Rice. 1. Autonomic innervation of internal organs: a - parasympathetic part, b - sympathetic part; 1 - upper cervical node; 2 - lateral intermediate nucleus; 3 - upper cervical cardiac nerve; 4 - thoracic cardiac and pulmonary nerves, 5 - greater splanchnic nerve; 6 - celiac plexus; 7 - inferior mesenteric plexus; 8 - upper and lower hypogastric plexuses; 9 - lesser splanchnic nerve; 10 - lumbar splanchnic nerves; 11 - sacral splanchnic nerves; 12 - parasympathetic nuclei of the sacral segments; 13 - pelvic splanchnic nerves; 14 - pelvic nodes; 15 - parasympathetic nodes; 16 - nervus vagus; 17 - ear node, 18 - submandibular node; 19 - pterygopalatine node; 20 - ciliary ganglion, 21 - parasympathetic nucleus of the vagus nerve; 22 - parasympathetic nucleus of the glossopharyngeal nerve, 23 - parasympathetic nucleus facial nerve; 24 - parasympathetic nucleus oculomotor nerve(according to M.R. Sapin).
Efferent parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland(Fig. 1). The center lies in the upper section medulla oblongata and is associated with the superior nucleus of the intermediate nerve (nucleus salivatorius superior). Preganglionic fibers go as part of the intermediate nerve (n. intermedius), then the great petrosal nerve (n. petrosus major) to the pterygopalatine ganglion (g. pterygopalatinum).
This is where the postganglionic fibers begin, which, as part of the maxillary nerve (n. maxillaris) and then its branch of the zygomatic nerve (n. zygomaticus), through connections with the lacrimal lake (n. lacrimalis) reach the lacrimal gland.
Efferent parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular and sublingual glands. Preganglionic fibers go from the upper nuclei of the intermediate nerve (nucleus salivatorius superior) as part of the intermediate nerve (n. intermedius), then the chorda tympani (chorda tympani) and the lingual nerve (n. lingualis) to the submandibular node (g. submandibulare), where postganglionic fibers begin fibers reaching the glands.
Efferent parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland. Preganglionic fibers come from the lower nuclei of the intermediate nerve (nucleus salivatorius inferior) as part of the glossopharyngeus nerve (n. glossopharyngeus), then the tympanic nerve (n. tympanicus), the lesser petrosal nerve (n. petrosus minor) to the ear node (g. oticum). This is where the postganglionic fibers begin, going to the gland as part of the auriculotemporal nerve (n. auriculotemporalis) of the fifth nerve.
Function: enhancing the secretion of lacrimal and named salivary glands; dilation of gland vessels.
Efferent sympathetic innervation all named glands. Preganglionic fibers begin in the lateral horns of the upper thoracic segments of the spinal cord and end in the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. Postganglionic fibers begin in this node and reach the lacrimal gland as part of the internal carotid plexus (pl. caroticus internus), to the parotid - as part of the external carotid plexus (pl. caroticus externus) and to the submandibular and sublingual glands - through the external carotid plexus (pl . caroticus externus) and then through the facial plexus (pl. facialis).
Function: retention of saliva (dry mouth).
Submandibular gland,glandula submandibularis, is a complex alveolar-tubular gland that secretes a secretion of a mixed nature. Located in the submandibular triangle, covered with a thin capsule. Outside the gland is adjacent to the superficial plate of the cervical fascia and skin. The medial surface of the gland is adjacent to the hyoglossus and styloglossus muscles, at the top of the gland it is in contact with the inner surface of the body of the lower jaw, its lower part emerges from under the lower edge of the latter. The anterior part of the gland in the form of a small process lies on the posterior edge of the mylohyoid muscle. Here its submandibular duct emerges from the gland, ductus submandibularis (Wharton's duct), which is directed forward, is adjacent on the medial side to the sublingual salivary gland and opens with a small opening on the sublingual papilla, next to the frenulum of the tongue. On the lateral side, the facial artery and vein are adjacent to the gland until they bend through the lower edge of the lower jaw, as well as the submandibular lymph nodes. Vessels and nerves of the submandibular gland. The gland receives arterial branches from facial artery. Venous blood flows into the vein of the same name. Lymphatic vessels drain into the adjacent submandibular nodes. Innervation: sensitive - from the lingual nerve, parasympathetic - from the facial nerve (VII pair) through the chorda tympani and submandibular ganglion, sympathetic - from the plexus around the external carotid artery.
Sublingual gland,glandula sublingualis, small in size, secretes a mucous type secretion. It is located on the upper surface of the mylohyoid muscle, directly under the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth, which forms the sublingual fold here. The lateral side of the gland is in contact with the inner surface of the lower jaw in the area of the hyoid fossa, and the medial side is adjacent to the geniohyoid, hyoglossus and genioglossus muscles. Greater hypoglossal duct ductus sublingualis major, opens together with the excretory duct of the submandibular gland (or independently) on the sublingual papilla.
Several small sublingual ducts duc tus sublingudles minores, flow into the oral cavity independently on the surface of the mucous membrane along the sublingual fold.
Vessels and nerves sublingual gland. TO The gland is supplied by branches of the hypoglossal artery (from the lingual artery) and the mental artery (from the facial artery). Venous blood flows through the veins of the same name. The lymphatic vessels of the gland drain into the submandibular and mental lymph nodes. Innervation: sensitive - from the lingual nerve, parasympathetic - from the facial nerve (VII pair) through the chorda tympani and submandibular ganglion, sympathetic - from the plexus around the external carotid artery.
47. Parotid salivary gland: topography, structure, excretory duct, blood supply and innervation.
parotid gland,glandula parotidea, is a gland of the serous type, its weight is 20-30 g. It is the largest of the salivary glands and has an irregular shape. It is located under the skin anterior and inferior to auricle, on the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible and the posterior edge of the masticatory muscle. The fascia of this muscle is fused with the capsule of the parotid salivary gland. At the top, the gland almost reaches the zygomatic arch, at the bottom - to the angle of the lower jaw, and at the back - to the mastoid process of the temporal bone and the anterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. In the depths, behind the lower jaw (in the maxillary fossa), the parotid gland with its deep part, pars profunda, adjacent to the styloid process and the muscles starting from it: stylohyoid, styloglossus, stylopharyngeal. The external carotid artery, the mandibular vein, the facial and auriculotemporal nerves pass through the gland, and deep parotid lymph nodes are located in its thickness.
The parotid gland has a soft consistency and well-defined lobulation. The outside of the gland is covered with a connecting capsule, bundles of fibers of which extend into the organ and separate the lobules from each other. Excretory parotid duct, ductus parotideus (stenon duct), leaves the gland at its anterior edge, goes forward 1-2 cm below the zygomatic arch along the outer surface of the masticatory muscle, then, going around the anterior edge of this muscle, pierces the buccal muscle and opens on the vestibule of the mouth at the level of the second upper major molar tooth.
In its structure, the parotid gland is a complex alveolar gland. On the surface of the masticatory muscle, next to the parotid duct, there is often a accessory parotid gland,glandula parotis [ parotidea] accessoria. Vessels and nerves of the parotid gland. Arterial blood enters the branches of the parotid gland from the superficial temporal artery. Venous blood flows into the mandibular vein. The lymphatic vessels of the gland drain into the superficial and deep parotid lymph nodes. Innervation: sensitive - from the auriculotemporal nerve, parasympathetic - postganglionic fibers in the auriculotemporal nerve from the ear ganglion, sympathetic - from the plexus around the external carotid artery and its branches.
Digestive glands in the oral cavity. Innervation of the salivary glands. Efferent parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular and sublingual glands. Preganglionic fibers come from the nucleus salivatorius superior as part of n. intermedins, then chorda tympani and n. lingualis to the ganglion submandibulare, from where the postganglionic fibers begin, reaching the glands. Efferent parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland. Preganglionic fibers come from the nucleus salivatorius inferior as part of n. glossopharyngeus, then n. tympanicus, n. petrosus minor to ganglion oticum. This is where the postganglionic fibers begin, going to the gland as part of n. auriculotemporalis. Function: increased secretion of the lacrimal and named salivary glands; dilation of gland vessels. Efferent sympathetic innervation of all these glands. Preganglionic fibers begin in the lateral horns of the upper thoracic segments of the spinal cord and end in the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. Postganglionic fibers begin in the named node and reach the lacrimal gland as part of the plexus caroticus internus, to the parotid gland as part of the plexus caroticus externus, and to the submandibular and sublingual glands through the plexus caroticus externus and then through the plexus facialis. Function: delayed saliva secretion (dry mouth); lacrimation (not a drastic effect).
1. Glandula parotidea (para - near; ous, otos - ear), parotid gland, the largest of the salivary glands, serous type. It is located on the lateral side of the face in front and slightly below the auricle, also penetrating into the fossa retromandibularis. The gland has a lobular structure, covered with fascia, fascia parotidea, which closes the gland into a capsule. The excretory duct of the gland, ductus parotideus, 5-6 cm long, extends from the anterior edge of the gland, runs along the surface of the m. masseter, passing through the fatty tissue of the cheek, pierces the m. buccinator and opens into the vestibule of the mouth with a small opening opposite the second large molar upper jaw. The course of the duct varies extremely. The duct is bifurcated. The parotid gland is a complex alveolar gland in its structure.
2. Glandula submandibularis, submandibular gland, mixed in nature, complex alveolar-tubular in structure, second largest. The gland has a lobular structure. It is located in the fossa submandibularis, extending beyond the posterior edge of m. mylohyoidei. Along the posterior edge of this muscle, the process of the gland is wrapped onto the upper surface of the muscle; an excretory duct, ductus submandibularis, departs from it, which opens onto the caruncula sublingualis.
3. Glandula sublingualis, sublingual gland, mucous type, complex alveolar-tubular in structure. It is located on top of m. mylohyoideus at the bottom of the mouth and forms a fold, plica sublingualis, between the tongue and the inner surface of the lower jaw. The excretory ducts of some lobules (18-20 in number) open independently into the oral cavity along the plica sublingualis (ductus sublinguals minores). The main excretory duct of the sublingual gland, ductus sublingualis major, runs next to the submandibular duct and opens either with one common opening with it, or immediately nearby.
4. Nutrition of the parotid salivary gland comes from the vessels that perforate it (a. temporalis superficialis); venous blood flows into v. retromandibularis, lymph - in Inn. parotidei; The gland is innervated by the branches of tr. sympathicus and n. glossopharyngeus. Parasympathetic fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve reach the ganglion oticum and then go to the gland as part of n. auriculotemporalis.
5. Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands feed from a. facialis et lingualis. Venous blood flows into v. facialis, lymph - in Inn. submandibulars et mandibulares. Nerves come from n. intermedius (chorda tympani) and innervate the gland through the ganglion submandibulare.
105- 106. Pharynx - Pharynx, throat, represents that part of the digestive tube and respiratory tract, which is the connecting link between the nasal cavity and mouth, on the one hand, and the esophagus and larynx, on the other. It extends from the base of the skull to the VI-VII cervical vertebrae. The internal space of the pharynx is pharyngeal cavity, cavitas pharyngis. The pharynx is located behind the nasal and oral cavities and larynx, in front of the basilar part of the occipital bone and the upper cervical vertebrae. According to the organs located anterior to the pharynx, it can be divided into three parts: pars nasalis, pars oralis and pars laryngea.
- Top wall The pharynx adjacent to the base of the skull is called the fornix, fornix pharyngis.
- Pars nasalis pharyngis, the nasal part, is functionally a purely respiratory section. Unlike other parts of the pharynx, its walls do not collapse, as they are motionless.
- The anterior wall of the nasal region is occupied by choanae.
- On the lateral walls there is a funnel-shaped pharyngeal opening auditory tube(part of the middle ear), ostium pharyngeum tubae. Above and behind, the opening of the tube is limited by the tubal ridge, torus tubarius, which is obtained as a result of the protrusion of the cartilage of the auditory tube.
At the border between the upper and posterior walls of the pharynx in the midline there is an accumulation of lymphoid tissue, tonsilla pharyngea s. adenoidea (hence - adenoids) (in an adult it is hardly noticeable). Another accumulation of lymphoid tissue, a pair, is located between the pharyngeal opening of the tube and the soft palate, tonsilla tubaria. Thus, at the entrance to the pharynx there is an almost complete ring of lymphoid formations: the tonsil of the tongue, two palatine tonsils, two tubal tonsils and a pharyngeal tonsil (lymphoepithelial ring, described by N. I. Pirogov). Pars oralis, mouth part, is the middle section of the pharynx, which communicates in front through the pharynx, fauces, with the oral cavity; its posterior wall corresponds to the third cervical vertebra. The function of the oral part is mixed, since it is where the digestive and respiratory tracts cross. This cross formed during the development of the respiratory organs from the wall of the primary intestine. From the primary nasal bay, the nasal and oral cavities were formed, and the nasal cavity turned out to be located above or, as it were, dorsal to the oral cavity, and the larynx, trachea and lungs arose from the ventral wall of the foregut. Therefore, the head section of the digestive tract turned out to lie between the nasal cavity (above and dorsally) and the respiratory tract (ventrally), which caused the intersection of the digestive and respiratory tracts in the pharynx.
Pars laryngea, laryngeal part, represents the lower part of the pharynx, located behind the larynx and extending from the entrance to the larynx to the entrance to the esophagus. On the front wall is the entrance to the larynx. The basis of the wall of the pharynx is the fibrous membrane of the pharynx, fascia pharyngobasilaris, which at the top is attached to the bones of the base of the skull, covered on the inside with a mucous membrane, and on the outside with muscle. The muscular layer, in turn, is covered on the outside with a thinner layer of fibrous tissue, which connects the wall of the pharynx with the surrounding organs, and at the top passes to m. buccinator and is called fascia buccopharyngea.
The mucous membrane of the nasal pharynx is covered ciliated epithelium in accordance with the respiratory function of this part of the pharynx, in the lower parts the epithelium is multilayered squamous. Here the mucous membrane acquires a smooth surface that facilitates the sliding of the bolus of food during swallowing. This is also facilitated by the secretion of the mucous glands embedded in it and the muscles of the pharynx, located longitudinally (dilators) and circularly (constrictors).
The circular layer is much more pronounced and splits into three compressors located in 3 floors: upper, m. constrictor pharyngis superior, middle, m. constrictor pharyngis medius and inferior, m. constrictor pharyngis inferior.
Starting at various points: on the bones of the base of the skull (tuberculum pharyngeum of the occipital bone, processus pterygoideus sphenoid), on the lower jaw (linea mylohyoidea), on the root of the tongue, the hyoid bone and the cartilages of the larynx (thyroid and cricoid), the muscle fibers of each side go back and connect with each other, forming a suture along the midline of the pharynx, raphe pharyngis. The lower fibers of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor are closely connected with the muscle fibers of the esophagus. The longitudinal muscle fibers of the pharynx are part of two muscles:
1. M. stylopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus muscle, starts from the processus styloideus, goes down and ends partly in the wall of the pharynx itself, partly attached to top edge thyroid cartilage.
2. M. palatopharyngeus, velopharyngeal muscle (see Palate).
The act of swallowing. Since the respiratory and digestive tracts cross in the pharynx, there are special devices that separate Airways from digestive. By contracting the muscles of the tongue, the bolus of food is pressed by the back of the tongue against the hard palate and pushed through the pharynx. In this case, the soft palate is pulled upward (abbreviated mm. levator veli palatini and tensor veli palatini) and approaches the posterior wall of the pharynx (abbreviated m. palatopharyngeus).
Thus, the nasal part of the pharynx (respiratory) is completely separated from the oral part. At the same time, the muscles located above the hyoid bone pull the larynx upward, and the root of the tongue by contracting m. hyoglossus descends downwards; it presses on the epiglottis, lowers the latter and thereby closes the entrance to the larynx (airways). Next, a sequential contraction of the pharyngeal constrictors occurs, as a result of which the food bolus is pushed towards the esophagus. The longitudinal muscles of the pharynx function as elevators: they pull the pharynx towards the food bolus.
The nutrition of the pharynx comes mainly from a. pharyngea ascendens and branches of a. facialis and a. maxillaris from a. corotis externa. Venous blood flows into the plexus located on top of the muscular layer of the pharynx, and then along the vv. pharyngeae into system v. jugularis interna. The outflow of lymph occurs in the nodi lymphatici cervicales profundi et retropharyngeales. The pharynx is innervated from the nerve plexus - plexus pharyngeus, formed by the branches of the nn. glossopharyngeus, vagus et tr. sympathicus. In this case, sensitive innervation is also carried out along n. glossopharyngeus and by n. vagus; the muscles of the pharynx are innervated by n. vagus, with the exception of m. stylopharyngeus, which is supplied by n. glossopharyngeus.
107. Esophagus - Esophagus, esophagus, It is a narrow and long active tube inserted between the pharynx and the stomach and helps move food into the stomach. It begins at the level of the VI cervical vertebra, which corresponds to the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx, and ends at the level of the XI thoracic vertebra. Since the esophagus, starting in the neck, passes further into the chest cavity and, perforating the diaphragm, enters the abdominal cavity, its parts are distinguished: partes cervicalis, thoracica et abdominalis. The length of the esophagus is 23-25 cm. The total length of the path from the front teeth, including the oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus, is 40-42 cm (at this distance from the teeth, adding 3.5 cm, a gastric rubber probe must be advanced into the esophagus to take gastric juice for examination).
Topography of the esophagus. The cervical part of the esophagus is projected from the VI cervical to the II thoracic vertebra. The trachea lies in front of it, the recurrent nerves and common carotid arteries pass to the side. The syntopy of the thoracic part of the esophagus is different at different levels: the upper third of the thoracic esophagus lies behind and to the left of the trachea, in front of it the left recurrent nerve and left a. carotis communis, behind - spinal column, on the right is the mediastinal pleura. In the middle third, the aortic arch is adjacent to the esophagus in front and to the left at the level of the IV thoracic vertebra, slightly lower (V thoracic vertebra) - the bifurcation of the trachea and the left bronchus; behind the esophagus lies the thoracic duct; The descending part of the aorta is adjacent to the esophagus on the left and somewhat posteriorly, the right vagus nerve is on the right, and v. is adjacent to the right and posteriorly. azygos. In the lower third of the thoracic esophagus, behind and to the right of it lies the aorta, in front - the pericardium and the left vagus nerve, on the right - the right vagus nerve, which is shifted below to the posterior surface; v lies somewhat posteriorly. azygos; on the left - the left mediastinal pleura. The abdominal part of the esophagus is covered with peritoneum in front and on the sides; the left lobe of the liver is adjacent to it in front and to the right, the upper pole of the spleen is to the left, and a group of lymph nodes is located at the junction of the esophagus and the stomach.
Structure. On cross section The lumen of the esophagus appears as a transverse slit in the cervical part (due to pressure from the trachea), while in the thoracic part the lumen has a round or stellate shape. The wall of the esophagus consists of the following layers: the innermost - the mucous membrane, tunica mucosa, the middle - tunica muscularis and the outer - connective tissue in nature - tunica adventitia. Tunica mucosa contains mucous glands that facilitate the sliding of food during swallowing with their secretions. When not stretched, the mucous membrane gathers into longitudinal folds. Longitudinal folding is a functional adaptation of the esophagus, facilitating the movement of fluids along the esophagus along the grooves between the folds and stretching the esophagus during the passage of dense lumps of food. This is facilitated by the loose tela submucosa, thanks to which the mucous membrane acquires greater mobility, and its folds easily appear and then smooth out. The layer of unstriated fibers of the mucous membrane itself, lamina muscularis mucosae, also participates in the formation of these folds. The submucosa contains lymphatic follicles. Tunica muscularis, corresponding to the tubular shape of the esophagus, which, when performing its function of carrying food, must expand and contract, is located in two layers - the outer, longitudinal (dilating esophagus), and the internal, circular (constricting). In the upper third of the esophagus, both layers are composed of striated fibers; below they are gradually replaced by non-striated myocytes, so that the muscle layers of the lower half of the esophagus consist almost exclusively of involuntary muscles. Tunica adventitia, surrounding the esophagus from the outside, consists of loose connective tissue, through which the esophagus connects to surrounding organs. The looseness of this membrane allows the esophagus to change the size of its transverse diameter as food passes through.
Pars abdominalis of the esophagus covered with peritoneum. The esophagus is fed from several sources, and the arteries feeding it form abundant anastomoses among themselves. Ah. esophageae to pars cervicalis of the esophagus come from a. thyroidea inferior. Pars thoracica receives several branches directly from the aorta thoracica, pars abdominalis feeds from the aa. phrenicae inferiores et gastrica sinistra. Venous outflow from the cervical part of the esophagus occurs in v. brachiocephalica, from the thoracic region - in vv. azygos et hemiazygos, from the abdominal - into the tributaries portal vein. From the cervical and upper third of the thoracic esophagus, lymphatic vessels go to the deep cervical nodes, pretracheal and paratracheal, tracheobronchial and posterior mediastinal nodes. From the middle third of the thoracic region, the ascending vessels reach the named nodes chest and neck, and descending (through the hiatus esophageus) - the nodes of the abdominal cavity: gastric, pyloric and pancreatic duodenal. Vessels coming from the rest of the esophagus (supradiaphragmatic and abdominal sections) flow into these nodes. The esophagus is innervated from n. vagus et tr. sympathicus. Along the branches of tr. sympathicus conveys the feeling of pain; sympathetic innervation reduces esophageal peristalsis. Parasympathetic innervation enhances peristalsis and gland secretion.
Sympathetic innervation salivary glands is as follows: the neurons from which preganglionic fibers arise are located in the lateral horns of the spinal cord at the level of ThII-TVI. The fibers approach the superior ganglion, where they end in postganglionic neurons that give rise to axons. Together with the choroid plexus accompanying the internal carotid artery, the fibers reach the parotid salivary gland as part of the choroid plexus surrounding the external carotid artery, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
Irritation of the cranial nerves, in particular the chorda tympani, causes a significant secretion of liquid saliva. Irritation of the sympathetic nerves causes a slight separation thick saliva with a rich content of organic matter. Nerve fibers, upon irritation of which water and salts are released, are called secretory, and nerve fibers, upon irritation of which organic substances are released, are called trophic. With prolonged irritation of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nerve, saliva becomes depleted of organic substances.
If you first stimulate the sympathetic nerve, then subsequent stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve causes the release of saliva, rich in dense components. The same thing happens when both nerves are simultaneously irritated. Using these examples, one can be convinced of the relationship and interdependence that exists under normal physiological conditions between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in the regulation of the secretory process of the salivary glands.
When the secretory nerves are transected in animals, a continuous, paralytic secretion of saliva is observed within a day, which lasts about five to six weeks. This phenomenon appears to be associated with changes in the peripheral ends of the nerves or in the glandular tissue itself. It is possible that paralytic secretion is due to the action of chemical irritants circulating in the blood. The question of the nature of paralytic secretion requires further experimental study.
Salivation, which occurs when nerves are irritated, is not a simple filtration of fluid from blood vessels through glands, but a complex physiological process resulting from the active activity of secretory cells and the central nervous system. Proof of this is the fact that irritation of the nerves causes salivation even after the vessels supplying blood to the salivary glands are completely ligated. In addition, in experiments with irritation of the chorda tympani, it was proven that the secretory pressure in the gland duct can be almost twice as high as blood pressure in the vessels of the gland, however, the secretion of saliva in these cases is abundant.
When the gland is working, the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by secretory cells sharply increases. The amount of water flowing through the gland during activity increases 3-4 times.
Microscopically, it was found that during the period of rest, significant amounts of secretion grains (granules) accumulate in the glandular cells, which during the operation of the gland dissolve and are released from the cell.
“Physiology of digestion”, S.S. Poltyrev
Sympathetic nervous system
Its function is adaptive trophic (changes the level of metabolism in organs depending on the function they perform in certain environmental conditions).
It is divided into a central and peripheral section.
The central section is thoracolumbar, as it is located in the lateral horns of the spinal cord from the 8th cervical to the 3rd lumbar segment of the spinal cord.
These nuclei are called nucleus intermediolateralis.
Peripheral department.
This includes:
1) rami communicantes albi et grisei
2) nodes of 1st and 2nd order
3) plexuses
1) Nodes of the 1st order are ganglia trunci sympathici or nodes of the sympathetic trunks, which run from the base of the skull to the coccyx. These nodes are divided into groups: cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral.
Cervical - in these nodes there is a switching of nerve fibers for the organs of the head, neck and heart. There are 3 cervical node: ganglion cervicale superius, medium, inferius.
Thoracic - there are only 12 of them. Nerve fibers are switched in them to innervate the organs of the thoracic cavity.
Nodes of the 2nd order - are located in the abdominal cavity in those places where unpaired visceral arteries depart from the aorta, these include 2 celiac nodes (ganglia celiaci), 1 superior mesenteric node (ganglion mesentericum superius),
1 inferior mesenteric (mesentericum inferius)
Both celiac and superior mesenteric nodes belong to the solar plexus and are needed for the innervation of the abdominal organs.
The inferior mesenteric node is needed to innervate the pelvic organs.
2) Rami communicantes albi - connect spinal nerves with the nodes of the sympathetic trunk and are part of the preganglionic fibers.
There are a total of 16 pairs of white connecting branches.
Rami communicantes grisei - connect nodes with nerves, they are part of postganglionic fibers, there are 31 pairs of them. They innervate the soma and belong to the somatic part of the sympathetic nervous system.
3) Plexuses - they are formed by postganglionic fibers around the arteries.
* Response plan for organ innervation
1. Center of innervation.
2. Preganglionic fibers.
3. The node in which the switching of nerve fibers occurs.
4. Postgangionary fibers
5. Effect on the organ.
Sympathetic innervation of the salivary glands
1. The center of innervation is located in spinal cord in the lateral horns in the nucleus intermediolateralis of the first two thoracic segments.
2. Preganglinar fibers are part of the anterior root, spinal nerve and ramus communicans albus
3. Switching to ganglion cervicale superius.
4. Postganglionic fibers form the plexus caroticus externus
5. Decreased secretion.
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