL SAC
b. TEAR TULICS
V. Nasolacrimal Duct
g. LACRIMAL GLAND
Question 89.
SENSITIVE FIBERS OF THE FACIAL NERVE ARE FORMED BY NEURON DENDRITES
A. VISUAL THUMBLE
b. HYPOTHALAMUS
V. Rhombus fossa
g. FACIAL NERVE NODE
Question 90.
THE MEMBRANES OF THE BRAIN INCLUDE
A. WEB
b. SOFT
V. SOLID
EPIDURAL
Question 91.
VITAMIN PARTICIPATING IN Ca+ METABOLISM
A. VITAMIN A
b. VITAMIN D
V. VITAMIN B
VITAMIN C
Question 92.
THE OTOLHITH APPARATUS IS LOCATED IN:
A. TYMPAL CAVITY
b. SNAIL
V. SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
PREDVERIE
Question 93.
PARASYMPATHETIC CENTERS LOCALIZE
A. IN THE CERVICAL SEGMENTS OF THE SPINAL CORD
b. IN THE SACRAL SEGMENTS OF THE SPINAL CORD
V. IN THE MEDIUM oblongata
Question 94.
TOXIC GITTER, EXOPTHALMOS, WEIGHT LOSS - SYMPTOMS:
A. HYPERFUNCTION OF THE PARATHYROID GLAND
b. HOPOFUNCTIONS OF THE THYROID GLAND
V. HYPERFUNCTION OF THE THYROID GLAND
d. HYPOFUNCTION OF THE PARATHYROID GLAND
Question 95.
STRUCTURES OF THE MIDDLE BRAIN REFERENCES
A. QUADHRILLED
b. CEREBELLUM
V. THALAMUS
d. BASAL GUNDALS
Template of answers on the topic "A-F. NERVOUS, ENDOCRINE, OR.SENSES"
2 VG 52 BVG
19 ABVG 69 B
25 B 75 ABVG
The function of the nervous system is
1) management of the activities of various systems that make up the whole organism,
2) coordination of the processes occurring in it,
3) establishing relationships between the body and the external environment.
The activity of the nervous system is reflexive in nature. Reflex (lat. reflexus - reflected) is the body's response to any impact. This can be external or internal influence (from external environment or from your own body).
The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is neuron(nerve cell, neurocyte). A neuron consists of two parts - body And shoots. The processes of a neuron, in turn, are of two types - dendrites And axons. The processes along which the nerve impulse is carried to the body of the nerve cell are called dendrites. The process along which the nerve impulse is directed from the body of the neuron to another nerve cell or to the working tissue is called axon. Nervenaya cellcapable of transmitting nervousimpulse in one direction onlynii - from the dendrite through the cell body toaxon.
Neurons in nervous system, form chains along which nerve impulses are transmitted (moved). The transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to another occurs at the places of their contacts and is ensured by a special kind of anatomical structures called interneuronal synapseowls.
In a nerve chain, different neurons perform different functions. In this regard, the following three main types of neurons are distinguished:
1. sensory (afferent) neuron.
2. interneuron.
3. effector (efferent) neuron.
Sensitive (receptor,orafferent) neurons. Main characteristics of sensory neurons:
A) Tate sensory neurons always lie in nodes (spinal nodes), outside the brain or spinal cord;
b) a sensory neuron has two processes - one dendrite and one axon;
V) sensory neuron dendrite follows to the periphery to one or another organ and ends there with a sensitive ending - receptor. Receptor this is an organ which is capable of converting the energy of external influence (irritation) into a nerve impulse;
G) sensory neuron axon sent to the central nervous system, to the spinal cord or to the brainstem, as part of the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves or corresponding cranial nerves.
A receptor is an organ that is capable of converting the energy of external influence (irritation) into a nerve impulse. It is located at the end of the dendrite of the sensory neuron
The following are distinguished: types of recipetori depending on location:
1) Exteroceptors perceive irritation from the external environment. They are located in the outer integument of the body, in the skin and mucous membranes, in the sensory organs;
2) Interoceptors receive irritation from the internal environment of the body, they are located in the internal organs;
3) Proprioceptors perceive irritations from the musculoskeletal system (in muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia, joint capsules.
Sensory neuron function– perception of an impulse from the receptor and its transmission to the central nervous system. I.P. Pavlov attributed this phenomenon to the beginning of the analysis process.
Insertable, (associative, closing, or conductor neuron ) carries out the transfer of excitation from the sensitive (afferent) neuron to the efferent ones. Closing (intercalary) neurons lie within the central nervous system.
Effector, (efferent)neuron. There are two types of efferent neurons. This dvigator neuron,Andsecretory neuron. Basic properties motor neurons:
(nerve cell) - the main structural and functional unit of the nervous system; a neuron generates, receives and transmits nerve impulses, thus transmitting information from one part of the body to another (see figure). Each neuron has a large cell body (or perikaryon (...
Psychological Encyclopedia
Nerve cell, the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system. Although they come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes and are involved in a wide range of functions, all neurons consist of a cell body, or soma, containing a nucleus and nerve processes: an axon and...
In general, depending on the tasks and responsibilities assigned to neurons, they are divided into three categories:
- Sensory neurons receive and transmit impulses from receptors “to the center”, i.e. central nervous system. Moreover, the receptors themselves are specially trained cells of the sensory organs, muscles, skin and joints that can detect physical or chemical changes inside and outside our body, convert them into impulses and joyfully transmit them to sensory neurons. Thus, signals travel from the periphery to the center.
Next type:
- Motor (motor) neurons, which purr, fircha and beep, carry signals coming from the brain or spinal cord, To executive bodies, which are muscles, glands, etc. Yeah, that means the signals go from the center to the periphery.
well and intermediate (intercalary) neurons, simply put, they are “extension cords”, i.e. receive signals from sensory neurons and send these impulses further to other intermediate neurons, or directly to motor neurons.
In general, this is what happens: in sensory neurons, dendrites are connected to receptors, and axons are connected to other neurons (interneurons). In motor neurons, on the contrary, dendrites are connected to other neurons (interneurons), and axons are connected to some effector, i.e. a stimulator of muscle contraction or gland secretion. Well, accordingly, interneurons have both dendrites and axons connected to other neurons.
It turns out that the simplest path along which a nerve impulse can travel will consist of three neurons: one sensory, one intercalary and one motor.
Yeah, now let’s remember the guy - a very “nervous pathologist”, with a malicious smile, knocking on his knee with his “magic” hammer. Sound familiar? Now, this is the simplest reflex: when it hits the knee tendon, the muscle attached to it stretches and the signal from the sensory cells (receptors) located in it is transmitted along sensory neurons to the spinal cord. And already in it, sensory neurons contact either through intercalary or directly with motor neurons, which in response send impulses back to the same muscle, causing it to contract and the leg to straighten.
The spinal cord itself is conveniently nestled inside our spine. It is soft and vulnerable, which is why it hides in the vertebrae. The spinal cord is only 40-45 centimeters in length, as thick as a little finger (about 8 mm) and weighs some 30 grams! But, despite all its frailty, the spinal cord is the control center of a complex network of nerves spread throughout the body. Almost like a mission control center! :) Without it, neither the musculoskeletal system nor the main vital organs can function and work.
The spinal cord originates at the level of the edge of the occipital foramen of the skull and ends at the level of the first and second lumbar vertebrae. But below the spinal cord in the spinal canal there is such a dense bundle of nerve roots, funny called the cauda equina, apparently for its resemblance to it. So, the cauda equina is a continuation of the nerves coming out of the spinal cord. They are responsible for the innervation of the lower extremities and pelvic organs, i.e. transmit signals from the spinal cord to them.
The spinal cord is surrounded by three membranes: soft, arachnoid and hard. And the space between soft and arachnoid membranes filled with a large amount of cerebrospinal fluid. Through the intervertebral foramina, spinal nerves depart from the spinal cord: 8 pairs of cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 or 2 coccygeal. Why steam? Yes, because the spinal nerve exits through two roots: posterior (sensitive) and anterior (motor), connected into one trunk. So, each such pair controls certain part bodies. That is, for example, if you accidentally grabbed a hot pan (God forbid! Pah-pah-pah!), then a pain signal, immediately entering the spinal cord, and from there - into the paired motor nerve, which transmits the order: “Akhtung-akhtung! Remove your hand immediately!” Moreover, believe me, this happens very quickly - even before the brain registers the pain impulse. As a result, you manage to pull your hand away from the pan before you feel pain. Of course, this reaction saves us from severe burns or other damage.
In general, almost all of our automatic and reflex actions are controlled by the spinal cord, well, with the exception of those that are monitored by the brain itself. Well, for example: we perceive what we see with the help of the optic nerve going to the brain, and at the same time we turn our gaze in different directions with the help of the eye muscles, which are controlled by the spinal cord. Yes, and we cry the same on the orders of the spinal cord, which “manages” the lacrimal glands.
We can say that our conscious actions come from the brain, but as soon as we begin to perform these actions automatically and reflexively, they are transferred to the spinal cord. So, when we are just learning to do something, then, of course, we consciously think about and think through and comprehend every movement, which means we use the brain, but over time we can already do it automatically, and this means that the brain transfers the “reins of power” of this action to the spinal one, it’s just that he has already become bored and uninteresting... because our brain is very inquisitive, inquisitive and loves to learn!
Well, it’s time for us to get curious......
The peripheral nervous system (systerna nervosum periphericum) is a conventionally distinguished part of the nervous system, the structures of which are located outside the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the spinal cord and brain to the periphery and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.Cranial nerves include: Olfactory nerve(nervus olfactorius) - 1st pair, refers to the nerves of special sensitivity. It starts from the olfactory receptors of the nasal mucosa in the superior nasal concha. It consists of 15 - 20 thin nerve filaments formed by non-pulp fibers. The threads do not form a common trunk, but penetrate into the cranial cavity through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, where they are attached to the cells of the olfactory bulb. The fibers of the olfactory pathway conduct impulses to the subcortical, or primary, centers of smell, from where some of the fibers are sent to the cerebral cortex. Oculomotor nerve(nervus oculomotorius) - 3rd pair, is a mixed nerve. Nerve fibers emerge from the brain stem onto the inner surfaces of the cerebral peduncles and form a relatively large nerve that goes forward into outer wall cavernous sinus. Along the way, the nerve fibers of the sympathetic plexus of the internal carotid artery join it. The branches of the oculomotor nerve approach the levator palpebrae superioris, the superior, internal and inferior rectus muscles and the inferior oblique muscle of the eyeball.
Trochlear nerve(nervus trochlearis) - 4th pair, belongs to the motor nerves. The nucleus of the trochlear nerve is located in the midbrain. Curving around the cerebral peduncle from the lateral side, the nerve exits the base of the brain, passing between the peduncle and the temporal lobe. Then, together with the oculomotor nerve, it passes from the skull to the orbit and innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball.
A connecting neuron that lies between sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons. Located in the central nervous system. Also called an interneuron, and in older texts an association neuron.
View value Interneuron in other dictionaries
Intercalary Adj.— 1. Intended for insertion, insertion.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Neuron M.— 1. Same as: neuron.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Insertable- (shn), insertion, insertion. Adj. to insert.
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Neuron- neuron, m. (Greek neuron - fiber, nerve) (anat.). Nerve cell.
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Neuron- -A; m. [from Greek. neuron - nerve] Special. A nerve cell with all the processes extending from it.
Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary
Insertion Disc— (discus intercalatus, LNH) common name microscopic structures at the point of contact of adjacent muscle cells myocardium, ensuring their connection into muscle complexes and transmission........
Large medical dictionary
Motor Neuron— , a nerve cell that conducts information to EFFECTORS (usually muscles) from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS), thus causing the appropriate response. Axons (processes,........
Neuron- (nerve cell), the main structural and functional unit of the NERVOUS SYSTEM, which carries out the rapid transmission of NERVE IMPULSES between various organs. Consists of........
Scientific and technical encyclopedic Dictionary
Sensory Neuron- (sensitive neuron), a nerve cell that conducts information from RECEPTORS in any part of the body to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS). Their nerve endings are located in......
Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
Neuron- (neuronum, neurocytus, LNH; Greek neuron vein, nerve; synonym: nerve cell, neurocyte, neurocyte) a cell capable of perceiving irritation, becoming excited, producing......
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Amacrine- (n. amacrinum, LNH) N., located in the inner granular layer of the retina and providing communication between the neurons of this layer.
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Associative— see Intercalary neuron.
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Afferent- (n. afferens, n. sensorium: synonym: N. receptor, N. sensory, N. sensitive) N., which carries out the perception and transmission of excitation from receptors to other N. of the central nervous system.
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Bipolar- (n. bipolare, LNH) N., having two processes - an axon and a dendrite.
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Vegetative- the general name of N., which are part of the ganglia, plexuses and nerves of the autonomic nervous system.
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Fusiform- (n. fusiforme, LNH) multipolar intercalary N. of elongated shape, found in the molecular plate of the cerebral cortex.
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Fusiform Horizontal- (n. fusiforme horizontale, LNH) multipolar N. elongated, found mainly between the layer of piriform neurons and the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex.
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Internal- (n. internum, LNH) N. internal departments anterior horn spinal cord, the axon of which passes through the white commissure to the opposite half of the spinal cord.
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Intercalary- (n. intercalatum; synonym: N. associative, N. intermediate) N. involved in the transmission of excitation from afferent N. to efferent.
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Input- a formal neuron that performs an input function in a specific system of neurons (neural network), i.e., it perceives signals only from the environment external to this system.
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Gigantopyramidal- (n. gigantopyramidale, LNH; synonym: Betza cell, giant pyramidal cell) large pyramidal N. of the internal pyramidal plate of the cerebral cortex; axons of the N. g. form........
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Horizontal— (n. horizomale, LNH) 1) N. inner granular layer of the retina, the processes of which contact the central endings of photoreceptor cells, carrying out redistribution........
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Piriform- (n. piriforme, LNH; synonym Purkinje cell) efferent N. of the cerebellar cortex, located in its ganglion layer and having a pear-shaped shape.
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Motor— see Motor neuron.
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Long axon— (n. longiaxonicum, LNH; synonym for Dogel cell type I) multipolar vegetative N., the axon of which transmits impulses to smooth or cardiac muscle tissue.
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Stellate- (n. stellatum, LNH) intercalated N. star-shaped.
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Stellate Long-axon- (n. stellatum longiaxonicum, LNH) N. z., located in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex, having an axon extending into the white matter.
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Stellate Short Axon- (n. stellatum breviaxonicum, LNH) N. z. granular layer of the cerebellar cortex, which has an axon going to the cerebellar glomeruli.
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Granular- (n. granulare, LNH) the general name of small N. round, angular and pyramidal in shape, located in the outer granular plate of the cerebral cortex, the dendrites of which rise......
Large medical dictionary
Neuron Granular Large— (granoneurocytus magnus, LNH) the general name of large N., located in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex, the dendrites of which spread in the molecular layer, and the axons go to the granular layer.......
Large medical dictionary
They make up 90% of all neurons. The processes do not leave the CNS, but provide numerous connections horizontally and vertically.
Feature: can generate action potentials with a frequency of 1000 per second. The reason is the short phase of trace hyperpolarization.
Interneurons carry out information processing; carry out communication between efferent and afferent neurons. They are divided into excitatory and inhibitory.
Efferent neurons.
These are neurons that transmit information from the nerve center to the executive organs.
Pyramidal cells of the motor cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, sending impulses to the motor neurons of the anterior horns of the spinal cord.
Motor neurons - axons extend beyond the CNS and end with synapses on effector structures.
The terminal part of the axon branches, but there are also branches at the beginning of the axon - axon collaterals. The junction of the motor neuron body and the axon, the axon hillock, is the most excitable area. Here the AP is generated and then propagates along the axon.
On the neuron body great amount synapses. If a synapse is formed by the axon of an excitatory interneuron, then when a transmitter acts on the postsynaptic membrane, depolarization or EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential) occurs. If the synapse is formed by the axon of the inhibitory cell, then when the mediator acts on the postsynaptic membrane, hyperpolarization or IPSP occurs. Algebraic sum of EPSPs and IPSPs on the body nerve cell manifests itself in the occurrence of APs in the axon hillock.
Rhythmic activity of motor neurons in normal conditions 10 pulses per second, but can increase several times.
Carrying out stimulation.
AP propagates due to local ion currents arising between the excited and unexcited sections of the membrane. Since AP is generated without energy expenditure, the nerve has the lowest fatigue.
Neuron Unions.
There are different terms for associations of neurons.
Nerve center– a complex of neurons in one or different places of the central nervous system (for example, the respiratory center).
Neural circuits are sequentially connected neurons that perform a specific task (from this point of view, a reflex arc is also a neural circuit).
Neural networks are a broader concept, because In addition to serial circuits, there are parallel circuits of neurons, as well as connections between them. Neural networks are structures that perform complex tasks (for example, information processing tasks).
NERVOUS REGULATION
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