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Life safety lesson on the topic: Basics of first aid for fractures. 7th grade © Makhova Irina Yuryevna MBOU secondary school No. 2 Kovrov 2011Slide 2
Lesson plan: Learn to distinguish fractures from other mechanical injuries by typical signs Develop an algorithm for providing first aid for various types of fractures Master the basic rules of immobilization and features of transporting victims with fractures Get acquainted with methods of strengthening bones
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Fracture is a violation of the integrity of a bone due to excessive load on it Types of fractures According to the severity of damage: complete incomplete (cracks, fractures)
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Types of fractures 2. According to the shape and direction of the fracture: transverse (perpendicular to the axis of the bone) longitudinal (parallel to the axis of the bone) oblique (at an acute angle to the axis of the bone) helical (with rotation of bone fragments) comminuted (the bone is crushed into separate fragments)
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Types of fractures 3. According to the integrity of the skin: closed (not accompanied by tissue injuries) open (accompanied by wounds and communicating with the external environment)
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Learn to distinguish fractures from other mechanical injuries by characteristic signs
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Signs of a fracture Relative signs of a fracture (also characteristic of other types of injuries) Pain - intensifies at the site of the fracture Swelling - occurs in the area of injury Hematoma - appears in the area of the fracture Impaired function of the injured limb Change in the shape of the limb Absolute signs of a fracture (characteristic only for this injury) Pathological mobility - the limb is mobile in a place where there is no joint Crepitus (a kind of crunch) at the fracture site Bone fragments - with an open fracture they can be visible in the wound
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Algorithm for providing first aid for fractures General tasks The procedure for providing first aid for closed fractures The procedure for providing first aid for open fractures Assess the severity of the victim’s condition Reduce pain with the help of an anesthetic Determine whether it is possible to move the victim before the arrival of medical personnel (for spinal injuries the patient cannot be moved) Provide the wounded person with rest Give an anesthetic Immobilize the damaged area using splints (do not remove clothes from the damaged part of the body unless absolutely necessary) If there is bleeding, stop it in a known way Treat the wound Apply a bandage to the wound Immobilize the damaged area
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Immobilization - immobilization of an injured limb in case of a fracture. Splints - devices designed to immobilize parts of the body in case of bone damage. Transport splints: a - Dieterichs; b - Kramer; c and d - plywood; d - g - improvised.
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Types of immobilization splints Beler splints for the phalanges of the fingers: 1 - wire splints; 2 - 4 - splints wrapped in plaster bandage. Improvised fixation of the hand: 1 - on a ball of cotton wool; 2 - on the bottle.
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Immobilization rules: Fix the limb in the position in which it is after the injury, without trying to set the bone in place. Fix at least 2 joints (above and below the fracture). In case of injury to the hip and shoulder, fix 3 joints. When applying a splint and there are wounds, first stop the bleeding and treat the wound; fracture of the ribs; fracture of the lower leg; fracture of the forearm; fracture of the hip
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Here are some tips to help make your bones stronger, your posture better, and you stronger: Sunbathing (vitamin D keeps bones healthy) Eat green vegetables (a source of calcium and vitamin K, which strengthens bones)
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Here are some tips to help make your bones stronger, your posture more beautiful, and you stronger: Drink milk daily (1 glass of milk - 300 mg of calcium) Say no to caffeine (coffee removes calcium from the body and makes bones brittle)
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Here are some tips to help make your bones stronger, your posture better, and you stronger: Add calcium to your diet (supplements can be an alternative) Reduce stress (learn to relieve tension)
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Here are some tips to help make your bones stronger, your posture more beautiful, and you stronger: Eat more fruits (prunes, apples, bananas are good) Do exercises (this stimulates the bones and helps them stay strong)
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Unusual problem situation On a ski trip, one of your classmates went down the mountain unsuccessfully and broke his hip. When examining the victim, it was found that the fracture was open, at the site of the fracture there was a wound from which bright scarlet blood flowed in a pulsating stream. We didn’t take a first aid kit for the hike; it was a long way from the city. Discuss the current situation and offer your option for providing first aid to a friend.
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Interesting, surprising and entertaining facts of Bones (research work by 7th grade students) The problem of treating fractures has always been significant, both for the individual and for society. In all human civilizations there is an analogue to the profession of “chiropractor” - a person who is professionally engaged in restoring broken limbs of people and animals. Thus, in an analysis of 36 Neanderthal skeletons with fractures, only 11 had fracture treatment results considered unsatisfactory. This shows that even at this level of development, the effectiveness of medical care for fractures exceeded 70%; primitive people knew about fractures and knew how to treat them.
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Fact #1: Almost half of all human bones are found in the wrists and feet. Fact #2: Gar fish have green bones. Fact #3: The human skeleton is completely renewed every three months. Fact No. 4: A child has about 270 bones, an adult has 206. This amazing fact is explained by the fact that over the years, some bones grow together into one. Fact #5: The longest bone in humans is the femur, or femur. As a rule, it is 27.5% of its growth. The smallest human bone (2.6 to 3.4 mm in length and weighing 2.0 to 4.3 mg) is in the middle ear-stapes.
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Is there "bone glue" that can mend broken bones? Fact #6: These days there is a medical procedure that can quickly heal fractures. Glue - a mixture of calcium and phosphates - is injected directly into the fracture site. This mixture hardens quickly and takes on the strength of natural bone within 12 hours. Can a person be identified by DNA taken from a bone? Fact #7: These days, scientists can identify a missing person from a tiny fragment of bone, a single tooth, or a piece of DNA from other parts of the body. Skeletal remains, bones and teeth can tell us about a person's age and height at the time of death, what gender they were, and even their ethnicity. Is it true that we have a “funny bone”? Fact #8: We don’t have a “funny bone,” but we do have a “funny nerve.” This is the ulnar nerve, which controls sensation in the shoulder, forearm, hand and fingers. Most of the ulnar nerve is hidden deep under the skin, where it is well protected. However, in the elbow area the nerve comes very close to the surface and is covered with a thin layer of skin and connective tissue. Therefore, if you hit your elbow poorly, you will experience unusual pain. This way you directly injure the ulnar nerve. The sensation of pain lasts a few seconds. It is quite strange that this nerve is called “cheerful”. Kostnica, Czech Republic Slide 24
Health is the absence of internal obstacles to life. We wish you health!
Dangerous situation. Excessive fuss. Causes of earthquakes. Dangerous natural phenomenon. The relationship between natural hazards and emergency situations. The strength of earthquakes. Organizational events. Consequences of earthquakes. Rules for safe behavior during ZTR. Free the people trapped in the rubble. Mudflow. Seaquake. Formation of correct behavior. Earthquakes.
"Volcanic eruptions in the world" - An eruption is often accompanied by an earthquake, increasing volcanic activity. Pieces of red-hot stones fly out of the crater with a roar. What to do in case of a volcanic eruption. Products of a volcanic eruption. A volcanic eruption is probably the most amazing spectacle in nature. Study questions: Origin and types of volcanoes. A scorching cloud. Lava can be liquid, viscous and thick. At the end of the topic studied, students should: know the basic measures to protect the population from volcanic eruptions; have the skills to carry out measures to protect against volcanic eruptions; have an idea of the consequences of volcanic eruptions.
“Burning of peat” - A running fire on top. When the soil under the trees burns out, the trees fall randomly. Ground fire. 90% of all forest fires are ground fires. Peat fires. Fires spread at high speed. The burning of tree crowns and litter occurs simultaneously. Grassroots stable fire. Fire storm. Extinguishing is difficult, since peat burns at depth under the soil. The forest floor and tree roots burn, and the undergrowth dies.
“Road signs on the roads” - You need to know the rules of the road. Recommendations. Poems about traffic rules. Why follow traffic rules? Additional information signs. Prohibition signs. Priority signs. Information and service signs. About the importance of traffic rules for children. Traffic rules Security problem. Keep to the right. Warning signs. The importance of traffic rules. Mandatory signs. Road signs and their designations. Signs of special regulations.
“Drugs and Health” - Drugs – myth or reality. What does the life of a drug addict look like? 3 Phenamine or amphetamine. “Try it, if you don’t like it, quit.” 7 months later. First phase: In the early stages of drug addiction, it is characterized by increasing dependence. Myth three. 1. "Poppy straw." Myth four. Barbiturates. 1. Fungi of the genus Psilotsibum.. Chronic stage or phase 3. Health. Barbiturates have an intoxicating effect similar to alcohol.
“Smoking and health” - Law. Woman with a cigarette. A drop of nicotine. Smoking. Materials about the dangers of smoking. Smoker. Man of sense. Right. Radiation. Quit the cigarette. Parents. Smoking kills. The myth about the safety of smoking.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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First aid is a set of simple, urgent, but nevertheless very effective measures that should be carried out immediately after an incident in the form of self- and mutual assistance
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They are distinguished: Traumatic fractures occur as a result of mechanical impact or trauma. Pathological fractures occur in the presence of pathological processes in the bone (tuberculosis, tumor)
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Traumatic fractures are divided into: closed. Accompanied by damage to the skin and other tissues.
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Symptoms and signs of fractures Crunching or clicking Pain and sensitivity Changes in the position and shape of the limb Dysfunction Swelling and hematoma in the fracture area Pathological mobility of the bone Open wound Bleeding Introduction of bone fragments into the wound
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Tasks of first aid for fractures Combating shock, pain, bleeding Prevention of secondary microbial contamination of the wound Immobilization of the injured limb Preparing the victim for transportation
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Transport (temporary) Therapeutic (permanent) immobilization Rapid creation of limb immobility in the area of a fracture or other damaged part of the body
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Rules for transport immobilization Splints must be securely fastened and fix the fracture area well. The splint cannot be applied directly to the exposed limb, the latter must first be covered with cotton wool or some kind of fabric. To create immobility in the fracture area, it is necessary to fix two joints - above and below the fracture site. For fractures hips should be fixed to all joints of the lower limb (knee, ankle, hip)
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Allows you to: avoid further damage to blood vessels, nerves, soft tissues by sharp bone fragments surrounding the fracture site reduces the risk of developing traumatic shock, significant blood loss and infectious complications Use of transport immobilization Transport immobilization is applied for several hours, sometimes for several days if the hospital is far from the place incidents.
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In case of bleeding, measures should be taken to stop it in any possible way. In case of an open fracture (before immobilization), treat the skin around the wound with any antiseptic and apply a sterile bandage to the wound. If possible, provide anesthesia. Provide reliable transport immobilization. During transportation, the victim must be covered. Quickly transport the victim to a medical facility. It is possible to carry a victim with a fracture only over short distances and preferably on a stretcher First aid for fractures Remember - you should not try to match bone fragments, eliminate a change in the shape of the limb (curvature) in a closed fracture, or set a protruding bone in an open fracture.
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Immobilization of broken limbs Performed using service splints: Ladder Wire Plywood Mesh
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Use of available materials: planks, plywood plates, sticks, skis, reeds, tightly twisted straw. Most often, there are no special tires at hand at the place where the accident occurred; instead, you can use:
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Using available material Applying a splint: Make a board (plywood, sticks, etc.) of such length that it covers not only the fracture site, but also one joint above and below it. These boards cover the damaged area of the limb so as to create a complete rest, deprive the ability to move With a bandage or a substitute material (tied scarves, towels, pieces of fabric) carefully tie the splints to uninjured parts of the body. If there is no material for splints, then if your arm is injured, you can hang it up, using the half of a jacket, a T-shirt, or a shirt for this purpose , or bandage the arm bent at the elbow to the body.
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First aid should be provided by two people: One supports the injured arm and gently stretches the shoulder. The other places one splint on the inside of the arm so that its upper end reaches the armpit, and places the second splint on the outside of the arm (the upper end of this splint should protrude above the shoulder joint) After the splints are correctly applied, they are tied. Folded clothing should be placed between the torso and arm. The hand is suspended on a scarf. Immobilization for a shoulder fracture The shoulder is the bone between the elbow and the collarbone.
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Immobilization for a forearm fracture In this case, one splint is placed on the inner side of the forearm (from the palm side), the other on the outer side. Both splints must be of such length that they protrude beyond the elbow and reach the fingers. The arm is bent at the elbow joint. The splints are bandaged in two or in in three places, without touching the fingers. The forearm is suspended on a scarf with the palm inward - this is a fracture of the bones between the elbow and the hand.
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The arm is suspended in the same way as with a fracture of the forearm, and care is taken to ensure that the hand does not hang down. Immobilization for a broken hand If there is a suspicion of a broken hand, you need to put a wad of some material into the injured hand and bandage it in this position.
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Immobilization for a hip fracture A long splint starts from the armpit and goes behind the heel, a shorter one starts from the groin. Both splints are strengthened in 2-3 places on the thigh and in 2 places on the lower leg. A long splint is also bandaged to the body. First aid is provided by three people: One stands at the victim’s feet, takes the heel with one hand, the back of the foot with the other and, while applying splints, slightly pulls the injured limb towards himself. The second supports the victim’s body so that he does not move. The third applies splints. If the splint is not made from which you can bandage an injured leg to a healthy one
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Immobilization for a tibia fracture For immobilization, two people are needed: One holds the injured limb in the same way as for a hip fracture, the other applies splints (they should grip the leg from the middle of the thigh to the heel) One splint is applied on the outside of the leg, the other on the inside (strengthen the splints on the thigh, below the knee and slightly above the ankle joint) For fractures in the upper part of the tibia and knee joint, splints are applied as for a hip fracture
1) Carefully remove the injured part of the body from clothing. 2) Do not attempt to straighten or set a broken bone or dislocated joint. 3) Cover open wounds with clean dressings before splinting. 4) Always try to find a helper. One person should support the injured body part while another person applies the splint. Working together helps avoid additional injury. 5) Apply a splint to the bone so that it covers the joints above and below the injury. 6) When applying a splint to a joint, grasp the joint above and below the injury. For example, when applying a splint to the knee, you need to apply it to the hip and ankle joints. 7) If possible, splint both sides of the injured limb to prevent it from moving. 8) Place a pad (something soft, such as a towel or sheet) between the splint and the skin of the injured body part. This will prevent undue pressure on her. 9) Place pads under the knee, wrist, other natural depressions and around any injuries. 10) Do not tie the splint too tightly - this may cut off circulation and cause pain.
First aid for bone fractures:
Signs of a broken limb include:
sharp pain when feeling the fracture site, when trying to move or lean on the injured arm or leg;
swelling or hemorrhage at the site of the suspected fracture;
irregular, unusual shape of the limb (it is shortened or bent in a place where there is no joint);
mobility, bone crunching at the fracture site.
A bone fracture with a violation of the integrity of the skin is called open, without damage to the skin - closed. An open fracture is dangerous due to the penetration of microbes into the depths of the wound.
Assisting a wounded person with broken bones, as well as carrying or pulling him away, must be done carefully, since sharp bone fragments can damage blood vessels and cause severe bleeding or pierce the skin, turning a closed fracture into an open (more severe) one. In addition, sharp pain during careless transfer (evacuation) can cause shock in the wounded.
To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to administer an anesthetic to the wounded person from a syringe tube, and then to immobilize (immobilize) the bone fragments, apply a splint to the injured limb.
For a closed fracture, a splint is placed over clothing. In case of an open fracture, first apply a sterile bandage to the wound (to do this, cut or carefully remove clothing at the fracture site), and then a splint.
Methods of immobilization of the upper limb for fractures
Immobilization of the injured lower limb by bandaging it to the healthy leg
Splinting the thigh
Slide No. 13 procedure for providing first aid for burns.
It's called a burn - damage to body tissue caused by exposure to high
temperature (thermal burn) or exposure to chemicals (chemical burn).
The severity of the burn is determined the depth and size of the damaged surface of the body: the deeper the tissue damage during a burn, the wider the burned surface, the more severe the burn.
First aid for burns: it is necessary to remove the victim from the place of exposure to the source that caused the burn, and quickly tear off his burning clothes or wrap him in an overcoat, raincoat or some other material; extinguish fire with water, snow; Apply a bandage to the burnt surface using an individual dressing bag, after first removing the burned clothing from the victim; if clothing has stuck to the burned area of the body, it cannot be torn off; in this case, the bandage is applied over the stuck clothing; Do not open blisters formed on the burned area; in case of significant burns of the limbs and torso, it is necessary to create good immobilization of the burned areas; the burnt person is injected under the skin with an analgesic from an individual first aid kit (AI); If possible, the victim should be wrapped warmly, given plenty of fluids and sent to the nearest medical center.
Slide No. 14 the procedure for applying primary dressings and pain relief in the field
conditions
Purpose of the primary dressing- stopping bleeding and protecting the wound from secondary infection, so a bandage after a wound should be applied as quickly as possible.
To do this, first of all, you need:
- remove clothes or shoes from the victim, following the following sequence:
- begin to remove the victim’s clothes from the healthy side;
- if clothing has stuck to the wound, then the fabric of the clothing should not be torn off, but should be cut around the wound;
- in case of injury to the lower leg or foot, the shoes should be cut along the heel seam and then removed, first freeing the heel;
- When removing clothing or shoes from an injured arm or leg, the person helping should gently hold the limb.
In cases where it is impossible to painlessly remove clothing to examine and dress the wound, it is cut with a knife or scissors, preferably along the seam if it runs close to the wound site; in other cases, two horizontal incisions are made - above and below the wound and one vertical, connecting horizontal cuts from any one side. Having folded the valve to the side, apply a bandage to the wound and cover it with several passes of the bandage.
Slide No. 15 the procedure for applying primary dressings and pain relief in the field
and cover with a valve. The flap is secured to clothing with pins. Several layers of bandage can be applied over the valve.
If the primary dressing must be applied in an area contaminated with radioactive or toxic substances, extreme care must be taken in removing or cutting the clothing to prevent these substances from entering the wound.
When applying a bandage, it is prohibited to: touch the wound with your hand; remove fragments, bullets, pieces of clothing, etc. from the wound; wash the wound with water or other liquids.
Having opened access to the wound, before applying a bandage, you should shake off the dust from your hands, keeping them away from the wound, and wipe them with a gauze swab moistened with a 2% chloramine solution, or a swab issued specifically for this purpose. In winter, you need to wipe your hands with snow. Tampons should be prepared in advance and placed in a plastic bag.
To provide first aid for wounds, burns, and closed injuries, the following dressings are usually used: individual dressing bags, small and large sterile medical bandages, contour bandages, medical scarves, gauze bandages 5-7 cm, 10 cm, 14 cm and 16 cm wide .
When applying a bandage with an individual dressing package , which is issued to each military personnel, the bandage is applied as follows:
- tear the foil shell along the cut and remove it;
- take the end of the bandage with your left hand and, stretching the bandage, unroll it until the head of the bandage is released (approximately one turn);
- take the head of the bandage with your right hand and, stretching the bandage, unroll the bandage;
- the pads are placed on the wound or on the burned surface with the side that was not touched by hands;
- in case of a through wound, the pads are moved apart to the required distance and they cover the entrance and exit wound holes,
- The pads are bandaged, the ends of the bandage are fixed with a Velcro fastener.
If necessary, a pin can be used to secure clothing cut over the wound. To secure the bandages, an elastic tubular medical bandage of the “Retilast” type can be provided. It is a stretchable mesh material, produced in the form of stockings of various sizes (No. 2 - for the foot, No. 4 - for the knee joint, No. 6 - for the shoulder and elbow joints, No. 7 - for the head). When applying a bandage, it is stretched by hand and put on top of the dressing applied to the wound.
The main types of bandages using the bandaging technique are: Circular (circular) bandage.
Spiral bandage. Creeping bandage.
Cross-shaped (eight-shaped) bandage. Turtle bandage.
Spica bandage. Returning bandage.
Slide No. 16: procedure for applying a PPI bandage.
In order for the bandage to fulfill its purpose, to be durable, comfortable, not to slip during movement, and to slightly limit movement in the joints, you need to know seven basic options for bandaging techniques.
The main types of bandages using the bandaging technique are:
Circular (circular) bandage.
Spiral bandage.
Creeping bandage.
Cross-shaped (eight-shaped) bandage.
Turtle headband.
Spica bandage.
Returning bandage.
The essence of first aid is to stop
further exposure to traumatic factors, carrying out simple measures and ensuring prompt transportation of the victim to medical units. Its task is to prevent the dangerous consequences of injury, bleeding, infection and shock.
When providing first aid you must:
remove the victim from the scene of injury,
treat damaged areas of the body and stop bleeding,
immobilize fractures and prevent traumatic shock,
ensure that the victim is transported to a medical unit, or the signal “Removal required” or “Call a medical instructor” is given.
The signal “Removal required” is given after first aid has been provided to the wounded and his location has been indicated using improvised means, clearly visible when approaching from the rear and hidden from the enemy (for example, a piece of bandage on the nearest object - a tree, bush, stick, stump). If there are more than three seriously wounded in the unit, first aid for whom will require a lot of time, the signal “Call a medical instructor” is given.
Radio, wire, mobile and signal communications are used to transmit signals.
Types of medical care provided to the wounded and sick.
Goals and scope of first aid
In battle, the commander organizes the provision of first aid, as well as the collection, removal (removal) and evacuation of the wounded from the battlefield (focuses of mass sanitary losses), using all available means for these purposes. The organization of first aid to the wounded and sick in the unit is carried out on the basis of the order of the senior commander (chief) to organize medical support for the unit. First aid is a set of simple, expedient measures to protect the health and life of a person who has suffered an injury or suddenly fallen ill. Correctly provided first aid reduces the time of special treatment, promotes rapid healing of wounds and is often the decisive moment in saving the life of the victim. First aid must be provided immediately at the scene of the accident quickly and skillfully.
Every soldier must be able to provide first aid.
