A) East Slavic tribes (ancient) White Croats. Buzhans. Volynians. Vyatichi. Drevlyans. Dregovichi. Duleby. Ilmensky Slavs. Krivichi. Polotsk residents. Glade. Radimichi. Northerners. Tivertsy.

Who inhabited the territory of the Orenburg region in ancient times and the Middle Ages?

History of geographical research and development of the region

When did the first information about the region's territory appear?

The most ancient information about the territory of our region is provided by the Greek historian and traveler Herodotus. In the "History", written by Herodotus in the middle of the 5th century. BC, the Caspian Sea is described, behind which there is a “plain in a vast expanse”, beyond which “the land is rocky and uneven”, and behind it “stand high impassable mountains”. In Herodotus’s description one can discern the endless plains of the Caspian lowland, the “rocky and uneven” General Syrt and the “high and impassable” Ural Mountains.

The first map with the image of the river. Ural and the mountains of the Southern Urals in the 2nd century. AD compiled by the Alexandrian geographer Claudius Ptolemy. On the map of Asia he showed the river. Daix (Ural), in the upper reaches of which were the Rimmikai (Ural) mountains.

But neither Herodotus nor Ptolemy were in the territory of our region. The first famous traveler to visit our region was the Arab writer Ibn Fadlan. In 921-922 As part of an embassy heading to Volga Bulgaria (the territory of modern Tatarstan), he crossed the western regions of what is now the Orenburg region.

In the X-XII centuries. The Arabs were already well aware of the r. Ruza (Ural) and r. Magra (Sakmara). Western merchants and missionaries also repeatedly crossed the South Ural steppes. Among them are the ambassador of the Pope Palazio Carpini (1246), the ambassador of the French king Willem Rubruk (1253), the Italian brothers Nicolo and Mateo Polo (1265) - the father and uncle of the famous Marco Polo.

At the end of the 16th century. the famous “Big Drawing” appeared - a huge road map of the Moscow state and the adjacent lands of the Volga and Trans-Ural regions. Unfortunately, the map itself has not survived. Only the description of the map has survived to this day - “The Book of the Big Drawing” (1627). It says: “The Yaik River flowed level with Oraltovaya Mountain (Southern Urals) against the upper reaches of the Tobol River. The Yaik River flowed into the Khvalynsk Sea, and the channels of the Yaik River to the sea were 1050 versts... The Yuryuk Samar (Sakmara) River ... fell into the Yaik against the Aralt Mountains with right side... fell into Yaik, on the left side of Yaik, the Ilez River, below Mount Tustebi, in our opinion that Solyanaya Mountain, they break salt in it...”

Who inhabited the territory of the Orenburg region in ancient times and the Middle Ages?

In the ancient and Middle Ages, the expanses of the southern Urals and Trans-Urals served as habitats, nomads and an arena of movement for various tribes and peoples (Appendix 1). The abundance of pastures and fertile lands, rivers and lakes rich in fish, deposits of copper and iron ores have long contributed to the development of our region. By the 2nd century BC e. In the steppes of the Urals and Kazakhstan, an economic structure developed that combined nomadic cattle breeding, primitive agriculture and metallurgy, as well as trade with neighbors.

In the eastern part of the Orenburg region (Kvarken district), the remains of ancient cities of the Bronze Age, covering the 3rd-2nd millennium BC, were discovered. e. It is believed that these cities were built by the ancient Aryans, who then moved from the South Ural steppes to the west and became the basis for the formation of many peoples of foreign Europe.

For many centuries, the Ural-Caspian region was the gateway to great migrations. Waves of peoples, one after another, rolled onto the Orenburg steppes, displacing each other, leaving traces of their presence in archaeological monuments and geographical names. In the 1st century BC e. The Orenburg region was the site of a thousand-year residence of Sarmatian tribes engaged in nomadic cattle breeding. From the 4th to the 13th centuries, our region was inhabited, successively, by the Huns, Avars, Guzes, Pechenegs, Bulgars, Polovtsians, and Mongol-Tatars.

During this period, various parts of the region's territory were part of the state entities that existed in the Middle Ages. In the 9th century. the southwestern Orenburg region was the northeastern outskirts of the Khazar Kaganate. In the 12th century. the northwestern part of the region was part of Volga Bulgaria. Over the next two centuries, the entire territory of the Orenburg region was within the Golden Horde. In the 15th-17th centuries, after the collapse of the Mongol-Tatar state, the northern part of the region became a place of nomadic Bashkirs, the uluses of the Nogai Horde were located between the Volga and Ural rivers, and the lands of the Kazakh zhuzes stretched along the left bank of the Urals and to the south.

The study of issues related to the origins of various peoples of the world can be classified as the most problematic areas of historical research. The main obstacle to identifying hidden facts about the life of ancient ethnic communities is the lack of writing at the time of their inception. In the case of the Slavic peoples, the situation is complicated by the vastness of the linguistic group, to which several ethnic groups belong. It is enough to note that the ancient peoples on the territory of Russia at different times formed independent states and commonwealths belonging to the Altai, Ural, Indo-European and Caucasian language groups. Nevertheless, to date, scientists have identified some factual layers in this direction of historical analysis that are beyond doubt.

Peoples on the territory of Russia during antiquity

First people species Homo sapiens appeared in certain areas of Central Asia and the Black Sea region about 30 thousand years ago. At that time, the northern and central parts of the territory were uninhabitable due to glaciers. Therefore, the very first peoples and ancient states on the territory of Russia arose in the southern and western regions as the most favorable for life and economy. As the population increased, the development of material production and the establishment of a primitive communal system in Central Asia, Transcaucasia and the Black Sea region, more and more new slave states were formed. At the same time, they developed autonomously and independently of each other. The only unifying feature is the raids of the same barbarians. These states had no contacts at all with the central and western regions in the European part of the present country, since the establishment of routes was hampered by mountain ranges and deserts.

One of the most notable states of that time can be called Urartu, which existed in Transcaucasia in the 9th century. BC e. It was formed on the shores of Lake Van, the territory of which now belongs to Turkey, but by the middle of the 7th century. his possessions extended to the upper reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates. If we talk about the ethnic composition, the peoples and ancient states on the territory of Russia in the Black Sea region and Transcaucasia were predominantly represented by Armenian tribes. Urartu reached significant prosperity in the 8th century. BC e., but by the 6th century. due to the Scythian invasions it ceased to exist. Later, the same tribes founded the Armenian kingdom. Around the same period, Abkhazian and Georgian families developed in parallel, which formed the Colchis kingdom. Iberia, the Georgian kingdom, emerges in the northern part of Transcaucasia.

Impact of the Arab conquest

In the history of Central Asia and Transcaucasia VII - VIII centuries. n. e. The Arab conquest, which brought with it the Islamic faith, occupies a significant place. On current Russian territory, this process took place in the Caucasus region. In particular, Islam spread among some peoples of the Northern and Eastern Caucasus and, in particular, the Azerbaijanis. However, the Arab conquerors also met with rejection among the local population. The same Georgians and Armenians, who had previously converted to Christianity, steadfastly resisted Islamization. However, in Central Asia, Islam gradually emerged as the dominant religion of the local population. After the collapse of the Arab Caliphate, the most ancient peoples and civilizations on the territory of Russia were forced to confront the Seljuk Turks. Other states were formed during this struggle. For example, under King David the Builder, the unification of Georgian lands took place with the formation of the city of Tbilisi. To the north is the Abkhazian kingdom with independent Kakheti, and in the eastern part are Albania and a number of other small states.

Greek colonies in Russia

The Black Sea coast has become one of the most developed areas in the territory modern Russia in the VI - V centuries. BC e. This was greatly facilitated by the Greek colonialists, who in the 1st millennium BC. began to develop the southern lands. In the Azov and Black Sea regions, the Greeks form large colonial cities - such as Tiras, Chersonesus, Panticapaeum, Olbia, Feodosia, Tanais, Fasis, etc. To illustrate the success of these cities, it can be noted that in the 5th century. BC e. Panticapaeum was the central slave-holding power of the Bosporan state. It covered a significant part of the Azov region, promoting the development of local agriculture, trade, fishing, cattle breeding and handicrafts. It is important to emphasize that the most ancient peoples and civilizations on the territory of Russia in the Azov and Black Sea regions were not fully original. They copied the lifestyle and cultural structure brought by the Greeks. But at the same time, the colonies had close cultural and trade relations with the same Caucasian peoples and the steppe tribes of the Scythians. Up to the 3rd century. n. e. Greek tribes were regularly attacked by nomads, and during the great migration of peoples they were forced to leave altogether.

Period of the Scythian state

Even further north of the Greek colonies lived the Scythian tribes, distinguished by their vibrant and original culture, which also left its mark on the way of life of the southern peoples. The first mentions of the Scythians date back to the 5th century. n. e. and belong to Herodotus, who described these tribes as Iranian-speaking. The first mentions of the geographical location indicate the mouths of the Lower Bug, Danube and Dnieper. The same Herodotus divided the Scythians into plowmen and nomads - accordingly, according to the direction of economic activity. The nomads were located in the Azov region, the Lower Dnieper region and the Crimea, and the plowmen mainly occupied the right bank of the Lower Dnieper and lived in dugouts. By the VI - IV centuries. BC e. There was a unification of the Scythian tribes, which later formed the basis of a full-fledged state in one of the current districts of Simferopol. This state was called Scythian Naples and its structure is characterized as a military democracy. But by the 3rd century. BC e. the Scythians begin to push out other ancient peoples on the territory of Russia in its modern form. In the regions of the Northern Black Sea region, the wars of Alexander the Great appear, and the Sarmatians come from the east. The biggest blow to the Scythians was dealt by the Huns, who later appeared on the Crimean Peninsula.

The Great Migration and the emergence of the Slavs

There were many reasons for the great migration, and for the most part this process took place in the territory of modern Europe. The resettlement began in the 3rd century. n. e., and by the 4th century. Numerous barbarian tribes of Celts and Germans began to fight neighboring states in new territories. Forest and steppe barbarians went to seize richer lands in the southern regions, which left a mark on the reorganization of parts of the North Caucasus and the Black Sea region. How did this affect the ancient peoples on the territory of Russia? The Great Migration of Peoples can be briefly described as the process of formation of independent Germanic, Roman and Slavic peoples. The Slavs did not play a key role at all during this period and figured already at the late stage of the resettlement, but it was precisely for the regions that today are included within the borders of Russia that they would later have a fateful influence.

The fact is that the resettlement occurred from two directions. As already noted, the main process took place in the European part - from the north-west, the Germans and Celts moved to conquer the southern lands. Nomads moved from the east from Asia, eventually traveling from China to France. There was activity in the southern regions themselves. From the Transcaucasus came the ancestors of modern Ossetians - the Alans. IN varying degrees These migration movements shaped the ancient peoples on the territory of Russia. The Eastern Slavs, in turn, joined the general wave of migration by the 4th century. n. e. They joined the stream, which consisted of Turks, Sarmatians, Illyrians and Thracians. For some time they had allied relations with the Huns and Goths, but later these tribes became enemies. Actually, it was the invasions of the Huns that forced the Slavs to settle in the directions of the west and southwest.

Theories of Slavic ethnogenesis

Today there is no exact idea of ​​how exactly and where the Eastern Slavs came from. Moreover, the group of this nationality is very extensive and included many individual ethnic groups and families. And yet, scientists have formulated three theories of ethnogenesis. Ancient peoples on the territory of Russia in the context of these areas of research are considered precisely as the origins of the formation of the Russian state.

So, the first theory is autochthonous. According to it, the original place of origin of the Slavs is the Dnieper River. This theory is based on archaeological research. The second theory is migration. She notes that the Eastern Slavs were identified as an independent ethnic group from the common pan-Slavic branch in the 1st century BC. e. Also, according to the theory of migration ethnogenesis, during the period of the great migration the Slavs could move in two directions - from the river basin. Oder to the Vistula, or from the Danube basin to the east. One way or another, in the 1st century BC. e. Slavic ancient peoples already lived on the East European Plain. The origin of the Eastern Slavs in Russia during this period is confirmed by Tacitus, Herodotus, Ptolemy and some of the Arab sources.

Antes and Sklavins

In the VI century. n. e. After the first wave of settlement of the Slavs, Byzantine writers began to distinguish two peoples - the Antes and the Sklavins. Often their mention was in the context of ousting another Slavic people - the Wends. At the same time, Gothic sources emphasize that all three nationalities have one root, albeit a branched one. Thus, the Sklavins are characterized as a largely western group, the Antes as an eastern group, and the Wends as a northern group. Of course, there were other ethnic groups like the Radimichi, Northerners and Vyatichi, but these three are the most prominent ancient peoples on the territory of Russia. The origin and further settlement according to sources of the same time extended from the lower Danube to Lake Murcia. In particular, the Antes occupied the territory from the Dniester to the very mouth of the Dnieper. However, the sources do not mark the boundaries of the distribution of the Slavs in the northern regions. About the same Wends, the Goths write that they occupy endless spaces.

According to the results of modern research in archeology, the Antes and Sklavins had minor differences, which mostly related to ritual rites. But at the same time, the cultural influence of the Scythian-Sarmatian tribes on the Antes is noted, as evidenced by the very name of this nation, which is of Iranian origin. But, despite the differences, the ancient Slavic peoples on the territory of Russia often united on the basis of political and military interests. Moreover, there is also a theory according to which the Antes, Sklavins and Wends were not called different groups nationalities, but one ethnic group, but called differently by its neighbors.

Avar invasion

In the middle of the 7th century. n. e. the regions of the eastern Azov region and the North Caucasus were attacked by the Avars. The latter ravaged the lands of the Antes, but as they advanced into the country of the Slavs, their relations with Byzantium deteriorated. Nevertheless, in the Avar Khaganate by the second half of the 7th century. n. e. included almost all the ancient peoples on the territory of Russia. The story of this invasion was subsequently passed on for centuries and was even described in the Tale of Bygone Years. The size of the share of the Slavic people in the Kaganate was so impressive that John of Ephesus in his chronicles identified the Antes and Avars.

Archaeological information allows us to draw conclusions about a wide migration wave of Antes towards Pannonia. For example, the origin of the ethnonym Croats also has Iranian roots. Therefore, we can talk about the dominance of the Antes in the Kaganate over the Sklavins. And the settlement of Croats throughout the Balkan Peninsula and parts of Western Europe testifies to the directions taken by the wave of migration of the Antes with the Avars. In addition, the ethnonym Serbs is of Iranian origin, which makes this ethnic group close to the ancient peoples on the territory of Russia. The Great Migration of Peoples did not have such an impact on the distribution of the Slavs in the eastern regions of Europe as the invasion of the Avars. They also left behind a cultural trace, but many scientists especially emphasize the likelihood of a demographic explosion by this time, which forced the Kaganate to look for new lands.

Completion of the history of the ants

Antes and other Slavic tribes during the 7th century. n. e. are in unstable hostile and allied relations with the Avar Khaganate and Byzantium. But it is important to emphasize that it was the advance of the Avars that provoked disagreements within the Slavic association. As sources note, the ancient peoples on the territory of modern Russia, formed by the Antes tribe, were eventually exterminated for their alliance with the Romans. This attempt at unity did not please the Avars, who sent an army to destroy the tribes. However, there is still no exact information about the fate of the remaining Antes. Some historians believe that they were completely defeated, while others are of the opinion that the Antes moved across the Danube.

The same “Tale of Bygone Years” indicates the death of Grand Duke Kiy and his warriors, after which the Slavic tribes began to fight among themselves, because of which the Khazars established strong power in the region. It is with this event that the new formation of ancient peoples on the territory of Russia is associated. The origin of the Slavs in the first stages determined the formation of the Ant community, but after its decline, a new period of development of the East Slavic people began with the next round of settlement.

Development of new territories by the Slavs

In the 8th century the previously secured position on the Balkan Peninsula becomes less secure. This was facilitated by the arrival of Byzantium in the region, under whose pressure the Slavs had to retreat. In Greece, their assimilation is also taking place, which forces the tribes to look for new places for development in other directions. At this stage, we can already talk about the complete formation of the basis of ancient peoples on the territory of Russia. Briefly, they can be characterized as Slavic families, but as new lands are invaded, other ethnic groups join the main masses. For example, at the beginning of the 8th century. On the left bank of the Dnieper, the Romny culture is actively forming. At the same time, in the upper Dnieper region, the Smolensk Slavs formed their own layer of traditions and rituals.

A single linguistic and cultural space is created by the Slavs, who occupied the territory from the Danube to the Baltic. This advancement ultimately allowed the formation of the famous trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks. As archaeological research shows, ancient peoples in Russia used this road already in the second half of the 8th century. By the 9th century. Trade relations are formed between the Slavs and neighboring states, which allows them to enter the pan-European transport system. No less significant was the migration to the south, which made it possible to reach the countries of Asia Minor. Some of the Slavic tribes were captured by Emperor Justinian II during his campaign in the vicinity of Thessaloniki. The Bulgarian tribes acted as defenders in this clash, but further advances of the Eastern Slavs in this direction were suppressed for a long time.

1. Subject of the course. Historical sources and historiography.
2. The peoples who inhabited the territory of Ukraine in ancient times.
3. Kievan Rus.
4. Feudal fragmentation of Rus'. Galicia-Volyn principality.

1. Subject of the course. Historical sources and historiography.

When determining the subject of the history of Ukraine, it is necessary to take into account two
aspect. Firstly, by the history of Ukraine we mean the history of those
lands that make up the territory of the modern state “Uk-
Raina." And secondly, the history of Ukraine includes the history of Ukrainian
people in all the lands of their settlement around the world. Ukrainian diaspora.
According to various estimates, e? population ranges from 14 to 20 million people
century Of these: Russia - 8 million, USA - 2 million, Canada - 1 million, Kazakhstan -
900 thousand, Moldova - 600 thousand, Brazil - 400 thousand, Belarus - 300 thousand and
etc.
The main feature of the history of Ukraine is that on the territory
rhetoric of modern Ukraine at the same time (in parallel) existing
There were different state formations. Western lands of Ukraine
in general, for a long time they lived separately from the rest of the Ukrainian ze-
stranded In Western Ukrainian lands, several historical
Russian regions that have their own history. This is Eastern Ga-
Lycia (or Galicia) with a historical center in Lviv, Northern Buko-
wines (historical center - Chernivtsi), Volyn (historical center -
Lutsk), Transcarpathia (historical center - Uzhgorod).
However, all Ukrainian lands, starting from the Middle Ages, were
villages by one people who have a common origin, a common
language and common cultural traits.
Historical sources. Any history and history of Ukraine in part-
ness is studied on the basis of historical sources. Historical
sources - this is everything that directly reflects the historical
process and makes it possible to study the past, that is, everything that was previously created
given by humanity and has survived to this day in the form of material objects
Noah culture, written monuments and other evidence.
All historical sources are conventionally divided into several types:
written (for example, chronicles, legal acts, periodic
61
Denmark, correspondence, etc.); material (they are mainly studied by archaeological
gia); ethnographic (data about life, morals, customs); linguistic
(language data); oral (epics, fairy tales, songs, thoughts, proverbs, weather-
workers, etc., i.e. folklore); photo, film, video, background materials and sources
nicknames on electronic media.
The term "historiography" has two meanings. Firstly, this is the
historical science, or scientific discipline that studies history
riya of historical science. Secondly, this is a body of research
dedicated to a specific topic or historical era.

2. The peoples who inhabited the territory of Ukraine in ancient times.

The first traces of humans discovered on the territory of modern
Ukraine, are about a million years old. These are found in Transcarpa-
at the site of the Early Paleolithic the tools of the archaeoanthropist. About 150
thousand years ago people of the following anthropological type appeared -
paleoanthropes (Neanderthals). On the territory of Ukraine, archaeologists have used
followed by more than 200 sites of Neanderthals, in particular Negroid
type. Modern man is a neoanthrope (Cro-Magnon, homo sapiens)
appeared no earlier than 40 thousand years ago. Throughout Ukraine
no more than 20-25 thousand people lived then.
The first highly developed primitive agricultural
pastoral culture on the territory of modern Ukraine, about which
historians have enough information, there was a Trypillian culture (V - III
thousand BC e). It existed when pyramids were built in Egypt
yes. Trypillians inhabited the Dnieper and Transnistria regions. They knew how
process copper, knew how to make tools, weapons, build 1-
2-storey rectangular adobe dwellings with a wooden frame,
sculpted completely perfect dishes, which were decorated with original
ornament.
From the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. e. the south of Ukraine from the foothills of the Carpathians and the lower
the Danube region to the Kuban was inhabited by agricultural and pastoral tribes
Cimmerians, the first on the territory of Ukraine, which are discussed in
written sources (“Odyssey” by Homer, ancient Greek historians
Herodotus, Eustatius, Skimp, contemporary Assyrian Cimmerians, Ju-
Deysky, Urartian authors). The Cimmerians already widely used
lezo. Thanks to this, they had relatively highly developed agriculture.
literature and crafts, achieved great success in military affairs. Memories
about the Cimmerians disappear after 570 BC.
In VIII Art. BC e. militaries are moving from Asia to steppe Ukraine.
tribal tribes of the Scythians (Iranian origin), who gradually
drove out the Cimmerians. The Scythians successfully fought with the Persian king
Darius, who in 514-513 tried to win them over. All R. 1st millennium BC e.
17
Scythian tribes united and created a primitive state
new formation - Scythia. This is the first state association in
territory of Ukraine. At first, the capital of Scythia was on the Left Bank (city.
Gelon). From the end of the III century. BC e. the Scythian capital was in the city of Ne-
Apol-Scythian in Crimea, near Simferopol. Expressive
monument of Scythian times - grandiose funeral mounds, which
scattered across steppe Ukraine. In the burial places of noble Scythians
archaeologists find highly artistic gold jewelry.
From III Art. BC e. they also come to southern Ukraine from the Volga and Ural
Iranian-speaking tribes of the Sarmatians, who partially displaced, partially
conquered and absorbed the Scythians, thus establishing dominance over
Ukrainian steppe. This situation continued until the III century. n. e., when with
The ancient Germanic tribes of the Goths came to the Baltic. The Goths subjugated the place
ny agricultural-pastoral tribes, Sarmatians and remnants of the Scythians.
They created a powerful state, adopted Christianity, had a written
mentality (their translation of the Bible into Old German has been preserved).
From IV Art. n. e. The Great Migration (relocation) of peoples begins.
And almost all waves of this migration go through Ukraine. The first such wave
Noah for Ukraine were the Huns. They came from Transbaikalia and in 375
They smashed the Gothic state. Then most of the Goths went to the Danube
lands, a minority remained in the Azov region and Crimea, where the state
The Goths existed until 1475.
Then the Bulgarians (V-VII centuries), Avars passed through the steppe strip of Ukraine
(VI century), Khazars (VII century), Ugrians (Hungarians) (IX century), Pechenegs (X-XI century), Polovtsians
(XI-XII centuries), Mongol-Tatars (XIII century). Some of them are completely (badly)
negs, Polovtsians), and some partially settled on the territory of modern
of Ukraine.
Since the 7th century. BC e on the northern coast of the Black Sea
The Greeks are credited with creating the most developed civilization at that time.
tion of the world. They founded the cities of Istria (at the mouth of the Danube), Borysthenes
(near modern Ochakov), Tire (at the mouth of the Dniester), Olvia (at the mouth
Southern Bug, near modern Nikolaev), Chersonesus (modern
Sevastopol), Karkinitida (modern Feodosia), Panticapaeum (city.
Kerch), etc. These colony cities became centers of crafts and trade. They
had the status of independent states. In the 5th century BC. Greek colonies on
The Taman and Kerch peninsulas united into the Bosporus kingdom.
estvo with the center in the city of Panticapaeum. Connections of highly developed Greek cities
with the population of the south of Ukraine - Scythians, Sarmatians and other tribes
actively influenced the development of these peoples. From the 1st century BC e. Greek cities in
northern Black Sea region fall under the rule of the Roman Empire and remain
81
live under it until the invasion of nomads who destroyed them. Later there was
Only Chersonesus was restored.
Thus, in ancient times, the peoples who inhabited the
temporary Ukraine, replaced one another repeatedly (Cimmerians,
Scythians, Sarmatians, Greeks, Goths, Huns, etc.). And they all contributed to
ethnogenesis of the Ukrainian people. When some peoples are displaced by others
there has always been some part of the displaced people who were
strongly tied to the earth. And this part remained in place. Therefore, do-
mother, that with the arrival of some peoples, others completely disappeared - it was
It would be naive. New peoples gradually assimilated with the previous ones.
Ukraine at that time was a huge ethnic cauldron in which
clans, gradually melting down, formed the basis of the Ukrainian ethno-
sa. And the decisive role in the process of ethnogenesis of the Ukrainian people was played by
the Slavs fought.
More than 2000 years ago on the territory of modern Ukraine,
In Belarus and Poland, tribes appeared that were called Slavic
Not. It is difficult to say whether the Slavs were autochthons in these lands, or al-
Lochtons. Most scientists believe that the ancestral home of the Slavs is located
was located in the territory between the middle Dnieper, Pripyat, the Carpathians and
Vistula. The movement to the south of the Germanic tribes of the Goths and the Great Migration
peoples violated the integrity of the Slavic world. Division has occurred
three Slavs large groups: western, southern and eastern.
In the 4th century. it was the Eastern Slavs who most likely formed the core
states of the Antes. This state extended from the Dniester to the Don.
In addition to the Slavs, it included the remnants of the Goths, Greeks, Scythians, and Sarmatians.
The Antes traded and fought with Byzantium. The state of the Antes lasted
lasted until the 7th century. and died in the fight against the Avars. The Eastern Slavs divided
settled on tribes and alliances of tribes (of which 15 were large), which settled
were located on the territory of Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus. So, the glades lived in
Middle Dnieper, the Drevlyans - mainly in modern life
Tomir region, Siverians - mainly in Chernigovshchensk, Dulibs (they are also
Buzhans, or Volynians) - in the Bug basin, white Croats - in the Carpathian region,
Tivertsy - in Transnistria, between the Southern Bug and Dniester rivers.
The East Slavic tribes occupied a very advantageous geography
economic position - the most important middle-grounds passed through their lands
centuries-old trade routes.
The centers of the tribes were cities. The main city of the Siverians was
Chernigov, Drevlyans - Iskorosten (modern Korosten). In the middle of I
thousand N. e. Kyiv was founded. It became the center of the clearings. His favorable me-
standing at the crossroads of trade routes “from the Varangians to the Greeks” and from
Asia to Europe quickly turned the city into an economic, political
19
and cultural center. At the beginning of the 8th century. the glades and the Severians recognized power
Khazar Kaganate and became its tributaries.

3. Kievan Rus.

Socio-economic and political development of the Eastern Slavs
led to the creation of their state, which soon became known as Kievan Rus.
In the middle of the 9th century. began to appear on the lands of the Eastern Slavs
the inhabitants of Scandinavia are the Varangians (Normans, Vikings). Typically this would be
whether warrior-merchants, who, together with their squads (armed
detachments) traveled along the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks.” Along the way
they made attacks on Slavic and Finnish settlements, gra-
beat them. At that time, all of Europe was afraid of the raids of the warlike Vikings.
Their military organization, as well as their tactics and ability to fight, were unsurpassed.
ascended. The Varangians conquered some East Slavic and Finnish
tribes. And there were also tribes that themselves began to invite military
Varangian leaders (kings) with their squads to reign for the
go to protect against the expansion of neighbors.
Around 862, the Varangian king (prince) Rurik united several
East Slavic and Finnish tribes in the north (Slovenes, Krivichi, Chud,
Vesi) and founded a state with its capital in the Slovenian city of Novgorod.
IN historical science There are several interpretations of the emergence
of the state among the Eastern Slavs. Polar among them are
Norman and anti-Norman theories. Normanists believe that the state
The Normans (Varangians) brought power to the Eastern Slavs. Antinor-
Manists see in the Norman theory a hint of the inability of the Slavs to self-
it is necessary to create our own statehood and therefore completely
deny main role Varangians in the formation of the ancient Russian state
va.
The truth is probably somewhere in the middle. Historical
experience shows that a state can arise only if there is
deep internal, indigenous socio-economic conditions.
It is possible to create a state without these conditions. History knows such cases
measures. But such artificially created states are unstable and deteriorating.
collapse in a short period of time. Kievan Rus was very
stable state formation, the strongest European environment
a non-centuries-old state that lasted for several centuries.
This means that it arose and developed on its own, immanent (internal)
renna inherent) basis.
On the other hand, it is unhistorical and unscientific to ignore
the important role played by the Varangians in the formation of Old Russian
state, because it is impossible not to admit that all its first rights
rulers were Varangians and the ancient Russian elite was at first predominant
Vienna Varangian.
After the death of Rurik, power passed to his warrior and relatives.
vennik Oleg, since Rurik’s son Igor was still very small. Oleg re-
carried the capital of the state to Kyiv, after which Rus' became Kyiv. Next
The leading Kyiv princes were Igor, Olga, and Svyatoslav.
Vladimir I the Great (Red Sun, Baptist) ruled in
Kyiv from 980 to 1015. He united the lands that conquered him
predecessors, expanded his power to other territories. So
Thus, under the rule of the Kyiv prince Vladimir the Great there was the most
large state in Europe. The territory of Kievan Rus included
itself lands from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south and from
Carpathians in the west to the river. Volga in the east.
In order to strengthen the unity of such a large state and
raise his authority, Prince Vladimir decided to establish one state
national religion. The pagan cult of many gods slowed down the process of
unity of lands. Moreover, they are different social groups gave pre-
respect different gods(combatants - Perun, blacksmiths - Svarog, earth-
lollipops - Yarile, sailors - Stribog, etc.), which also does not contribute
led to the consolidation of ancient Russian society. Moreover, paganism
prevented the establishment of equal relations with advanced peoples
of that time, who professed monotheistic religions and believed
whether pagans (including Russians) are savages. This means that the new state
The real religion had to be monotheistic. But which one? Basic
New world religions had already taken shape at that time. Asian countries, with
with which Kievan Rus actively strengthened economic ties, using
Islam and Judaism were in charge, Europe - Christianity. Choosing a religion that
paradise in the Middle Ages became the basis of the entire spiritual life of each individual
of a person and society as a whole, meant the choice of foreign policy
orientation of the state. Vladimir make this choice in favor of Europe and
accepted Christianity. But the specificity of the geopolitical situation of the Kyiv
Rus' (between the West and the East) determined the choice of Christianity to restore
exact, Byzantine rite.
Rus' was baptized in 988. Hierarchically, the ancient Russian church was
associated with the Constantinople (Constantinopolitan) Patriarchate.
Baptism had great value for the whole life of Kievskaya Ru-
si. It contributed to the unification of the state and raising the authority
Grand Duke. Baptism significantly improved international status
the Kyiv state, which entered as an equal into the circle of European
countries It is difficult to overestimate the influence of baptism on the development of Chinese culture.
Eva Rus'.

4. Feudal fragmentation of Rus'. Galicia-Volyn principality.

After the death of his successor Vladimir the Great of Kyiv
Prince Yaroslav the Wise begins the period feudal fragmentation
Ancient Rus'. It is characterized by the gradual disintegration of a single state
donations to several independent principalities, strife between princes,
new economic trends, increased attacks by external enemies
to weakened Rus'.
The period of feudal fragmentation is a general historical
regularity, a certain stage in the development of feudal society. He
characteristic of most countries that had early feudal states
state and comes after the heyday of these states.
Objective reasons feudal fragmentation lies in
development of the productive forces of feudal society. This is development
led to the economic growth of local centers (for Ancient Rus' -
centers of appanage principalities). In the conditions prevailing under feudalism
me subsistence economy, individual territories of the reno-feudal state
states become economically independent from the national
nogo center. Economic independence inevitably leads to political
Russian separatism. Local feudal rulers not only no longer
needed centralized power to protect against external enemies, but
and on their own economic base could successfully resist this
authorities.
Subjective factors that became catalysts for the process
sa collapse of the Kyiv state, began the introduction of Yaroslav the Wise
the principle of lordship in succession and economic decline
Kyiv.
The introduction of seignorate in succession to the throne led to princely
discord.
The economic fall of the national center - Kyiv -
It also accelerated the disintegration processes in Rus'.
At one time, the separation of Kyiv from other East Slavic tribes
exchange centers were most facilitated by its cost-effective
geographical position at the crossroads of European-Asian trade
out ways. But from the end of the 11th century. the significance of these routes in international trade
The beef began to fall. Italian merchants connected Europe with the East
permanent Mediterranean sea routes, which are no longer
Vikings pirated. The Byzantine Empire entered its period
sunset, and trade relations with it became less and less profitable. And in
1204 Constantinople was sacked by the crusaders. After that
he was never able to recover from the blow until the conquest by the Turks. Ta-
Thus, the path “from the Varangians to the Greeks” completely lost its meaning.
22
The Arab Caliphate also suffered a rapid decline. As a result, Kyiv
not only lost its major trading partners, but was also left without
income from the transit of foreign merchants. This all had disastrous consequences.
actions for Kyiv. The impoverished “mother of Russian cities” was physically not
able to fulfill the role of a government center. United Rus' disintegrates
was given, and the princely strife caused heavy damage to the ancient Russian lands
loss.
For some time this decay was suspended Kyiv prince Vla-
Dimir Monomakh (1113-1125). But after the death of his son Mstislav (1132)
The Kiev state was finally divided into several separate
principalities, between which there were constant wars.
At the end of the 12th century. Volyn stood out among these principalities. In 1199
Volyn prince Roman united Galicia with Volyn and created Galicia
Ko-Volyn principality. After some time, he joined his
their possessions of Kyiv. Galicia-Volyn state with center in Vla-
dimire extended from the Carpathians to the Dnieper and was the strongest in Ru-
si.
In the 13th century. the ancient Russian principalities had new enemies from Asia
- Mongol-Tatars. In 1222 they came to Ukrainian lands. Old Russian-
The princes united to protect their lands. But in 1223 the Mongol-
The Tatars defeated the army of the ancient Russian princes in the battle on the Kalka River.
On the Volga, the Mongol-Tatars created the state of the Golden Horde.
Roman's son, Prince Danilo Galitsky, was preparing for an active fight against the Tatars.
He significantly strengthened the Galicia-Volyn principality, but
could not free himself from Tatar dependence.
Danilo Galitsky founded the city of Lviv.
In the second half of the XIII - first half of the XIV centuries. Galicia-
The Volyn principality was constantly at war with its neighbors: Lithuania,
Poland, Hungary. As a result, in 1340 Lithuania occupied Volyn, and
in 1349 Poland took Galicia into its possessions. Under Polish rule
Galicia was located until 1772.
Transcarpathian Ukraine became part of Hungary, where it remained until
1918 After the collapse of the Galicia-Volyn principality, Bukovina became part of
composition of Moldova. She stayed there until 1774.