First mention about fire-fighting measures carried out in Rus' can be found in the collection of laws known as “Russian Truth”, published by in the 11th century under Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise.
In the 13th century A legislative document was issued regarding liability for arson.
In the 14th and 15th centuries Some preventative fire precautions are taken.
In 1434 During the reign of Vasily II the Dark, royal decrees were issued on how to handle fire and under what conditions it could be used.
In order to protect Moscow from fires, by decree of Tsar Ivan III, fire brigades were organized on the city streets - special outposts “Grids”, the service of which was carried out by “grid clerks” and city residents recruited to help them (one person from every ten households).
In 1504 decrees were issued prohibiting the heating of stoves and baths in the summer unless absolutely necessary, and the lighting of fires in houses in the evenings.
In 1547 After a major fire in Moscow, Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible issued a law obliging Moscow residents to have barrels filled with water in their yards and on the roofs of their houses. For cooking, it was prescribed to build stoves and hearths in vegetable gardens and vacant lots far from residential buildings. At that time, the first hand pumps for extinguishing fires, which were then called water pipes, appeared.
In 1571 A police order was issued prohibiting the access to the site of the fire of unauthorized persons who were not taking part in extinguishing it, which determined the basic procedure for extinguishing fires.
In April 1649 Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich issued the “Order on the City Deanery,” which essentially laid the organizational foundations for professional fire protection in Moscow.
Constant threats of fires in the Admiralty and the Navy prompted Peter I to make the first attempt to organize permanent fire brigades. In 1722 a kind of fire brigade was organized at the Admiralty. This team was armed with filler pipes, hooks, buckets, and axes. To fight fire at shipyards and port facilities, it was necessary to have 5 large and 10 small hooks, 10 forks, 7 canvases, 50 shields, for every 40 m of the above buildings - 2 barrels of water and one ladder. All types of ships were equipped with the necessary firefighting tools. November 13, 1718 Peter the Great's Decree was issued on the construction of dinghies (cargo, shallow vessels) and the installation of fire hoses on them for extinguishing fires on river vessels and in coastal buildings.
To provide firefighting equipment to military units involved in firefighting in 1740, The Senate approved the following standards: each regiment was equipped with a large filling pipe, a vat for water and canvas; the battalions had to have pitchforks, ladders, a large hook with a chain; The company was equipped with 25 axes, buckets, a shield, shovels, 4 hand pipes, 2 small hooks.
In 1747 All government agencies were equipped with fire equipment. Under the Senate there was one large pipe with sleeves, 2 small pipes and 20 buckets; at collegiums there are 2 large pipes, 4 small pipes, 10 buckets and the required number of barrels for water; at the Holy Synod - a large pipe and buckets; at all offices and offices - 2 vats of water at the bottom of the building and 2 in the attic.
March 17, 1853 The “Normal report card for the composition of fire departments in cities” was approved, which streamlined the organizational structure of the fire department, including the standards for providing fire departments. For cities with a population of up to 2 thousand people, fire brigades were supposed to have: 2 carts for delivering filler pipes, 7 horses, 2 lines for transporting the fire brigade, 4 barrels, no more than 2 carts for transporting hooks, ladders and a large number of axes, crowbars, shovels, hooks and hooks.
State Fire Department of Soviet Russia was created in April 1918 decree “On the organization of state measures to combat fire” (“Fire Business”, 1918, No. 5. p. 59), according to which until 1999 the annual holiday “Fire Protection Day” was celebrated on April 17.
In 1999 In commemoration of the 350th anniversary of the Order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, a decision was made to move the date of the annual holiday “Fire Protection Day” to April 30.
From 1918 to 2002 The Russian fire service functioned within the framework of the bodies internal affairs(NKVD, Ministry of Internal Affairs). In 2002 The Russian fire service has been transferred to the jurisdiction of Russian Emergency Situations Ministry.
On this day in 1649, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich signed a decree establishing the first Russian fire service.
The fire service is one of the oldest public services in Russia. Back in 1504, during the reign of Ivan III, a fire watchdog was created in Moscow, and in 1549 Ivan the Terrible issued a decree on fire safety, which obligated ordinary people to have primary fire extinguishing equipment in every house.
In 1649, two documents were published in Rus' that were directly related to firefighting. The first of them, “Order on City Decoration,” issued on April 30, essentially laid the organizational foundations for professional fire protection in Moscow.
The order determined the staffing of the fire department, its equipment, constant duty, detours of cities, and established penalties for violations of the rules for handling fire. Moreover, these provisions applied to all Russian cities. For the first time in Rus', rules were established for officials responsible for fire safety.
The second document is the “Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich,” which also contained a number of articles regulating the rules for handling fire. The Code introduced criminal liability for arson and established a distinction between careless handling of fire and arson.
During the reign of Peter I, constant threats of fires prompted the Tsar to make the first attempt to organize permanent fire brigades. In 1722, a kind of fire brigade was organized at the Admiralty. This team was armed with filler pipes, hooks, buckets, and axes. All types of ships were equipped with the necessary firefighting tools. On November 13, 1722, Peter the Great issued a decree on the construction of dinghies (shallow cargo ships) and the installation of fire hoses on them to extinguish fires on river vessels and in coastal buildings.
To provide fire equipment to military units involved in extinguishing fires, in 1740 the Senate approved standards according to which each regiment was equipped with a large filler pipe, a water vat and canvas; the battalions had to have pitchforks, ladders, a large hook with a chain; the company was equipped with axes, buckets, a shield, shovels, hand pipes, and hooks. In 1747, all government agencies were equipped with fire equipment.
On March 17, 1853, the “Normal report card for the composition of fire departments in cities” was approved, which streamlined the organizational structure of the fire department, including the standards for providing fire departments for cities.
In 1857, the first fire regulations in Russia were published. It set out the procedure for setting up fire stations in cities, interpreted fire precautions, the procedure for compensating losses and rewarding fire department workers involved in extinguishing, and also prescribed penalties for violations of fire safety rules.
Since 1858, the military-police telegraph began to be used for firefighting purposes, and in the nineties - the telephone and electric fire alarm.
Since that time, a new uniform for firefighters was also introduced: for the fireman - a bronze helmet, gilded, with an army coat of arms, a ceremonial half-caftan of dark green cloth, double-breasted, with silver embroidery, trousers, boots, a belt belt, chrome boots, a sword. For an ordinary firefighter - a bronze helmet with scales, a gray semi-caftan, blue shoulder straps, trousers, boots, a belt belt with an ax case.
The creation of the Russian Firefighting Society in 1892 (since 1907 - Imperial) played a major role in the development of voluntary fire brigades.
In 1907, the first fire truck appeared in Moscow. In the same year, a fire alarm was installed for the first time in Kitai-Gorod.
After the revolution, on April 17, 1918, a decree “On the organization of state measures to combat fire” was issued, which became the first legislative act in the history of Russia in which the task of fighting fires was given national importance. In accordance with the decree, the annual holiday - Fire Protection Day - was celebrated on April 17.
In March 1999, the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation issued an order to consider April 30 as a professional holiday for fire department workers, in commemoration of the 350th anniversary of the Order on City Decoration. Taking into account the historical traditions and merits of the fire department, its contribution to ensuring fire safety of the Russian Federation, the President of the Russian Federation in April 1999 issued a Decree that established Fire Department Day on April 30.
Currently, fire safety activities are regulated by more than 10 federal laws and legal acts of the Government of the Russian Federation.
A significant event occurred at the end of the twentieth century. For the first time in Russia in its entire centuries-old history, on November 18, 1994, the State Duma adopted the Federal Law “On Fire Safety,” which defined the general legal, economic and social foundations for ensuring fire safety in the Russian Federation.
A new stage in the development of the fire service was the creation of the state fire and rescue service. On November 9, 2001, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On Improving State Administration in the Field of Fire Safety” was issued, according to which the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation was transformed into the State Fire Service of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense and Emergency Situations and disaster relief."
Fire protection in Russia is divided into the following types: State fire service, municipal fire protection, departmental fire protection, private fire protection, voluntary fire protection.
The State Fire Service (SFS) is a powerful operational service within the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, which has qualified personnel, modern equipment, and a developed scientific and educational base. It consists of 220 thousand people, 13.6 thousand buildings and structures, including more than 4 thousand fire station buildings, 18,634 main and special fire engines, 49 fire boats.
The State Fire Service includes the federal fire service and the fire service of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
The main tasks of the State Fire Service are: organizing the development and implementation of government measures aimed at preventing fires, increasing the efficiency of fire protection of settlements and enterprises, organizations, institutions; organization and implementation of state fire supervision; extinguishing fires and carrying out related priority rescue operations in populated areas and facilities; professional training of personnel for fire rescue operations.
State Border Service units annually make about 2 million trips, saving more than 90 thousand people from death and injury, and material assets worth more than 120 billion rubles. One of the most important activities of the State Fire Service is the implementation of fire supervision. Every year, state fire inspectors carry out 1.5 million fire safety control measures and propose up to 7.5 million fire safety measures. Thanks to this, up to 450 thousand fires are prevented annually and material assets worth 35-45 billion rubles are preserved.
The material was prepared based on information from open sources
On this day in 1649, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich signed a decree establishing the first Russian fire service.
The fire service is one of the oldest public services in Russia. Back in 1504, during the reign of Ivan III, a fire watchdog was created in Moscow, and in 1549 Ivan the Terrible issued a decree on fire safety, which obligated ordinary people to have primary fire extinguishing equipment in every house.
In 1649, two documents were published in Rus' that were directly related to firefighting. The first of them, “Order on City Decoration,” issued on April 30, essentially laid the organizational foundations for professional fire protection in Moscow.
The order determined the staffing of the fire department, its equipment, constant duty, detours of cities, and established penalties for violations of the rules for handling fire. Moreover, these provisions applied to all Russian cities. For the first time in Rus', rules were established for officials responsible for fire safety.
The second document is the “Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich,” which also contained a number of articles regulating the rules for handling fire. The Code introduced criminal liability for arson and established a distinction between careless handling of fire and arson.
During the reign of Peter I, constant threats of fires prompted the Tsar to make the first attempt to organize permanent fire brigades. In 1722, a kind of fire brigade was organized at the Admiralty. This team was armed with filler pipes, hooks, buckets, and axes. All types of ships were equipped with the necessary firefighting tools. On November 13, 1722, Peter the Great issued a decree on the construction of dinghies (shallow cargo ships) and the installation of fire hoses on them to extinguish fires on river vessels and in coastal buildings.
To provide fire equipment to military units involved in extinguishing fires, in 1740 the Senate approved standards according to which each regiment was equipped with a large filler pipe, a water vat and canvas; the battalions had to have pitchforks, ladders, a large hook with a chain; the company was equipped with axes, buckets, a shield, shovels, hand pipes, and hooks. In 1747, all government agencies were equipped with fire equipment.
On March 17, 1853, the “Normal report card for the composition of fire departments in cities” was approved, which streamlined the organizational structure of the fire department, including the standards for providing fire departments for cities.
In 1857, the first fire regulations in Russia were published. It set out the procedure for setting up fire stations in cities, interpreted fire precautions, the procedure for compensating losses and rewarding fire department workers involved in extinguishing, and also prescribed penalties for violations of fire safety rules.
Since 1858, the military-police telegraph began to be used for firefighting purposes, and in the nineties - the telephone and electric fire alarm.
Since that time, a new uniform for firefighters was also introduced: for the fireman - a bronze helmet, gilded, with an army coat of arms, a ceremonial half-caftan of dark green cloth, double-breasted, with silver embroidery, trousers, boots, a belt belt, chrome boots, a sword. For an ordinary firefighter - a bronze helmet with scales, a gray semi-caftan, blue shoulder straps, trousers, boots, a belt belt with an ax case.
The creation of the Russian Firefighting Society in 1892 (since 1907 - Imperial) played a major role in the development of voluntary fire brigades.
In 1907, the first fire truck appeared in Moscow. In the same year, a fire alarm was installed for the first time in Kitai-Gorod.
After the revolution, on April 17, 1918, a decree “On the organization of state measures to combat fire” was issued, which became the first legislative act in the history of Russia in which the task of fighting fires was given national importance. In accordance with the decree, the annual holiday - Fire Protection Day - was celebrated on April 17.
In March 1999, the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation issued an order to consider April 30 as a professional holiday for fire department workers, in commemoration of the 350th anniversary of the Order on City Decoration. Taking into account the historical traditions and merits of the fire department, its contribution to ensuring fire safety of the Russian Federation, the President of the Russian Federation in April 1999 issued a Decree that established Fire Department Day on April 30.
Currently, fire safety activities are regulated by more than 10 federal laws and legal acts of the Government of the Russian Federation.
A significant event occurred at the end of the twentieth century. For the first time in Russia in its entire centuries-old history, on November 18, 1994, the State Duma adopted the Federal Law “On Fire Safety,” which defined the general legal, economic and social foundations for ensuring fire safety in the Russian Federation.
A new stage in the development of the fire service was the creation of the state fire and rescue service. On November 9, 2001, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On Improving State Administration in the Field of Fire Safety” was issued, according to which the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation was transformed into the State Fire Service of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense and Emergency Situations and disaster relief."
Fire protection in Russia is divided into the following types: State fire service, municipal fire protection, departmental fire protection, private fire protection, voluntary fire protection.
The State Fire Service (SFS) is a powerful operational service within the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, which has qualified personnel, modern equipment, and a developed scientific and educational base. It consists of 220 thousand people, 13.6 thousand buildings and structures, including more than 4 thousand fire station buildings, 18,634 main and special fire engines, 49 fire boats.
The State Fire Service includes the federal fire service and the fire service of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
The main tasks of the State Fire Service are: organizing the development and implementation of government measures aimed at preventing fires, increasing the efficiency of fire protection of settlements and enterprises, organizations, institutions; organization and implementation of state fire supervision; extinguishing fires and carrying out related priority rescue operations in populated areas and facilities; professional training of personnel for fire rescue operations.
State Border Service units annually make about 2 million trips, saving more than 90 thousand people from death and injury, and material assets worth more than 120 billion rubles. One of the most important activities of the State Fire Service is the implementation of fire supervision. Every year, state fire inspectors carry out 1.5 million fire safety control measures and propose up to 7.5 million fire safety measures. Thanks to this, up to 450 thousand fires are prevented annually and material assets worth 35-45 billion rubles are preserved.
The material was prepared based on information from open sources
Introduce the history of the origin of the profession of firefighter, fire protection;
Develop the ability to make decisions in extreme situations
situations protecting human life and health;
During the classes.
1.History of fire protection.
The Russian fire service has a rich history dating back centuries. Since time immemorial, man has learned to make fire. People turned the hot flames into their friends and helpers. “Fire is warmth, light, food, protection from enemies. Man deified him, composing myths and songs about him.”
With the advent of the first settlements and the development of cities, fires broke out in them more and more often. Heavy damage was caused by fire tornadoes in Rus', where, since ancient times, mainly wooden buildings were erected. (Slide 1)
The power of a raging fire is very difficult to cope with!
Fires have been and remain a brake on economic development. In this regard, the central authorities of Russia were forced to take certain measures to protect against them. Even in the difficult time of troubles, abundant in raids of invaders and internal strife, the fight against the fire disaster in Rus' did not stop.
The fires on Russian soil are not going away. Novgorod and Pskov, Moscow and Smolensk, Ryazan and Tver, Kostroma and Vladimir are burning... In 1212, fire in Novgorod turns 4,300 households into ashes, killing hundreds of people. The fire of 1354 practically destroys all of Moscow, including the Kremlin and posads, in two hours, and the firestorm of 1547 claims several thousand lives in the capital. In order to protect Moscow from fires, by decree of Tsar Ivan III, fire brigades were organized on the city streets - special outposts “Reshetki”, the service of which was carried out by “grid clerks” and city residents recruited to help them (one person from every ten households).
In 1504, decrees were issued prohibiting the heating of stoves and baths in the summer unless absolutely necessary, and the lighting of fires in houses in the evenings.
In 1547, after a major fire in Moscow, Tsar Ivan IV issued a law obliging Moscow residents to have barrels filled with water in their yards and on the roofs of their houses. For cooking, it was prescribed to build stoves and hearths in vegetable gardens and vacant lots far from residential buildings. At that time, the first hand pumps for extinguishing fires, which were then called “water pipes,” appeared.
In 1571, a police order was issued prohibiting the admission of unauthorized persons to the site of a fire who were not taking part in extinguishing it, which determined the elementary procedure for extinguishing fires.
The culprit" href="/text/category/vinovnik/" rel="bookmark">the culprits of the fires alternated with demands to use stone in construction and not to place houses close to each other. (Slide 3)
Eight articles of the Cathedral Code strictly regulated the observance of fire safety rules in cities and other villages, as well as in forests.
In April 1649, the Tsar’s “Order on the City Deanery” was issued, establishing strict procedures for extinguishing fires in Moscow.
The historical value of the Order lies in the fact that it laid the foundations of a professional fire department: a paid staff was created, constant duty was introduced in the form of a city bypass, the use of mechanized water pipes was provided for extinguishing fires, the bypasses were given the right to punish city residents for violations of fire handling rules . The City Deanery's fire fighting service was introduced not only in Moscow, but also in other cities of Russia. The improvement of fire protection services continued. Slide 4
November 13" href="/text/category/13_noyabrya/" rel="bookmark">November 13, 1718, Peter the Great's Decree was issued on the construction of dinghies (cargo, shallow vessels) and the installation of fire hoses on them for extinguishing fires on river vessels and in coastal buildings. (Slide 5)
A fireman on vacation doesn't shave his beard."
During the reign of Alexander I in 1803, the first fire brigade was organized in St. Petersburg. By royal decree in 1804, a full-time fire brigade was created in Moscow.
Fire extinguishers" href="/text/category/ognetushiteli/" rel="bookmark">fire extinguisher. (Slide 6)
The problems of fighting fires received attention even after the revolution. They were placed at the level of the most important and priority tasks of the state. Already on April 17, 1918, the Russian government signed a decree “On the organization of state measures to combat fire.” The first head of firefighters in the post-revolutionary period was Mark Timofeevich Elizarov, appointed Chief Commissioner for Insurance and Fire Fighting. In a relatively short time, he was able to lay the organizational foundations of the fire department and put the implementation of the measures defined by the decree on a practical footing. (Slide 7)
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In 1920, the Central Fire Department was created as part of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, which was entrusted with the management of fire protection throughout the country.
The first steps are being taken in organizing the training of firefighting specialists. In December 1924, the Leningrad Firefighting College opened with a three-year training period.
During the tense years of the Great Patriotic War, firefighters extinguished fires caused by enemy bombs and shells, helped evacuate people and equipment, and were among the last to leave abandoned cities. More than two thousand professional and volunteer firefighters gave their lives saving the beautiful city on the Neva from destruction by fire. On November 7, 1941, firefighters took part in a historic parade on Red Square, from where some went to the front, while others returned to putting out fires.
For the courage and heroism shown during the Great Patriotic War, thousands of soldiers and fire officers received military orders and medals. In 1941, the Russian Government expressed gratitude to Moscow firefighters for the courage and heroism shown when extinguishing fires during enemy raids on the city. In 1942, the Leningrad fire department was awarded the Order of Lenin. In 1947, the Moscow fire garrison was awarded the Order of Lenin. (Slide 8)
Modern living conditions in society contribute to an increase in the number of fires. Every year, more than 5 million fires occur on the globe, from which several tens of thousands of people die and material assets worth tens of billions of monetary units are destroyed. Enormous damage to nature is caused annually by forest and peat fires, as well as fires from emergency oil and gas gushers. Fires in the 20th century became a real disaster for humanity. This forces specialists to constantly look for new, more advanced means and methods of fighting fires. (Slide 9)
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Civil defense" href="/text/category/grazhdanskaya_oborona/" rel="bookmark">civil defense, emergency situations and disaster relief.
Today, the State Fire Service (SFS) is a powerful operational service within the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, possessing qualified personnel, modern equipment, and a developed scientific and educational base. State Fire Service units annually make about two million trips, while saving more than 90 thousand people from death and injury in fires.
What is the job of firefighters?
Children's stories
1 student. - It is easier to prevent a fire than to extinguish it. Therefore, firefighters inspect every building, not a single new house is built without their permission - no factory or plant is built, no new one appears.
2 student. - Firefighters inspect warehouses, shops, hotels, cafes and restaurants and check fire safety everywhere.
3rd student - In addition, firefighters constantly train, conduct special exercises, work out in gyms, so that during not a training fire, but a real fire, they can demonstrate dexterity, strength, and dexterity.
4 student. - Firefighters wear special clothing that protects them from fire and smoke. They have a steel helmet on their head, their pants and jacket are made of thick tarpaulin, and their feet are wearing strong and comfortable boots. After all, a firefighter fearlessly goes into a fire!
Teacher. How many of you know what firefighters use to travel around the city?
Student: They have specially equipped fire trucks at their disposal. They are bright red with a folding ladder on the roof. As they rush through the streets, all other cars give way to them after hearing the loud sound of a fire siren. Fire trucks drive several at a time. Each car has a brigade of firefighters.
What could cause a fire?
Students. A fire can occur due to faulty electrical wiring. Fires can be caused by an unextinguished cigarette, an iron left on, or a child playing with matches. (Slide 11)
II. Consolidation
AND NOW WE WILL PLAY WITH YOU: I WILL ASK QUESTIONS, AND YOU ANSWER ME.
1. Why are firefighters called by phone “01”?
- “01” is the simplest and shortest number, it’s easy to remember. This number is easy to dial even in the dark and by touch.
2. Why is the fire truck red?
Red, so that from afar it can be seen that a fire truck is driving, to which it is necessary to give way. Red is the color of fire.
3. How do firefighters dress?
Firefighters wear a canvas suit. It doesn't burn, doesn't get wet. A helmet protects the head from blows, mittens on the hands, and boots on the feet. To work in fire and smoke, firefighters need breathing apparatus.
5. Why are fires dangerous?
In a fire, things, an apartment, and even an entire house can burn down. But the worst thing is that people can die in a fire.
6. Why in the old days could a fire destroy an entire city?
Previously, all houses were built of wood, they were built close to each other.
7. How can you extinguish a starting fire?
A fire can be extinguished with a fire extinguisher, water, sand, or a blanket.
8. Why is it dangerous to play in the house with matches and lighters?
Playing with matches and lighters is a cause of fire.
9. Why do fires happen?
Fires occur if fire safety rules are not followed: the TV, iron, gas stove, etc. are left unattended; if you play with matches, play around with fire.
10.What should you say when calling the fire department?
Do you need to provide your exact address, last name, first name and what is on fire?
11. Where is it better to hide in case of fire: in the closet or under the sofa?
You can’t hide: the firefighters won’t find you, you could suffocate.
12. What should you do if there is a lot of smoke in the apartment?
It is necessary to wet your clothes with water, cover your head with a wet napkin, breathe through the wetted cloth, and crawl towards the exit.
13. What would you do if you saw that the lower floors of the house were engulfed in flames?
Wet your clothes and everything around you, wait for help. You cannot try to escape from the house if you live on the upper floors. After walking two or three floors, you can be poisoned by combustion products.
14. Why can’t you use the elevator during a fire?
During a fire, an elevator is a real chimney in which it is easy to suffocate. In addition, in the event of a fire, it may turn off.
15. You were given wonderful fireworks and sparklers for the New Year. Where will you light them?
Fireworks, candles, sparklers can only be lit with adults and away from the Christmas tree, or even better, outside the house.
III. Summarizing.
(I GIVE OUT NOTES TO THE CHILDREN AND PASTE IN THE DIARY)
"Basic fire safety rules for elementary schools"
Do not leave an electric stove unattended.
Use working electrical appliances.
Do not use flammable liquids without adult supervision.
Do not decorate the Christmas tree with toys made of flammable materials.
Do not use pyrotechnic products without an adult.
Don't play with open fire.
Cable and wire products and accessories
History of the formation of fire protection in Russia
Fires in Rus' have long been one of the most serious disasters. Since time immemorial, the element of fire destroyed everything in its path, supernatural powers were attributed to fire, it was considered “Heavenly Punishment for human sins.”
Ancient chronicles contain descriptions of grandiose fires that swept away entire cities. According to the observations of historians, until the 15th century, in Russia a fire in a city was considered large if several thousand households burned down. The fire, which destroyed 100-200 yards, was not even mentioned. The ease of construction of residential buildings and the abundance of building materials (there was plenty of timber) made it easy to restore the damaged villages. Therefore, even then there was a disdainful attitude of the population towards fire safety measures.
However, the consolidation of cities and the development of means of production led to the fact that losses from fires became more and more noticeable every year.
In 1493, the Moscow white-stone Kremlin burned twice due to the fire of numerous wooden buildings that came close to its walls. Recognizing the carelessness of the population when handling fire as the most common cause of fires, Ivan III gave legislative force to the fight against fires from domestic causes. The first fire safety rules, issued in 1504, prescribed: not to heat huts and baths in the summer unless absolutely necessary, not to keep fires in houses in the evenings (spears, lamps, candles); blacksmiths, potters, and gunsmiths should carry out their work away from buildings. It was forbidden to engage in glass production within the city, which was considered a very fire hazard, and smoking tobacco was strictly persecuted.
The adoption of legislative acts in the field of fire safety in the 15th-16th centuries was reflected in the creations of architects and builders. Construction in Moscow has now begun with brick and the necessary fire safety measures were taken into account when designing buildings.
Since 1583, Moscow legislative acts concerning fire safety rules have become mandatory for other settlements.
From 1550, archers began to be sent out to extinguish fires in Moscow, and in the twenties of the 17th century, the first fire brigade was created in the capital.
In 1649, two decrees related to firefighting were adopted in Rus'. The “Order on City Decoration” ordered all wealthy people to keep copper water pipes and wooden buckets in their yards. Residents with average and low incomes were supposed to keep one such pipe for five yards. Everyone had to have buckets. All Moscow courtyards were distributed in parts, and lists of people who were supposed to go to the fire with a supply of water were kept in the Zemsky Prikaz. For the first time in Rus', this “Order” established rules for officials responsible for fire safety.
The second document, dated the same year, is the “Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.” It contained a number of articles that defined the rules for handling fire. The Code introduced liability for arson and established a distinction between careless handling of fire and arson. If a fire occurred due to negligence, damages were recovered from the perpetrator in the amount of “what the Sovereign will specify.” For arson, the punishment was the most severe; “incendiaries” (arsonists) were ordered to be burned. After 5 years, an amendment was made to this article: burning at the stake was replaced by the gallows.
Peter I made a great contribution to the development of fire fighting. He perfectly understood that the government was obliged to take care of the organization of fire protection and eliminate the causes of fires, so he paid special attention to the development of fire prevention measures. During his reign, new fire safety rules were introduced, borrowed from Holland. In 1701, a decree was issued in which it was ordered that in all Russian cities “not to build wooden buildings at all, but to build stone houses or, at least, huts, and not to build among courtyards, as happened in the old days, but linearly along the streets and alleys.” " In 1736, regulations were introduced for the construction of fire walls (firewalls). Decrees have been issued aimed at protecting forests from fires, as well as regulations regarding construction in villages and villages.
During the reign of Peter I, one of the first professional fire brigades was created, the first fire station was built at the Admiralty, fire pumps with leather hoses and copper firefighting pipes were purchased. And to this day one of Peter’s decrees remains relevant: “... and protect the wealth of the Russian state from fire...”.
By decree of November 29, 1802, a permanent fire brigade, formed from soldiers of the internal guard, was organized in St. Petersburg at the gathering yards. By royal decree in 1804, a full-time fire brigade was created in Moscow.
A new page in the matter of preventing fires and promoting fire safety measures among the population can be considered the emergence in Russia in the mid-19th century of voluntary fire brigades, which were organized by the residents of cities and other villages themselves. A serious contribution to the development of fire prevention propaganda in the country were books by fire experts, in which they tried to systematize the experience of fire brigades, gave advice on the use of the most effective methods of preventing and extinguishing fires, and recommendations in the field of compliance with fire safety requirements in construction. Constant and fruitful work on covering fire protection issues began only with the formation of
1892 Russian Fire Society. The society was engaged in publishing special literature, organizing firefighting congresses and exhibitions, and covering prevention issues on the pages of magazines and newspapers (primarily the magazines “Firefighter” and “Firefighting”).
Under Tsar Nicholas I, the systematic organization of fire brigades in the Russian Empire and the widespread construction of fire stations to accommodate fire brigades began.
During the 19th century, fire-fighting equipment factories were opened in St. Petersburg and Moscow, where fire pumps, folding ladders were produced, and the first fire truck was manufactured. In Russia, one of the best designs of hydrants and stands was created, the first manual foam fire extinguisher was developed and tested.
By 1917, Russia had developed a fairly developed system of interaction between government bodies, public organizations and the population, aimed at preventing fires and training in fire fighting measures.
After the October Revolution of 1917, the problems of fighting fires were raised to the level of the most important and priority tasks of the state. Already on April 17, 1918, the Russian government signed a decree “On the organization of state measures to combat fire,” which for many years became the defining document that outlined the main directions for the development and improvement of the country’s fire protection.
In 1920, the Central Fire Department was created as part of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, which was entrusted with the management of fire protection throughout the country. With this reorganization, unity of command was established in the fire protection system. The department led the fight against fires, developed fire-fighting measures, accounted for and distributed fire equipment, and supervised fire brigades and other fire-fighting units.
In 1922, despite the dire state of the Soviet economy, the government allocated funds to purchase the necessary fire-fighting equipment, in particular, vehicles abroad. In 1925, the AMO plant in Moscow produced the first fire truck AMO-F-15. By the beginning of 1927, the country's professional fire department already had about 400 fire trucks.
In December 1924, the Leningrad Firefighting College opened with a three-year training period. In 1930, the All-Union Fire-Technical Society was formed, whose tasks included considering the issues of introducing scientific and technical achievements into the practice of fire protection.
To conduct scientific research and organize design developments in the field of fire protection, a fire testing laboratory was created in 1931, and since 1934 - the Central Research Fire Laboratory (TsNIPL).
On July 10, 1934, by decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the NKVD of the USSR was formed. It included the newly created Main Fire Department (GUPO).
By decision of the GUPO, individual enterprises producing fire-technical weapons were merged into a specialized trust.
In 1936, the Faculty of Fire Defense Engineers was formed in Leningrad on the basis of the Institute of Municipal Construction Engineers. Systematic training of engineering and technical personnel began.
On July 5, 1937, on the basis of the Central Research Fire Laboratory (TsNIPL), the Central Research Institute of Fire Defense of the NKVD of the USSR (TsNIIPO) was created, with the organization of which scientific research in the field of fire protection took on a systematic, purposeful character.
An important step in the development of fire prevention was the adoption on April 7, 1936 of the “Regulations on State Fire Supervision,” which expanded the scope of activities of GPN employees, their responsibilities and rights. This served as a basis for further study of the causes of fires in order to develop scientifically based measures aimed at eliminating them.
On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, the country's fire department was an organized force.
On November 7, 1941, firefighters took part in a historic parade on Red Square, from where some went to the front, while others returned to putting out fires. Many women have joined the ranks of firefighters. In 1942 alone, 6 thousand people were mobilized. Ordinary people, children, under the guidance of firefighters, actively learned how to fight fires and learned to defuse incendiary bombs.
The difficult and important task of developing new modern types of fire-fighting equipment and modernizing existing fire-fighting equipment was entrusted to the scientific and design departments of TsNIIPO.
Much attention was paid to training specialists for the fire department. In 1957, the Faculty of Fire Safety and Safety Engineers was created at the Higher School of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in Moscow.
International cooperation in the field of fire safety also developed. In 1958, the fire service became part of the International Technical Committee for the Prevention and Extinguishing of Fires (CTIF).
In 1977, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted two documents that determined the directions of work of the fire department: a resolution “On measures to improve fire safety in populated areas and at national economic facilities” and a resolution approving the “Regulations on State Fire Supervision.” These resolutions included measures aimed at: increasing the technical equipment of fire departments; improvement of tactical training and organization of extinguishing large fires; strengthening control over compliance with fire safety measures.
Much attention was paid to the development of scientific research and development aimed at practical activities to increase the combat effectiveness of the fire department. At the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Fire Defense (VNIIPO), work on the design and implementation of automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing systems at various facilities became widespread, new means and methods of extinguishing fires were created, and active work began on the introduction of modern information and communication technologies in firefighting activities. security
By the beginning of the 80s, the fire department of the Soviet Union had practically transformed into an engineering service, which included about 200 thousand personnel, more than 150 thousand paramilitary personnel and about 30 thousand fire engines for various purposes.
On November 1, 1985, a new Fire Fighting Regulations came into force.
The Chernobyl disaster, other major fires and accidents, which led to numerous casualties and enormous material losses, brought to the fore the task of coordinating and interacting with all special services to act in extreme conditions. By order of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1989, 8 “Regional specialized detachments of the militarized fire protection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for carrying out emergency rescue operations” were created, the main tasks of which were: participation in extinguishing large fires and eliminating the consequences of emergencies of a natural and man-made nature. Specialized units with similar tasks have been created in republican and regional centers.
In the early 90s, as a result of the collapse of the USSR and the formation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, a number of issues related to organizing and improving the structure of fire departments were transferred locally to the competence of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the autonomous republics, the Main Internal Affairs Directorate, the Internal Affairs Directorate of territories and regions.
In 1993, the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation, by resolution No. 849, transformed the SPASR of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation into the State Fire Service (GFS) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. The State Border Service has been given a number of fundamentally new tasks, incl. development of state measures of normative legal regulation in the field of fire safety, development of a unified scientific and technical policy, coordination of fire prevention activities of ministries and departments.
On December 21, 1994, the President of the Russian Federation signed the Federal Law “On Fire Safety”. From now on, the problem of fire safety has ceased to be a problem only of the fire service. According to the law, this is one of the most important functions of the state. The Law comprehensively addresses issues of ensuring fire safety; the status of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia as the main type of fire protection was determined; the powers of government bodies, enterprises, officials, and citizens are determined.
On April 30, 1999, the Presidential Decree established the professional holiday of firefighters “Fire Protection Day”.
By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated November 9, 2001 “On improving public administration in the field of fire safety,” the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation was transformed into the State Fire Service of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief (GPS EMERCOM Russia) and was included in it on January 1, 2002.
This situation in the field of fire safety was a consequence of the imperfection of the regulatory legal framework in the field of fire safety, accumulated problems in the technical equipment of fire departments, the organization of its work, the collapse of the housing and communal services, unemployment of the population in the economy, and aggravation of social problems. The consequence of this is that more than 70% of people die in house fires due to drunkenness and ignoring basic fire safety rules.
Currently, the fire service in Russia is divided into the following types:
. State Fire Service;
. Municipal Fire Department;
. Departmental fire protection;
. Private fire brigade;
. Voluntary fire brigade.
Currently, the total number of State Fire Service units is about 260 thousand people. (of which 154.5 thousand people are ordinary and commanding personnel and 105.5 thousand people are civilian personnel).
A serious step forward was the Federal Law “Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements” adopted in July 2008. A fundamental law has emerged that regulates thousands of rules and regulations governing the field of fire safety.
In order to implement the plan for the construction and development of forces and means of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations for 2007-2010, the plan for reforming the civil defense forces, a lot of work is being done to form the organizational structure of the federal fire service, taking into account the expansion of its functions, which will optimize the effectiveness of the fire safety system in the existing socio-economic conditions.
Federal Law No. 137-FZ of July 22, 2008 “On Amendments to Articles 5 and 24 of the Federal Law “On Fire Safety”” was also adopted, which determined the legal framework for the organization of contractual units of the federal fire service.
Government Decree No. 972 of December 29, 2007 approved the Federal Target Program “Fire Safety in the Russian Federation for the Period until 2012,” which is aimed at ensuring that our entire society, all levels of government are involved in the implementation of measures to ensure fire safety security.
Fire trucks are the main means of fire protection, ensuring the delivery of forces and resources to the site of a fire, conducting combat operations to extinguish fires, and rescuing people and material assets. At the beginning of 2009, the production of fire fighting vehicles is carried out at 17 enterprises in various regions of Russia. More than 80 models of fire trucks have been mastered according to the current type. In 2008, about 1,600 units of fire fighting equipment were produced. In total, the units of the Federal Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia are in service with more than 15,700 units of basic and special fire fighting vehicles, which is about 82% of their staffing position.
Currently, the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, with the participation of the Federal State Institution VNIIPO and manufacturers of fire fighting equipment, within the framework of a single thematic R&D plan, are actively working to create in the future a new set of mobile fire fighting equipment: a fire and rescue vehicle for the North, a highly maneuverable operational vehicle for emergency fire and rescue works, a modular mobile complex for the collection and disposal of various hazardous substances, a modular installation for the production and supply of gas-filled foam, a fire and rescue vehicle with reverse movement for work in tunnels.
The Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia continues to carry out significant work in the field of fire prevention. The well-known thesis that “it is easier to prevent a fire than to extinguish it” is implemented in the serious and varied work of the ministry in the field of promoting fire-technical knowledge and training the population in fire safety measures.
In connection with the implementation of tasks to develop and implement new forms and methods of influencing the operational situation with fires in the country, the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations pays great attention to the development of fire science. By orders of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia in 2003, the Concept of development of the Federal State Institution “All-Russian Order of the Badge of Honor” Research Institute of Fire Defense (FGU VNIIPO) EMERCOM of Russia was adopted and in 2007 the Program for the development of the scientific and technical base of the FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia for 2008 - 2010 Since 2002, the staffing level of the Federal State Institution VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia has been increased by 87 units. and currently amounts to 1160 people. Since 2002, the volume of funding for the Federal State Institution VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia for the development of the material and technical base has increased by more than 2.5 times.
It should be noted that, despite the significant successes achieved by the Ministry of Emergency Situations in the field of fire prevention and extinguishing, the results of this work cannot yet fully meet the needs of today. The disappointing statistics on the number of fires and deaths, with all its dynamics towards a decrease in these indicators, in comparison with the leading countries of the world, remains a very serious negative factor characterizing the general state of solving social and economic problems in the country.
Of course, structural reforms alone cannot solve this problem. This requires a whole range of measures aimed at improving the entire fire safety system as a whole. And this is connected not only with the development of the fire department, improvement of its technical support, improvement of personnel training, social security of fire department employees, etc. This problem is much broader, and the basis for its solution is the state’s awareness of the priority of problems related to ensuring the safety of life and health of its citizens, the safety of their property - precisely those issues that, by virtue of its purpose, the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense is called upon to solve , emergency situations and disaster relief.
For the information provided, we thank the Center for the Preparation of Presentation Materials of the Federal State Institution VNIIPO EMERCOM of the Russian Federation.
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