Geography project
“Identification of industrial, transport, scientific, business, financial, defense centers of the Far East.”
Supervisor: Elena Aleksandrovna Borsch, geography teacher, Secondary School No. 73, Ulyanovsk
Introduction
Chapter 1. The Far East is the stronghold of the state
Chapter 2. Types of centers
A. Industrial
B. Transport
B. Scientific and financial
G. Defense
Chapter 3 Research part
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
The relevance of the topic of my research is explained by the fact that it reflects the need and timeliness of solving the problem under study for the further development of the Far East. Knowledge on this topic is necessary for studying the economy of the Far East in the 9th grade geography course “Russian Economy”.
Getting to know the most remote area Russia - Far East;
Formation of skills in working with a geographical atlas, encyclopedia, press, and the Internet;
Give an idea of the natural resources of the Far East, the economy, transport system, scientific and defense centers;
Fostering a sense of pride for your country;
Know: historical facts, important events taking place in the area.
Methods: statistical, working with Internet and ICT sources, working with media materials, methods of analysis and synthesis.
Preparatory,
Basic,
Creative.
Expected Result:
1) educational:
a) obtaining knowledge about the geographical location of the Far East, industrial, transport, scientific and defense centers;
b) improving the quality of geographical and economic knowledge;
c) acquiring skills in working with various sources of information: the Internet, printed literature;
d) improving the quality of knowledge and worldview.
2) educational:
a) the formation of interest and love for every corner of our vast Motherland (in this case, the Far East);
b) the desire to understand and reveal the characteristics of this region.
3) communicative:
Ability to conduct research activities: collect, correctly record, classify material for a given project.
Summing up forms:
Familiarization with printed materials with their further discussions;
Participation in school and district conferences with reports and scientific articles;
Chapter 1. The Far East is the stronghold of the state
Far East, having a profitable geographical position and huge reserves natural resources, plays an important role in Russian politics. The Far East has been attracting the attention of foreign countries for centuries, so today it is especially relevant to know the history of securing the borders of the Pacific coast Russian Federation.The region includes the Republic of Sakha-Yakutia, Khabarovsk Territory, Primorsky Territory, Amur, Sakhalin, Kamchatka and Magadan regions. Based on a number of basic characteristics (economic and geographical location, natural resources, conditions for their development, economic specialization), two subregions are distinguished: North (Yakutia-Sakha and Magadan region) and South (Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, Amur, Sakhalin and Kamchatka regions) . The Far Eastern South is much more favorable for economic development than the North. About 30% of the area of the entire region is home to 80% of its inhabitants. The North, on the contrary, is different harsh nature and sparsely populated. The development of valuable mineral resources is the main specialization of the region, which determines its place in the Russian economy. Industrial centers, mainly associated with the extraction of mineral resources, are significantly distant from each other. There are two most important factors that determine the position of the Far East in the system of Russian regions.
First of all, the special economic and geographical position of the region. It is characterized by remoteness from the main, most populated and developed regions of the country, as well as outskirts and limited contacts with its only neighbor - Eastern Siberia.
The second factor is powerful resource potential. The Far East is one of the richest regions of Russia. This gives it the opportunity to occupy an important place in the country’s economy in a number of raw materials positions.
The development of regions of the Far East for many years was strictly regulated from the center in order to ensure the defense security of the state; most regions of the region were closed zones, since significant potential for the needs of the military-industrial complex had been created here for many years. As a result long time These regions were economically largely isolated from the Asia-Pacific countries and from their closest neighbors. Behind last years Against the backdrop of the dynamically developing economies of many Asia-Pacific countries, the Far Eastern region of Russia, for a number of reasons, found itself lagging behind.
Chapter 2. Types of centers of the Far East
A. Industrial centers
The Far East is part of the great Pacific Ore Belt, in which during the Mesozoic rich deposits of gold, ores, rare and non-ferrous metals, as well as fossil fuels - oil and coal - were formed. Kamchatka, a country of natural contrasts, also belongs to the Far East. Mountains, active and extinct volcanoes, vast valleys and lowlands, mountain and lowland rivers, cold and hot mineral springs - all this is the Far East. Important industrial centers Far East - Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Yakutsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Komsomolsk-on-Amur is the largest industrial center in the Far Eastern region. City-forming enterprises: aircraft plant, shipbuilding, oil refining, metallurgical plants. Oil and gas pipeline from Sakhalin. Transport hub on the Baikal-Amur Mainline and regional highway; River port. There are technical and pedagogical universities.
Vladivostok - the largest city and port in the Russian Far East, the administrative center of the Primorsky Territory, the terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The industry of Vladivostok is focused on mechanical engineering, instrument making, energy, and the production of building materials. In Vladivostok there are factories: “Vladivostok Shipyard” - a large ship repair enterprise in Vladivostok. “Holding Company Dalzavod” is an enterprise for ship repair, shipbuilding, general and marine engineering. Plant “Metallist” - producing pumps and various metal structures for agricultural needs. “Tool Plant” - a mechanical engineering enterprise, manufacturer of dies and taps. Vladivostok - the largest fisheries base fishing and seafood production.
Blagoveshchensk - administrative center of the Amur region. There are large enterprises in the city: “Amur Metalist” - produces mining equipment; “Shipbuilding Plant” - produces sea tugs and seiners. “Malomyrsky mine” is a gold mining enterprise.
Khabarovsk - administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of the Russian Federation and Khabarovsk Territory. A large economic, transport, political and cultural center of the Far East. The industrial complex of Khabarovsk is represented mainly by mechanical engineering, energy, chemical, food and wood processing industries. “Daldizel” is a machine-building plant for the production of ship engines. “Khabarovsk Tank-Building Plant” is the production of metal-cutting machines. “Dalenergomash” is an enterprise operating in the field of compressor manufacturing. “Avtoremles” is the production of machine tools and equipment for forestry and woodworking enterprises. “Arkaim- MetalKonstruktsia” - production of corrugated sheets, metallurgical structures, wall and roofing panels. “Metal Products Plant” - production of metal products for the construction industry. “Amur Prospectors' Artel” - mining of precious metals: gold and platinum.
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - the administrative center of the Sakhalin region, the largest transport hub on the island: the intersection of regional roads, a railway station and an airport. Sakhalin available State University and Sakhalin Scientific Center FEB RAS. In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk there are: “Sakhalinenergo” - the largest energy company in the East of Russia, “Exxon Neftegaz Limited”, “Sakhalin Energy”, “Gazprom”, “Rosneft”. Among the industrial enterprises of the city are a cement plant, building materials factories, Stroydetal, a diesel locomotive-car repair plant, a furniture factory and others. Electricity is generated at the largest on Sakhalin Yuzhno-Sakhalinskaya CHPP-1. The reasons for creating enterprises are the beneficial EGP of these cities.
B. Transport centers
Land, sea and air routes pass through the territory of the Far East, providing communication between Western Europe and the countries of Northeast Asia and the Asia-Pacific region. Transport plays an exceptional role in the development of the Far East due to its geographical location and the special structure of the territorial organization of production. The region has a long border with the People's Republic of China and Mongolia, ice-free seaports in the east, and large transport arteries - the Trans-Siberian and Amur Railways. All this creates favorable conditions for the development of economic cooperation with foreign countries, primarily with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. The railway transport infrastructure of the Far East is, first of all, the Trans-Siberian Railway - the longest railway in the world.
Along 5.6 thousand miles of the Far Eastern coast there are 32 sea ports, including 22 trade, 10 fishing, as well as about 300 small ports and port points. The most important ports are: Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Magadan, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Blagoveshchensk. Sea transport is practically the only way to deliver goods there.
Main transport gate Magadan- a sea trade port through which the main flow of cargo arrives. The only specialized river transport enterprise in the Kolyma River basin is the Kolyma Shipping Company. Near the city of Magadan there is the Magadan International Airport (Sokol). The airport accepts all types of passenger airliners and heavy transport aircraft.
Sea port Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky carries out transshipment of various cargoes, including fish products, round timber and lumber, grain cargoes, cement in bags, containers, wheeled vehicles and equipment, salt, metals, coal, various coastal and oil cargoes, etc. Imports are dominated by grain, cement and refrigerated cargo. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is connected with other cities of Russia by air and sea communications. Yelizovo Airport, which serves the city, is international: in addition to regular flights to a number of Russian cities, in 2012 there are also flights to China and the USA. Domestic flights are also operated to Ozernovsky, Ust-Kamchatsk, Nikolskoye, Palana, Ossora, etc.
Port Nakhodka. The largest port operator, Evraz-Nakhodka Sea Trade Port, is focused on exporting products from metallurgical enterprises of the Evraz holding - ferrous metals, as well as coal. In Novidtsky Bay there is an operator of the oil loading terminal “Rosneft - Nakhodkanefteprodukt” - one of the largest in Russia. The Nakhodka Sea Fishing Port company, despite its traditional name, transships mainly dry cargo, the share of fish processing is less than 10%. Ship repair enterprises are represented by the Nakhodka Ship Repair Plant and the Primorsky Plant, which is also engaged in transshipment of hard coal on free berths. The ports of Vostochny, Nakhodka and the railway stations of the Nakhodka junction form the largest transport hub in the Russian Far East - “Vostochny - Nakhodka”. The total cargo turnover of the two ports of Nakhodka in 2012 amounted to 59.7 million tons (about 11% of the cargo turnover of Russian ports). The main export commodities are coal, oil and metals. Over 15% of Russian export rail transportation is carried out through the Nakhodka station.
Vladivostok- a sea city. It is located on the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula between the Amur and Ussuri bays of the Sea of Japan. The Vladivostok port is the base for the refrigerated fishing fleet. There is active fishing here for crabs, shrimp, oysters, scallops, squid and seaweed. In addition, the main forces of the Pacific Fleet are based near the city in numerous bays. Vladivostok is the last point of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which opened direct railway communication in 1903, the city is also connected by Moscow, St. Petersburg, Irkutsk, Magadan and other cities of Russia and the world airlines. Vladivostok Airport “Artyom” (44 km from Vladivostok) is capable of handling up to 700 passengers per hour, and taking into account the newly built international terminal - up to 800 passengers per hour. By air, Vladivostok has direct connections with 20 Russian cities.
Khabarovsk- a large transport hub at the junction of water, air, railway and road communications. The Trans-Siberian Railway passes through the city, as well as the railway line to Komsomolsk-on-Amur, connecting the Trans-Siberian Railway with the Baikal-Amur Mainline. The city ranks first in the region in terms of volume of railway, river and road transportation. Khabarovsk is home to the Far Eastern Railway administration, three depots, and four railway stations within the city. In 2009, the reconstruction of the bridge over the Amur was completed, as a result of which the bridge became not only a double-track railway, but also a road one. The city is a connecting point of the federal highways “Amur” (Chita - Khabarovsk), and since 2012 the highway “Ussuri” (Khabarovsk - Vladivostok) and the highway “East” under construction (Khabarovsk - Nakhodka).
Through the river port, the Amur River Shipping Company delivers goods to the north, and carries out passenger river transportation along the Amur River, including to the cities of neighboring China. The largest production enterprise of the shipping company, the Khabarovsk Fleet Repair and Operation Base, is also located here.
Air transportation is carried out through Novy Airport (has international status). Japan - Europe flight routes pass here.
Inland water transport in the region is used mainly in the Amur and Lena river basins. With the opening of borders to trade with China, the Amur became an international transport artery. On the Russian side, Blagoveshchensk, Poyarkovo, Khabarovsk, and Komsomolsk-on-Amur acquired the status of open ports. Far Eastern exporters supply river sand and other building materials, wood, and fertilizers to the neighboring country. Food and consumer goods are imported from China. In the future, it is planned to carry out transit transportation of goods from Japan and South Korea to the Northern provinces of China along the Amur and its right tributary Sungari.
The Primorsky Territory occupies a favorable geographical position in the transport system of the Russian Federation; it is a region through which transit trade routes run between Europe and East Asia, between North-East Asia and North America. All transport interchanges connecting the ports of the region, land border crossings between Russia and China, the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Vladivostok-Khabarovsk state highway converge here.
B. Scientific and financial centers
The major administrative centers of the Far East are Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, and Blagoveshchensk.
Vladivostok stands out for its scientific and cultural potential. The Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences with 14 academic institutes is located here. Among them are geological, oceanological, biological-soil, geography, automation and control processes and others. Scientists of the Academy of Sciences are engaged in a comprehensive study of the ocean and the Pacific ore belt, developing the scientific basis for the use and protection of soils, flora and fauna, obtaining new medicines, and conducting research on ways for the integrated development of the national economy in the region. There are many other research institutes and design organizations operating in the city.
Vladivostok is a student city. There are 9 higher educational institutions here, the largest of which are the Far Eastern State University, the Far Eastern Technical University, the Maritime Academy named after. G.I.Nevelsky, Academy of Economics and Management and others. The city's universities train sea captains, doctors and teachers, engineers and scientists, naval officers and specialists in the field of commerce. Among the secondary specialized educational institutions of Vladivostok are shipbuilding, hydrometeorological and energy technical schools, medical, music and pedagogical schools, many vocational schools. technical schools.In the cultural life of the city, its theaters play a huge role: Chamber Theater, Drama Theater named after. Maxim Gorky, the Primorsky Philharmonic, the circus, and art galleries operate. In Vladivostok there is the oldest local history institution in the region - the Primorsky branch of the Geographical Society of Russia. The nature and history of the region are studied in numerous museums, which have accumulated many thousands of exhibits over the years of painstaking work. Among the museums, the Primorsky Museum of Local Lore stands out especially for its holdings. Arsenyev, the Museum of the History of the Pacific Fleet, the Museum of Oceanography and Fisheries, there is an oceanarium. Near the city there is a Marine Reserve. Vladivostok is the largest historical center of Primorye. It has more than two hundred monuments. The architectural appearance of the city is a mixture of old and new. Buildings of the late XIX - early XX centuries. adjacent to buildings built at the end of the 20th century. Residential buildings, monuments of Russian wooden architecture of the late 19th century, have also been preserved. Despite the massive urban development of recent decades, the city still preserves individual historical buildings and entire streets.
To date Khabarovsk is rightfully considered the capital of the Far Eastern region. This was officially recognized when Khabarovsk was appointed the capital of the Far Eastern Federal District. This choice was not made by chance. Khabarovsk is the second most populous city in the region and the fourth in the country in terms of area. In addition to the fact that Khabarovsk geographically occupies a central position in the Far East, it is home to the largest number of federal and regional institutions (Headquarters of the Far Eastern Military District, Far Eastern Railway Administration, associations Glavdalstroy, Dallesprom, Dallesstroy, etc.). Today's Khabarovsk is the largest industrial, transport, cultural and scientific center of the Far East. There are about 100 enterprises in mechanical engineering, metalworking, construction, food, light industries and other industries in the city. The city is the largest transport hub in the Far Eastern region. Khabarovsk railway junction is the largest in the region. The river port is one of the largest on the Amur. The city has 23 Khabarovsk universities and branches of the country's largest universities, 16 secondary specialized educational institutions and 17 vocational technical schools and more than 100 secondary schools, which makes Khabarovsk an educational center in the Far East. Khabarovsk is a cultural center. There are 4 museums, 4 professional theaters, many creative organizations - writers, composers, Unions of artists, theater workers, filmmakers, journalists.
Blagoveshchensk was and remains one of the largest industrial and cultural centers of the Far East. This is a modern city with industrial enterprises, higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, vocational schools, theaters, museums, landscaped streets and squares, squares and parks. In 4 universities and 15 secondary specialized educational institutions, more than 15 thousand students and about 12 thousand students study respectively. Pedagogical, medical, agricultural, polytechnic institutes. Two higher military schools. The oldest river school in the Far East (1899). Research Institute: Amur Complex D. Oriental, All-Russian Institute of Soybeans, Far Eastern Zonal Veterinary, Far Eastern Design and Technological Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture, Physiology and Pathology of Respiration of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Medical Sciences, etc. Amur Regional Hydrometeorological Center. The life and work of the writer A.A. are connected with Blagoveshchensk. Fadeev, artist A.N. Yar-Kravchenko, scientists V.L. Komarova, M.I. Sumgin. Among the participants in the foundation of the city is the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyov, geologist and paleontologist F.B. Schmidt; P.A. visited Blagoveshchensk Kropotkin, N.M. Przhevalsky, A.P. Chekhov and others
The reason for the emergence of these centers: favorable natural conditions, the highest population density in this territory.
D. Defense centers
The military-industrial complex is a system of production, research and development, research and development institutions that develop and produce military equipment, ammunition and weapons. The administrative centers of the Far East, which are part of the military-industrial complex, are Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok.
Komsomolsk-on-Amur- one of the largest industrial centers for the concentration of military-industrial complex production in the Far East, in particular, the Khabarovsk Territory and one of the largest economic centers in Russia. The center of an industrial agglomeration, which also includes the satellite city of Amursk, as well as more than ten settlements urban and rural types. The city's production potential is concentrated in high-tech branches of mechanical engineering (aircraft manufacturing, shipbuilding, production of lifting and transport and foundry equipment), ferrous metallurgy, oil refining industry, electrical and thermal power engineering. A distinctive feature of the industry is the high share of manufacturing and defense industries. Aviation Production Association named after. Yu.A. Gagarin produces combat aircraft of the “SU” brand. Arsenyev Aviation Company “Progress” (city of Arsenyev, Primorsky Territory) produces competitive helicopters of military importance. IN Khabarovsk There is a military airfield "Terek". The most important strategic airfield in the Khabarovsk Territory, consisting of several military units, repair buildings and the garrison itself. Throughout the airfield there are helicopters and airplanes of various modifications and types. They constantly fly combat and training missions.
Vladivostok- the most important strategic point in the Pacific Ocean. The headquarters of the Pacific Fleet is located in Vladivostok. The Russian Pacific Fleet, as an integral part of the Navy and the Russian Armed Forces as a whole, is a means of ensuring Russia’s military security in the Asia-Pacific region.
To carry out its tasks, the Pacific Fleet includes strategic missile submarines, multi-purpose nuclear and diesel submarines, surface ships for operations in the ocean and near sea zones, naval missile-carrying, anti-submarine and fighter aircraft, ground forces, units of ground and coastal forces .
IN Amur region Construction of the Vostochny cosmodrome has begun near the village of Uglegorsk. The cosmodrome will become not only the largest link in the Russian aerospace system, but also an important center for the implementation of advanced scientific developments. It is planned to build 10 technical and support sites directly on the territory of the cosmodrome. A launch complex for a medium-class launch vehicle with increased payload capacity (up to 20 tons) will be built, consisting of two launchers, an airfield, an oxygen-nitrogen plant, a hydrogen plant, a power supply system, 115 km of automobile and 125 km railways, including the railway line from the station. Icy. In the near future, more than 10 thousand people will work here, and in the future the population of the city serving the cosmodrome will grow to 30 thousand people. The creation of the Vostochny Cosmodrome will contribute to solving technical and economic problems in the development of the Russian aerospace industry, strengthening Russia’s technological and geopolitical positions in the Asia-Pacific region. The implementation of the project will be an additional stimulus for the socio-economic development of the Far East and Transbaikalia and will give impetus to fundamental and applied research in the field of space exploration, the creation of new materials and types of fuel, in biology, physics, chemistry, computer science and other fields of science.
Reason for occurrence: border location.
Chapter 3 Research part
Research results:
I conducted a survey among students in grade 9A on the topic “What do you know about the Far East?” and drew the appropriate conclusions. I developed a questionnaire with seven questions that allowed us to obtain and process information. A total of 10 people were interviewed.
The following questions were asked:
1. Which city is the capital of the Far East?
A) Blagoveshchensk
B) Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
B) Khabarovsk
D) Vladivostok
2. The main water artery of the Far East is the river…. ?
3. Which city is the main seaport of the Far East?
A) Sovetskaya Gavan
B) Nakhodka
B) Petropavlovsk - Kamchatsky
D) Vladivostok
4. What is the highest hill in the Far East and Russia?
A) Yakut - mountain
B) Klyuchevskaya
B) Eagle's nest
D) Refrigerator
5. What is the largest lake in the Far East?
A) Lake Khanka
B) Petropavlovskoe
D) Jack London Lake
6. What is the name of the island in the Far East where the 2012 APEC SUMMIT was held?
A) Sakhalin
B) Putyatin Island
B) Russky Island
D) Wrangel Island
7. Which region has no land borders?
A) Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
B) Sakhalin
B) Khabarovsk
D) Vladivostok
Based on the results of processing the questionnaires, the following data was obtained:
The question “Which city is the capital of the Far East?”
The question “What is the main water artery of the Far East?”
The graph shows that out of 10 people surveyed, all 10 people gave the correct answer. According to the survey, all students know that the main waterway of the Far East is the Amur River.
Question “Which city is the main seaport of the Far East?”
The graph shows that out of 10 people surveyed, 7 people gave a positive answer, and 3 people answered incorrectly.
The question “What is the highest hill in the Far East and Russia?”
The figure shows that out of 10 people surveyed, all 10 people gave the correct answer.
The question “What is the largest lake in the Far East?”
The graph shows that out of 10 people surveyed, 6 people gave a positive answer, and 4 people gave a negative answer.
Question “What is the name of the island in the Far East where the 2012 APEC SUMMIT was held?”
The graph shows that out of 10 people surveyed, 9 people gave a positive answer, only 1 person gave an incorrect answer.
Question “Which region of the Far East does not have land borders?”
The graph shows that out of 10 people surveyed, all 10 people gave the correct answer.
Based on the results obtained, the following can be done: conclusions.
According to the study, most students know that the capital of the Far East is Khabarovsk, the main waterway is the Amur River, the main seaport is the city of Vladivostok, the highest hill is Klyuchevskaya, the largest lake is Khanka, the island where the 2012 APEC SUMMIT was held - Russian and the Sakhalin region have no land borders. Pupils of class 9A showed good knowledge of the geography of Russia, namely the Far East.
Conclusion on the project
The Far East is a potentially important region of Russia, but irrational use of natural resources, passive industrial development, and low population density in the region harm the development of the Far East.
Prospects for the development of the region. To serve the local needs of the Far East on a certain scale, it is necessary to develop more labor-intensive industries: engineering, metalworking, light, food. With the growth of the region's productive forces, new tasks arise related to the expansion of agricultural production and an increase in the degree of development of production and social infrastructure. The development of the Far East on the basis of its rich natural resources is only the general basis. Fundamentally, at the moment the innovative model of regional economic development seems to be the most promising. This model involves diversifying the economy with an emphasis on the development of human capital, stimulating the emergence of new types of activities, preventing further degradation of the region. Developing according to this scenario, the region will be able to achieve comparable and even increased growth rates relative to the “Concept 2020”, the level of GRP per capita and overcome the gap that has developed at the moment. As for my research, I believe that this region needs to be studied more in detail, because D. The East is the stronghold of the state!!
The Internet was used in preparing the project:
Territorial structure of industry:
The scale and structure of industry in the Far East are characterized by great differences. The most developed and industrially diverse are the Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories and the Amur region. In the industrial structure of the Primorsky Territory, the largest share is occupied by the fishing industry, in the Khabarovsk Territory - by mechanical engineering, and in the Amur Region - by the industry for processing local agricultural raw materials. In addition, in the southern part of the region, the forestry industry has developed significantly, the fuel and energy industry has developed significantly, as well as the light industry, the construction materials industry and mining. In the same part of the region, the largest industrial centers and seaports were formed: Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Blagoveshchensk, Birobidzhan, Ussuriysk, Arsenyev - mainly as centers of mechanical engineering, forestry and food industries; Vladivostok and Nakhodka are the largest seaports and centers of the fishing industry and its technical equipment, as well as ship repair. At the same time, the territorial structure of industry in the southern part, as well as the entire region, is characterized by the presence of numerous urban and industrial-type settlements; in terms of the number of the latter, the Far East as a whole ranks first. Most of these villages are railway stations, river piers, logging, fishing and mining bases.
In the industrial structure of the Sakhalin and Kamchatka regions, the fishing industry accounts for more than 1/2 and 3/4 of all industrial products produced in them, respectively. Following the Primorsky Territory, these regions are the largest fishing bases in the Far East. In addition, the forestry and fuel industries are developed in the Sakhalin region. Enterprises of all these industries are dispersed across many small towns and numerous fishing villages, located almost exclusively in coastal areas and on islands. The only major industrial center on Sakhalin is Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. In the Kamchatka region, in addition to the fishing industry, ship repair and the timber industry have noticeably developed, which (except for logging) are mainly concentrated in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky villages in comparison with other regions.
The industrial structure in the north is peculiar - in the Magadan region and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). These are the main mining regions of the Far East. The mining industries here account for about half of all industrial output. In the Magadan region, in addition, repairs are developed mining equipment with the release of a number of spare parts for it, as well as fishing and game industries; in Yakutia - forestry and food (fishing and processing of local agricultural raw materials) industries. In the northern part of the Far East, only two large industrial centers have formed: Yakutsk, one of the oldest cities in Siberia, and Magadan, a new city created in the 1930s. Both Yakutia and the Magadan region, with their focal development of valuable subsoil resources, are characterized by the presence of numerous fishing villages, especially in the mining industry.
Agro-industrial complex: Agriculture plays an important role in the comprehensive development of the Far East. The main agricultural lands here are located in the Middle Amur region, the Ussuri region and on the Khanka Plain, accounting for 95% of the sown area of the region. The entire cultivated area of the Far East is less than 2 million hectares, including 36-37% under grain crops, 20% under soybeans, 10-12% under potatoes and vegetables, and up to 32% under fodder crops.
Wheat, barley, oats and buckwheat are common among grains, but the yield of these crops still remains below the Russian average. Here little fertilizer is applied to their crops. In addition, harvesting difficulties associated with high soil and atmospheric humidity often lead to large losses of grown grain. Approximately half of the Far East's grain needs are met by imports from Siberia and Kazakhstan. Rice is grown in the Khanka lowland, but its crops are still small. Here, as well as in the Priussuri lowland, the topography of the plantations has a fairly long and warm growing season, and fertile soils are conducive to the expansion of rice growing.
The Far East is the only soybean production area in the country. In the southern part of the region, potatoes and vegetables are grown everywhere. The population of the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region is fully provided with these products through local production, but in the region as a whole, the population's needs for these crops are not yet fully satisfied. The district is faced with the task of providing the population with locally produced potatoes and vegetables.
In the Far East they breed large cattle, pigs and deer. Primorsky Krai and the Amur region are distinguished for breeding cattle and pigs, and Yakutia, Magadan and Kamchatka regions, and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug for breeding deer. However, in general, livestock farming is poorly developed, the number of livestock is insignificant, and its productivity is below the Russian average. For meat and dairy products, approximately 1/3 of the population's needs are met through local production. Most of these products are imported from Siberia and Kazakhstan.
In the future, it is planned to fully provide the population with fresh dairy products and fresh meat. The Far Eastern region has opportunities for both intensive and extensive expansion of agriculture.
Far Eastern taiga, mainly mountainous areas, is rich in fur-bearing and other game animals. Hunting and fur farming are especially developed in the northern regions, throughout Sikhote-Alin and Sakhalin. Fur farms have been organized to breed sables, arctic foxes, silver foxes, musk deer and red deer.
Among the branches of the food industry (except for fish) in the Far East, flour milling remains of great importance, developing in the Amur region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories. It also houses butter, cheese, dairy, meat, confectionery, sugar (Ussuriysk) and other industries. However, the region's food industry is still far from meeting market demand. A significant part of the food industry products is imported from Siberia and European Russia. A large oil-processing industry for processing soybeans has been created in Ussuriysk and Khabarovsk, and part of its products is exported outside the region. Projects have been outlined for the expansion and construction of various food enterprises, primarily meat processing plants, which will use the increased number of deer in the north of the region, and beef cattle in the south; The network of city dairies is expanding.
Economic ties: The import of goods to the Far East significantly exceeds their export. Petroleum products, metal and grain cargoes arrive here in large quantities, together accounting for almost 2/3 of imports, as well as machinery and technological equipment, industrial consumer goods, salt, mineral fertilizers. The main part of the export consists of timber and lumber, fish products, enriched ores of non-ferrous metals, plywood, paper and some other industrial products. Approximately 4/5 of the import and export of the Far East occurs in the eastern regions of Russia. In the 1990s, both imports and exports in the Far East decreased significantly. This hinders the strengthening of the role of the Far East in the interregional division of labor, the strengthening of the complexity of its economy and the progressive trend of market relations.
The long-term development of the Far East includes:
A sharp increase in the growth rate of specialization industries;
Creation of the best material and living conditions for a further increase in the influx of population and retention of personnel, in particular, priority development of social and living infrastructure;
Formation of a highly efficient market economy (including organizational structures);
Accelerated development of production for export;
Formation of a large export-import base in the Far East;
Expanding trade and economic ties with neighboring countries.
This is facilitated by the long-term Presidential program for the socio-economic development of the Far East and Transbaikalia, as well as the creation of free economic zones in the areas of the city of Nakhodka, on the island. Sakhalin.
It is also planned:
– ensure stabilization of existing capacities at a level of about 50% wear;
– ensure the removal of all restrictions on connecting new consumers by expanding existing network capacities;
– to ensure that there is no shortage of generating capacity in the context of continued growth in electricity consumption;
– ensure reliable functioning of the UES of Russia;
– normalize the situation in regions of peak loads by 2009.
For the purpose of preparing the program, with the participation of RAO UES of Russia, an analysis of consumption growth for the period up to 2010 and 2015 was carried out. The analysis is based on information about development plans for a number of industries, as well as specific plans of the largest corporations in the Russian Federation.
As for the Amur region, on July 19, 2006, a press conference was held on the topic “Investments in the Amur energy sector.” According to the General Director of Amurenergo OJSC Yu.A. Andreenko, the main components are the second stage of the Blagoveshchenskaya CHPP, a new boiler and turbine. In addition to them, in Blagoveshchensk it is necessary to complete the construction of the third stage of the heating main, since even now, with the intensive development of the central part of the regional center, there is a shortage of heat. If we talk about Russia, then in fourteen regions electricity consumption has increased significantly. Calculations based on a model for the long-term development of the fuel and energy complex of the Far East show that if the main energy and raw material export-oriented projects are included in the long-term production program, then the development of production of primary fuel and energy resources alone may exceed in 2020. 190 million here, and net electricity generation is 92 billion kWh (Table 6)
Far Eastern Federal District was formed by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000.
The territory area is 6,215,900 km², which is 36.4% of the entire territory of the Russian Federation.
The administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District is Khabarovsk.
The Far Eastern Federal District includes 9 constituent entities of the Russian Federation:
2. Jewish Autonomous Region
3. Kamchatka Krai
5. Primorsky Krai
7. Khabarovsk region
8. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
9. The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Among the 68 cities of the Far Eastern Federal District, the largest are:
1. Vladivostok
2. Khabarovsk
3. Komsomolsk-on-Amur
4. Blagoveshchensk
5. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
6. Dalnegorsk
7. Yakutsk
8. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
9. Nakhodka
10. Ussuriysk
11. Magadan
12. Big Stone
According to the 2002 All-Russian Population Census inFar Eastern FO there were 6,692,865 people, which is 4.61% of the total population of the Russian Federation.
Leading industries economy of the Far East are coal, mining, fishing and forestry industries, shipbuilding and. The Far East has the richest reserves of natural resources, a huge raw material base of the Russian Federation. The region has enormous mineral resource potential, the development of which determines the development of not only the most important industries in the region, but also the economy of the country as a whole.
In terms of the volume of mineral resources of Russia, the Far Eastern Federal District occupies a leading place in the country. Deposits of boron, antimony and tin account for 95% of all resource reserves of the Russian Federation, mercury and fluorspar - 60%, tungsten - up to 25%, iron ore, native sulfur, apatite and lead - about 10%. Along with this, there are also reserves of non-metallic raw materials: refractory clay, limestone, sulfur and marl, quartz sand, graphite and mica.
For a number of fundamental geographical and economic reasons, the Far Eastern Federal District is divided into northern (Yakutia and Magadan region) and southern (Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, Amur, Kamchatka and Sakhalin regions) parts. Conditions in the southern regions of the Far East are more favorable for industrial development. The economy of the northern Far Eastern Federal District (Sakha Republic) is mainly based on the development of diamond deposits (Aikhal, Mir, Udachnoye), which make up 80% of Russia's diamond reserves, and gold and placer deposits concentrated in Yakutia, Amur and Magadan regions , Khabarovsk Territory and Kamchatka.
The timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries of the Khabarovsk Territory, Primorye and the Amur Region occupy leading positions in the all-Russian export of wood, fiber boards and lumber production.
A dense, highly branched river network stimulates the development of shipping in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, Yakutia, Magadan region, as well as the development of the fishing industry and hydropower (Chulmanskaya, Bureyskaya, Zeya and Neryungrinskaya state district power plants). The Far East, with its low population density, produces more than 50% of all Russian fish production, the bulk of which is caught in the Primorsky Territory. The other largest fishing areas are Sakhalin and Kamchatka. Among the fishing bases, one can highlight the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Vladivostok-Nakhodka complexes.
As part of the development of the energy industry in the Far Eastern Federal District, along with small hydroelectric power plants, a gasification program for the region is being implemented, and it is planned to build power plants running on natural gas. Also in the future is the construction of geothermal stations on the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka.
A significant place in the industrial structure of most regions is occupied by: in Yakutia, Sakhalin and Amur, Magadan industries. Colossal reserves of hard and brown coal are concentrated here. Far Eastern coal is exported to Japan and South Korea, China and many other countries in the Asia-Pacific region.
The light industry of the Far East is represented by small textile and knitting enterprises, footwear and some others that do not have much economic importance for the region, which cannot be said about maritime transport, which ensures import-export flows of raw materials and goods. For the Magadan, Sakhalin and Kamchatka regions and the northern regions of the Khabarovsk Territory, sea transport, in addition to small aviation, is the only way to deliver goods. On the coast of the Far East there are more than 20 trade and 10 fishing seaports, and about 300 harbors are equipped. Year-round navigation is carried out in the ports of Posiet, Zarubino, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Magadan, Vanino, Vostochny, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Korsakov and Kholmsk on Sakhalin. About 200 shipping companies are registered in the Far Eastern Federal District, and the following shipping companies operate: FESCO (Far Eastern), Sakhalin, Primorskoe, Kamchatka, Vostoktransflot and Arctic.
Today the economic situation in Far Eastern Federal District quite complicated. Many important industrial sectors are in critical condition. For example, ships and coastal fish processing bases have long been physically and morally outdated, there are no modern terminals and logistics centers, and a difficult situation has developed in the energy and coal mining industries. Negative migration (population outflow to other regions of the country) continues. Over the past decade, about 1.5 million people have left the Far Eastern Federal District. Some experts believe that the constant outflow of population is the region's main problem. If you don’t secure people in the territory, then soon there will simply be no one and no one to build and maintain pipelines, berths, and airports.
Currently, the economy of the Far Eastern Federal District is 80% focused on the Asia-Pacific countries and only 20% on Siberia, the European part of Russia and partly on Europe. If urgent measures are not taken to strengthen and develop the economy in the near future, the economy of the Far East will be forced to further break away from the Russian economy and integrate into the economy of the Asia-Pacific region. Count Muravyov-Amursky, whose anniversary will be celebrated with ceremonies this year, once wrote to the Tsar that “we cannot hold these lands with guns and soldiers alone. We need to develop the economy."
Just over three years ago, in December 2005, at a meeting of the Security Council, Russian President V. Putin assessed the situation as “threatening.” Among all federal districts, the Far Eastern is far ahead of other districts in all economic indicators and level of condition. In this regard, the head of state gave instructions to develop a Development Strategy for the Far East, within the framework of which In 2007, a new, extensive federal target program “Economic and social development of the Far East and Transbaikalia until 2013” was adopted. The implementation of this program and the constant introduction of various amendments and changes are complicated, among other things, by the current economic situation due to the global financial crisis. Of course, federal funds are coming to the region, although not in the full planned amount. But they literally dissolve in the constant “patching of holes” and the situation is still far from positive dynamics.
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The share of industrial production in the Far East in the all-Russian indicator is insignificant - only 4.4% (Fig. 1, 2).
Fig.1. Share of the Far East in Russian industrial production in 1991 Fig. 2. Share of the Far East in Russian industrial production in 2004
The leading industries in the Far East are electric power, non-ferrous metallurgy, and food industry (Fig. 3).
In the structure of industrial production of the regions of the Far East in 2004, the leading position is occupied by non-ferrous metallurgy (30%) and the food industry (20%), in which the fishing industry clearly stands out (14.8%, the Kamchatka region, Koryak Autonomous Okrug and Primorsky Territory specialize in it ). Among other industries, mechanical engineering and metalworking (16.6%), fuel industry (12.8%) and electric power industry (10.9%) have significant weight. Essentially, the non-ferrous metallurgy and fishing industry, developed on the basis of rich raw materials, determine the place of the Far East in the domestic Russian market. To a lesser extent this applies to mechanical engineering and the fuel industry.
Fig.3. Sectoral structure of industrial production in the Far East in comparison with Russia in 2004
The leading industries of the Far Eastern Federal District include the fishing industry. The district ranks first among other regions of the country in terms of fish catch. The main commercial fish: salmon (chum salmon, pink salmon), herring, flounder, tuna, saury, mackerel, halibut, sea bass. The region plays an important role in the whaling and crab fisheries. The main fishing areas are the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan, the Bering Sea and the eastern part Pacific Ocean. Large fish processing centers are Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Ust-Kamchatsk, Nevelsk, Kholmsk, Korsakov, Nakhodka.
The sectors of market specialization are the forestry, pulp and paper and wood processing industries. In the north, vast areas are occupied by tundra and forest-tundra. The western coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, the northern parts of the Amur region and Sakhalin, the central part of Kamchatka and almost 80% of the territory of Yakutia are covered with forests. Forest resources amount to 415.7 million hectares. Wood reserves - 20450 million cubic meters. The Far Eastern Federal District exports timber and its products to the countries of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
The region's machine-building complex has a diverse infrastructure, but is mostly represented by ship repair and the production of power equipment. The district's factories produce fishing boats, diesel engines, overhead cranes, ship machinery, foundry equipment, metal-cutting machines, instruments, and tools. One of the largest machine-building centers is the city of Khabarovsk.
Enterprises producing engineering products are concentrated mainly in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, Amur and Jewish Autonomous Regions. A distinctive feature of mechanical engineering is the significant share and importance of defense production (primarily this concerns the Khabarovsk Territory). During the 1990s. The defense complex of Russia, and the Far East in particular, experienced a significant decline associated with the curtailment of defense orders. The conversion process has begun actively.
Currently, in the regions of the Far East there are more than 30 enterprises and organizations of almost all sectors of the defense industry with a total workforce of 56.5 thousand people (as of mid-2004): in industry - 56.1 thousand people, in science - 0.4 thousand people.
Products manufactured by enterprises and organizations of the defense industry of the Far East and Transbaikalia currently account for more than 3% of the Russian defense complex.
Table 1
Dynamics of industrial production in Russia and the regions of the Far East 1991 – 2004 (in% of 1990)
Field documentation
Recording of field observation materials is carried out in a field diary, as well as in journals, forms and other documents that are developed based on the focus, scale of work and other specific features expeditions. The diary (along with the field map and forms) is one of the main...
Structure of the economy of the Russian Federation and its regions
The current stage of economic and social development of the Russian Federation is associated with fundamental changes caused by the transition to market relations. The formation of a market economy involves the creation of a socially oriented economy, which means the reorientation of all production to the needs...
History of economic development
The Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) includes 10 constituent entities of the Russian Federation: the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia); Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories; Magadan, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Amur regions; Koryak and Chukotka Autonomous Okrugs; Jewish Autonomous Region. The center is the city of Khabarov...
Mining industry
The mining industry of the region includes the extraction of gold, diamonds, tin, tungsten, lead-zinc and other ores, the production of non-ferrous metals, as well as ferrous metallurgy.
It is obvious that the mining industry is focused on reserves of raw materials, therefore the centers of the mining industry are located near rich deposits of raw materials. The following 2 factors are also of great importance: the factor of natural conditions and the environmental factor.
The production of non-ferrous metals has grown rapidly in the Far East, and even now it is not experiencing such a significant decline as in other industries. The main part of the country's tin is mined in the Far East; the region has a significant share in the all-Russian production of gold, silver, tungsten, lead, zinc, mercury, fluorite, bismuth and other valuable minerals.
The “Queen of the Far East” continues to be the gold mining industry, which is one of the oldest sectors of the national economy of the region. Enterprises of this industry are located throughout the Far East. It has long been carried out in the basins of the Zeya, Selemdzha, Bureya, Amguni rivers, in the mountains of the Aldan Highlands, Khingan and Sikhote-Alin. Now new regions have become gold mining areas - Kolyma-Indigirsky and Chukotka; in the first, gold mining began in the 30s, in the second - in the 60s. The Magadan region and the Sakha Republic provide 2/3 of all gold in Russia. The oldest gold mining area is the Amur region. It was it that at one time created the world fame of the Far East as the largest gold-bearing region. And today the Amur region gives the country a lot of gold. The main method of gold mining here is the cheapest, dredging. Kolyma-Indigirsky mining region connected by highway with Magadan and Yakutsk, and by sea routes with the south of the Far Eastern region.The location of gold mining is of a focal nature. The boundaries of the centers are determined by the distribution areas of ore formations and placer gold of the developed deposits, the creation of common service areas and infrastructure for a certain group of mines: power plants, construction, repair, supply and trading bases, boarding schools, medical institutions, etc. This focal nature of the mining industry is, by the way, also typical for other northern regions of the Far East.
Mining and enrichment of tin ores in the Far East is also common in many places. After the war, the Khabarovsk Territory became one of the leading regions of the country in terms of tin mining. The first-born of the tin mining industry here is the Khingan-Tin plant, which in 1948 produced the first concentrate at its processing plant. In 1963, the Solnechny mining and processing plant came into operation in the Khabarovsk Territory. Initially, the plant included 4 mines, 2 processing plants, a geological exploration expedition, auxiliary workshops and divisions. As a result of a complex technological process, tin, copper, tungsten and lead are extracted into independent concentrates, which are immediately sent to China, Korea, Australia, and America due to lack of demand in the domestic market, which is another paradox of modern production development. Now this plant operates two mines and a processing plant. In addition to Chukotka, the mining and enrichment of tin ores is carried out in the Verkhne-Ayansky region of Yakutia, where ores with the highest tin content are mined at the Deputatsky Plant and are therefore cheaper than in other places in Russia.
Tin ores are also mined in the west of the Jewish autonomous region and near Komsomolsk. But their production has reached a particularly significant scale in the south of Sikhote-Alin, in the Dalnegorsk-Kavalerovo region. The efficiency of non-ferrous metallurgy largely depends on how promptly the technical equipment of enterprises will be brought into line with the changing nature of the raw material base. Thus, the reduction in the cost of gold mining, which began in the late 70s and early 80s, is associated with the creation of powerful mining equipment for developing deposits with reduced content metal, deep placers in frozen soils at low temperatures. In open-pit mining of placers, the main role will be played by increasing the capacity of earth-moving machines, introducing high-performance hydraulic elevator devices, mass conveying, etc. Preparation for wider use of the ore raw material base requires finding the best ways to develop primary deposits and creating equipment for the conditions of the Far East. Non-ferrous metal ores are usually complex. Therefore, one of the important tasks is the extraction of not only base metals, but also associated elements contained in ores.
Manufacturing industryThe enormous forest wealth of the Far East (about 11 billion cubic meters) led to the creation here of one of the largest logging and wood processing complexes, the effectiveness of which is determined by the concentration of large forest resources, including many valuable species of wood, with a high proportion of mature and overripe trees. In 1969, timber export in the Far East amounted to 24 million cubic meters. (including 20 million cubic meters - business), and in 1993 - 35 million cubic meters. This industry was not particularly affected by a decline in production, and according to some data, timber exports in 1995 slightly exceeded the same figure in 1993. In the southern part of the Far East - in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, Amur and Sakhalin regions - 54 sq.m. are occupied by forests. out of every 100 sq.m. territories. The main logging bases are located in the territories adjacent to the Lower and Middle Amur and the entire Ussuri, to the middle Zeya and Bureya, in the center and south of Sakhalin and in the upper reaches of the Lena river basin. A new timber industry base is now being created in the area adjacent to the Baikal-Amur Mainline.
The factor of raw material resources plays a decisive role in the location of the timber industry, and the factor of areas of consumption of finished products plays a strong role. The location of the woodworking industry is equally influenced by two factors: raw materials and areas of consumption of finished products. The factor of raw material resources plays a decisive role in the location of the pulp and paper industry, and two factors have an equally weak impact: fuel and energy resources and areas of consumption of finished products.
The largest amount of wood - over 40% - is harvested by the Khabarovsk Territory (it produces more than 40% of lumber, 70% of plywood and more than 20% of cardboard), almost 20% by Primorsky Territory, and approximately 10% each by Sakhalin, Amur Region and Yakutia. Mainly larch, spruce, cedar and fir are cut down. Of the coniferous trees, the most valuable include Daurian larch, Ayan spruce, Siberian and Korean fir. Their wood can be used to produce cellulose, varnishes, red paint, adhesives and tannins, and also as timber. Korean cedar is widespread in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories. Its wood is light, has a beautiful pinkish tint, is quite durable and easy to process. It is used in the wood chemical industry to produce turpentine, rosin, and valuable pine oil; it can also be used to make good plywood. Black fir is of great economic importance. Deciduous trees are of great value - oak, birch, poplar and especially linden and ash. Ash wood, distinguished by its strength and beautiful pattern, is used for the production of high-quality plywood; it is also used in machine and shipbuilding.
There are tree species in the Far East that occupy small areas but play a significant role in the economy. Such, for example, is Amur velvet, the wood of which is used to make corks, insulating boards, linoleum, etc. Very beautiful and durable Amur walnut wood is highly valued in carpentry, furniture and plywood production. Of the numerous types of birch trees common in the Far East, one should especially highlight the so-called iron birch, which is not inferior in hardness to boxwood. Weaving shuttles are made from yellow birch, which also has hard wood. White birch wood is good for making plywood and furniture.
Transporting Far Eastern timber to the west, through forest-rich regions of Siberia, where the cost of harvesting it is lower, is economically unprofitable (with the exception of high-value timber species that are not available in other areas of the country). A lot of broadleaf timber remains unremoved, while coniferous species are completely removed. Conditional clear-cutting sometimes takes on an extensive scale, which adversely affects the restoration of forest resources. The noted circumstances are associated with delays in the construction of logging roads, fragmentation and insufficient production capacity of logging organizations, and a lag in the development of deep mechanical and chemical processing of wood raw materials. Available calculations show that in the Far East, for every thousand cubic meters of wood produced, much less processed forest products are produced than in a number of western regions of the country. The insufficient level of development of wood processing leads to the export of unjustifiably large amounts of roundwood to European regions, which causes high transport costs and increases the load intensity of western railway transport communications.
One of the main directions for increasing the economic efficiency of the forestry and woodworking industry of the Far East is the creation not of individual isolated, although powerful enterprises, but of large forestry complexes consisting of production facilities for timber harvesting and its consistent and deep mechanical and chemical processing.
Achieving the planned production volumes requires the expansion of existing enterprises and the construction of new enterprises. This peak occurred in the 70s and 80s. Then the Sovgavansky, Amgunsky, Padalinsky timber industry enterprises, the Lithuanian plywood plant, the Birobidzhan timber plant, the Khorsky hydrolysis-yeast plant, the house-building workshop at the Khorsky timber processing plant, the Tunguska and Mukhensky house-building factories and many other industries came into operation.
The timber and wood processing industries are most developed in the Far East. They have received especially great development in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, in the Republic of Sakha, Amur and Sakhalin regions, from where a significant part of lumber is exported. The pulp and paper industry is developed in Southern Sakhalin, which is the leader in paper production in the entire Eastern Economic Zone. Cardboard production is located in the Khabarovsk Territory (Amursk) and Sakhalin, plywood production is located in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories. The woodworking industry is also represented by housing construction, the production of containers, furniture, plywood and hydrolysis plants, but these industries are not well developed. It's holding back further development logging, since transportation of round timber over such long distances to the European part is ineffective, round timber is also unprofitable for export. Therefore, in the future, constant attention will be paid to expanding highly qualified wood processing, including in the area of the Baikal-Amur Mainline.
FisheriesThe fishing industry of the Far East reached its greatest prosperity in the 70-80s. At that time, its share accounted for almost 1/3 of the all-Union catch of fish, sea animals and seafood. In our time, the situation has not worsened at all, now the Far Eastern seas provide about 60% of fish production in the Russian Federation, and even now, in our difficult times, canned fish, canned seafood, fresh frozen fish, salted herring and some other types of fish products are supplied from here to many parts of the country, as well as for export. Since the 70s, fishermen have moved from passive coastal fishing to active fishing in the open seas and oceans. Active fishing areas included the Bering and Okhotsk Seas (fish and sea animals), the Sea of Japan (fish), the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and Antarctica. Crab fishing is carried out in the waters washing the southern and western parts of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. A crab canning production facility has been created, the products of which are in demand on the world market. Currently, the basis of the fishing industry is active fishing in the open seas, which is occupied by a large fishing, fish processing and refrigerated transport fleet. Ocean fishing has significantly expanded the range of fish products: sea bass, hake, hake, halibut, saury, tuna, sable fish and such fairly new types of seafood as shrimp, squid, scallops, mussels.
The most important factor in the orientation of the fishing industry is raw materials, that is, the entire industry as a whole is oriented towards the coast (this applies to coastal farming).
The fishing industry of the Far East in pre-perestroika times produced more than 700 types of products, including world-famous caviar, balyk, and canned crab. All this was achieved thanks to the fact that the fishing industry received a new fishing and transport fleet. At that time, the Far East had the largest fleet of large refrigerated fishing trawlers in the USSR. Currently, most of these ships are morally and physically outdated, and the arrival of new ships is extremely rare. But despite this, a fairly powerful coastal fishing industry continues to function - fleet bases, fishing ports, ship repair yards, fish processing plants, refrigerators.
For a long time, the growth of the fishing industry was hampered by the fact that its coastal base could not cope with the processing of all the fish delivered by the fishing fleet. With the transition to active sea fishing, when ships go fishing for a long period of time, the processing of catches is carried out mainly directly at sea on large herring floating bases with artificial cooling of the holds, floating crab canneries and refrigerators. For a long time, salting chum and pink salmon remained very labor-intensive: it was necessary to do it manually up to 10 various operations. Now salmon are salted in cooled circulating brines, and the saving on salting for every 1000 centners of chum salmon is more than 1.5 thousand rubles.
About half of all fish production in the Far East comes from the Primorsky Territory. A special place in its fishing industry is occupied by crab canning production and whaling, which, by the way, has now almost completely ceased in accordance with the moratorium on the conservation of the whale population, which was recently signed by the Russian Federation. Other large fishing areas in the Far East are Kamchatka and Sakhalin (they account for 2/5 of the total catch, approximately equally). On Sakhalin, for example, the fishing industry accounts for more than 1/3 of the region's total industrial output. The importance of fishing in the Magadan region has increased. Among the fishing bases, we can highlight the bases of the Vladivostok-Nakhodka and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatka complexes, which play the main role in catching and processing fish. The Amur River plays a special role in the fisheries industry of the Far East; in its waters one can find such valuable fish species as kaluga, whitefish, silver carp, and sturgeon.
In the fishing industry, the main task is to eliminate the imbalance in the development of the fleet and its coastal base. In the future, the expansion of ocean fisheries will be accompanied by an increase in coastal fishing. Great importance is attached to conservation and breeding measures salmon fish. One of the promising areas is the commercial farming of scallops and other shellfish, as well as algae. The increase in fish catch will be accompanied by the processing of low-quality fish raw materials into products of increased nutritional value using new technology.
Agro-industrial complexAgriculture plays an important role in the comprehensive development of the Far East. The main agricultural lands here are located in the Middle Amur region, the Ussuri region and on the Khanka Plain, accounting for 95% of the sown area of the region. The entire cultivated area of the Far East is almost 3 million hectares, including approximately 40% under grain crops, 35% under soybeans, 6-7% under potatoes and vegetables, and 15-20% under fodder crops.
Wheat, barley, oats and buckwheat are common among grains, but the yield of these crops still remains below the Russian average. Here little fertilizer is applied to their crops. In addition, harvesting difficulties associated with high soil and atmospheric humidity often lead to large losses of grown grain. Approximately half of the Far East's grain needs are met by imports from Siberia and Kazakhstan. Rice is grown in the Khanka lowland, but its crops are still small. Here, as well as in the Priussuri Lowland, there is a leveled topography for the creation of rice plantations, a sufficiently long and warm growing season, and fertile soils favor the expansion of rice cultivation.
The Far East is the main soybean production area. It accounts for over 90% of all our crops of this valuable crop. In the southern part of the region, potatoes and vegetables are grown everywhere; the population of the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region is fully provided with these products through local production, but in the region as a whole, the population's needs for these crops are not yet fully satisfied. The district is faced with the task of providing the population with locally produced potatoes and vegetables.
In the Far East, cattle, pigs and deer are raised. Primorsky Krai and the Amur region are distinguished for breeding cattle and pigs, and Yakutia, Magadan and Kamchatka regions, and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug for breeding deer. However, in general, livestock farming in the region is poorly developed, the number of livestock is insignificant, and its productivity is lower than the Russian average. For meat and dairy products, approximately 1/3 of the population's needs are met through local production. Most of these products are imported from Western Siberia and Kazakhstan.
In the future, it is planned to fully provide the population with fresh dairy products and fresh meat. The Far Eastern region has opportunities for both intensive and extensive expansion of agriculture.
The Far Eastern taiga, mainly mountainous areas, is rich in fur-bearing and other game animals. Hunting and fur farming are especially developed in the northern regions, throughout Sikhote-Alin and Sakhalin. Fur farms have been organized to breed sables, arctic foxes, silver foxes, musk deer and red deer.
Among the branches of the food industry (except for fish) in the Far East, flour milling remains of great importance, developing in the Amur region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories. It also houses butter, cheese, dairy, meat, confectionery, sugar (Ussuriysk) and other industries. However, the food industry of the region is still far from meeting the needs of its population. A significant part of the food industry products is imported from Siberia and the European part of Russia. A large oil-processing industry for processing soybeans has been created in Ussuriysk and Khabarovsk, and part of its products is exported outside the region. Various food enterprises are expanding and being built. Among them, most are meat processing plants, which will use the increased number of deer in the north of the region, and beef cattle in the south; The network of city dairies is also expanding.
TransportThe main role in the region is played by railway transport, with its help 80% of cargo is transported. A number of branches branch off from the Trans-Siberian Railway. One of them goes from Komsomolsk-on-Amur to Sovetskaya Gavan. The region received its second access to the Pacific coast as a result of the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM).
Export-import relations are developing thanks to maritime transport. The largest ports are Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Nagaevo (Magadan), Sovetskaya Gavan, Vladivostok.
The district's highways run in the following directions: Never - Aldan - Yakutsk; Yakutsk - Magadan; Khabarovsk - Vladivostok; Khabarovsk - Birobidzhan; Kolyma Highway, etc. In intra-regional communications, especially between hard-to-reach and underdeveloped territories, the role of air transport is great.
The region exports non-ferrous metal concentrates, paper, fish, and fish products. Light industry products, food products, machinery and equipment, oil and petroleum products, and rolled ferrous metals are imported.
