Text quoted from the book: Romanyuk S.K. Moscow. Loss. M.: Publishing house PTO "Center", 1992. 336 p., ill.
Photo from Naydenov's album
Before the revolution, the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker stood on Ilyinka and was popularly called the “Big Cross”.
It was erected in 1680-1688 by wealthy merchants from Arkhangelsk, the Filatiev brothers, who ordered the construction of such splendor that would glorify the temple builders themselves, their generosity and zeal for godly deeds. Unfortunately, we do not know the names of the architects.
The lower floor served as a tomb, and there were two entrances to the temple itself through a porch raised on three arches and beautifully decorated with white stone carvings. The elegant building was almost square, the second and third tiers were decorated with capitals, and large windows were framed by lush platbands. The most unusual thing was located at the top of the building - here unknown craftsmen placed hexagonal windows of a magnificent and unusual shape for Moscow in the lower tier of the two-tiered completion, and filled the upper one with ribbed shells, so beloved by Russian craftsmen after the Fryazin Aleviz Novy, who built the Archangel Cathedral in the Kremlin.
The same shells were placed at the base of the elongated necks of all five domes, decorated with relief stars.
The interior of the church matched its appearance. Its decoration was considered to be a majestic carved iconostasis, more like a work of jewelry. The landmark of the temple, from which it received its name, was a two-meter wooden cross standing near the choir, built by the same Filatyev brothers, in which more than a hundred particles of the relics of various saints were enclosed.
Next to the church stood a bell tower, built at the same time, but crowned with a pseudo-Gothic completion after the fire of 1812.
The official reason for the demolition of the temple was that its porch overlooked the sidewalk and interfered with traffic. First, in 1933, the porch was dismantled, and then the church itself.
More images of the church:
Photo from Barshchevsky's catalog
From a wonderful site.
“Without any defects, the five-domed church of St. was built in an amazingly elegant and strict architectural design. St. Nicholas "Grand Cross" on Ilyinka. This echo of the old temple type was built by Arkhangelsk merchants, the Filatyev brothers, in 1680 - 1697. The brilliant decoration makes this temple one of the most outstanding artistic monuments in Moscow."
F. Dietz. Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker "Big Cross". Canvas, oil. Ser. XIX century.“The temple is popularly called St. Nicholas at the Great Cross after the large cross built by the same Filatyevs. This cross is wooden, 3 arshins high. The cross contains 156 particles of relics."
F. Alekseev. "View of the Church of St. Nicholas the Great Cross on Ilyinka." Canvas, oil. 1800
“The Filatyevs invited the best craftsmen to decorate the temple. Built on a merchant scale, on several floors, on a basement, the skyward five-domed pale blue temple amazed with its carved white stone decoration. To contemporaries of the construction it seemed like a miracle, and even in the 19th century they spoke of it with admiration: “The stone carvings of the Church of St. Nicholas the Great Cross are all covered with wonderful carvings: the high porch, window frames, small hatches under the cornice, and finally, the necks of the domes - all of this is dotted with dense patterns , the effect of which is complemented by star-studded chapters and, like filigree, crosses.”
N. Naydenov. “Church of Nicolas Miracle. them. "Big Cross", on Ilyinka. 1882
The interior decoration was not inferior to the exterior: “the window sills are lined with tafel with various images from the gospel story; the walls are decorated with carved figures; the choirs are figuratively carved from stone; the floor is made of wild dark marble.
Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker "Big Cross". 1880s
In the basement of the church in the 19th century, a warehouse for merchant goods was located. At the same time, the temple finally secured its status as the main shrine of the Moscow merchants, which was due to the location of the temple on Ilyinka, the main shopping street of Moscow.
Ilyinka street. Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker "Big Cross". 1902
In 1928, the church building was carefully restored, but this did not save it from destruction. In 1931 they began to destroy the southern porch, and in 1934 the temple was finally demolished along with the bell tower, under the pretext that it was interfering with travel along Ilyinke Street.”
Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker "Big Cross". 1900s
“Nikola’s” cross was knocked down -
It became so bright around!
Hello, new Moscow,
New Moscow – crossless!
– wrote the proletarian poet Demyan Bedny...
The beginning of the destruction of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker "Big Cross". 1933
The following materials were used to prepare the publication:
Guide to Moscow edited by I.P. Mashkova. / Moscow: Moscow Architectural Society, 1913
Kondratyev I.K. The Hoary Antiquity of Moscow: Historical Review and Complete Index of Sights (according to the 1893 edition). / Moscow: Voenizdat, 1996
Berkhina T.G. Lost shrines. Ilyinka through the centuries. / Moscow: Publishing house of the Temple of Elijah the Prophet, 2011.
Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker "Big Cross"(also known as " Nikola Grand Cross») - Orthodox church V Moscow, built at the end 17th century and demolished to 1934. Main throne the temple was consecrated in the name Dormition of the Blessed Virgin Mary , aisle- in the name of Nicholas the Wonderworker.
Story
The temple was built at the expense of Arkhangelsk merchants Filatiev close to Ilyinsky Gate. Construction began in 1680 and was completed in 1688. The temple is considered one of the first examples of reworking the architectural type of a parish church that developed in the middle 17th century. He is tall, elongated quadruple on basement, divided into four tiers horizontally. An architectural innovation was the separation bell towers(which in 1819 was built on with two tiers) from the quadrangle, the absence refectory(usually used to connect the quadrangle and the bell tower), reducing the size apse and the chapel. How in Archangel Cathedral, in divisions facades used order decoration that did not reflect the real structure of the building - the temple had no floors, the interior space was solid. In the external design there was some eclecticism- used in the columns of the first tier Doric order, on the second tier - Corinthian, and in the third pilasters complex shape, however, thanks to the well-chosen ratio of sizes and shapes, the integrity of the building was not compromised. The windows, located according to the division into tiers, differed in size, shape and design. Thus, on the lower tiers the windows had a rectangular shape and were framed with carved platbands with torn pediments. On the third, low tier there were octagonal windows decorated with white stone patterned frames. The foursome ended with false zakomari. The five heads of the temple were multifaceted, had twisted columns on the corners and were surrounded kokoshniks.
The name "St. Nicholas the Great Cross" was popularly given to the temple by the aisle of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker and relics temple - it contained a large (over two meters) wooden cross, made by order of the Filatyevs. This cross was modeled after the cross made by the Patriarch Nikon V Cross Onega Monastery Arkhangelsk province on the island Kie. There were 156 in the cross reliquaries with particles relics various saints, in addition to the relics of St. Nicholas, located in the center of the cross. In addition to this wooden cross, the temple kept altar cross, made in 1680 let's become a clerk Andrei Gorodetsky and the icon of All Saints, painted in 1700 by Kirill Ulanov. There was a custom in this temple to bring people involved in litigation to the “kissing of the cross” - the oath.
In 1928 the temple was restored. After release Declarations of Metropolitan Sergius The church community turned out to be one of the “non-commemorators,” that is, those who did not agree with the declaration and stopped commemorating the Soviet government and the metropolitan at the service Sergius (Starogorodsky). The parish of the Church of St. Nicholas “Big Cross” became a kind of center of the Moscow community of “non-rememberers”, maintained communication with other communities that did not recognize Metropolitan Sergius as the head of the Church, people from other cities came there to confess and receive communion. Temple rector, father Mikhail Lyubimov I thought that " ...in no case should believers be allowed to recognize the Sergian Church, since this leads to some kind of reconciliation with the existing system..." However, in 1935 he himself escaped into government-controlled renovationism.
In the fall of 1931, the temple was closed, and after some time the community continued liturgical life in small house churches. In 1932, most of the underground workers, led by the rector, were arrested and imprisoned.
In 1934, the temple was destroyed along with the bell tower; the site of the temple is now a wasteland.
Surviving elements
- Before the destruction of the temple, its iconostasis was dismantled and was in museum storage for 15 years. In 1948 it was installed (in a reconstructed form) in the refectory of the St. Sergius Church Trinity-Sergius Lavra.[[K:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]][[K:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]]
- White stone decorative details - a baluster, columns, a fragment of an icon case and shells are on display at the museum. Kolomenskoye.
Church of Nikola Bolshoy Krest (Kolomenskoe) 04.JPG
Detail of the platband exhibited in Kolomenskoye
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Capital
Church of Nikola Bolshoy Krest (Kolomenskoe) 11.jpg
Capital
Church of Nikola Bolshoy Krest (Kolomenskoe) 12.JPG
Detail of floral decoration
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Church of Nikola Bolshoy Krest (Kolomenskoe) 17.JPG
Church of Nikola Bolshoy Krest (Kolomenskoe) 18.JPG
Church of Nikola Bolshoy Krest (Kolomenskoe) 19.JPG
Church of Nikola Bolshoy Krest (Kolomenskoe) 20.jpg
Church of Nikola Bolshoy Krest (Kolomenskoe) 25.JPG
Church of Nikola Bolshoy Krest (Kolomenskoe) 26.JPG
Church of Nikola Bolshoy Krest (Kolomenskoe) 24.JPG
Church of Nikola Bolshoy Krest (Kolomenskoe) 28.JPG
Church of Nikola Bolshoy Krest (Kolomenskoe) 35.JPG
Church foundation stone
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Notes
Literature
- Cherny V.D. The art of medieval Rus'. - M.: Humanite. ed. VLADOS center, 1997. - ISBN 5-691-00021-7.
Links
An excerpt characterizing the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker “Big Cross”
True, tourists do not know one very funny detail... In Meteora there is another monastery, into which the “curious” are not allowed... It was built (and gave rise to the rest) by one gifted fanatic who once studied in the real Meteora and expelled from it. Angry at the whole world, he decided to build “his own Meteora” in order to gather those who were “offended” like him and lead his solitary life. How he managed this is unknown. But since then, Masons began to gather in his Meteor for secret meetings. What happens once a year to this day.Monasteries: Grand Meteoron (big Meteoron); Russano; Agios Nikolas; Agia Trios; Agias Stefanos; Varlaam are located at a very close distance from each other.
Fedor Alekseev. View of the Church of St. Nicholas the Great Cross on Ilyinka
The Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker "Big Cross" (also known as "Nicholas the Great Cross") is an Orthodox church in Moscow, built at the end of the 17th century and demolished in 1934.
The main altar of the temple was consecrated in the name of the Dormition of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the chapel - in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker
A masterpiece of the Stroganov Baroque, one of the most beautiful churches in the city.
From the history:
- The temple was built at the expense of the Arkhangelsk merchants Filatyevs. Construction began in 1680 and was completed in 1688. The temple is considered one of the first examples of reworking the architectural type of a parish church that developed in the mid-17th century. It is a tall, elongated quadrangle on a basement divided into four tiers horizontally. The architectural innovation was the separation of the bell tower (which in 1819 was built on two tiers) from the quadrangle, the absence of a refectory (usually serving to connect the quadrangle and the bell tower), and a reduction in the size of the apses and aisles. As in the Archangel Cathedral, order decoration was used in the divisions of the facades, which did not reflect the real structure of the building - the temple did not have floors, the interior space was solid. There was some eclecticism in the external design - the Doric order was used in the columns of the first tier, the Corinthian order was used in the second tier, and pilasters of complex shapes in the third, however, thanks to the well-chosen ratio of sizes and shapes, the integrity of the building was not compromised. The windows, located according to the division into tiers, differed in size, shape and design. Thus, on the lower tiers the windows had a rectangular shape and were framed by carved frames with torn pediments. On the third, low tier there were octagonal windows decorated with white stone patterned frames. The foursome ended with false mosquitoes. The five domes of the temple were multifaceted, had twisted columns at the corners and were surrounded by kokoshniks.
- The name “St. Nicholas the Great Cross” was popularly given to the temple by the chapel of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker and by the relic of the temple - it contained a large (over two meters) wooden cross, made by order of the Filatyevs. This cross was made according to the model of the cross made by Patriarch Nikon in the Onega Monastery of the Cross in the Arkhangelsk province on the island of Kiye. The cross contained 156 reliquaries with particles of the relics of various saints, in addition to the relics of St. Nicholas, located in the center of the cross. In addition to this wooden cross, the church kept an altar cross made in 1680 by clerk Andrei Gorodetsky and an icon of All Saints, painted in 1700 by Kirill Ulanov. There was a custom in this temple to bring people involved in litigation to the “kissing of the cross” - the oath.
- In 1928 the temple was restored.
- After the release of the Declaration of Metropolitan Sergius, the church community turned out to be one of the “non-commemorators,” that is, those who did not agree with the declaration and stopped commemorating the Soviet government and Metropolitan Sergius (Starogorodsky) at the service. The parish of the Church of St. Nicholas “Big Cross” became a kind of center of the Moscow community of “non-rememberers”, maintained communication with other communities that did not recognize Metropolitan Sergius as the head of the Church, people from other cities came there to confess and receive communion. The rector of the temple, Father Mikhail Lyubimov, believed that “...in no case should believers be allowed to recognize the Sergian Church, since this leads to some kind of reconciliation with the existing system...”.
- In the fall of 1931, the temple was closed, and after some time the community continued liturgical life in small house churches.
- In 1932, most of the faithful parishioners, led by the rector, were arrested and imprisoned.
- In 1934, the temple was destroyed without any reason along with the bell tower; the site of the temple is currently a wasteland.
- Before the destruction of the temple, its iconostasis was dismantled and was in museum storage for 15 years. In 1948, it was installed (in a reconstructed form) in the refectory of the Sergius Church of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.
- White stone decorative details - a baluster, columns, a fragment of an icon case and shells - are on display at the Kolomenskoye Museum.
- In 2017, plans emerged to rebuild the church.
