Radius of gyration of a rigid body relative to an axis. Exam questions on theoretical mechanics

Called the noun “bread of the tongue.” Indeed, without using this part of speech it is impossible to construct sentences. Objects, things, events and states, people and animals, feelings and emotions - we convey all this in speech using nouns.

When writing words of this part of speech, you should follow the rules. The greatest difficulties are caused by endings and suffixes. How to correctly write noun suffixes, and we'll talk in the article.

Suffixes with uniform spelling

The correct spelling of many morphemes in the Russian language is subject to the morphological principle, that is, they are written uniformly in all words and word forms. Nouns also have such suffixes. You just need to learn them.

These are suffixes such as IZN, OT, IN, OST, OTN, OVN and some others. Cheap, expensive, white; KINDNESS, REDNESS, SIMPLICITY; silence, depth; brevity, youth, pride; running, running; chatter and so on. Such suffixes are mainly characteristic of words formed from adjectives and verbal words.

It is recommended to remember the spelling of words formed from verbs using the suffixes IV and EV, for example “fuel”, “mesivo”, “brew”, “lace” and others. No rule can be applied to them; they must be remembered or checked in a dictionary.

Suffixes IK and EK

The suffixes of the nouns IK and EK serve to form a diminutive form and sound the same when pronounced. They need to be written in accordance with very simple rule. If, when a word is declined, the vowel “runs away”, then this is the suffix EK, and if it remains, then this is the suffix IK. A classic example that schoolchildren love and easily remember is a lock and key. We bow the words and see:

• zamochEK - zamochka (vowel “ran away”);
• key - key (the vowel remained in place).

When applying this rule, you must first correctly find the suffix in the word. For example, in the word “ball” there is a root BALL and the familiar suffix IR, in the word “pilot” there is a knee LET and a suffix CHIC, and in the word “boy” there is no suffix at all, but only a root and a zero ending. It is important to remember: there are no nouns with the suffix CHECK in the Russian language!

• Conclusion. To choose IK or EK, you need to see whether the vowel appears in the form of oblique cases.

Suffixes EC and IC

The spelling of the noun suffixes EC and IC is similar to the previous paragraph of the rule. Here, too, with declension, the vowel drops out of the EC morpheme, but is retained in the IC morpheme. But there is one more nuance. EC is written in masculine words: well done, handsome, foreigner. Accordingly, IC will belong only to words female: beauty, snowstorm, sloth.

Everything seems simple here. But what about neuter words, attentive readers will ask? Even their vowel does not fall out during declination. But here another principle works, and you need to pay attention to the emphasis. If the emphasis falls on the ending, we write EC: PALTETSO, letterTSO. If the base of the word is stressed, we write the suffix ITs: dressITse, nameITse, jamITse.

• Conclusion. The EC and IC suffixes depend on the gender of the word. If you eat a neuter word, look at the stress.

Suffixes ICHK and ECHK

The noun suffixes ICHK and ECHK are also found in affectionate and diminutive names for both animate and inanimate objects. It is very easy to distinguish from. ICHK is written in those words that are formed from forms with the suffix ITs: staircase - ladder, sister - sister, mill - mill. ECHK is used in all other words, including affectionately diminutive forms of proper names: kroshka - kroshechka, cat - cat, Olya - Olechka.

• Note. The use of the names TanICHKa, ManICHKa and other similar ones is found in the works fiction, but is not standardized.

You should also keep in mind that there is no suffix YACHK in Russian.

• Conclusion. The spelling of the suffixes ECHK and ICHK depends on the presence of the suffix ITs at the base of the word from which the noun is derived

Suffixes ONK and ENK

Spelling the suffixes of nouns with the affectionate meaning ONK and ENK rarely causes difficulties, because they, as a rule, are clearly audible when pronounced. But let’s generalize: ONK should be written after a hard consonant, ENK - after a soft or hissing one. The braid is the braid, the birch is the birch, but the daughter is the daughter, the night is the night, Julia is Yulenka. Exceptions can be considered diminutive variants of the words “mom” and “dad”: only mamma and papa are permissible, despite the fact that the stem of these words ends in hard consonants. You also need to remember the spelling of words that do not obey the rule, “ZaINKA”, “PaINKa”, “BaINKi”. They are written in a special way and are dictionary.

• Conclusion. The suffixes ONK and ENK depend on the softness/hardness of the preceding consonant.

Combinations IN-K and ENK-K and suffixes INK and ENK

Noun suffixes are also interesting because they can be difficult to identify correctly. Words have similar meanings but are formed using different suffixes. For example, the words “pea” and “snowflake” denote a diminutive form of an object, but the first is formed from the word “snow” using the morpheme INK, and the other is formed from the word pea-in-a by adding the suffix K.

• The combination IN-K is written in words formed from feminine nouns with the suffix IN: ballerIN-Ka - from ballerIN, BusIN-Ka - from busIN.
• The combination EH-K occurs in words formed from nouns ending in -NYA: cherry-Ka - from cherry, cherry-Ka - from cherry, and so on.

The suffixes of the nouns INK and ENK are difficult to explain by any clear rule. ENK is found in words denoting female persons: beggar, nun, Frenchwoman and others. Accordingly, in words that do not have such a meaning, the suffix INK is written: gorlinka, smeshinka, zadorinka. If the suffix that causes doubt is in an unstressed position, it is better to check the dictionary.

• Conclusion. The spelling of suffixes and combinations ENK (EN-K) and INK (IN-K) depends on the morphemic composition of the word or is regulated by the dictionary.

The letters O-E in the suffixes of nouns in the position after sibilants sound the same, which is why this particular spelling causes the most difficulties, and it is with it that the most errors are associated. In fact, the rule is very simple.

In the suffixes of nouns OK-EK, ONK-ENK, ONOK-ENOK and similar ones, O is written under stress, E is written without stress. Examples of stressed positions: riverONKa, MezhvezhONOK, circle. Unstressed suffixes: daughter, river and others.

As you can see, O-E after hissing nouns in suffixes is very easy to distinguish!

But there is one nuance (after all, the Russian language does not recognize rules without exceptions). This rule does not apply to words formed from verbs. In them, regardless of the place of stress, you should always write E (most often such suffixes are in the stressed position, which is why they are misleading). NochEVka - we write E, because from the verb "to spend the night", condensed - we write E, because from the verb "to thicken", stew - is explained in a similar way.

• Conclusion. Suffixes of nouns after sibilants depend on the place of stress (with the exception of verbal words).

Suffixes CHIC and SCHIK

Noun suffixes cause difficulty in writing not only vowels, but also consonants. A striking example- sibilants in the suffixes of the nouns CHIC and SCHIK, which in oral speech often sound the same. Most often, these suffixes form words with the meaning of profession or occupation: “roofer”, “scout”, “layer”, etc. How to distinguish them?

The suffix CHIK is written only after the letters D, T, Z, S, ZH: Breadwinner, Clerk, Defector. The SHCHIK morpheme is written after all other sounds: mason, recruiter, etc.

It is noteworthy that soft sign is never written before the suffix CHIK, and before SHCHIK is preserved only in one case - after L: sawyer, roofer, layout designer.

• Conclusion. The choice of the suffix CHIC or SCHIK depends on the preceding consonant sound.

N and NN in noun suffixes

Double vowels occur in words of any part of speech, including nouns. How to determine how many N to write in the suffixes of this part of speech?

• One N is written if the noun is formed without adding the suffix N from a word whose stem ended in one N: Yunost - from yuNy, gingerbread - from spicy, and so on.
• Two N are written at the junction of morphemes, that is, if a noun is formed from a word with a base in N by adding another H: treason - from treason with the addition of NIK, tsennik - from tseN with the addition of NIK.
• NN is also written if the noun is formed from an adjective or participle that already contains a double N. CONFIDENCE - from confident, restraint - restrained.
• Conclusion. The spelling of one or two Hs in a noun depends on the morphemic composition of the word, as well as on the number of Hs in the word from which it is formed.

Let's sum it up

The suffixal method is the main way of word formation of nouns. This probably explains the richness and variety of suffixes in this part of speech. Here are such common morphemes as OST, EK, ONK, but there are also rare or obsolete suffixes, for example, YAD in the word “mokryad”, YSH in the word “foundling” or UN in the word “runner”.

The difficulty is that all suffixes that form nouns require the use of a special rule, as well as knowledge of the morphemic composition of the word and the method of word formation. Therefore, when studying the spelling of nouns, you will have to turn to dictionaries very often.

Table 1 - Case endings singular nouns

Cases	I declension	II declension	III declension
I. p.	-and I wives A, earth I	, -o, -e horse, sat down O, floor e	night, horse
R. p.	-s, -i wives s, earth And	-and I con I, sat down A, floor I	-And night And, horses And
D. p.	-e wives e, earth e	-u, -yu con Yu, sat down at, floor Yu	-And night And, horses And
V. p.	-u, -yu wives at, earth Yu	, -a, -i, -o, -e con I, sat down O, floor e	night, horse
etc.	-oh (-oh), -ey (-her) wives Ouch, earth to her	-om, -eat con eat, sat down ohm, floor eat	-yu night yu, horses yu
P. p.	-e wives e, earth e	-e, -i con e, sat down e, floor e	-And night And, horses And

In case endings singular is written:

1. letter e : in the dative and prepositional cases of nouns of the 1st declension and in the prepositional case of the 2nd declension (except for words in -and I , -th , -ies ), For example: to factories e, to factories e, to the ground e, about the battery e, to become e; to factory e, to the machine e; about pestilence e; all L e;
2. letter And :
   • in the genitive case of nouns of the first declension, for example: at the factories And, near the ground And, near the battery And, from becoming And;
   • in the prepositional case of nouns of the II declension on -ies , -th , For example: in the lecture hall And, in excitement And, about worldview And ;
   • in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of nouns of the first declension in -and I , nouns of the third declension and heterodeclinable neuter nouns on -me , For example: from the collection And, to the collection And, in the collection And; from overcoats And, to the overcoat And, in an overcoat And; at the banners And, to the banners And, about the banner And.

It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of the prepositional case of neuter nouns on -ies And -ye , For example: be in thought And, be fully prepared And (ending -And ); be in thought e, be on the coast e (ending -e ).

Case endings in surnames and titles

In Russian surnames -in(-yn) and on -s(-s) in the instrumental case the singular is written -th (like adjectives), for example: with Vyacheslav Demin th, with Rostislav Sinitsyn th, with Kirill Kolosov th . The ending is written in foreign surnames -ohm , For example: Darwin ohm, Chaplin ohm .

In titles settlements on -in(-yn) , -s(-s) , -ino(-ino) , -ovo(-evo) in the instrumental case the singular ending is written -ohm (as in nouns), for example: near the city of Kashin ohm, Borodin village ohm, the city of Dmitrov ohm .

Case endings for plural nouns

Table 2 - Case endings of plural nouns

Cases	I declension	II declension	III declension
I. p.	-s, -i wives s, earth And	a, -i, -s, -i con And, sat down A, floor I	-And night And, horses And
R. p.	wives, lands	-ov, -ey, con to her, sat down, floor to her	-to her night to her, horses to her
D. p.	-am, -yam wives am, earth yam	-am, -yam con yam, sat down am, floor yam	-am, -yam night am, horses yam
V. p.	-s, -i, wives, land And	-a, -i, -s, -i, her, -ov con to her, sat down A, floor I	-and, -ey night And, horses to her
etc.	-ami, -yami wives ami, earth yami	-ami, -yami con yami, sat down ami, floor yami	-ami, -yami night ami, horses yami
P. p.	-ah, -yah wives Oh, earth I	-ah, -yah con I, sat down Oh, floor I	-ah, -yah night Oh, horses I

1. In the genitive case plural after the sibilants the letter b is not written, for example: solution tasks, repair dwellings.
2. In the genitive plural of nouns -ya And -ye in unstressed position it is written -th , under stress - -to her , For example: liar th(liar), delusion th(meditation), But stat to her(article), scam to her(bench). Exceptions: Rouge to her(gun), pay ev(dress), ust ev(mouth), upper reaches ev(upstream), downstream ev(lower reaches).
   Nouns have -and I , -ies in the genitive case it is always written -th , For example: lin th(line), built th(building).
3. If nouns in the genitive plural end in -en , then the soft sign is not written, for example: songs, cherries ( Wed apple trees, kitchens). After -en letter in the genitive case b written in words villages b, young ladies b .

In nouns denoting people by the nature of their occupation or actions, after consonants d , T , h , With , and the suffix is ​​written -chick , after other consonants - suffix -schik , For example: speaker, pilot, loader, subscriber, defector, mason.

Letter b written before the suffix -schik only after l , For example: grinder.

Some noun suffixes serve to express shades of diminutive, endearing, augmentative, etc.:

Suffixes EK, IK, CHIK

Should be written -ek , if the vowel drops out during declination, if it doesn’t drop out - -ik And -chick , For example: nuts e to (nut), ladle And to (bucket), box e to (box), key And to (key), sofa And k, pattern And To;

Suffixes EC, ITs-a

In masculine words it is written -ets , in feminine words -its-A, For example: bread ec, broom ic A;

Suffixes EC-o, ITs-e.

If the accent falls on the ending, it is written -ets-O, if the accent is on the base, it is written -its-e, For example: letters that's it, building ice ;

Suffixes ONK, ENK

Spelled with a letter b (they have endearing meaning), For example: birch trees onk ah, Liz onk a, speech yenk a, Volod yenk A(exceptions: little bunny, good girl).
Words with suffix -he To, -enk must be distinguished:

• from words to -inc-A -To- from nouns to -in-A, For example: crackle inc. a (crackling in a), calves inc. a (calves in a), straw inc. a (straw in A);
• from words to -enk-A formed using the suffix -To- from the genitive plural forms of nouns to -nya , For example: pash enk a (pash nya, pash en), dog enk a (dog en, dog nya) ;

Suffix ECHK

It is written after soft consonants and sibilants, for example: seven Echk oh, cups Echk A. Words with suffix -echk must be distinguished from words with -ichk formed from nouns with -its using a suffix -To- , For example: st hiccup a (street ic a), resn hiccup a (resn ic A);

Suffixes USHK, YUSHK, YSHK, ISHK

In neuter words it is written -ysk- , in masculine and feminine words - -ushk- , For example: grain yshk O, But: godfather ear oh, neighbor ear A. Suffixes -yushk- And -ishk- are used in nouns of all three genders, for example: uncle yushk oh, ox yushk ah, gender yushk O; naughty ishq ah, overcoat ishq ah, coat ishq O.

After these suffixes at the end of the nominative singular it is written O :

• in neuter nouns
• in masculine inanimate nouns ( piece of glass O, small town O );

It is written A :

• in feminine nouns;
• in masculine animate nouns ( winter A, hostess A; grandfather A, uncle A, son A ).

Suffix ISH

Used in nouns of all three genders. After this suffix it is written in the nominative singular form -e in masculine and neuter nouns, it is written -A - in feminine nouns, for example: bassish e, little man e, monsters e; hand A .

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Suffixes are one of the most common word-forming tools in the Russian language. They actively participate in the education of the most different parts speech, including nouns. They can change the meaning of a word, or they can simply give it connotative shades - to understand how this works, you need to have a good understanding of the topic.

Noun suffixes in Russian

According to their functions, they are divided into two large groups.

First- These are suffixes that form nouns from nouns, adjectives or verbs, forming a word with a new meaning. For example, from the word fish the noun fisherman is formed.

To the second group includes suffixes that form nouns from nouns, but also with giving the new word a special emotional connotation - tenderness, disdain, diminutive, etc. - fox - little fox, rogue - rogue.

This group of suffixes is also called suffixes subjective assessment, which fully reflects their function: by using a word with such a suffix, a person can easily express his attitude towards an object, creature or situation.

Rules for spelling noun suffixes

This is a rather difficult topic to understand, and the table “Suffixes of Nouns” will help you cope with it.

Suffix	Spelling of the suffix
	Used after a root ending in a hard consonant - little fox.
	Used after a root ending in a soft consonant or hissing - zorenka, Mashenka.
	In the words bunny, bunny and good boy
	In words not ending with -in(a), it is used to form a noun with the meaning of person – refugee. It is used in those nouns that are formed from nouns ending in -nya, -na, if they have in R.p. plural there is no soft sign written at the end: cherry - cherry.
	After hissing under stress: dushonka
	Denotes baby animals - fox cub
	It is written in cases where the vowel in the suffix remains during declension: klyuchik - klyuchika.
	It is written in cases where, during declension, the vowel in the suffix is ​​dropped: lamb - lamb.
	Used under stress: spinning top
	It is used when in neuter nouns the stress falls on the ending or when in masculine nouns the e is dropped during the declension: letter, well done - well done.
	It is used when in neuter nouns the stress falls on the stem or for feminine nouns: armchair, beauty.
combination -ich+k-	When a word is formed from nouns with a stem in -its, -nits: chanterelle, ladder.

Some suffixes serve to form grammatical forms - plural (seed - seeds) or genitive (daughter - daughters).

What have we learned?

Noun suffixes can form words with a new meaning from nouns, adjectives or verbs, or they can form words with a similar meaning but a different emotional connotation. There are many rules for writing suffixes to remember.

When spelling adjective suffixes, several types of rules can be distinguished:

• 1) spelling of vowels in adjective suffixes;
• 2) spelling of consonants in adjective suffixes;
• 3) spelling n and nn in adjectives not formed from verbs;

Spelling of vowels in adjective suffixes:

a) the suffixes -chiv-, liv- are written with a vowel and:

arrogant, caring;

b) the suffix -iv- is written under stress:

lazy;

suffix -ev- - in unstressed position:

Exceptions: sweet, funny;

c) the suffixes -ov-, -ovat- are written after hard consonants:

age-old, guilty;

suffixes -ev-, -evat- are written after soft consonants, hissing and c:

lilac, acne.

d) the suffix -onk- is written after g, k, x:

light, quiet;

suffix -enk- - after all other letters:

blue.

e) usually in adjectives formed from geographical names the suffix -ensk- is written:

Grozny, Frunzensky;

the suffix -insk- is written in the following cases:

If the adjective is formed from geographical names starting with -а, -я:

Yalta > Yalta, Yelnya > Elninsky.

Exceptions: Penza, Presnensky;

If the adjective is formed from geographical names starting with -и, -ы:

Khimki > Khimki;

f) in adjectives na -chy, formed from the nouns na -shka, before h:

In unstressed position it is written e:

frog > frog-like;

Under the accent - a:

frog > frog.

g) two adjectives can be formed from the noun wind - with the suffix -en- (windy) and with the suffix -yan- (windy).

The adjective windy means “with the wind” in a literal or figurative sense (cf.: windy day - a day with the wind; windy person > anemone, anemone - a person with the wind in his head).

The adjective wind means “with the help of the wind” (windmill - driven by the wind; chicken pox- spreads through the air with the help of wind);

h) two adjectives can be formed from the noun oil - with the suffix -en- (oily) and with the suffix -yan- (oily).

The adjective oily means “soaked, lubricated, stained with oil” in the literal and figurative sense (cf.: oily pancake, oily porridge, oily pants - oily eyes, oily week > Maslenitsa).

The adjective oily means “from oil, on oil, for oil” (oil stain - a stain of oil, oil paints- paints on oil, from oil, oil pump - pump running on oil);

i) the adjective today is written with the vowel i.

Spelling of consonants in adjective suffixes:

a) the suffix -sk- is written in relative adjectives:

Abkhaz > Abkhazian;

the suffix -k- is written:

In qualitative adjectives (such adjectives have short form): low (low);

In relative adjectives formed from nouns ending in c: German > German; In relative adjectives formed from nouns ending in k, h, if k, h alternate with c; Cossack > Cossack, weaver > weaver.

b) when spelling adjectives with the suffix -sk- you should remember:

If the stem of the producing noun ends in s, then two letters s are written in the adjective: Belarus > Belarusian.

If the stem of the producing noun ends in two letters s, then one of them is omitted and two letters s are also written in the adjective: Odessa > Odessky.

If the stem of a foreign language producing word ends in sk, then in the adjective the final k is omitted and two letters s are also written in the adjective: Damascus > Damascus.

Exception: Basque > Basque.

Russian geographical names in -sk form adjectives without the suffix -sk- (therefore one s is written in them): Kursk > Kursk.

If the stem ends in -н, -рь, then before the suffix -sk-ь it is not written: Horse > horse, January > January.

The exception is adjectives formed from the names of months (except January): November > November; December > December, as well as some geographical names (in accordance with pronunciation: Tien Shan, Gdynia) and the expression day-day;

• c) in adjectives starting with -aty it is written:
  • -schat-, if the word is formed from a noun with final root consonants sk (sk alternates with ш);

Board-a > plank.

Chat-, if the word is formed from a noun with a final -k- (-ok-) - suffix (k alternates with h);

Brus-ok > paving; freckle-k-a > freckled.

Before the suffix -chat- the final c of the generating stem alternates with t.

Krupic-a > grainy.

Spelling n and nn in adjectives not formed from verbs

In adjectives not formed from verbs, one n is written:

• 1. In adjectives without a suffix: green, blue, ruddy, pork, young.
• 2. In adjectives formed from nouns with the suffixes -an-, -yan-, -in-: leather, linen, duck.

Exceptions: tin, wood, glass

• 3. In prefixless adjectives, windy, oily.
• 4. In words: zealous, red, drunk, spicy.

Two letters n:

• 1. In adjectives formed from nouns starting with n, using the suffix -n-: autumn > autumn-n-y; length-a > length-n-th.
• 2. In adjectives formed from nouns with the suffixes -enn-, -yonn-, -onn-: editorial, artificial.

Exceptions: smart, windy, oily

• 3. In prefixed adjectives with the root -wind-, -oil- and the suffix -enn-: windless, leeward, oiled, oiled
• 4. In words formed from differently inflected nouns ending in -mya: temporary, tribal, stirrup, nameless.