, “health is not the absence of disease as such or physical disabilities, but a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.” However, this definition cannot be used to assess health at the population and individual levels. According to WHO, in health statistics, health at the individual level is understood as the absence of identified disorders and diseases, and at the population level - the process of reducing mortality, morbidity and disability.

P.I. Kalju, in his work “The Essential Characteristics of the Concept of Health and Some Issues of Restructuring Health Care: Review Information,” examined 79 definitions of health formulated in different countries of the world, at different times and by representatives of various scientific disciplines. Among the definitions are the following:

1. Health is the normal function of the body at all levels of its organization, the normal course of biological processes that contribute to individual survival and reproduction
2. Dynamic balance of the body and its functions with the environment
3. Participation in social activities and socially useful work, the ability to fully perform basic social functions
4. Absence of disease, painful conditions and changes
5. The body's ability to adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions

According to Callew, all possible characteristics of health can be reduced to the following concepts:

• Medical model - for definitions containing medical signs and characteristics; health as the absence of diseases and their symptoms
• Biomedical model - absence of subjective feelings of ill health and organic disorders
• Biosocial model - medical and social characteristics considered in unity are included, with priority given to social characteristics
• Value-social model - health as a human value; It is this model that the WHO definition refers to.

Levels of health in medical and social research

New Zealand brand promoting health

Health indicators

Human health is a qualitative characteristic consisting of a set of quantitative parameters: anthropometric (height, weight, chest volume, geometric shape of organs and tissues); physical (pulse rate, blood pressure, body temperature); biochemical (content of chemical elements in the body, red blood cells, leukocytes, hormones, etc.); biological (composition of intestinal flora, presence of viral and infectious diseases), etc.

For the state of the human body, there is the concept of “norm”, when the values ​​of the parameters fit into a certain range developed by medical science and practice. Deviation of the value from the specified range may be a sign and evidence of deterioration in health. Externally, the loss of health will be expressed in measurable disturbances in the structures and functions of the body, changes in its adaptive capabilities.

From the WHO point of view, human health is a social quality, and therefore the following indicators are recommended for assessing public health:

• deduction of gross national product for health care.
• accessibility of primary health care.
• level of immunization of the population.
• degree of examination of pregnant women by qualified personnel.
• children's nutritional status.
• infant mortality rate.
• average life expectancy.
• hygiene literacy of the population.

Some biological indicators of the norm for an average adult

From a health perspective, two levels of blood pressure can be defined:

1. optimal: SBP less than 120, DBP less than 80 mmHg.
2. normal: SBP 120-129, DBP 84 mmHg.

SBP - systolic blood pressure. DBP - diastolic blood pressure.

Public health criteria

• Medical and demographic - birth rate, mortality, natural population growth, infant mortality, frequency of premature births, life expectancy.
• Morbidity - general, infectious, with temporary loss of ability to work, according to medical examinations, major non-epidemic diseases, hospitalized.
• Primary disability.
• Indicators of physical development.
• Mental health indicators.

• Independent: correlations with health and disease are strongest
  • Factors predisposing to health or disease
    • Behavioral patterns; behavioral factors of type A (ambitiousness, aggressiveness, competence, irritability, muscle tension, rapid type of activity; high risk of cardiovascular diseases) and B (opposite style)
    • Supportive dispositions (eg, optimism and pessimism)
    • Emotional patterns (eg, alexithymia)
  • Cognitive factors - ideas about health and illness, about the norm, attitudes, values, self-esteem of health, etc.
  • Social environmental factors - social support, family, professional environment
  • Demographic factors - gender factor, individual coping strategies, ethnic groups, social classes
• Transmitting factors
  • Coping with multi-level problems
  • Substance use and abuse (alcohol, nicotine, eating disorders)
  • Health-promoting behaviors (environmental choices, physical activity)
  • Compliance with the rules of a healthy lifestyle
• Motivators
  • Stressors
  • Existence in illness (processes of adaptation to acute episodes of illness).

Physical health factors:

• Level of physical development
• Fitness level
• Level of functional readiness to perform loads
• The level of mobilization of adaptation reserves and the ability for such mobilization, ensuring adaptation to various environmental factors.

When studying differences in the health of men and women, the World Health Organization recommends using gender rather than biological criteria, since they best explain the existing differences. In the process of socialization, men are encouraged to abandon self-preservation behavior and implement risky behavior aimed at earning more money; women are focused on maintaining health as expectant mothers, however, with an emphasis on such a manifestation of health as external attractiveness, instead of healthy functioning, characteristic female disorders may arise - as a rule, eating disorders.

The difference in life expectancy between men and women depends on the country of residence; in Europe it is sufficient, but in a number of countries in Asia and Africa it is practically absent, which is primarily associated with female mortality from genital cutting, complications of pregnancy, childbirth and poorly performed abortions.

It has been shown that doctors provide women with less complete information about their disease than men.

Health factors include income and social status, social support networks, education and literacy, employment/work conditions, social environment, physical environment, personal health experiences and skills, healthy child development, level of development of biology and genetics, health services, gender, culture.

Mental health

Mental health is a person’s ability to cope with difficult life circumstances, maintaining an optimal emotional background and appropriate behavior. Mental health concept, euthumia(“good state of mind”) is described by Democritus, the image of a person who has achieved inner harmony is described in Plato’s dialogues concerning the life and death of Socrates. The source of mental suffering in the works of various studies is often called culture (this is typical for Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm). Viktor Frankl calls the most important factor in mental health is the presence of a person’s value system.

Several models of mental health have been developed in connection with a gender approach to health care:

Healthy lifestyle

Physical education is one of the main components of a healthy lifestyle.

In the psychological and pedagogical direction, a healthy lifestyle is considered from the point of view of consciousness, human psychology, and motivation. There are other points of view (for example, medical and biological), but there is no sharp line between them, since they are aimed at solving one problem - improving the health of the individual.

A healthy lifestyle is a prerequisite for the development of various aspects of human life, the achievement of active longevity and the full performance of social functions, for active participation in labor, social, family, and leisure forms of life.

The relevance of a healthy lifestyle is caused by an increase and change in the nature of stress on the human body due to the complication of social life, increasing risks of a man-made, environmental, psychological, political and military nature, provoking negative changes in health.

Healthcare

Healthcare is a branch of government activity, the purpose of which is to organize and provide affordable medical care to the population, maintain and improve its level of health.

Healthcare can be a significant part of a country's economy. In 2008, the healthcare industry consumed an average of 9.0 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in the most developed OECD countries.

Healthcare has traditionally been considered an important factor in ensuring the overall health and well-being of people around the world. An example of this is the worldwide eradication of smallpox in 1980, declared by the WHO to be the first disease in human history to be completely eradicated by deliberate public health intervention.

World Health Organization

World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Organization, WHO ) is a special agency of the United Nations, consisting of 193 member states, whose main function is to solve international health problems and protect the health of the world population. It was founded in 1948 and is headquartered in Geneva in Switzerland.

In addition to WHO, the UN specialized group includes UNESCO (Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), ILO (International Labor Organization), UNICEF (Children's Fund). UN member states are accepted into the WHO, although in accordance with the Charter, countries that are not members of the UN can also be admitted.

Valeology

Valeology (from one of the meanings of Lat. valeo- “to be healthy”) - “general theory of health”, claiming an integral approach to the physical, moral and spiritual health of a person from the natural, social and human sciences - medicine, hygiene, biology, sexology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, cultural studies, pedagogy and others. Some experts consider it to be an alternative and marginal paramedical retrograde movement.

see also

Notes

1. Health psychology: a new scientific direction // Health psychology / edited by G.S. Nikiforova. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - pp. 28-30. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
2. Alexandra Bochaver, Radoslav Stupak XXIV European Conference on Health Psychology “Health in Context” (Russian) // Psychological Journal. - M.: Nauka, 2011. - V. 2. - T. 32. - P. 116-118. - ISSN 0205-9592.
3. Preamble to the Constitution (Constitution) of the World Health Organization
4. Kalyu P.I. Essential characteristics of the concept of “health” and some issues of restructuring health care: overview information. - M., 1988.
5. Health Psychology / edited by G.S. Nikiforova. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - pp. 42-43. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
6. What is Public Health? Retrieved 2010-06-24
7. Association of Schools of Public Health. Impact of Public Health. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
8. World Health Organization. Life expectancy at birth, accessed 20 April 2011.
9. 1.ESH-ESC Guidelines Committee. 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertension 2007; 25: 1105-87
10. All-Russian Scientific Society of Cardiologists: national cardiological recommendations.
11. Here and further: Health Psychology / edited by G.S. Nikiforova. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - pp. 31-39. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
12. Health Psychology / edited by G.S. Nikiforova. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - P. 70. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
13. Health Psychology / edited by G.S. Nikiforova. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - pp. 230-240. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
14. World Health Organization. The determinants of health. Geneva. Accessed 12 May 2011.
15. Public Health Agency of Canada. What Determines Health? Ottawa. Accessed 12 May 2011.
16. Lalonde, Marc. " A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians." Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services; 1974.
17. Mental health and culture // Health Psychology / edited by G.S. Nikiforova. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - P. 176. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
18. Mental health and culture // Health Psychology / edited by G.S. Nikiforova. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - P. 181. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
19. Mental health and culture // Health Psychology / edited by G.S. Nikiforova. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - pp. 203-204. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
20. Mental health and culture // Health Psychology / edited by G.S. Nikiforova. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - P. 211. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
21. Sandra Bem Gender Schema theory and Its Implication for Child Development: raising gender-aschematic Children in a gender-shemtic Society // Psychology of women: Ongoing debates. - Yale University Press, 1987.
22. Movements to music in the system of organizing a healthy lifestyle for preschool children in kindergarten. - Dissertation, 1997.
23. Izutkin D. A. Formation of a healthy lifestyle. - Soviet healthcare, 1984, No. 11, p. 8-11.
24. Martynenko A.V., Valentik Yu.V., Polessky V.A. et al. Formation of a healthy lifestyle for young people. - M.: Medicine, 1988.
25. Shukhatovich V. R.

Basic concepts about health and a healthy lifestyle, components of a healthy lifestyle and their characteristics.
Health is a state of complete physical, spiritual (mental) and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical effects.

Physical health is the natural state of a person, due to the normal functioning of all his organs and systems; it depends on the motor system, on proper nutrition, on the optimal combination of oral and physical work.

Individual health is determined by:

Preservation and development of biological (reproduction), physiological (respiration, nutrition, excretion, blood circulation), psychophysiological (perception, memory, thinking), social (ability to work) functions during the longest active life.

Public health is made up of the health of individuals. Indicators:

general mortality;

average life expectancy;

infant mortality.

Public health is affected by:

Natural factors (environmental pollution, housing environment) and social factors (wages, hours of work, working conditions, health care, nutrition level).

A healthy lifestyle includes the following basic elements: a rational regime of work and rest, eradication of bad habits, optimal motor mode, personal hygiene, hardening, balanced nutrition, etc.

1. Rational work and rest regime- a necessary element of a healthy lifestyle for any person. With a correct and strictly observed regimen, a clear and necessary rhythm of the body’s functioning is developed, which creates optimal conditions for work and rest and thereby promotes health.
2. Prevention of bad habits. Elimination of bad habits: smoking, alcohol, drugs. These health problems cause many diseases, sharply reduce life expectancy, reduce productivity, and have a detrimental effect on the health of the younger generation and the health of their future children. Many people begin their recovery by quitting smoking, which is considered one of the most dangerous habits of modern man. It is not without reason that doctors believe that the most serious diseases of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs are directly related to smoking. Smoking not only undermines your health, but also takes away your strength in the most literal sense. As experts have established, 5-9 minutes after smoking just one cigarette, muscle strength decreases by 15%; athletes know this from experience and therefore, as a rule, do not smoke. Does not stimulate smoking or mental activity at all. On the contrary, the experiment showed that only because of smoking does the perception of educational material decrease. The smoker does not inhale all the harmful substances in tobacco smoke - about half goes to those who are close to them. It is no coincidence that children in families of smokers suffer from respiratory diseases much more often than in families where no one smokes. Smoking is a common cause of tumors of the oral cavity, larynx, bronchi and lungs. Constant and long-term smoking leads to premature aging. Impaired oxygen supply to tissues, spasm of small blood vessels make a smoker’s appearance characteristic (yellowish tint to the whites of the eyes, skin, premature aging), and changes in the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract affect his voice (loss of sonority, reduced timbre, hoarseness).

The next difficult task is overcoming drunkenness and alcoholism. It has been established that alcoholism has a destructive effect on all human systems and organs. As a result of systematic alcohol consumption, an addiction to it develops:

Loss of sense of proportion and control over the amount of alcohol consumed;

Disruption of the central and peripheral nervous system (psychosis, neuritis, etc.) and the functions of internal organs.

Changes in the psyche that occur even with occasional alcohol consumption (excitement, loss of restraining influences, depression, etc.) determine the frequency of suicides committed while intoxicated.

Alcoholism has a particularly harmful effect on the liver: with prolonged systematic alcohol abuse, the development of alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver occurs. Alcoholism is one of the common causes of pancreatic disease (pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus). Along with changes affecting the health of the drinker, alcohol abuse is always accompanied by social consequences that are harmful both to those around the patient with alcoholism and to society as a whole. Alcoholism, like no other disease, causes a whole range of negative social consequences that go far beyond healthcare and affect, to one degree or another, all aspects of life in modern society. The consequences of alcoholism include the deterioration of health indicators of persons who abuse alcoholic beverages and the associated deterioration of general health indicators of the population. Alcoholism and related diseases are second only to cardiovascular disease and cancer as a cause of death.

1. The next component of a healthy lifestyle is balanced diet. When talking about it, you should remember two basic laws, the violation of which is dangerous to health.

The first law is the balance of energy received and consumed. If the body receives more energy than it expends, that is, if we receive more food than is necessary for normal human development, for work and well-being, we become fat. Now more than a third of our country, including children, is overweight. And there is only one reason - excess nutrition, which ultimately leads to atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and a number of other ailments.

The second law is the correspondence of the chemical composition of the diet to the physiological needs of the body for nutrients. The diet should be varied and meet the needs for proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. Many of these substances are irreplaceable because they are not formed in the body, but come only with food. The absence of at least one of them, for example, vitamin C, leads to illness and even death. We get B vitamins mainly from wholemeal bread, and the source of vitamin A and other fat-soluble vitamins are dairy products, fish oil, and liver.

The intervals between meals should not be too long (no more than 5-6 hours). It is harmful to eat only 2 times a day, but in excessive portions, because... this places too much strain on the circulation. It is better for a healthy person to eat 3-4 times a day. With three meals a day, lunch should be the most satisfying, and dinner should be the lightest.

It is harmful to read and solve complex and important problems while eating. You should not rush, eat while burning yourself with cold food, or swallow large pieces of food without chewing. Systematic dry food, without hot dishes, has a bad effect on the body. It is necessary to observe the rules of personal hygiene and sanitation. A person who neglects their diet is, over time, at risk of developing such severe digestive diseases as, for example, peptic ulcers, etc. Thorough chewing and grinding of food to a certain extent protects the mucous membrane of the digestive organs from mechanical damage, scratches and, in addition, promotes rapid penetration juices deep into the food mass. You need to constantly monitor the condition of your teeth and oral cavity.

The first rule in any natural nutrition system should be:

Eating only when you feel hungry;

Refusal to eat in case of pain, mental and physical malaise, fever and elevated body temperature;

Refusal to eat immediately before bed, as well as before and after serious work, physical or mental.

It is very important to have free time to digest food. The idea that exercise after eating helps digestion is a grave mistake.

Meals should consist of mixed foods that are sources of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Only in this case is it possible to achieve a balanced ratio of nutrients and essential nutritional factors, to ensure not only a high level of digestion and absorption of nutrients, but also their transportation to tissues and cells, their complete absorption at the cellular level.

Rational nutrition ensures proper growth and formation of the body, helps maintain health, high performance and prolong life.

1. Physical activity. Optimal motor mode is the most important condition for a healthy lifestyle. It is based on systematic physical exercise and sports, which effectively solve the problems of promoting health and developing the physical abilities of young people, maintaining health and motor skills, and strengthening the prevention of unfavorable age-related changes. At the same time, physical education and sports act as the most important means of education.

It is useful to take the stairs without using the elevator. General physical activity includes morning exercises, physical training, self-care work, walking, work in a summer cottage, etc. The norms for general physical activity are not precisely defined. Some domestic and Japanese scientists believe that an adult should take at least 10-15 thousand steps a day.

The main qualities that characterize a person’s physical development are strength, speed, agility, flexibility and endurance. Improving each of these qualities also helps improve health, but not to the same extent. You can become very fast by training in sprinting. Finally, it is a good idea to become dexterous and flexible by using gymnastic and acrobatic exercises. However, with all this it is not possible to form sufficient resistance to pathogenic influences.

1. Hardening. For effective recovery and disease prevention, it is necessary to train and improve, first of all, the most valuable quality - endurance, in combination with hardening and other components of a healthy lifestyle, which will provide the growing body with a reliable shield against many diseases. In Russia, hardening has long been widespread. An example would be village baths with steam and snow baths. However, these days, most people do nothing to strengthen both themselves and their children. Moreover, many parents, out of fear of catching a child’s cold, from the first days and months of his life begin to engage in passive protection against colds: they wrap him up, close the windows, etc. Such “care” for children does not create conditions for good adaptation to changing environmental temperatures. On the contrary, it contributes to weakening their health, which leads to the occurrence of colds. Therefore, the problem of finding and developing effective hardening methods remains one of the most important. But the benefits of hardening from an early age have been proven by extensive practical experience and are based on solid scientific evidence.

Various methods of hardening are widely known - from air baths to dousing with cold water. The usefulness of these procedures is beyond doubt. Since time immemorial it has been known that walking barefoot is a wonderful hardening agent. Winter swimming is the highest form of hardening. To achieve it, a person must go through all the stages of hardening.

The effectiveness of hardening increases when using special temperature influences and procedures. Everyone should know the basic principles of their correct use: systematicity and consistency; taking into account individual characteristics, health status and emotional reactions to the procedure.

Another effective hardening agent can and should be a contrast shower before and after physical exercise. Contrast showers train the neurovascular system of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, improving physical thermoregulation, and have a stimulating effect on the central nervous mechanisms. Experience shows the high hardening and healing value of a contrast shower for both adults and children. It also works well as a stimulant of the nervous system, relieving fatigue and increasing performance.

Hardening is a powerful healing tool. It allows you to avoid many diseases, prolong life for many years, and maintain high performance. Hardening has a general strengthening effect on the body, increases the tone of the nervous system, improves blood circulation, and normalizes metabolism.

1. Health and environment. It has an important impact on health and the environment. Human intervention in the regulation of natural processes does not always lead to the desired positive results. Violation of at least one of the natural components leads, due to the existing relationships between them, to a restructuring of the existing structure of natural-territorial components. Pollution of the land surface, hydrosphere, atmosphere and oceans, in turn, affects people's health. The effect of the “ozone hole” affects the formation of malignant tumors, air pollution affects the condition of the respiratory tract, and water pollution affects digestion, sharply worsens the general state of human health, and reduces life expectancy. Health obtained from nature depends 50% on the conditions surrounding us.

The body's reactions to pollution depend on individual characteristics: age, gender, health status. As a rule, children, elderly and sick people are more vulnerable. When the body systematically or periodically receives relatively small amounts of toxic substances, chronic poisoning occurs.

Similar signs are observed during radioactive contamination of the environment.

Adapting to unfavorable environmental conditions, the human body experiences a state of tension and fatigue. Tension is the mobilization of all mechanisms that ensure certain activities of the human body. Depending on the magnitude of the load, the degree of preparation of the body, its functional-structural and energy resources, the ability of the body to function at a given level is reduced, that is, fatigue occurs.

Changes in physiological functions are also caused by other environmental factors and depend on the time of year and the content of vitamins and mineral salts in food products. The combination of all these factors (stimulants of varying effectiveness) has either a stimulating or depressing effect on a person’s well-being and the course of vital processes in his body. Naturally, a person should adapt to natural phenomena and the rhythm of their fluctuations. Psychophysical exercises and hardening of the body help a person reduce dependence on weather conditions and weather changes, and contribute to his harmonious unity with nature.

Ministry of Education of the Moscow Region

State Educational Institution NPO Vocational School No. 1

Healthy lifestyle

as a necessary condition

preserving and strengthening the health of individuals and society.

Research

student of PU No. 1 group 36

Markova Ruslana

Head: educational psychologist

Kamynina L.V.

Orekhovo - Zuevo

2007

Plan.

Introduction

1. General concepts about health and a healthy lifestyle

2. Types of health

4. A healthy lifestyle as a necessary condition for maintaining and strengthening the health of individuals and society

6. Conclusion

Bibliography

Application

Introduction

Health protection is the immediate responsibility of everyone. A person has no right to transfer it to others. After all, it often happens that a person, through an incorrect lifestyle, bad habits, physical inactivity, and overeating, by the age of 20-30 brings himself to a catastrophic state and only then remembers medicine.

No matter how perfect medicine is, it cannot rid everyone of all diseases. A person is the creator of his own health, for which he must fight. From an early age it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle, harden yourself, engage in physical education and sports, observe the rules of personal hygiene - in a word, achieve true harmony of health through reasonable means.

Health is the first and most important need of a person, determining his ability to work and ensuring the harmonious development of the individual. It is the most important prerequisite for understanding the world around us, for self-affirmation and human happiness. An active long life is an important component of the human factor.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

The ability to correctly assess your potential creative and professional abilities is an important step on the path to the prosperous and happy life that every person dreams of.

The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) stated: “Nine-tenths of our happiness is based on health. With it, everything becomes a source of pleasure, while without it, absolutely no external goods can give pleasure, even subjective goods: the qualities of the mind, soul, and temperament weaken and freeze in a painful state. It is not at all unreasonable that we, first of all, ask each other about health and wish it to each other: it is truly the main condition of human happiness.”

Our health is connected with our behavior and is an indispensable condition for effective activity, through which happiness is achieved.

Today, young people have greater freedom to choose their lifestyle. There is a need to develop deep, lasting knowledge about a healthy lifestyle in general and reproductive health in particular. The insufficiency and fragmentation of information on this issue leads to an increase in sexually transmitted diseases and an increase in the use of drugs and alcohol by young people.

I entered vocational school No. 1 in 2005. Throughout the entire period of study, I felt that the priority at the school was caring for the healthy lifestyle of students. The school hosts various sports competitions, life safety classes, and activities to prevent drug addiction, smoking, and alcohol consumption. In practical classes in psychology, I learned that in addition to physical health, there are other types of health, including spiritual and moral health.

I decided to study this topic in more detail with the help of an educational psychologist.

1. General concepts about health

Among a person’s life values, health undoubtedly represents an important component of happiness.

Today there are a number of definitions of human health, which, as a rule, contain five criteria:

Absence of illness;

Normal functioning of the body in the “person - environment” system;

Complete physical, spiritual, mental and social well-being;

Ability to adapt to constantly changing conditions of existence in the environment;

Ability to fully perform basic social functions.

The Constitution of the World Health Organization states that health is “a state of complete physical, mental, spiritual and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

In general terms, health can be defined as a person’s ability to adapt to the environment and one’s own capabilities, to resist external and internal negative factors, illnesses and injuries, to preserve oneself, to expand one’s capabilities for full life, that is, to ensure one’s well-being. The meaning of the word well-being in the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” (author S.I. Ozhogov) is defined as “a calm and happy state,” and happiness as “a feeling and state of complete highest satisfaction.”

Based on these concepts, we can conclude: human health is inseparable from his life activity and is valuable in that it is an indispensable condition for effective activity, through which well-being and happiness are achieved.

Every person is interested in his well-being and happiness, which are directly related to the constant preservation and strengthening of his health, compliance with the rules of a healthy lifestyle.

Well-being can only be achieved through work aimed at expanding spiritual, physical and social capabilities. This is, first of all, a constant increase in knowledge about the world around us and the role of man in it, improvement of spiritual and physical capabilities.

There is nothing new or unusual in this situation. This is confirmed by the statements of the ancient Roman politician and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC). His treatise “On Duties” says: “The duties of a wise man are to take care of his property, without doing anything contrary to customs, laws and regulations; after all, we want to be rich not only for ourselves, but also for the sake of our children, relatives and friends, and especially for the sake of the state; for the means and wealth of individuals constitute the wealth of the civil community.”

2. Types of health.

Science knows different types of health: physical, mental and moral (social), public and individual health.

It must be emphasized that the health of each person is not only an individual value, but also a social one.

Public health is a socio-political and economic category that characterizes the vitality of the entire society as a social organism.

Public health ultimately consists of the health of all its members. Public health and the individual health of each person are inextricably interconnected, and one depends on the other.

Individual health is the health of each person individually. Let us note once again that the concept of health currently has a broader meaning than the absence of disease. It also includes such forms of human behavior that allow him to improve his life, make it more prosperous, and achieve a high degree of self-realization.

Well-being concerns all aspects of a person's life, not just his physical form. Mental well-being relates to the mind, intellect, and emotions. Social well-being reflects connections within society, material support, and interpersonal contacts. Physical well-being is directly related to a person’s health and improvement of his body.

Thus, the concept of health is closely related to the concept of well-being. A person’s well-being depends not only on the physical state of the body, but also on his mental balance. It is impossible to obtain a complete picture of human health without taking into account the influence on it of mental and biological processes occurring in everyday life. No disease is limited to just the body or just the psyche. Man, unlike the rest of the animal world, is endowed with a creative mind, which means he has biological (physical) and spiritual health.

At the same time, the basis of human health is increasingly its spiritual component. People did not come to understand this today. Let us turn to the statements of Cicero: “First of all, nature has given every species of living beings the desire to defend itself, to protect its life, that is, its body, to avoid everything that seems harmful, and to obtain for itself everything necessary for life: food, shelter, etc. Further. The desire common to all living beings is to unite in order to produce offspring, and care for this offspring. But the greatest difference between man and beast is that the beast moves as much as its feelings move it, and adapts only to the conditions surrounding it, thinking little about the past and the future. On the contrary, a person endowed with reason, thanks to which he perceives the sequence between events, sees their causes, and previous events and, as it were, precursors do not elude him, he compares similar phenomena and closely connects the future with the present, easily sees the entire course of his life. life and prepares for himself everything necessary to live. Man is characterized, first of all, by the inclination to study and pursue the truth” (treatise “On Duties”).

It is not for nothing that we say, repeating the words of the poet: “The soul must work.” “We need to teach the soul not to succumb to misfortunes and to overcome them, to teach it the rules of a decent life and a good faith, you need to stir it up as often as possible and drag it in this wonderful science,” wrote the French philosopher Michel Montaigne (1533-1592). Reason is the ability to understand the world around us and oneself, it is an analysis of current events and phenomena, a forecast of the most likely events that have a major impact on life, a model of behavior aimed at solving assigned problems, protecting life and health in real conditions. The higher the intelligence, the more reliable the forecast of events, the more accurate the model of behavior, the more stable the psyche, the higher the level of spiritual health.

Physical health is the body’s ability to implement a developed program and have a kind of reserves in case of unforeseen extreme and emergency situations. This is a natural state of the body, due to the normal functioning of all its organs and systems. If all organs and systems work well, then the entire human body functions and develops correctly. (Subjectively, this is when nothing hurts)

Physical health is ensured by physical activity, rational nutrition, hardening of the body and its cleansing, a rational combination of mental and physical labor, the ability to choose the right time and type of rest, and exclusion from the use of alcohol, tobacco and drugs. Arthur Schopenhauer believed that, above all, we should try to maintain good health. He wrote: “The means for this are simple: avoid all excesses, from unnecessary stormy and unpleasant excitement, as well as overly intense and prolonged mental work, then - increased movement in the fresh air for at least two hours, frequent bathing in cold water and similar hygienic measures” (“Aphorisms of Worldly Wisdom”).

Moral health is determined by those moral principles that are the basis of human social life, that is, life in a particular human society. Distinctive signs of a person’s moral health are, first of all, a conscious attitude to work, mastery of cultural treasures, and active rejection of morals and habits that contradict the normal way of life. A physically and mentally healthy person can be a moral monster if he neglects moral standards. Therefore, social health is considered the highest measure of human health. Morally healthy people are characterized by a number of universal human qualities that make them real citizens.

The spiritual and physical principles must always be in harmonious unity, for these are two inseparable parts of a person’s overall individual health. This is how it is said in the book “Building Powerful Nerve Force” by American nutritionist Paul Bragg: “The story tells of two knights who killed each other because of the color of the royal shield, which was hung in the center of a huge castle hall. One knight said that the shield was red, the other said it was green. After the tragic battle, someone looked at both sides of the shield - one side was red, the other was green. There are also two sides to the health shield - physical and spiritual - and they are both important. Both of these sides - physical and spiritual - are so closely intertwined that it is impossible to separate them. Physical health affects the spiritual life, and spiritual control provides the necessary discipline for maintaining physical health."

Mental (spiritual) health is the preservation and activity of personal self-regulation mechanisms that ensure full human functioning. It is characterized by the level and quality of thinking, depends on the state of the brain, the development of attention and memory, the degree of emotional stability, the development of volitional qualities. (Subjectively expressed in internal balance and the ability to return to balance in the event of its loss.)

Spiritual health is ensured by a system of thinking, knowledge of the surrounding world and orientation in it. Spiritual health is achieved by the ability to live in harmony with oneself, with family, friends and society, the ability to predict and model events and draw up a program of one’s actions. To a large extent, spiritual health is ensured by faith. What to believe and how to believe is a matter of everyone’s conscience.

A healthy and spiritually developed person is happy - he feels great, receives satisfaction from his work, strives for self-improvement, achieving unfading youth of spirit and inner beauty.

The integrity of the human personality is manifested, first of all, in the interrelation and interaction of the mental and physical forces of the body. The harmony of the psychophysical forces of the body increases health reserves and creates conditions for creative self-expression in various areas of our lives. An active and healthy person retains youth for a long time, continuing creative activity, not allowing the “soul to be lazy.”

3. Factors influencing health and well-being.

Among the factors influencing human health, the leading place is occupied by physical, spiritual and social.

Among the physical factors, the most important are heredity and environmental conditions.

Studies of human genetics indicate a significant influence of biological factors, primarily hereditary predisposition, on almost all aspects of physical and mental health.

If we assume that the total contribution of all the above factors that determine human health is equal to 100%, then from the variety of components characterizing the state of his health, the following groups can be distinguished:

Traits determined exclusively (99%) by hereditary factors;

Traits determined primarily (60% or more) by hereditary predisposition and to a lesser extent (up to 40%) by human behavior and other environmental factors;

Signs determined primarily (60% or more) by the action of environmental factors (ecological and social environment), behavior and willpower - the spiritual factors of the individual.

The first group includes signs that are almost impossible to change. For example, you already know that such a trait as male or female sex in a person is determined by the combination of chromosomes at the time of fertilization. Surgically, it is possible to change the external manifestation of this characteristic by forming secondary sexual characteristics of the male or female type. In very rare cases, if there are certain indications, this is done. But the genetic sex of such a person cannot be changed.

Currently, doctors know more than 3.5 million hereditary diseases, the development of which is 99.9% genetically determined at the time of conception. Even the most favorable living conditions will not prevent their development in a child. Fortunately for humanity, in most cases, all so-called hereditary diseases are extremely rare - with a frequency of 1 case out of 10,000 births or even less often.

So, for example, with such a hereditary disease as hemophilia (known to you from history: the only son of the last Russian emperor, Tsarevich Alexei, suffered from it), you can only alleviate the suffering of a sick child, prolong his life, and make it safer. Therefore, the main task of every person who takes responsibility for their health and wants to have healthy children is to avoid the birth of a sick child. This can only be done by knowing your ancestry. If there have already been hereditary diseases in the family (among other children or more distant relatives), it is necessary in time, before the desired pregnancy occurs, to consult geneticists for advice.

The second group includes characteristics such as height, body weight, hair color and many others. According to experts from international organizations (WHO, UNSCEAR, UN, etc.), most people - up to 60% of the population in all developed countries of the world, including Russia - suffer from only 25 types of diseases. These diseases (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, peptic ulcer disease, etc.) are called widespread or multifactorial (multifactorial), since they are 60% or more determined by hereditary predisposition. In addition to hereditary predisposition, the development of these signs and diseases and the degree of their manifestation are influenced by the state of the environment and a person’s lifestyle.

Even the healthiest living habits cannot fully compensate for a person's exposure to polluted air or water, the presence of infections or powerful radiation. Signs and diseases caused by the action of these factors belong to the third group.

Spiritual factors are also important components of health and well-being. This is an understanding of health as the ability to create good, self-improvement, mercy and selfless mutual assistance. This also includes creating a mindset for a healthy lifestyle. It should be noted that encouraging people to lead a healthy lifestyle is a difficult task. Knowing what a healthy lifestyle is is one thing, but living it is quite another.

A person tends to repeat those behaviors that bring pleasure. Thus, actions that are often harmful to health can give quite pleasant sensations for a short time. Choosing a healthy lifestyle requires a high level of understanding and commitment. Thus, the spiritual factor largely depends on the individual lifestyle.

Social factors also significantly influence the health and well-being of each of us. The level of well-being, and, consequently, health in this case can be high when a person has the opportunity for self-realization, when he is guaranteed good living conditions, medical care and education.

4. A healthy lifestyle as a necessary condition for maintaining and strengthening the health of an individual and society.

A healthy lifestyle is a system of human behavior that provides him with physical, spiritual and social well-being in the real environment (natural, man-made and social) and active longevity.

A healthy lifestyle creates the best conditions for the normal course of physiological and mental processes, which reduces the likelihood of various diseases, increases a person’s life expectancy and his performance.

With this lifestyle, when a person’s behavior causes damage to health, the normal course of physiological processes is difficult. Consequently, the vital forces of the body are mainly spent on compensating for the harm that a person caused to health through his behavior. At the same time, the likelihood of diseases increases, accelerated wear and tear of the body occurs, and life expectancy is reduced.

Each person is individual and unique. Hereditary qualities, aspirations of a person and his capabilities are individual. To a certain extent, the environment surrounding a person is of an individual nature (home, family, etc.). This means that the system of his life attitudes and the implementation of plans are personal in nature. Everyone may not smoke, but many do. Everyone can be friends with sports, but relatively few people practice it. Everyone can follow a balanced diet, but only a few do it.

I took part in psychological trainings directed by an educational psychologist to develop in students the need to take care of their health. Participated in the survey “How do you feel about your health.” The results of the survey and their dynamics from 2005 to 2007 are presented in the appendix.

Thus, in order to preserve and strengthen health, each person creates his own way of life, his own individual system of behavior, which best ensures that he achieves physical, spiritual, mental and social well-being.

Lifestyle is a system of human behavior in the process of life, based on personal experience, traditions, accepted norms of behavior, knowledge of the laws of life and motives for self-realization.

A healthy lifestyle is the most optimal system of everyday behavior, allowing a person to fully realize his spiritual and physical qualities to achieve mental, physical and social well-being.

In order to create a healthy lifestyle system, you need to know the main factors that positively affect human health. These include adherence to work and rest regimes, balanced nutrition, hardening, physical education and sports, good relationships with other people.

It is also necessary to take into account factors that negatively affect health: smoking, drinking alcohol, drugs, emotional and mental tension when communicating with others, as well as unfavorable environmental conditions in places of residence.

Thus, a healthy lifestyle is an integral, logically interconnected, thoughtful and planned system of human behavior, which he observes not under duress, but with pleasure and confidence that it will give positive results in maintaining and strengthening health.

In order for the healthy lifestyle system we are creating to be attractive, it is necessary to clearly see the ultimate goal of the efforts. One can, paraphrasing Cicero, formulate the ultimate goal as follows: “A healthy lifestyle is a system of human behavior to achieve well-being for oneself, for the family and for the state.”

Let us remember that a healthy lifestyle is an individual system of behavior. The choice of path must be made by each person himself. To do this you need:

Have a clearly formulated goal in life and have psychological stability in various life situations;

Remember that predisposition to diseases is inherited;

Know the forms of behavior that contribute to the preservation and promotion of health;

Strive to be the master of your life, believe that the right lifestyle will give positive results;

Develop a positive attitude towards life, perceive every day as a small life, every day receive at least small joys from life;

Develop in yourself a sense of self-respect, the awareness that you are not living in vain, that you are able to solve all the tasks facing you and know how to do it;

Constantly maintain a physical activity regime (human destiny is to always move, there are no means that can replace movement);

Observe the rules of nutrition and hygiene;

Observe the work and rest schedule;

Be an optimist, moving along the path of improving health, set achievable goals, do not dramatize failures, remember that perfection is, in principle, an unattainable thing;

Rejoice in success, because in all human endeavors success breeds success.

All this is included in the content of a healthy lifestyle. You can achieve a high level of health by constantly following the rules of a healthy lifestyle.

5. My participation in the life of the city.

Since 2005, I have been a member of the “Local” movement of young political ecologists in the Moscow region. I participate in various events aimed at preserving and improving health. “Clean Moscow Region”, “World Without Drugs”, I visit sports and recreation centers (volleyball sections, swimming.) Together with other participants in the movement, we patronize the “Malyutka” orphanage, provide assistance and support to the little ones.

This topic interested me for another reason. Since 2006, Deputy Prime Minister D. Medvedev has headed the national project “Health” and today the state and government are interested in people being healthier and taking care of their health. New sports and health complexes, recreation parks, and perinatal centers are being built, aimed at improving the health of the living and younger generations. If we take our city of Orekhovo - Zuevo, then we have opened a new sports and recreation complex "Vostok", the Torpedo stadium and the Neptune swimming pool have been renovated, the children's youth sports school is currently being renovated, the 3rd city clinic has been renovated, a women's clinic is being built on the territory maternity hospital. This has a beneficial effect on the health of residents and the formation of their desire for a healthy lifestyle.

According to statistics, the birth rate in the city has increased: 1,315 babies were born in 2006, 1,280 babies were born in 2007, and the mortality rate has decreased: 2,526 people died in 2006, 2,425 in 2007.

This is clearly presented in Appendix 2

Student survey results

"How do you feel about your health"

Group number	1 group (% ratio)	2nd group (% ratio)	3 group (% ratio)
1 course	2005-2006 year of study
		73,7	26,3
		54,9	45,1
		76,1	17,9
		78,6	16,4
		63,2	36,8
		75,5	12,5
2nd year	2006-2007 year of study
	12,2	80,1
			15,3
	32,4	58,9
	23,2	70,6
	25,6	37,8	12,2
	31,8	64,8
3rd year	2007-2008 year of study
	33,3	65,1
	23,7	72,1
	56,6	43,4
	43,3	56,7
	35,8	39,5
	54,2	45,8

The table traces the dynamics of students' attitudes towards their health during the period of study for students from 1st to 3rd year, from the 2005-2007 academic year.

1 group – the number of students who believe that they need to take care of their health.

(in relation to)

2nd group – the number of students who believe that they are already in good health.

(in relation to)

3 group – the number of students who are indifferent to their health.

(in relation to)

Bibliography.

1. Bayer K., Sheinberg L. Healthy lifestyle: Trans. from English – M.: Mir, 1997.

2. Vorobyov V.I.. Components of health. M., “Physical Education and Sports”, 2005.

3. Kutsenko G.I., Novikov Yu.V.. Book about a healthy lifestyle. St. Petersburg, 2002.

1. Leshchinsky L.A. Take care of your health. M., “Physical Education and Sports”, 2004.

Basic concepts about health and healthy lifestyle

Basic concepts about health and healthy lifestyle

Health– a state of complete physical, spiritual (mental) and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical effects.

Physical health – the natural state of a person, due to the normal functioning of all his organs and systems; it depends on the motor system, on proper nutrition, from the optimal combination of oral and physical work. In order to have normal physical health, you need to get a lot of rest (for example, 8 - 9 hours of sleep). Spiritual health depends on:

relationships to the outside world;

orientation in this world;

from the ability to determine one’s position in society;

from your attitude towards people and things;

muscle systems.

Mental health concept

Achieved by the ability to live in harmony with oneself, with friends and loved ones; forecasting various situations; developing models of one’s behavior in accordance with one’s capabilities and desires.

How to determine whether a person is healthy or unhealthy?

This is determined by personal feelings and indicators.

Individual health is determined by:

Preservation and development of biological (reproduction), physiological (respiration, nutrition, excretion, blood circulation), psychophysiological (perception, memory, thinking), social (ability to work) functions during the longest active life.

Factors affecting health	Approximate specific gravity in %	Groups of risk factors
1. Lifestyle		alcohol, unhealthy diet, harmful working conditions, worries, stress, habits, physical inactivity, material and living conditions, drugs, medication abuse, family fragility, loneliness, low educational and cultural level, high level urbanization (population)
2. Genetics, biology		Predisposition to hereditary diseases
3. External environment		Pollution of air, water, soil, sudden changes in natural atmospheric pressure, magnets and other radiation
4. Healthcare		Ineffective preventive measures, poor quality of medical care and untimely delivery

Public health is made up of the health of individuals. Indicators:

general mortality;

average life expectancy;

infant mortality.

Public health is affected by:

Natural factors (environmental pollution, housing environment) and social factors (wages, hours of work, working conditions, health care, nutrition level).

Healthy lifestyle.

Z.O.Z.– is individual health maintenance and promotion.

Components of H.O.Z.:

1) moderate and balanced diet;

2) daily routine, taking into account the dynamics of individual biorhythms;

3) sufficient physical activity;

4) hardening of the body;

5) personal hygiene;

6) competent environmental behavior;

7) mental hygiene and the ability to manage your emotions;

8) sex education;

9) giving up bad habits;

10) safe behavior at home, on the street, at school, ensuring the prevention of injuries and poisoning.

Today, unfortunately, in our country 2/3 of the population does not play sports, 70 million people. smoke.

The connection between the concept of a healthy lifestyle and the prevention of diseases.

The importance of observing the rules of personal and public hygiene.

Hygiene– this is an area that studies the influence of living conditions and work on a person and develops the prevention of various diseases; providing optimal conditions for existence; maintaining health and prolonging life.

Personal hygiene– a set of hygiene rules, the implementation of which contributes to the preservation and strengthening of health.

For personal hygiene you need:

A reasonable combination of mental and physical health;

Physical education;

Hardening;

Balanced diet;

Alternation of work and active rest;

Full sleep.

Health, as defined by WHO, is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical defects. The health of an individual and society as a whole depends on many social, natural and biological factors. Scientists claim that the health of the people is 50-55% determined by lifestyle, 20-25% by environmental factors, 20% by biological (hereditary) factors, and 10% by medicine.

Lifestyle is a set of typical activities of a person, a social group, society as a whole, which is taken in unity with living conditions. This concept is quite broad. Recently, healthy lifestyle is increasingly distinguished by its two components – healthy lifestyle and non-healthy lifestyle. Although the concept of a “healthy lifestyle” was established in our society relatively recently (in the 80s of the 20th century), people have always used the norms and rules of a healthy lifestyle, throughout the entire history of mankind.

Scientific and technological progress has dramatically changed (and continues to change) human labor activity. In modern conditions, the role of mental labor is constantly increasing, and the share of physical labor is decreasing. All this leads to the fact that knowledge workers in the course of their professional activities, as a rule, do not receive physical activity in the required (sufficient) volume and quality. But the human body still needs these loads. Consequently, only physical education, sports, and tourism become practically the most effective and economical way to provide physical activity to a modern person.

At every stage of its development, humanity has always had in its arsenal such norms of life that were ultimately aimed at the creation and creation of material and spiritual values, at the transformation and prosperity of society, at the development of man, at the revelation of his moral traits, mental and physical abilities and opportunities. The progressiveness of humanity, in the final analysis, has always been predetermined by its ability to self-improvement, to the most complete development of man himself, to leading him (humanity) to a normal and only reasonable healthy lifestyle.

It seems that we need to more clearly understand the very concept of a healthy lifestyle.

Below we present some of the definitions of healthy lifestyle that exist in the literature:

“A healthy lifestyle is a rational lifestyle, an integral feature of which is active activity aimed at maintaining and improving health.”

“A healthy lifestyle... can be characterized as the active activity of people, aimed primarily at maintaining and improving health.”

“A healthy lifestyle is a purposeful form of behavior that ensures the preservation and long-term maintenance of mental and physical health, as well as increasing the adaptive capabilities of the body.”

“A healthy lifestyle is, first of all, a cultural way of life, a civilized, humanistic one.”

“A healthy lifestyle... is understood as one in which the body’s reserves are maintained or expanded.”

“A healthy lifestyle is a typical set of forms and methods of everyday cultural activity of an individual, based on cultural norms, values, meanings of activity and strengthening the adaptive capabilities of the body.”

“A healthy lifestyle is a mobile combination of forms and methods of daily life that comply with hygienic principles, strengthen the adaptive and resistant capabilities of the body, contribute to the effective restoration, maintenance and development of reserve capabilities, and the optimal performance of social and professional functions by the individual.”

From our point of view, the nature and target orientation of the concept of healthy lifestyle is predetermined by the word “healthy”. The adjective “healthy”, being a derivative of the noun “health”, thus carries all the main qualitative characteristics of the latter. In this regard, we note once again that health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being.

It seems to us that the concept of a healthy lifestyle should reflect such provisions that have historically developed in our society, which will help to clearly define and separate a healthy lifestyle from its antipode - non-healthy lifestyle.

And, therefore, we should talk about life activity:

looking to the future. A healthy lifestyle has always been aimed at solving global problems related to ensuring the infinity of human existence;

creative Therefore, we are talking about life activity aimed at creating material and spiritual values, at ensuring peace and prosperity, at raising the younger generation, more prepared for life;

restorative and health-improving. After hard work, a person must be able to fully restore his vitality, constantly carry out a certain minimum of restorative and health measures, use the natural forces of nature for this - the sun, air, water, the beauty of nature, and so on;

developing. Every person must learn to develop and improve, strengthen and maintain their physical qualities and abilities, their health, through physical education and sports.

Based on the above, we propose the following definition of a healthy lifestyle.

A healthy lifestyle is a set of norms and rules of life, historically tested by time and practice, aimed at ensuring that a person:

knew how to work highly efficiently and economically, rationally spend strength, knowledge and energy in the process of his professional, socially useful activities;

possessed the skills and abilities to restore and heal the body after hard work;

constantly deepened his moral convictions, became spiritually enriched, developed and improved his physical qualities and abilities;

independently maintained and strengthened his health and completely rejected unhealthy habits of self-destructive behavior.

Thus, health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being.

Pathology as a science. Nozoology. Health.

Disease. Death.

1.Pathology is a science that studies the patterns of occurrence, development and outcome of the disease.

The subject of her research is a sick organism. As a discipline, pathology is based on the synthesis of two sciences: pathological physiology and pathological anatomy. To understand and explain the pathological process, clinical examination data and morphological study of intravital tissue sections of the diseased organ are used; The result of a study of corpses, as well as facts obtained in an experiment when modeling the disease in animals.

There are two sections of pathology: general and private.

General pathology studies - typical pathological processes: dystrophy, necrosis, atrophy, allergy, hypoxia, etc.

Private pathology studies specific diseases or nosologies.

Slide 4

To solve the problems facing pathology, two approaches are used:

1. Pathophysiological approach- it allows you to study functional disorders of the body at different stages of development of individual pathological processes and diseases in general.

2. Pathomorphological approach- uses a variety of modern morphological methods. Makes it possible to study the disruption of the structure of organs and tissues during illness and during recovery.

At the same time, the unity of these approaches complements each other.

Slide 5

Pathological anatomy is clinical medicine that uses three methods:

1. Autopsy (autopsy) of corpses.

2. Intravital studies of pieces of the patient’s organs (biopsy).

3. Experiments on animals.

Pathological physiology is an experimental discipline that studies the development of disease. Evaluates various treatment methods, develops problems of diagnosing and preventing the disease.

Slide 6

2. Nosology - the doctrine of diseases and classifications.

What is disease, how does it differ from health, what are the causes and mechanisms of recovery or death?

Nosology includes three sections:

1. Etiology;

2. Pathogenesis;

3. Morphogenesis.

Etiology(aitia -cause,logos- doctrine) - the doctrine of the causes and conditions of the occurrence of pathological processes and diseases.

When considering etiology, we try to answer the question “what?”: what causes a certain process and what conditions contribute to it.

Pathogenesis(patos -illness, suffering, genesis –origin) – This is the doctrine of the mechanisms of development of a pathological process or disease, i.e. about how they begin, how they develop and how they end.

Morphogenesis - reflection of the dynamics of changes in morphological structures during the development of the disease, recovery or death.

Slide 7

Cause of illness is a pathological factor that causes certain diseases and determines its specific characteristics.

Pathogenic conditions- these are factors that do not cause a specific disease, but contribute to its occurrence. Etiological factors (causes of the disease):

Exogenous (microbes, viruses, protozoa, etc.)

Endogenous (the body’s own flora, etc.)

Exogenous pathogenic causes- these are multiple external, chemical, physical and psychogenic biological pathogenetic influences.

Endogenous pathogenic causes- these are saprophytes located in the body that disrupt metabolic processes, etc.

Slide 8

The concept of health, illness.

Health as defined by WHO is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The physiological measure of health is the norm.

(This is the process of preserving and developing biological, mental, physiological functions, optimal working capacity and social activity of a person with the maximum duration of his active life).

Prevention. Prevention in medicine is a broad, diverse field of activity that relates to identifying the causes of diseases and injuries, eradicating or reducing them among individuals, their groups and the entire population.

Disease as defined by WHO– this is a special type of suffering caused by damage to the body and its individual systems by various damaging factors, characterized by a violation of the regulatory and adaptation system and a decrease in working capacity.

(Violation of human life norms caused by functional or morphological changes. The occurrence of a disease is associated with the impact of harmful environmental factors (physical, chemical and social) on the body with its genetic changes).

The disease is characterized by a general or partial decrease in adaptability

body and restriction of the patient’s freedom of life. When an illness occurs, the normal course of chemical, physical and physiological processes is disrupted. The body moves to the highest level of self-regulation and turns on protective mechanisms that counteract the disease. A sick person is characterized by a disruption of the relationship not only with the biological, but also with the social environment, which is manifested by limited ability to work.

A variety of damage and adaptive reactions are manifested by various deviations from the norm.

These manifestations of the disease are called symptoms , and the totality of them, characterizing the disease - syndrome.

The following symptoms exist:

Objective- this is when the doctor can check them.

Subjective- what a person feels.

Slide 9

There are several periods during the course of the disease:

1. Latent (hidden, incubation)- this is when there are no visible manifestations. In infectious diseases, this can last from the moment the infection enters the body until clinical manifestations.

2. Premonitory- this is a manifestation of nonspecific symptoms common to many diseases (viral hepatitis).

3. The peak period of manifestations- this is the appearance of specific symptoms and syndromes.