The beautiful and mysterious Moon excited the minds of ancient thinkers long before the advent of modern astronomy. Legends arose about her, she was glorified by storytellers. At the same time, many features of the behavior of the night star were noticed. Even then, people began to understand the influence of the Moon on the Earth. In many ways, for ancient scientists it manifested itself in the control of certain aspects of the behavior of people and animals, the impact on magical rituals. However, the Moon and its influence were considered not only from an astrological point of view. Thus, already in the period of Antiquity, the relationship between the lunar cycle and tides was noticed. Today, science knows almost everything about the impact of the night star on our planet.
General information
The Moon is natural. It is 384 thousand kilometers away from our planet. Moreover, the night star orbits in a slightly elongated orbit, and therefore in different time the indicated figure decreases or increases slightly. The Moon makes one revolution around the Earth in approximately 27.3 days. Moreover, the full cycle (from the full moon to the new full moon) takes a little more than 29.5 days. This discrepancy has an interesting consequence: there are months when you can admire the full Moon not once, but twice.
Perhaps everyone knows that the night star always looks at the Earth with only one side. was inaccessible for study for a long time. The rapid development of astronautics in the last century turned the situation around. Now there's enough detailed maps the entire lunar surface.
"Hidden" Sun
The influence of the Moon on the Earth is noticeable in several natural phenomena. The most impressive of them all is a solar eclipse. Now it is quite difficult to imagine the storm of emotions that this phenomenon caused in ancient times. The eclipse was explained by the death or temporary disappearance of the luminary due to the fault of evil deities. People believed that if they did not perform certain ritual actions, they might never see sunlight again.
Today the mechanism of the phenomenon has been studied quite well. The Moon, passing between the Sun and the Earth, blocks the path of light. Part of the planet falls into shadow, and its inhabitants can observe a more or less total eclipse. Interestingly, not every satellite could do this. In order for us to periodically admire a total eclipse, certain proportions must be observed. If the Moon had a different diameter, or if it were located a little further from us, only partial eclipses could be observed from Earth daylight. However, there is every reason to believe that one of these scenarios will come true in the distant future.
Earth and Moon: mutual attraction
The satellite, according to scientists, moves away from the planet every year by almost 4 cm, that is, over time the opportunity to see a total eclipse will disappear. However, this moment is still very far away.
What is the reason for the lunar “escape”? It lies in the peculiarities of the interaction between the night star and our planet. The influence of the Moon on earthly processes is primarily manifested in the ebb and flow of the tides. This phenomenon is the result of attraction. Moreover, tides occur not only on Earth. Our planet influences its satellite in the same way.
Mechanism
The close enough location makes the influence of the Moon on the Earth so noticeable. Naturally, the stronger attraction is that part of the planet to which the satellite comes closer. If the Earth did not rotate around its axis, the resulting tidal wave would move from east to west, located exactly under the night luminary. The characteristic periodicity arises due to the uneven impact on some parts of the planet and then on other parts of the planet.
This leads to the fact that the tidal wave moves from west to east and is somewhat ahead of the movement of the satellite. The entire thickness of water running slightly ahead of the night star, in turn, affects it. As a result, the Moon accelerates and its orbit changes. This is the reason for the satellite’s removal from our planet.
Some features of the phenomenon
Even before our era, it was known that the “breathing” of the ocean is caused by the Moon. The ebb and flow of the tides, however, were subjected to particularly careful study much later. Today it is well known that the phenomenon has a certain periodicity. High water (the moment when the tide reaches its maximum) separates from low water (the most low level) approximately 6 hours and 12.5 minutes. After passing the minimum point, the tidal wave begins to grow again. Over the course of a day or a little more, thus, two ebbs and flows occur.
It has been observed that the amplitude of the tidal wave is not constant. She is influenced by His highest value amplitude reaches during the full moon and new moon. Lowest value occurs in the first and last quarter.
Length of day
A tidal wave generates not only a specific movement of ocean waters. The influence of the Moon on earthly processes does not end there. The resulting tidal wave constantly encounters the continents. As a result of the rotation of the planet and its interaction with the satellite, a force arises in the opposite direction to the movement of the earth's solid surface. The consequence of this is a slowdown in the rotation of the Earth around its axis. As you know, it is the duration of one revolution that is the standard for the length of the day. As the planet's rotation slows down, the length of the day increases. It grows quite slowly, but every few years the International Earth Rotation Service is forced to slightly change the standard against which all clocks are checked.
Future
The Earth and the Moon have been influencing each other for about 4.5 billion years, that is, from the day of their appearance (according to some scientists, the satellite and the planet were formed simultaneously). Throughout this period, as now, the night star was moving away from the Earth, and our planet was slowing down its rotation. However, a complete stop, as well as a final disappearance, is not expected. The planet's slowdown will continue until its rotation is synchronized with the movement of the Moon. In this case, our planet will turn one side to the satellite and “freeze” like that. The tidal waves that the Earth causes on the Moon have long led to a similar effect: the night star always looks at the planet with “one eye.” By the way, there are no oceans on the Moon, but there are tidal waves: they form in the crust. The same processes occur on our planet. Waves in the crust are subtle compared to movement in the ocean, and their effect is negligible.
Related changes
When our planet synchronizes its motion with its satellite, the influence of the Moon on the Earth will be somewhat different. Tidal waves will still be generated, but they will no longer overtake the night star. The wave will be located exactly under the “hovering” Moon and relentlessly follow it. Then the increase in distance between two space objects will stop.
Astrology
In addition to physical influence, the Moon is credited with the ability to influence the destinies of people and states. Such beliefs have very deep roots, and the attitude towards them is a personal matter. However, there are a number of studies that indirectly confirm this effect of the night light. For example, in the means mass media the data of analysts of one of the Australian banks was mentioned. Based on their own research, they confirm the fact of a noticeable influence of the phases of the moon on changes in indices of world financial markets. But the influence of the Moon on fish was not confirmed during a special study. However, such scientific research requires careful verification.
We can hardly imagine our world without the Moon. There would definitely be no ebbs and flows in it, and perhaps even life itself. According to one version, its appearance on Earth became possible, among other things, due to the specific influence of the Moon, leading to a slowdown in the rotation of the planet.
Studying the influence of a satellite on Earth helps to understand the laws of the Universe. The interactions characteristic of the Earth-Moon system are not specific. The relationships of all planets and their satellites develop in a similar way. A sample of the future that may await Earth and its companion is the Pluto-Charon system. They had been synchronizing their movements for a long time. Both of them are constantly facing their “colleague” with the same side. A similar thing awaits the Earth and the Moon, but on the condition that the other factors influencing the system remain unchanged, but this is unlikely in the conditions of unpredictable space.
The Moon is a natural satellite of the Earth. The planet's closest satellite to the sun, since the planets closest to the sun, Mercury and Venus, do not have satellites. The second brightest object in the earth's sky after the sun and the fifth largest natural satellite of a planet in the solar system. The average distance between the centers of the Earth and the Moon is 384,467 km (0.002 57 AU, ~ 30 Earth diameters).
The moon excited the minds of ancient thinkers long before the advent of modern astronomy. Legends arose about her, she was glorified by storytellers. At the same time, many features of the behavior of the night star were noticed. Even then, people began to understand the influence of the Moon on the Earth. In many ways, for ancient scientists it manifested itself in the control of certain aspects of the behavior of people and animals, and the influence on magical rituals. However, the Moon and its influence were considered not only from an astrological point of view. Thus, already in the period of Antiquity, the relationship between the lunar cycle and tides was noticed. Today, science knows almost everything about the impact of the night star on our planet.
Perhaps everyone knows that the night star always looks at the Earth with only one side. back side The moon was inaccessible for study for a long time. The rapid development of astronautics in the last century turned the situation around. There are now fairly detailed maps of the entire lunar surface.
Ebbs and flows
The tides are so strong in some places that the water recedes hundreds of meters from the shore, exposing the bottom where the people living on the coast collected seafood. But with inexorable precision, the water that has retreated from the shore rolls in again.
If you don’t know how often the tides occur, you can find yourself far from the shore and even die under the advancing water mass. The coastal peoples knew perfectly well the schedule of the arrival and departure of waters. This phenomenon occurs twice a day. Moreover, ebbs and flows exist not only in the seas and oceans. All water sources are influenced by the Moon. But far from the seas it is almost imperceptible: sometimes the water rises a little, sometimes it drops a little.
Liquid is the only natural element that moves behind the Moon, oscillating. A stone or a house cannot be attracted to the moon because it has a solid structure. Pliable and plastic water clearly demonstrates the influence of lunar mass.
The Moon influences the waters of the seas and oceans most strongly on the side of the Earth that is this moment addressed directly to her.
If you look at the Earth at this moment, you can see how the Moon pulls the waters of the world's oceans towards itself, lifts them, and the thickness of the water swells, forming a “hump”, or rather, two “humps” appear - the high one on the side where the Moon is located , and less pronounced on the opposite side.
The “humps” precisely follow the movement of the Moon around the Earth. Since the world ocean is a single whole and the waters in it communicate, the humps move from shore to shore. Since the Moon passes twice through points located at a distance of 180 degrees from each other, we observe two high tides and two low tides.
The highest tides occur on the ocean shores. In our country - on the shores of the Arctic and Pacific oceans. Less significant ebbs and flows are typical for inland seas. This phenomenon is observed even weaker in lakes or rivers. But even on the shores of the oceans, the tides are stronger at one time of the year and weaker at others. This is already due to the distance of the Moon from the Earth. The closer the Moon is to the surface of our planet, the stronger the tides will be. The further you go, the weaker it naturally gets.
Water masses are influenced not only by the Moon, but also by the Sun. Only the distance from the Earth to the Sun is much greater, so we do not notice its gravitational activity. But it has long been known that sometimes the ebb and flow of the tides become very strong. This happens whenever there is a new moon or full moon. This is where the power of the Sun comes into play. At this moment all three celestial bodies a - the Moon, Earth and Sun - line up on one straight line. There are already two gravitational forces acting on the Earth - both the Moon and the Sun. Naturally, the height of the rise and fall of the waters increases.
This amazing property The moon is used by people to obtain free energy. Tidal hydroelectric power stations are now being built on the shores of seas and oceans, which generate electricity thanks to the “work” of the Moon. Tidal hydroelectric power plants are considered the most environmentally friendly. They operate according to natural rhythms and do not pollute the environment.
Length of day
A tidal wave generates not only a specific movement of ocean waters. The influence of the Moon on earthly processes does not end there. The resulting tidal wave constantly encounters the continents. As a result of the rotation of the planet and its interaction with the satellite, a force arises in the opposite direction to the movement of the earth's solid surface. The consequence of this is a slowdown in the rotation of the Earth around its axis. As you know, it is the duration of one revolution that is the standard for the length of the day. As the planet's rotation slows down, the length of the day increases. It grows quite slowly, but every few years the International Earth Rotation Service is forced to slightly change the standard against which all clocks are checked."Defender" of the Earth
Scientists have found that the satellite plays a significant role in preserving life on the planet, protecting it from space “bombardment.”
Indeed, the Moon takes on the impact of thousands of asteroids and meteorites. Many craters have been discovered on its surface, which indicate a collision with cosmic bodies larger than 350 kilometers in size. What would happen if such a “pebble” fell on Earth?
For comparison, I will give an example. The cosmic body that led to the death of the dinosaurs is estimated by scientists to be only 5-8 kilometers, and this is equivalent to two nuclear bombs, dropped on Japan. Scientists have calculated that in the event of a collision between our planet and a cosmic body 10 times smaller than the above, about 2 billion people will die. Thus, the satellite can be called the “gravitational shield” of the planet.
The influence of the Moon on a person
The moon also affects a person’s sleep, for example, on a full moon people sleep poorly, energy accumulates, stress and vulnerability appear. For some reason, women tolerate the full moon worse than men.
Also, during the full phase of the Moon, people tend to commit rash acts; due to excess energy and frequent stress, accidents and crimes occur. During this period, it is not recommended to resolve conflicts or begin serious education of children. As for diseases, during the full moon they worsen, a person becomes more prone to experience pain. The blood becomes a little liquid and does not clot well; it is better to postpone surgery.
It is during the full moon that people become overly tired, turn into pessimists, and lose interest in life.
When the new moon comes, people are weakened and mentally exhausted. Men can be aggressive and nervous for no reason. When the Moon begins to wax, the energy will increase and increase. Reduce nervous tension, take care of yourself, don’t get angry, because heart attacks and strokes most often occur during the new moon. On the other hand, this is the best period to give up bad habits.
The waxing Moon is perhaps the most favorable period for various endeavors. At this time, a person is full of strength, energy, able to withstand high loads, and usually the state of health during this period is stable and excellent. Metabolism improves, special flexibility and vitality are observed. Astrologers recommend taking care of yourself at this time, undergoing a course of cosmetic procedures, taking vitamins, and so on.
Astrologers also explained how the lunar phase affects hair. For example, if you decide to cut your hair, then do it during the waxing moon, because it greatly affects hair growth. As a result, the hair will be beautiful, the hair will quickly grow, become stronger and gain a healthy shine. To make your hair grow slower and not have to run to the hairdresser often, update your hairstyle during the waning moon. Representatives claim that there is a logical explanation for this phenomenon. The moon influences the liquid, and human body consists of water. The waxing phase of the moon promotes rapid blood flow to hair follicles. Therefore, hair grows faster.
There are special horoscopes that explain in detail how the Moon influences Cancer, the zodiac sign Pisces, Taurus, Aries, and so on. A lot depends on what zodiac sign the Moon is in.
Don’t be surprised that experienced fishermen firmly believe that success depends on the heavenly body fishing. This is not a fiction, not a myth, but a fact that has already been confirmed in practice countless times.
The well-being of the fish directly depends on what phase the Moon is in, and accordingly the Moon also affects fishing. This fact should not be attributed to folk beliefs, because scientists constantly researched and proved this phenomenon. The life processes of fish are either activated or subside. Successful fishing, as well as an excellent bite, can be predicted precisely by the Moon. But we should not forget that weather conditions also have a huge impact on the inhabitants of the underwater world.
The full moon is the best time for fishing, the bite will be just great. The Moon is very close to the Earth, the magnetic fields touch and are connected to one another. When the Moon shines in its full phase, fish become very active, they are extremely excitable, and move quickly. The Moon influences the gravity of the Earth, the water, the ebb and flow of the tides, and the sea.
It has been scientifically proven that sea level depends precisely on the location of the Moon and the Sun. The gravitational field of the sun and our planet attracts water from huge bodies of water, it rises, the tide turns out to be high, and then low tide. It’s just that in bodies of water such as lakes and rivers, this process is invisible, since there is too little water. But the water tension also depends on this celestial body, so it turns out that the fish bites more efficiently.
Pisces need a light source, moonlight works great for them. This is another reason why the underwater world comes alive during the full moon. But during the new moon, the necessary light practically does not penetrate through the water column and in the world of fish a period of so-called drowsy rest begins. This is a completely logical explanation. So, since you have planned a hunt for large fish, something like pike, pike perch, make sure in advance that the time for fishing is favorable.
The Sun and Moon are two celestial bodies that are directly related to life on our planet. The luminaries greatly influence people, but themselves have very little in common. Take the size: the sun is 400 times larger than the moon.
But both bodies are at such a distance that it seems to us that they are the same in size. This is why solar eclipses exist. Often the Sun and Moon interact with each other (namely, their gravitational fields), as a result of which the Earth’s satellite moves several centimeters away from our planet every year.
And thanks to these cosmic bodies, we can observe the change of day and night. Now, probably, no one doubts that the Sun and Moon have a huge influence on the world of living organisms, including plants, animals, and people. What can I say if these luminaries even influence the growth of mushrooms. It's no secret that mushrooms grow best after rain, in other words, after precipitation. But the weather is influenced not only by the Sun, but also by the Moon. After the new moon, in practice, more precipitation has been observed more than once. It turns out that during the period of active growth of the Moon, mushrooms and other fruiting bodies grow best.
As you can see, the Moon really has a huge influence on our planet. It constantly goes through an endless cycle of certain phases, which astrologers have long studied and defined. So, if you are inclined to believe horoscopes, do not ignore moon calendar. Try to do everything correctly, on time, and then your health will always be consistently good.
What will happen in the future?
The Earth and the Moon have been influencing each other for about 4.5 billion years, that is, from the day of their appearance (according to some scientists, the satellite and the planet were formed simultaneously). Throughout this period, as now, the night star was moving away from the Earth, and our planet was slowing down its rotation. However, a complete stop, as well as a final disappearance, is not expected. The planet's slowdown will continue until its rotation is synchronized with the movement of the Moon. In this case, our planet will turn one side to the satellite and “freeze” like that. The tidal waves that the Earth causes on the Moon have long led to a similar effect: the night star always looks at the planet with “one eye.” By the way, there are no oceans on the Moon, but there are tidal waves: they form in the crust. The same processes occur on our planet. Waves in the crust are subtle compared to movement in the ocean, and their effect is negligible.
When our planet synchronizes its motion with its satellite, the influence of the Moon on the Earth will be somewhat different. Tidal waves will still be generated, but they will no longer overtake the night star. The wave will be located exactly under the “hovering” Moon and relentlessly follow it. Then the increase in distance between two space objects will stop.
Modern Russian science is more inclined to another theory, that the Moon is particles of a dust cloud that the young Earth did not attract to itself.
Since the composition of the satellite is very similar to that of Earth, this theory has not yet been refuted. But according to Darwin's son George, the Moon is a broken piece of the Earth due to its rapid rotation in the old days. It came off near the equator, where the pool is now located Pacific Ocean. But the fact is that when the Moon appeared, the pool had not yet formed, and the rotation of the Earth was slower than necessary for the detachment of matter. Therefore, this hypothesis was refuted. There are two more theories about the appearance of the Moon. The first suggests that it was a separate planet, but over time the Earth pulled it towards itself. But this does not explain the similarity of the composition of the Moon with the Earth’s mantle. But the second theory explains this, but is also unlikely. It appeared in the 1970s in America. Scientists have suggested that the Earth evaporated due to intense heating, and from substances thrown into space, the Moon was formed. But there is no evidence that our planet has ever warmed to such high temperatures.
The moon has a tremendous impact on our oceans. Rotating around the Earth, the Moon attracts water masses to itself with its gravity. In the place facing the satellite, bulges are created, the ocean level in which is much higher than in other parts of our planet. Thus, as the Moon passes through the planet, it creates ebbs and flows.
As soon as the Moon is removed, all the “attracted” water will rush onto the land in a powerful stream, sweeping away everything in its path. The worst tsunamis will seem like waves that tickle your heels compared to this catastrophe. But that’s not all.
Besides this big rock, our oceans are controlled by the gravitational forces of the sun. So, if the Moon nevertheless decides to leave us, then we will not be left unattended for long - all power will pass to the Sun, which will be a powerful, but not the most friendly ruler.
Without the Moon's gravitational forces, the Earth's tilt will become unstable. Temperatures will fluctuate so much that this attraction will make many areas of the planet uninhabitable.
“Tidal friction,” which weakens the Earth's rotation and is responsible for making our days longer over time, will disappear. The Earth will actually start spinning a little faster without the Moon, causing the days to get shorter, which isn't good news either.
But that's not all. Due to the lack of lunar gravity, the Earth’s core may experience some discomfort, which for us will result in such an unpleasant thing as widespread volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, which is unlikely to have a good effect on life on the planet.
Our ancestors also knew that hair should be cut during the waxing moon, then it will grow well, become healthy and strong. The lunar month consists of two parts - waxing and waning. In order to understand exactly what lunar phase is at the moment, you just need to determine which letter the month resembles. If it looks like “C”, then the Moon is waning, and if it looks like “E”, but without a tongue in the middle, then it is growing. You can also use the lunar haircut calendar.
A haircut done during the growth phase of the Moon will help make your hair more manageable, and it will also grow back much faster. Accordingly, if you cut your hair during the waning phase, the effect will be the opposite. This impact of the Earth’s satellite is not only speculation and observations of our ancestors, there is also scientific explanation. Since the Moon has the ability to influence the fluid in the human body, during its growth phase there is a flow of blood to the hair follicles, due to which hair growth accelerates.
Lunar phases are far from the only thing that affects the condition of hair after a haircut. An important factor is the position of the Earth’s satellite in a certain zodiac sign. Most favorable days to update your hairstyle will be those in which the Moon is in Taurus, Virgo, Capricorn or Leo. Hair cut during this period will grow well and be less prone to split ends. If you want to give your new hairstyle lightness and airiness, but so that this does not affect the condition of your hair and its quality, go to the hairdresser while the Moon is in Gemini or Libra.
In order for hair to grow more slowly, but to be well strengthened, it should be cut while the Moon is in Cancer or Pisces. But the Moon in Sagittarius or Scorpio has a neutral effect on the condition of the hair. Under no circumstances do any manipulations when the Moon is in Aries or Aquarius. This can lead to severe hair loss, and sometimes even baldness.
If your hair is noticeably weakened and neither expensive care products nor proper nutrition do not help, take the advice of our grandmothers and contact a hairdresser during the growth phase of the Moon. And the lunar calendar will help you determine the correct day for a haircut. Who knows, maybe this is exactly what your hair needs to gain strength and strength.
website- Since time immemorial, this astronomical body has been the object of mysteries and research by ancient astrologers. Today, scientists are trying to analyze ideas that have come from the depths of centuries and give answers to many questions that remain unanswered and appear at the level of myths.
IN scientific world There is no consensus on this issue. The views of scientists were divided. Each side presents facts to prove their point of view. And despite the fact that most of the influence of the Moon has not yet been proven, certain points are still recognized by two camps of scientists, such as the ebb and flow of tides.
The Moon, with its gravitational field, influences the earth's biosphere and causes, in particular, changes in the Earth's magnetic field. The rhythm of the Moon affects the ebb and flow of the tides, air pressure, causes changes in temperature, wind action, the earth's magnetic field, and water levels. Moreover, the tidal impact is exerted not only on water areas, but also on the earth’s crust, however, due to the density of the latter, it will go unnoticed.
By the way, the tidal influence on the planet is exerted not only by the Moon, but also by the Sun, although the influence of the Sun is weaker due to its distance from the Earth. The height of solar tides is half that of lunar tides. Lunar-solar tides are an important phenomenon in the life of the Earth. Under their influence, the Earth gradually slows down its rotation; the length of the day increases. The earth's tidal force has an even stronger effect on the Moon: it has long slowed down its daily rotation so much that it is constantly facing us with one side. For example, 400 million years ago, a day on Earth lasted two hours less.
There is an interesting hypothesis about the stabilizing role of the satellite on Earth. So, in relation to the size of the Earth, the Moon is a fairly large satellite. Its diameter is 3474 km, while the diameter of the Earth is 12.742 km. In relation to the Earth, planetary scientists believe that it is the Moon that helps stabilize the Earth’s orbit, as well as the tilt of the rotation axis, which in turn affects the formation of the seasons.
As for the effect of the Moon on the human body, everything is much more complicated here, since a living organism is an infinitely plastic system with many psychological “complications”. For centuries, the moon seemed to man as a mysterious force that was capable of controlling many life processes. However, the opinions of scientists studying this “side” of the Moon differ. For example, midwives back in the 19th century. were convinced that the Moon influences the onset of childbirth. As Italian doctors have shown, larger number birth occurs during the full moon. There is no explanation for this phenomenon. But along with this, there is research that proves the opposite.
Indian doctors have been recording cases of heart attacks depending on the phases of the moon for two years. It turned out that the incidence of heart attacks during the new moon is 20% higher than during the full moon. A study by German doctors does not confirm the prevailing opinion about faster healing of wounds during the waning moon.
The menstrual cycle also has nothing to do with the lunar calendar. American anthropologists for three years monitored the monthly cycle of women of an Indian tribe living in forests far from such civilizational factors that influence biorhythms as hormonal contraceptives and electric lighting. No connection to the Moon was found.
Also, the Moon does not affect people's behavior. Crime statistics show no connection between the phases of the moon and the frequency or severity of crimes. However, psychiatrists from Liverpool claim that the Moon affects the state of schizophrenics.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution
higher vocational education
"Siberian State Aerospace University
named after academician M.F. Reshetnev"
Scientific and educational center
"Institute of Space Research and High Technologies"
Department of Technical Physics
Report on educational (introductory) practice
The influence of the Moon as a natural satellite on planet Earth
Direction: 011200.62 “Physics”
Performed:
3rd year student, group BF12-01
Persman Kristina Viktorovna
Supervisor:
Ph.D., Associate Professor
Parshin Anatoly Sergeevich
Krasnoyarsk 2014
INTRODUCTION
1Origin of the Moon
2Movement of the Moon
3Shape of the Moon
4Phases of the Moon
5Internal structure of the Moon
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1Ebbs and flows
2Earthquakes and the Moon
RESEARCH RESULTS
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
The Moon, by its influence, has a very great influence on planet Earth and has a very large role in its, and most importantly, our existence, no less than the Sun. To understand its role in our lives, let's go back 4.5 billion years, when the solar system was still young, and the Earth did not yet have a Moon. Our planet flew around the Sun alone, bombarded by comets and asteroids, as if in a giant cosmic billiards game. Nowadays, scars from such ancient blows can no longer be found. Some of the trillions of pieces of debris floating around in space coalesced into the protoplanet Theia. The orbit that brought it to a collision with the Earth. The blow to the young Earth was a glancing one. The cores of the planets merged together, and huge masses of molten rock were thrown into low-Earth orbit. Since this substance was liquid, it easily gathered into a spherical object, which became the Moon.
Although the mass of the Moon is 27 million times less than the mass of the Sun, it is 374 times closer to the Earth and has a strong influence on it, causing rising tides in some places and low tides in others. This happens every 12 hours 25 minutes, since the Moon makes a full revolution around the Earth in 24 hours 50 minutes.
The Moon is the Earth's companion in outer space. Every month the Moon makes a complete journey around the Earth. It glows only from light reflected from the Sun.
The Moon is the only satellite of the Earth and the only extraterrestrial world that people have visited. By studying it, people learned to use its properties for their needs without causing harm to the environment.
1 Origin of the Moon
The origin of the Moon has not yet been definitively established. The problem is that we have too many assumptions and too few facts. All this happened so long ago that none of the hypotheses can be verified.
Many theories have been proposed at different times. Three mutually exclusive hypotheses were considered the most likely. One is the capture hypothesis, according to which the Moon formed independently of the Earth and was later captured by its gravitational field. Another is the co-formation hypothesis, according to which the Earth and the Moon were formed from a single cloud of gas and dust. And the third is the centrifugal separation hypothesis, according to which the Moon was separated from the Earth under the influence of centrifugal forces.
However, analysis of lunar soil samples delivered by American astronauts cast doubt on all these hypotheses. Scientists had to put forward a new one - a collision hypothesis, according to which the Moon was formed as a result of the collision of the protoplanet Earth with another large cosmic body - the protoplanet Theia.
Giant impact hypothesis
Figure 1 - collision of the Earth with Theia
The collision hypothesis was proposed by William Hartman
The collision hypothesis is currently considered the main one, since it explains well all the known facts about chemical composition and the structure of the Moon, as well as the physical parameters of the Earth-Moon system. Initially, great doubts were raised about the possibility of such a successful collision (oblique impact, low relative speed) of such a large body with the Earth. But then it was suggested that Theia formed in Earth's orbit, at one of the Lagrange points
To explain the iron deficiency on the Moon, we have to accept the assumption that by the time of the collision (4.5 billion years ago) both on Earth and on Theia, gravitational differentiation had already occurred, that is, a heavy iron core was released and a light silicate mantle was formed. No clear geological evidence has been found for this assumption.
If the Moon had somehow ended up in Earth’s orbit at such a distant time and after that had not undergone significant shocks, then, according to calculations, a multi-meter layer of dust settling from space would supposedly have accumulated on its surface
2 Moon movement
The Moon moves around the Earth at an average speed of 1.02 km/sec in a roughly elliptical orbit in the same direction as the vast majority of other bodies. solar system, that is, counterclockwise, we sat down to look at the orbit of the Moon from the North Pole of the world. The semimajor axis of the Moon's orbit, equal to the average distance between the centers of the Earth and the Moon, is 384,400 km (approximately 60 Earth radii). Due to the ellipticity of the orbit and disturbances, the distance to the Moon varies between 356,400 and 406,800 km. The period of revolution of the Moon around the Earth, the so-called sidereal (stellar) month, is 27.32166 days, but is subject to slight fluctuations and a very small secular reduction. The movement of the Moon around the Earth is very complex, and its study is one of the most difficult problems of celestial mechanics.
Elliptical motion is only a rough approximation, and is subject to many disturbances caused by the attraction of the Sun, the planets, and the oblateness of the Earth. The most important of these disturbances, or inequalities, were discovered from observations long before their theoretical derivation from the law of universal gravitation. The attraction of the Moon by the Sun is 2.2 times stronger than by the Earth, so, strictly speaking, one should consider the movement of the Moon around the Sun and the disturbance of this movement by the Earth. However, since the researcher is interested in the movement of the Moon as seen from the Earth, the gravitational theory, which was developed by many major scientists, starting with I. Newton, considers the movement of the Moon around the Earth. In the 20th century, they used the theory of the American mathematician J. Hill, on the basis of which the American astronomer E. Brown calculated (1919) mathematical series and compiled tables containing the latitude, longitude and parallax of the Moon. The argument is time.
The plane of the Moon's orbit is inclined to the ecliptic at an angle of 5°843, subject to slight fluctuations. The points of intersection of the orbit with the ecliptic are called ascending and descending nodes, have an uneven retrograde motion and make a full revolution along the ecliptic in 6794 days (about 18 years), as a result of which the Moon returns to the same node after a time interval - the so-called draconic month - shorter than the sidereal month and on average equal to 27.21222 days, the frequency of solar and lunar eclipses is associated with this month. The Moon rotates around an axis inclined to the ecliptic plane at an angle of 88°28", with a period exactly equal to the sidereal month, as a result of which it always faces the Earth with the same side.
This coincidence of the periods of axial rotation and orbital revolution is not accidental, but is caused by tidal friction that the Earth produced in the solid or once liquid shell of the Moon. However, the combination of uniform rotation with uneven orbital movement causes small periodic deviations from a constant direction to the Earth, reaching 7° 54" in longitude, and the inclination of the Moon's rotation axis to the plane of its orbit causes deviations of up to 6° 50" in latitude, resulting in different time from the Earth you can see up to 59% of the entire surface of the Moon (although areas near the edges of the lunar disk are visible only from a strong perspective); such deviations are called libration of the Moon. The planes of the Moon's equator, ecliptic and lunar orbit always intersect along one straight line (Cassini's law).
1.3 Shape of the Moon
The shape of the Moon is very close to a sphere with a radius of 1737 km, which is equal to 0.2724 of the equatorial radius of the Earth. The surface area of the Moon is 3.8 * 107 km2, and the volume is 2.2 * 1025 cm3. A more detailed determination of the Moon’s figure is complicated by the fact that on the Moon, due to the absence of oceans, there is no clearly defined level surface in relation to which heights and depths could be determined; in addition, since the Moon is turned to the Earth with one side, it seems possible to measure the radii of points on the surface of the visible hemisphere of the Moon from the Earth (except for points at the very edge of the lunar disk) only on the basis of a weak stereoscopic effect caused by libration.
The study of libration made it possible to estimate the difference between the major semi-axes of the Moon's ellipsoid. The polar axis is less than the equatorial axis, directed towards the Earth, by about 700 m and less than the equatorial axis, perpendicular to the direction to the Earth, by 400 m. Thus, the Moon, under the influence of tidal forces, is slightly elongated towards the Earth. The mass of the Moon is most accurately determined from observations of its artificial satellites. It is 81 times less than the mass of the earth, which corresponds to 7.35 * 1025g. The average density of the Moon is 3.34 g cm3 (0.61 the average density of the Earth). The acceleration of gravity on the surface of the Moon is 6 times greater than on Earth, is 162.3 cm sec2 and decreases by 0.187 cm sec2 when increasing by 1 kilometer. The first escape velocity is 1680 m. sec, the second is 2375 m. sec. Due to the low gravity, the Moon was unable to maintain a gas shell around itself, as well as water in a free state.
1.4 Moon phases
The change in the phase of the Moon is caused by changes in the conditions of illumination by the Sun of the dark globe of the Moon as it moves along its orbit. With change relative position The Earth, Moon and Sun terminator (the boundary between the illuminated and unlit parts of the Moon's disk) moves, which causes a change in the outlines of the visible part of the Moon.
The duration of the complete change of phases of the Moon (the so-called synodic month) is variable due to the ellipticity of the lunar orbit, and varies from 29.25 to 29.83 Earth solar days. The average synodic month is 29.5305882 days (29 days 12 hours 44 minutes 2.82 seconds).
In phases of the Moon close to the new moon (at the beginning of the first quarter and at the end of the last quarter), with a very narrow crescent, the unlit part forms the so-called. ashen light of the Moon - visible glow of an unlit direct sunlight surfaces have a characteristic ash color.
The moon goes through the following phases of illumination:
.new moon - a state when the moon is not visible.
.new moon - the first appearance of the Moon in the sky after the new moon in the form of a narrow crescent.
.first quarter - the state when half of the Moon is illuminated.
.waxing moon
.full moon - a state when the entire moon is illuminated.
Waning moon
.last quarter - the state when half of the moon is illuminated again.
old moon
1.5 Internal structure of the Moon
Figure 2 - internal structure moon
The Moon, like the Earth, consists of distinct layers: crust, mantle and core. This structure is believed to have formed immediately after the formation of the Moon - 4.5 billion years ago. The thickness of the lunar crust is believed to be 50 km. Moonquakes occur within the thickness of the lunar mantle, but unlike earthquakes, which are caused by the movement of tectonic plates, moonquakes are caused by the tidal forces of the Earth. The Moon's core, like the Earth's core, consists of iron, but its size is much smaller and is 350 km in radius. The average density of the Moon is 3.3 g/cm3.
STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
study the Moon and its influence on the Earth;
compare the forces and processes that affect the Earth under the influence of the Moon and other planets;
analyze earthquakes associated with the Moon and planet Earth;
In the future, work will continue on the topic “The influence of the Moon as a natural satellite on planet Earth” with a study of the current phenomena of the Moon. An analysis of the received data will be carried out, based on the results we will receive in the process of calculating and studying the interaction of the satellite with the planet.
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1 Ebbs and flows
The influence of the Moon on the earthly world exists, but it is not pronounced. You can hardly see him. The only phenomenon that visibly demonstrates the effect of the Moon's gravity is the Moon's influence on the ebb and flow of the tides. Our ancient ancestors associated them with the Moon. And they were absolutely right. The tides are so strong in some places that the water recedes hundreds of meters from the shore, exposing the bottom where the people living on the coast collected seafood. But with inexorable precision, the water that has retreated from the shore rolls in again. If you don’t know how often the tides occur, you can find yourself far from the shore and even die under the advancing water mass. The coastal peoples knew perfectly well the schedule of the arrival and departure of waters. This phenomenon occurs twice a day. Moreover, ebbs and flows exist not only in the seas and oceans. All water sources are influenced by the Moon. But far from the seas it is almost imperceptible: sometimes the water rises a little, sometimes it drops a little. Liquid is the only natural element that moves behind the Moon, oscillating. A stone or a house cannot be attracted to the moon because it has a solid structure. Pliable and plastic water clearly demonstrates the influence of lunar mass.
The Moon most strongly influences the waters of the seas and oceans on the side of the Earth that is currently facing directly towards it. If you look at the Earth at this moment, you can see how the Moon pulls the waters of the world's oceans towards itself, lifts them, and the thickness of the water swells, forming a “hump”, or rather, two “humps” appear - the high one on the side where the Moon is located , and less pronounced on the opposite side. The “humps” precisely follow the movement of the Moon around the Earth. Since the world ocean is a single whole and the waters in it communicate, the humps move from shore to shore. Since the Moon passes twice through points located at a distance of 180 degrees from each other, we observe two high tides and two low tides.
The highest tides occur on the ocean shores. In our country - on the shores of the Arctic and Pacific oceans. Less significant ebbs and flows are typical for inland seas. This phenomenon is observed even weaker in lakes or rivers. But even on the shores of the oceans, the tides are stronger at one time of the year and weaker at others. This is already due to the distance of the Moon from the Earth. The closer the Moon is to the surface of our planet, the stronger the tides will be. The further you go, the weaker it naturally gets. Water masses are influenced not only by the Moon, but also by the Sun. Only the distance from the Earth to the Sun is much greater, so we do not notice its gravitational activity. But it has long been known that sometimes the ebb and flow of the tides become very strong. This happens whenever there is a new moon or full moon. This is where the power of the Sun comes into play. At this moment, all three planets - the Moon, Earth and Sun - line up in a straight line. There are already two gravitational forces acting on the Earth - both the Moon and the Sun. Naturally, the height of the rise and fall of the waters increases. The combined influence of the Moon and the Sun will be strongest when both planets are on the same side of the Earth, that is, when the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun. And the water will rise more strongly from the side of the Earth facing the Moon.
In relation to planet Earth, the cause of tides is the presence of the planet in the gravitational field created by the Sun and Moon. Since the effects they create are independent, the impact of these celestial bodies on Earth can be considered separately. In this case, for each pair of bodies we can assume that each of them revolves around general center gravity. For the Earth-Sun pair, this center is located deep in the Sun at a distance of 451 km from its center. For the Earth-Moon pair, it is located deep in the Earth at a distance of 2/3 of its radius.
Each of these bodies experiences tidal forces, the source of which is the force of gravity and internal forces that ensure the integrity of the celestial body, in the role of which is the force of its own attraction, hereinafter called self-gravity. The emergence of tidal forces can be most clearly seen in the Earth-Sun system.
The tidal force is the result of the competing interaction of the gravitational force, directed towards the center of gravity and decreasing in inverse proportion to the square of the distance from it, and the fictitious centrifugal force of inertia caused by the rotation of the celestial body around this center. These forces, being opposite in direction, coincide in magnitude only at the center of mass of each of the celestial bodies. Thanks to action internal forces The Earth revolves around the center of the Sun as a whole with a constant angular velocity for each element of its constituent mass. Therefore, as this element of mass moves away from the center of gravity, the centrifugal force acting on it increases in proportion to the square of the distance. A more detailed distribution of tidal forces in their projection onto a plane perpendicular to the ecliptic plane is shown in (Fig. 3).
Figure 3 - diagram of the distribution of tidal forces in projection onto a plane perpendicular to the Ecliptic. The gravitating body is either to the right or to the left.
The reproduction of changes in the shape of bodies exposed to them, achieved as a result of the action of tidal forces, can, in accordance with the Newtonian paradigm, be achieved only if these forces are completely compensated by other forces, which may include the force of universal gravity.
Figure 4 - deformation of the Earth's water shell as a consequence of the balance of tidal force, self-gravitational force and the force of reaction of water to compression force
As a result of the addition of these forces, tidal forces arise symmetrically on both sides of the globe, directed in different directions from it. The tidal force directed towards the Sun is of gravitational nature, while the force directed away from the Sun is a consequence of the fictitious force of inertia.
These forces are extremely weak and cannot be compared with the forces of self-gravity (the acceleration they create is 10 million times less than the acceleration of gravity). However, they cause a shift in the water particles of the World Ocean (the resistance to shear in water at low speeds is practically zero, while to compression it is extremely high), until the tangent to the surface of the water becomes perpendicular to the resulting force.
As a result, a wave appears on the surface of the world's oceans, occupying a constant position in systems of mutually gravitating bodies, but running along the surface of the ocean together with the daily movement of its bottom and shores. Thus (ignoring ocean currents), each particle of water undergoes an oscillatory movement up and down twice during the day.
Horizontal movement of water is observed only near the coast as a consequence of a rise in its level. The more shallow the seabed is, the greater the speed of movement.
Tidal phenomena occur not only in the water, but also in the air shell of the Earth. They are called atmospheric tides. Tides also occur in the solid body of the Earth, since the Earth is not absolutely solid. Vertical fluctuations of the Earth's surface due to tides reach several tens of centimeters.
2 Earthquakes and the Moon
moon phase tide
The moon can not only cause tides on Earth, but is also the cause of earthquakes. The approach of the Earth's satellite raises the surface of our planet by 30 cm every day. Large earthquakes are not so dependent on the influence of the Moon, since they occur on rock shifts at great depths under enormous stress. In any case, the lunar effect is much weaker than it appears. Tectonic plates accumulate stress over centuries. If earthquakes were directly dependent on lunar tides , then they would occur every day, when the satellite’s gravity would reach its maximum.
The earthquake is explained by the presence of gravitational connections between the Earth and the Moon, the tides of their solid crust, and the mutual rotation of bodies. If we take into account that the vibrations of the solid crust occur elastically, at certain moments of time, due to the presence of defects in the solid crust, in faults, “bounce” peaks appear, similar to the “bounce” of a metal rod. If we have a metal rod without defects and excite mechanical vibrations in it, at each point we will observe the vibrations that we excited. If there are defects in this rod, the cracking “blinking” that occurs in the crack will be superimposed on sinusoidal oscillations. At the moment when the wave carrying “batter” from all sides comes to the corresponding crack, energy will be released at the location of the crack.
There is a similar picture of the development of earthquakes in the earth's crust. Undamped oscillations of the earth's crust are created by the rotation of the earth and the gravitational forces of the moon and sun and pass elastically along the surface of the earth. Rattling occurs in places of “living cracks”, where the vibrations of the tidal wave in the Earth are not transmitted smoothly, elastically, but displacements occur. The direction of the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon determines the direction of the chatter wave communication line from the Earth to the Moon (to the Sun). During the existence and development of gravitational connection, two main forces act on the rocks of the Earth. This is the gravitational force of the Earth and the gravitational force of the Moon. When the Moon leaves and the connection is broken, only the gravity of the Earth remains. The entire difference in the gravitational energies of the Earth and the Moon is directed to the location of the future epicenter of the earthquake. At the moment of “breaking” of this connection during the rotation of the planets, a wave appears directed to the place where the chatter originates. This wave, called the "KaY" wave, is characterized by the fact that it arises due to the occurrence of gravitational resonance coupling of "rattling zones" on the Moon and Earth. When the Moon moves, this line of communication shifts, with the balance of the gravitational forces of the planets. When communication with the Moon is lost, the line breaks and reverse “KaY” waves (“Kay” - Kozyrev and Yagodin) appear on the Earth and on the Moon, carrying energy towards future earthquake epicenters. Since this wave goes to one point from the area, its energy increases and by the time it arrives at the point it has enormous energy, causing an earthquake in that place. Very often you can observe how “blinking” occurs on a wave and is detected by the sensor in the form of a “group of peaks”. They correspond not to one earthquake, but to a whole group of earthquakes over a large area at different times. In this case, each peak corresponds to a shock in these earthquakes, and the quotient of the distance from the sensor to the epicenters of these earthquakes divided by the time elapsed from the appearance of the peak on the sensor to the beginning of the corresponding earthquakes is a constant.
3. RESEARCH RESULTS
The purpose of this work was to calculate the gradient of the force of the Moon with which it acts on planet Earth (comparable to the Sun):
The force of gravitational attraction is proportional to the mass M of the attracting body and inversely proportional to the square of the distance R to it. Accordingly, on the surface of the Earth, the force of attraction towards the Earth itself (MEarth = 6·1027 g. REarth = 6378 km) is 1 g, towards the Sun (MSun = 2·1033 g. RSun = 150·106 km) - 0.00058g, and to the Moon (Moon = 7·1025 g; Moon = 384·103 km) - only 0.0000031g, i.e. 190 times weaker than to the Sun. It is also obvious that in a uniform force field there will be no tides.
However, the gravitational field is not uniform, but has a center in the attracting mass M. Accordingly, for any body with finite dimensions there will be a difference in gravitational forces at opposite edges, which is called tidal force. The tidal force will be proportional to the first derivative of the gravitational force. The force of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, and the derivative of 1/r2 is equal to -2/r3, that is, inversely proportional to the cube of the distances.
Therefore, the Moon, which is much closer to the Earth, despite its small mass, creates a tidal force almost 2 times greater than the Sun.
It is also necessary to explain why there are no earthquakes at the poles.
Earthquakes occur at the junction of lithospheric plates. Plate boundaries correspond to ocean shelves on geographic maps. There are no tectonic plates at the north pole, but there is one at the south pole, but it is not moving anywhere. We found out that the Moon does not create earthquakes itself, directly, therefore, there are no earthquakes at the poles. Of course, tidal forces do not act at the poles.
Figure 5 - location of lithospheric plates
The Earth and Moon revolve around a common center of gravity (barycenter) of the system Earth - Moon with a sidereal (relative to stars) period of 27.3 days (days). The Earth describes an orbit that is a mirror image of the Moon's orbit, but its dimensions are 81 times smaller than the lunar orbit. The barycenter is always located inside the Earth, at a distance of approximately 4670 km from its center. The body of the Earth rotates without rotation (translationally) around a “fixed” (in the Earth-Moon system) barycenter. As a result of such a monthly rotation of the Earth, all terrestrial particles are subject to exactly the same centrifugal force as at the Earth’s center of mass. The sum of the vectors of the centrifugal force and the gravitational force of the Moon is called the tidal force of the Moon. The tidal force of the Sun is determined similarly. The magnitude of the tidal force is a function of the declination and geocentric distance of the Moon (or Sun). The amplitude of the monthly oscillations of the Moon's declination varies with a period of 18.61 years from 29° to 18°, due to the axis precession (regression of the nodes) of the lunar orbit. The perigee of the lunar orbit moves with a period of 8.85 years. The declination and geocentric distance of the Sun change with a period of 1 year. The earth rotates around its own axis with a daily period. As a result, the amplitude of oscillations of lunar-solar tidal forces changes over time with periods: 18.61 years, 8.85 years, 6.0 years, 1 year, 0.5 years, monthly, semi-monthly, weekly, daily , semi-diurnal and many other less significant periods.
Statistics of the most dangerous earthquakes and tsunamis from 1960 to 2011
The Great Chilean Earthquake - probably the most strong earthquake in the history of observation, magnitude - from 9.3 to 9.5, occurred on May 22, 1960 at 19:11 UTC.
The location of the epicenter is 39°30? Yu. w. 74°30? h. d.
Moon: phase 6% before new moon, distance 396679 km; astronomical new moon May 25, 1960 12:27, the distance from the center of the Earth to the center of the Moon is 403567 km, but before that the full moon May 11, 1960 05:41 UTC, 362311 km, supermoon.
Earthquake strength (moment) -9.2.
Earthquake strength (based on surface waves) - 8.4
Latitude 61° 2" 24" N Longitude 147° 43" 48" W
Moon: phase 0% - full moon, distance 393010 km.
Tashkent earthquake on April 26, 1966 at 5 hours 23 minutes. - catastrophic earthquake (magnitude 5.2).
Latitude. 41° 12" 0" N Longitude. 69° 6" 0" E
Moon: phase 27%, distance 371345 km;
The Tangshan earthquake on July 28, 1976 at 3:42 local time (July 27, 1976 19:48 UTC) was a catastrophic earthquake with a magnitude of 8.2.
Latitude 39° 39" 50" N Longitude 118° 24" 4" E.
Moon: phase 1% - new moon, distance 376365 km.
Spitak earthquake December 7, 1988 at 10:41 MCK (7:41 UTC) catastrophic earthquake of magnitude 7.2.
Latitude. 40° 59" 13" N Longitude. 44° 11" 6" E
Moon: phase 4% BC (2 days), distance 394161 km;
Earthquake in Kobe. The earthquake occurred on the morning of Tuesday, January 17, 1995 at 05:46 local time (January 16, 1995 20:46 UTC). The force of the tremors reached 7.3 magnitudes on the Richter scale.
84° north latitude and 143.08° east longitude.
Moon: phase 100% - full moon, distance 395878 km, previous new moon January 1, 1995 10:55 UTC, distance to the Moon 362357 km. Supermoon.
The Neftegorsk earthquake - an earthquake with tragic consequences with a magnitude of 7.6 on the Richter scale, occurred on the night of May 28, 1995 at 1:03 (May 27, 1995 13:03 UTC).
The epicenter is 55° north latitude and 142° east longitude.
Moon: phase 3% before the new moon, distance 402328 (new moon - May 29, 1995 09:28), but before that: full moon May 14, 1995 20:47 UTC, distance 358563 km. Supermoon.
The Izmit earthquake was a catastrophic earthquake (magnitude 7.6) that occurred on August 17, 1999 in Turkey at 3:01 local time (UTC 00:01:39).
Latitude 40° 44" 53" N Longitude 29° 51" 50" E
Moon: phase 30% after the new moon (5 days), distance 400765 km;
The Sichuan earthquake was a devastating earthquake of magnitude 7.9 that occurred on May 12, 2008 at 14:28:01 local time (06:28:01 UTC) in China.
Latitude 31° 0" 7" N Longitude 103° 19" 19" E.
Moon: phase 51%, 7 days after the new moon, distance 379372 km: new moon May 5, 2008 10:55 UTC, distance to the Moon 358184 km. Supermoon.
Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami December 26, 2004 at 00:58 UTC - the second most powerful earthquake in recorded history (magnitude 9.2) and the deadliest of all known tsunamis.
°30" north latitude and 95°87" east longitude.
Moon: phase 100%, full moon 404408 km, but before that new moon December 12 01:28, 364922 km. Supermoon.
Tsunami April 2, 2007, Solomon Islands (archipelago). Caused by a magnitude 8 earthquake that occurred in the South Pacific at 07:39. Waves several meters high reached New Guinea.
Moon: phase 0%, full moon, distance 404000 km, previous new moon March 19, 2007 at 02:44, 364311 km. Supermoon.
Japan Honshu 9.0 earthquake and tsunami occurred on March 11, 2011 at 14:46 local time (05:46 UTC). Latitude 38.30N and longitude 142.50E. The source of the earthquake was located at a depth of 32 km.
Moon: phase 32% after the new moon (5 days), distance 393837. Astronomical new moon March 4, 2011 20:47, distance 404793 km; but the next full moon is March 19, 2011 20:46. Supermoon.
The above are catastrophic earthquakes and tsunamis over the past 50 years. Statistics show that all of them happened during a full moon or new moon (with the exception of Tashkent and Izmit, which indirectly indicates their man-made nature). In addition, almost 80% of them are somehow related to the supermoon. Based on this analysis, we can conclude that during periods of supermoons, the risk of disasters from natural disasters actually increases.
Figure 6 - diagram of the distribution of earthquakes depending on the phases of the Moon and its position in orbit
When constructing the diagram, we completely ignored all the inequalities of the Moon's movement. The average values of the synodic (29.5 days) and anomalistic months (27.5 days) were taken. The average positions of syzygies and quadratures are plotted on the diagram, and the apogee (A) is shown as the average moment between adjacent perigees (P). For each earthquake, its distance in time to the nearest phase of the Moon, marked on the diagram, and to the moment the Moon passed through perigee or apogee was determined. The uncertainty of construction arising from the simplifications made hardly reaches one day. On the constructed diagram, each earthquake is marked with a dot. Earthquakes that fall on the diagram frame are marked adjacent to it, inside the diagram, and repeated on each of the opposite sides of the frame.
The constructed diagram clearly shows that near perigee earthquakes most often occur in syzygies, i.e. during the full moon and new moon, and at that time they almost never happen around quadratures. The second well-defined feature of the diagram is the grouping of earthquakes along directions running at an angle of 45 degrees. from syzygy to perigee. These directions represent the sequence of days of those lunations for which the new moon or full moon coincided with perigee. Consequently, not only the days of maximum tides in the earth's crust are favorable for earthquakes, but also the days immediately following them. Thus, maximum tides disrupt the condition of the outer layers of the Earth to such an extent that conditions favorable to earthquakes persist for a period of about a month.
CONCLUSION
In the course of this work, the natural satellite of the planet Earth, the Moon, was studied.
The influences the Moon has on the Earth were studied.
Based on these observations, we can conclude that the Moon really has an impact on planet Earth, both favorable and not. If we consider the influence of the phases of the Moon on a person, there is an assumption that it can also improve or worsen his well-being and thereby influence his activities. The study of the satellite and its effects is not yet fully understood. However, man has already learned to use such a property as gravitational force. A tidal power plant is a special type of hydroelectric power station that uses the energy of tides, and in fact the kinetic energy of the Earth's rotation. Tidal power plants are built on the shores of seas, where the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun change the water level twice a day. Fluctuations in water levels near the shore can reach 18 meters. Tidal hydroelectric power plants are considered the most environmentally friendly. Therefore, the study of this topic has a huge role. That is why I consider the chosen topic quite relevant.
LIST OF SOURCES USED
Frish S. A., Timoreva A. V. // Course general physics, Textbook for physics-mathematics and physics-technical faculties of state universities 1957. Vol. 1, no. 2. P. 312
Belonuchkin V. // Tidal forces Quantum. 1989. T. 12, issue. 3. P. 435.
Markov A. The Road to the Moon // In the journal. "Aviation and astronautics". ? 2002. ? No. 3. - P. 34.
General course in astronomy / Kononovich E.V., Moroz V.I.
E ed., rev. - M.: Editorial URSS, 2004. - 544 p.
Randzini D.M. // Cosmos, 2002. - P. 320.
Stars and planets. / Ya.M. Ridpath / Atlas of the Starry Sky,
V.D. Krotikov, V.S. Trinity. Radio emission and the nature of the Moon // Advances in Physics. Sciences, 1963. T.81. Issue 4. p.589-639
A.V. Khabakov. On the main issues of the history of the development of the lunar surface. M, 1949, 195 p.
Tutoring
Need help studying a topic?
Our specialists will advise or provide tutoring services on topics that interest you.
Submit your application indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.
Heavenly bodies influence not only humans, but also all living beings. Sometimes people underestimate the influence of the Moon on themselves, but scientists have already proven this fact several times.
This article is intended for persons over 18 years of age
Have you already turned 18?
How the Moon influences the Earth: an interesting reality
Probably each of us has heard something like: more crimes happen on a full moon, many babies are born, and so on. On the one hand, these are simply mystical facts that cannot be confirmed scientifically, but on the other hand, does the Moon really affect humans? They say that knowledge of the lunar calendar can greatly simplify people's lives and protect them from many diseases and ailments. To believe in it or not is a personal matter for each person.
WITH scientific point From a perspective, everything looks something like this: when the gravitational field of the Earth and the Moon interacts, magnetic storms, which affect the psyche and well-being of people. After all, a satellite revolves around the Earth and the closer it is to our planet, the more noticeable its influence.
Have you noticed that on some days of the month you wake up full of strength and energy, happy, satisfied with life, and on some days you have difficulty getting out of bed, in no mood, with a headache, and incredibly tired. Often there are no special reasons for such a state of health, but if you carefully observe this, you can easily notice that your mood and well-being changes cyclically.
The heavenly body especially influences a woman, or rather female body, because the fair sex is more susceptible to lunar cycles.
The waning moon is a favorable period to analyze your actions and reflect on your mistakes. It is at this time that they advise you to go on a diet, fight chronic diseases, get rid of unnecessary things. When the Moon is in its waning phase, the body itself tries to get rid of diseases, and if you actively help it with this, the result will be simply amazing. You can have your teeth treated, agree to undergo surgery, start following a diet, and do physical activity.
The moon also affects a person’s sleep, for example, on a full moon people sleep poorly, energy accumulates, stress and vulnerability appear. For some reason, women tolerate the full moon worse than men. Also, during the full phase of the Moon, people tend to commit rash acts; due to excess energy and frequent stress, accidents and crimes occur. During this period, it is not recommended to resolve conflicts or begin serious education of children. As for diseases, during the full moon they worsen, a person becomes more prone to experience pain. The blood becomes a little liquid and does not clot well; it is better to postpone surgery.
It is during the full moon that people become overly tired, turn into pessimists, and lose interest in life.
When the new moon comes, people are weakened and mentally exhausted. Men can be aggressive and nervous for no reason. When the Moon begins to wax, the energy will increase and increase. Reduce nervous tension, take care of yourself, don’t get angry, because heart attacks and strokes most often occur during the new moon. On the other hand, this is the best period to give up bad habits.
The waxing Moon is perhaps the most favorable period for various endeavors. At this time, a person is full of strength, energy, able to withstand high loads, and usually the state of health during this period is stable and excellent. Metabolism improves, special flexibility and vitality are observed. Astrologers recommend taking care of yourself at this time, undergoing a course of cosmetic procedures, taking vitamins, and so on.
Astrologers also explained how the lunar phase affects hair. For example, if you decide to cut your hair, then do it during the waxing moon, because it greatly affects hair growth. As a result, the hair will be beautiful, the hair will quickly grow, become stronger and gain a healthy shine. To make your hair grow slower and not have to run to the hairdresser often, update your hairstyle during the waning moon. Representatives claim that there is a logical explanation for this phenomenon. The moon affects liquid, and the human body consists of water. The waxing phase of the moon promotes rapid blood flow to the hair follicles. Therefore, hair grows faster.
There are special horoscopes that explain in detail how the Moon influences Cancer, the zodiac sign Pisces, Taurus, Aries, and so on. A lot depends on what zodiac sign the Moon is in.
The moon even affects the fish's bite
Do not be surprised that experienced fishermen firmly believe that the success of fishing depends on the heavenly body. This is not a fiction, not a myth, but a fact that has already been confirmed in practice countless times. The well-being of the fish directly depends on what phase the Moon is in, and accordingly the Moon also affects fishing. This fact should not be classified as a popular belief, because scientists have constantly researched and proven this phenomenon. The life processes of fish are either activated or subside. Successful fishing, as well as an excellent bite, can be predicted precisely by the Moon. But we should not forget that weather conditions also have a huge impact on the inhabitants of the underwater world.
The full moon is the best time for fishing, the bite will be just great. The Moon is very close to the Earth, the magnetic fields touch and are connected to one another. When the Moon shines in its full phase, fish become very active, they are extremely excitable, and move quickly. The Moon influences the gravity of the Earth, the water, the ebb and flow of the tides, and the sea. It has been scientifically proven that sea level depends precisely on the location of the Moon and the Sun. The gravitational field of the sun and our planet attracts water from huge bodies of water, it rises, the tide turns out to be high, and then low tide. It’s just that in bodies of water such as lakes and rivers, this process is invisible, since there is too little water. But the water tension also depends on this celestial body, so it turns out that the fish bites more efficiently. Pisces need a light source, moonlight is perfect for them. This is another reason why the underwater world comes alive during the full moon. But during the new moon, the necessary light practically does not penetrate through the water column and in the world of fish a period of so-called drowsy rest begins. This is a completely logical explanation. So, since you have planned a hunt for large fish, something like pike, pike perch, make sure in advance that the time for fishing is favorable.
How does the Moon influence the Sun?
The Sun and Moon are two celestial bodies that are directly related to life on our planet. The luminaries greatly influence people, but themselves have very little in common. Take the size: the sun is 400 times larger than the moon. But both bodies are at such a distance that it seems to us that they are the same in size. This is why solar eclipses exist. Often the Sun and Moon interact with each other (namely, their gravitational fields), as a result of which the Earth’s satellite moves several centimeters away from our planet every year.
And thanks to these cosmic bodies, we can observe the change of day and night. Now, probably, no one doubts that the Sun and Moon have a huge influence on the world of living organisms, including plants, animals, and people. What can I say if these luminaries even influence the growth of mushrooms. It's no secret that mushrooms grow best after rain, in other words, after precipitation. But the weather is influenced not only by the Sun, but also by the Moon. After the new moon, in practice, more precipitation has been observed more than once; this is somehow connected with the fall of meteorites. It turns out that during the period of active growth of the Moon, mushrooms and other fruiting bodies grow best.
As you can see, the Moon really has a huge influence on our planet. It constantly goes through an endless cycle of certain phases, which astrologers have long studied and defined. So, if you are inclined to believe horoscopes, do not ignore the lunar calendar. Try to do everything correctly, on time, and then your health will always be consistently good.
