NTR in contact. The new scientific and technological revolution and the modern world

At present, when the modern world has already entered the era of globalization, the scientists of many countries seriously think how to cognize this world. In my opinion, the main point here consists in a keen understanding of the new scientific and technological revolution which happened in the 20th century, and its impact on the modern world. It is a key to understanding why the modern world entered a globalization era as well as to developmental problems and tendencies.

Today, when the modern world has already entered the era of globalization, scientists in many countries are seriously thinking about how to understand this world. In my opinion, the central issue here is a deep understanding of the new scientific and technological revolution that occurred in the twentieth century and the impact it has had on the modern world. This is the key to understanding why the modern world has entered the era of globalization, as well as the problems it faces and its development trends.

I.New scientific and technological revolution of the twentieth century

XX century - this is the century when science and technology received revolutionary development, which began with physics and is based on new results achieved during the revolution in it. And when the twentieth century. called the “age of physics”, this is true. In the 19th century and even earlier, knowledge of the material world mainly remained at the level of matter, the most representative in this regard being Newtonian mechanics (of course, Galileo’s physics existed even before it). Thanks to the law of universal gravitation, as well as the three great laws of mechanics, she gave a satisfactory explanation of the interaction of bodies of objective nature, as well as the changes occurring under its influence. At the end of the 19th century. Many scientists have come to the conclusion that research in the field of physics has reached its limit and nothing can be discovered in this field of science. However, at this time it was discovered that some material objects could emit previously unknown rays, and their mass could decrease. The realization has come that previous knowledge about the material world is unreliable.

A contradiction arose with the teachings of classical physics. According to the latter’s ideas, the world consists of atoms that are indivisible, atoms have mass, and matter is indestructible. Within this theoretical understanding, the discovery of radioactivity meant that atoms could be destroyed, and therefore matter could also be destroyed. This problem stimulated the study of atomic structure by many physicists. In the 30s The twentieth century discovered a new “building block of space” - elementary particles; the structure of the atom was discovered, it was found that it consists of a nucleus and electrons rotating at high speed around it, carrying electricity; in turn, the nucleus of an atom consists of protons that carry positive electricity and neutrons that do not; as a result, the newest physical theory appeared - quantum physics.

This was a revolution in the history of the development of physics; it deepened scientists’ understanding of the material world. Previously, research was carried out at the level of matter, later - at the level of the atom, now, after the discovery of the structure of the atom and the creation of quantum physics, they moved to a deeper level of elementary particles than the atom. This not only led to a significant deepening of ideas about the world, for example, knowledge of the material unity of the world, the origin and evolution of the Universe. More importantly, this revolutionary development of physical theory greatly increased mankind's ability to use and transform the material world (including the ability to transform atoms, indeed, to create new ones), and led to a revolution in the field of technology. It manifested itself mainly in three significant results.

First- creation of the atomic bomb.

At the beginning of 1945, the United States created an atomic bomb and dropped it on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 7 and 9 of the same year. The enormous destructive power of the atomic bomb shocked the world and contributed greatly to the end of World War II. The creation of an atomic bomb with enormous power is directly related to the new knowledge scientists have about the structure of matter, which they gained during the revolution in physics. One of the main representatives of quantum physics, the initiator of the creation of the atomic bomb, A. Einstein, was frightened by its enormous destructive power. A. Einstein is a great physicist, as well as an outstanding thinker and philosopher. Being a perceptive man, he realized that for the first time in history, humanity began to possess the power that could destroy the entire world. From that moment on, humanity's ability to transform nature rose to unprecedented heights.

Second– invention and use of computers.

During World War II, in order to create new weapons, American scientists began to study the latest computer technology. The mathematician von Neumann in 1946 created a design for a computer, which appeared in 1949.

The invention and use of computers led to the rapid progress of computing and information technology that began in the second half of the twentieth century and continues to this day. The success in creating computers is also the result of a revolution in the field of physics. It was precisely because physics was able to reach a level smaller than the atom in its knowledge of matter that electronics was created and the opportunity arose to use its achievements for collecting, processing and distributing information. The new technology made it possible to partially replace the abilities of the human brain; it greatly increased human capabilities in the speed of counting operations. Thanks to this, humanity has acquired an important tool for studying and mastering complex theoretical and technical issues, expanded the space for research, and significantly increased humanity’s ability to understand and transform the world.

Third– detection of the structure of the DNA double helix.

In the study of heredity, it has long been discovered that human life is determined by hereditary genes, which contain deoxyribonucleic acid located in the chromosome of the cell nucleus, that is, DNA. However, the structure of the DNA double helix molecule was discovered only in 1953 by D. Watson and F. Crick. The prerequisite for this discovery was also a revolution in physics. The revolutionary development of physics led to the emergence of different types of microscopes and other experimental equipment, thanks to which scientists received such effective tools for research in the field of biology and chemistry, which were previously difficult for them to imagine. The discovery of the structure of the DNA double helix was the result of using precisely this toolkit. This discovery made it possible to conduct research in the field of biology at the molecular level, on this basis bionics and biotechnology - genetic engineering - appeared. This means that humanity has mastered the secrets of life and that it can consciously transform biological species at will, moreover, it can create in the laboratory living beings that previously did not exist in nature. Life is the most complex thing that exists in the world; thanks to the discovery of the structure of the double helix of DNA, the ability of people to understand and transform the world has risen to unimaginable heights, since man has the opportunity to create new life; in a certain sense one could say that he became an "emperor".

In the twentieth century, a large number of other important technical inventions were made, for example, the emergence of new materials and space technology, etc., all of them are in one way or another connected with the revolutionary development of physics, they made it possible to overcome the limited capabilities of man in relation to nature and opened up space for him for new things. development.

II. The influence of the new scientific and technological revolution in the twentieth century

The new scientific and technological revolution had an extremely great influence on the development of the world community in the twentieth century. This influence can be approached from three angles.

First of all its most direct influence is that science and technology become the first productive force or, in other words, production becomes the field of application of science and technology. This is because information technology, microelectronics, biotechnology, as well as new materials are acquiring an increasingly important role in production; the results they achieve far exceed the everyday experience of people, the experience of workers directly involved in production. Without scientific discoveries made by scientists in laboratories, new progress in engineering and technology is impossible. Today's material production is increasingly becoming the sphere of practical application of the results of science and technology, which are becoming a factor playing a decisive role in material production. Workers and peasants - workers who are directly involved in production - already play a peripheral, non-main role in it.

Further. A direct result of the above changes is the fact that the criteria for determining the quality of the social system are changing, which causes deep social reforms in many socialist countries. Before the emergence of a new scientific and technological revolution, when assessing the social system, it was usually based on whether it could stimulate on a significant scale the activity of workers and peasants directly involved in material production. At that time, production was extensive, the share of science and technology was low and therefore the size of production potential depended on the ratio of invested living labor (production activity and consciousness of workers and peasants), as well as “dead” labor (products produced by workers and peasants before ). The reason why the Stakhanov movement during the period of industrialization in the Soviet Union was able to have a great stimulating influence on the development of the country's economy was that the social system created after the October Revolution allowed the working masses to recognize themselves as masters of the state, as a result of which unprecedented labor enthusiasm arose. The new scientific and technological revolution leads to the application of science and technology in production. Therefore, the fundamental criterion for assessing the quality of a social system is its ability to stimulate the development of science and technology on a large scale, as well as to transform their results into direct productive force at the fastest speed. This major change brought with it a number of profound social consequences.

On the one hand, it infused new forces into the capitalist system. Before the Second World War, it was clear at first glance which system was superior: the Western, capitalist, or the Soviet, socialist. Originated in the late 20s and early 30s. the economic crisis in the Western world and the amazingly rapid development of the society and economy of the Soviet Union at that time spoke best of all about which system was preferable. However, the situation changed after World War II, especially in the 70s. last century. Since there is competition in the capitalist world, in order to achieve an advantage in the market, every capitalist tried in every possible way to update production equipment. He did his best to stimulate the development of science and technology. It should be added that private ownership of the means of production also facilitates the acquisition by the capitalist of new production equipment, because for this he does not need the approval of any other persons, he immediately turns it into a direct productive force in his enterprise. Therefore, the capitalist world began to experience a “second youth” - there was a rapid growth of productive forces, the living standard of the population increased significantly. In addition, the narrow framework of national states was no longer able to satisfy the needs of the productive forces that had reached a high level of development. Transnational companies began to appear like spring bamboo shoots after rain, and a single world market and an international economic system with features of integration were gradually taking shape.

On the other hand, the socialist system in the Soviet Union, which achieved brilliant results, has lost its former superiority. This happened because created in the 30s. of the last century, the system had such features as high concentration of power, public ownership of the means of production, a planned economy, and distribution according to labor. Under the existing system, there was no political democracy, there was not enough freedom of thought, as well as the opportunity to exchange opinions with foreign colleagues, so it was difficult for the intelligentsia to conduct research in the field of science and technology of a creative nature. There was no market competition between enterprises; their task was only to fulfill the plan issued from above; they did not have the need and power to proactively develop and update technology. Since enterprises were not independent in decision-making, even if new equipment and technology appeared, their application had to go through multi-stage approval by bureaucratic authorities, so they could not become a direct productive force in time. All this led to the emerging lag of the Soviet economy from the Western one after the 70s. the last century became large, Soviet society entered a period of stagnation and gradually found itself at a disadvantage in competition with the West. The highly centralized model of Stalinist socialism was in dire straits. The new scientific and technological revolution forced all socialist countries to follow the path of reform. The real deep reasons for the reforms in the Soviet Union and China lie precisely in this. The new scientific and technological revolution showed that the previously existing socialist system had already come to its historical end. Marx said: “Steam, electricity and self-factor were incomparably more dangerous revolutionaries than even the citizens Barbès, Rascale and Blanqui.”

Marx is right. However, in this case, the object of the social revolution, determined by the progress of science, was not capitalism, but socialism of the Stalinist model.

The paths of reform in different countries, such as Russia and China, differ from each other, but their main direction is the same. It lies in the fact that the reforms carried out in both countries are aimed at transforming science and technology into the first productive force, creating conditions for the development and use of science and technology, and for this it is necessary to transform the planned economy into a market economy, and move from highly centralized power to political democracy. This is clearly visible in the reforms carried out in all socialist countries. But Russia began its reforms with the construction of political democracy, and China has set as its primary task the construction of a market economy and the development of production. China is not only building a market economy in its country, but is also actively entering the large world market. Back in the 80s. last century, using the experience of Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and a number of countries in Southeast Asia, choosing as his clear goal the creation of an economy based on the model of “borrowing two from the outside” (capital, technology and market from abroad), he became the most strength to strive to enter the large network of the world market.

Finally, The third side of the influence of the new scientific and technological revolution on the modern world is the emergence of a wave of globalization. As we have already noted, the new scientific and technological revolution that occurred in the twentieth century significantly deepened humanity’s knowledge of nature, which significantly increased the possibilities for its transformation. The continuous emergence of new energy sources and new materials, a high degree of automation of the worldwide information network, continuous updating of means of transportation, landing people on the moon, etc. - all this increases human capabilities, the globe is becoming small, even the concept of a “world village” has appeared. In concentrated terms these changes represent a revolutionary advance in the productive forces of mankind. As noted above, capitalist states based on a market economy have created favorable conditions for the application of scientific and technological innovations and new achievements in the field of science and technology. They used the historical chance provided by the new scientific and technological revolution, as a result of which material productive forces began to develop rapidly. In order to find space for highly developed productive forces, these states brought about a wave of economic globalization. At the same time, the former socialist states began to turn one after another towards a market economy; in the interests of their own development, they needed to connect with the large international market, and they actively joined the wave of economic globalization. As a result, the need and mutual interest that existed in capitalist and former socialist states led to the fact that the creation of a single world large market economic system became an irresistible historical trend. Currently, the wave of economic globalization has swept the entire world, it determines everything. At the same time, ties between various states of the world in political, cultural and other areas are also becoming closer.

The problems of globalization have aroused interest among people from different countries. There are many reasons for its appearance, but ultimately it all comes down to the new scientific and technological revolution of the twentieth century.

III. New scientific and technological revolution and zigzags (kinks) of human civilization

The globalization we are talking about today is based on global economic integration, the creation of a single market economic system throughout the world. We are dealing with an unprecedented expansion of a market economy on a global scale, and the role of the main manager in this global market economic system is played by capitalist states led by the United States. It is common knowledge that for a long period of time the market economy has been equated with capitalism. Therefore, many people believe that globalization is the victory of the capitalist system throughout the world, according to the American scientist of Japanese origin Fukuyama, this means the end of history. However, in fact, such a view is superficial. The wave of modern globalization vastly goes beyond the ideological confrontation between capitalism and socialism; it is a sign of the turn of human civilization, symbolizing that the industrial civilization that existed for more than seven hundred years since the Enlightenment has come to its historical end. Both capitalism and socialism - both systems pay attention to the development of science and technology, to their use for the development of industrial production and increasing material wealth. The values ​​that the wave of globalization denies are the values ​​of industrial civilization.

Until now, the main creative force of industrial civilization has been the bourgeoisie, whose fate is closely connected with the capitalist system. The peculiarity of this system is that everything here is subordinated to the needs of capital, the essence of which is growth, limitless self-expansion. This is the only reason why industry, having replaced agriculture, becomes the main form of material production of mankind, and the limitless expansion of material production becomes the main feature of the capitalist system and the entire industrial civilization. Why can the capitalist system have such properties? This is determined by the basic value orientations of people in bourgeois society.

Originated in the 14th century. The Enlightenment movement criticized the suppression of human nature by Christianity in the Middle Ages, it proclaimed that man is the center of life, and put forward the ideas of humanism. Humanism was characterized by the affirmation of the justice and reasonableness of human material desires and the desire to obtain material pleasures in order to satisfy them. Satisfaction of material pleasures requires the availability of sufficient funds, for which it is necessary to develop production. Therefore, individual handicraft production is gradually being replaced by handicraft workshops and industrial production with extensive use of machines. The difference between industry and agriculture is that, based on knowledge of nature, using machines, it consciously transforms it. Therefore, the formation and development of industry greatly stimulated the development of science and technology, as a result of which the role of the scientific mind of rationality significantly increased, which led to the emergence in the 18th century. educational movement represented by French materialism. Under the influence of rationalistic enlightenment and bourgeois political revolutions, human history entered a new era. From the point of view of politics and ideology, this was the era of capitalism; from the point of view of the method of production, it was the era of the birth of industrial civilization. The replacement of industrial civilization with agricultural civilization is also called the era of modernization. Briefly speaking, the entire history of mankind - from the Renaissance to the present day - can be considered as the era of industrial civilization. It appeared after the birth of the bourgeoisie, so it should be said that in Russia before the October Revolution, industrial civilization was practically also a capitalist civilization.

The history of capitalist civilization is the history of people inspired by material desires, who seek, with the help of scientific reason, to use the development of industrial production to obtain material wealth and material pleasures. The main value orientations of capitalist humanism were the pursuit of material wealth and material pleasures. The bourgeoisie and the capitalist system did not care about anything other than personal gain; all their interests were connected only with it. Inspired by material desires, the pursuit of money, artisans, merchants and the entire capitalist class that emerged then continuously developed science and technology, expanded production, engaged in fierce competition, scoured everywhere, they had a great influence on the development of the productive forces, and unchanged for several centuries the path of capitalism accompanied by a triumphal march. Therefore, it is no coincidence that in the “Manifesto of the Communist Party”, Marx and Engels, speaking about the bourgeoisie, first of all highly appreciate the revolution of thinking it accomplished in history, that is, its preaching of individualism and egoism.

As Marx and Engels said, the bourgeoisie and capitalism played a revolutionary role in history, including stimulating the new scientific and technological revolution of the twentieth century and the emergence of a wave of economic globalization. However, the new scientific and technological revolution is precisely a consistent negation of the value orientations of the capitalist system and capitalist industrial civilization, since under the influence of these orientations capitalism approached its natural border, for the first time encountering an insurmountable obstacle.

Human desires have no limits. The self-expansion of capital, its unlimited expansion, has no limits. However, such expansion inevitably encounters obstacles on its way; it is certainly accompanied by resistance and crisis phenomena. From a historical point of view, such an expansion brought to life the third crisis of the capitalist system.

The first crisis was due to the fact that the expansion of capital and its reproduction met resistance from the working class, while at the same time it gave rise to conflicts between the capitalists themselves. A clear demonstration of the resistance of the working class was the rapid growth of the labor movement in Western countries in the 19th century. and the fierce struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Conflicts between capitalists mainly manifested themselves in free competition in the market, which led to economic crises. The class struggle and economic crises indicated that the capitalist system was becoming a fetter on the development of the forces of production and that it had already prepared its gravedigger. Then, for the first time, the capitalist system found itself in crisis. Marxism was a product of precisely this crisis.

Under the pressure of the class struggle of the workers, the bourgeoisie was forced to change its tactics, which resulted in a softening of class contradictions; Thanks to the advent of Keynesianism, it found effective methods to counteract the economic crisis, and it was gradually resolved within the framework of capitalism.

The second crisis of the capitalist system is associated with two world wars caused by the movement of national capital outside its state borders and the emergence of imperialism. Before the transformation of science and technology into the first productive force, the increase in the wealth of capitalists was based mainly on exploitation and seizure: within the country - on the exploitation of workers, outside it - on the seizure of colonies. The greedy desire for material wealth forced capitalists, following the development of productive forces, to expand the boundaries of national states, go into the outside world and pursue a variety of imperialist policies. The associated expansion of capital inevitably leads to conflicts between imperialist states for space for their development. Both world wars were precisely manifestations of these conflicts. Following one after another, they showed that the expansion of capital met with new obstacles and restrictions and that capitalism entered into a new crisis. However, the creation of the UN and the emergence of such an international organization as the WTO indicate that the bourgeoisie of various states agreed to certain general rules of the game, thanks to which this crisis was also resolved within the framework of capitalism.

The third crisis arose under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution; it is associated with the crisis of the existence of humanity itself. This crisis is well known and manifests itself in the following three points. First. The revolutionary development of the productive forces, caused by the new scientific and technological revolution, has significantly increased the capabilities and scale of human activity to transform nature. As a result, today we have a constant deterioration of the environmental situation, a decrease in natural resources, so the very continued possibility of human existence and production is a serious problem. Second. The economy is rapidly globalizing, but humanity still does not have an appropriate mechanism for consciously responding to global problems of economic and political life, therefore, in the process of globalization, numerous conflicts continuously arise between different states and regions. On the one hand, this causes a large number of global economic crises and damages the productive forces; on the other hand, there is a constant renewal of weapons of mass destruction, the destructive power of which is constantly increasing. These two facts together lead to the fact that international conflicts are a genuine threat to the existence of humanity. Third. Simultaneously with the development and use of science and technology, the acceleration of the development of productive forces and the increase in material wealth, the general alienation of man is significantly increasing. Material wealth is accompanied by tension in the spiritual sphere, monotony and monotony of life.

The above-mentioned changes inevitably lead to the question of whether the continued existence of humanity is possible, whether it is necessary to look for a new path of development - this becomes a real, very serious problem. The further we go, the more people begin to show concern for the fate of humanity and think about industrial civilization and its values. In comparison with the two previous crises, this third crisis cannot be resolved within the framework of capitalism. The reason that gives rise to this crisis is not related to any specific technical things or specific political measures. It is rooted in the values ​​espoused by the bourgeoisie since the Renaissance: the unlimited expansion of material wealth in order to satisfy ever-increasing material desires. This is the basis of the way of life of capitalist civilization, as well as the entire industrial civilization, including the Soviet Union and other socialist countries. If one day these value orientations are abandoned, then, not to mention capitalism, the entire industrial civilization will end its existence. But does humanity have any other choice? No. If we do not want the extinction of humanity, we must discard previous values ​​and complete industrial civilization. The facts support this.

Industrial civilization is based on science and technology, their development leads to the fact that it reaches its historical peak, and this causes a wave of globalization and a threat to the existence of mankind. This is the self-negation of industrial civilization. An understanding of globalization must be combined with an understanding of the threats that currently pose a danger to the existence of mankind, which, in turn, must be based on a deep understanding of the process of development of science and technology, especially the new scientific and technological revolution of the twentieth century. The emergence of industrial civilization is associated with the Renaissance, so the completion of this civilization will mark the same turn in the history of mankind as the Renaissance. If we cannot raise the study of globalization problems to the proper height, it will be purely external and superficial. Evidence shows that this is not easy to do. In the West, many people oppose globalization because it promotes the movement of capital around the world, resulting in fewer opportunities for people to find work in their own countries; In a number of developing countries, for example in China, some scientists welcome globalization because it represents a chance for the development of their own economy, they seek to find in it useful arguments for their theoretical conclusions.

Of course, there are a large number of people seriously pondering this significant turn of history. The end of industrial civilization from the point of view of Marxism means the replacement of capitalism with communism; from the point of view of Chinese leaders, this means implementing the scientific concept of development and building a harmonious society; from the point of view of Academician V. Stepin - the end of technogenic civilization; from the point of view of the Russian scientist V. Inozemtsev - the arrival of a post-economic society. Essentially speaking, Russian philosophy of the Silver Age has long given a description of the trends in the development of human civilization; among them, the deepest, most brilliant work is the great work of N. Berdyaev “The Meaning of History.” Although it was published over 80 years ago, what it says applies directly to the facts of today. This is the most precious contribution of the Russian nation to the history of human thought. This work should be read by every person of the modern era.

Translation by Doctor of Philosophy V. G. Burov

Marx, K., Engels, F. Complete. collection Op. – M., 1958. – T. 12. – P. 3. (Marx, K., Engels, T. The complete works. – Moscow, 1958. – Vol. 12. – P. 3).

When studying the problems of globalization, the scientific community of the Soviet Union used the concept of “global problems”; in modern Russia it is replaced by another concept taken from Western literature - “global studies”. From a certain point of view, this is a step backward. The first concept emphasized “problems”, that is, problems brought by globalization that have a negative impact on the existence of humanity, which it needs to solve; As for the second concept, it views globalization as a neutral, technical issue. The first concept is specifically Russian, the concept of the socialist Soviet Union, the second is in circulation in the Western capitalist world, it is imbued with the spirit of pragmatism. Facts indicate that globalization, while promoting the development of material production, has simultaneously brought about many serious problems, and therefore also has a serious negative effect. We must pay attention to this effect, since it poses a serious threat to the very existence of humanity.

For the fifth year now, ANO NTR, in partnership with MegaFon, has been implementing the interregional project “Living for Real,” in which teams of senior orphans and graduates of orphan institutions from 22 regions of Russia took part and continue to be active. This year the project will start in 5 more regions.

The program has been implemented by the SUEK – REGIONS Foundation and the New Development Technologies ANO since 2016. It is aimed at developing in young people a technological culture, project and entrepreneurial thinking, leadership qualities and teamwork skills, instilling a sense of responsibility for their professional self-determination and choice of life path.

For several years now, ANO NTR, with the support of the Chevron company, has been leading the project “Social Entrepreneurship - the Path to the Successful Integration of Disabled People in the Krasnodar Territory.” We have repeatedly talked about the successful work of the School of Social Entrepreneurship, the achievements of its graduates, and the friendly and efficient team on the pages of our website.

The program is a continuation of the 2018 project and is aimed at increasing the efficiency of strategic planning and implementation of territorial development plans through the synergy of public initiatives, government and business resources.

The next training session of the annual program “School of Social Entrepreneurship”, implemented by the SUEK-REGIONS Foundation and the ANO “New Development Technologies”, was held in Krasnoyarsk

During the seminar “The school is ahead of change: the system of design and research work of schools and kindergartens,” 30 representatives of preschool and general education institutions in the territories of presence of the Siberian Coal Energy Company (SUEK) reported on the work on using the knowledge already acquired in practice and continued to master modern pedagogical methods and techniques.

40 public sector employees and aspiring businessmen from the settlements of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kemerovo Region and Khakassia - regions where enterprises of Siberian Coal Energy Company JSC operate - took part in the first educational session.

A seminar “School ahead of change: a new vision of the place of educational institutions in the life of society” was held in Abakan, to which heads and employees of educational institutions of the territories where the Siberian Coal Energy Company (SUEK) operates were invited.

• Foreign policy of European countries in the 18th century.
  • International relations in Europe
    • Wars of succession
    • Seven Years' War
    • Russo-Turkish War 1768-1774
    • Foreign policy of Catherine II in the 80s.
  • Colonial system of European powers
  • War of Independence in the British Colonies of North America
    • Declaration of Independence
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• Leading countries of the world in the 19th century.
  • Leading countries of the world in the 19th century.
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    • Defeat of the Napoleonic Empire
    • Spanish Revolution
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    • American Civil War
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  • Formation of industrial civilization
    • Features of the industrial revolution in different countries
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    • Trade union movement and formation of political parties
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    • Agriculture
    • Financial oligarchy and concentration of production
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• Russia in the 19th century
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  • Russia in the era of Nicholas I
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  • The Second World War
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    • Collapse of the USSR. Post-communist Russia - page 2

Consequences of scientific and technological revolution

Under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, significant changes took place in the social structure of capitalist society. Along with the acceleration of urban population growth, the share of people employed in the service and trade sectors increased at a tremendous pace. If the number of people employed in this area in 1950 amounted to 33% of the total amateur population in capital countries, then in 1970 it was already 44%, exceeding the share of those employed in industry and transport.

The appearance of the worker changed, his qualifications, the level of general education and professional training grew; the level of payment, and at the same time the level and style of life. The social status of industrial workers was becoming more and more similar to the life indicators of office workers and specialists. Based on structural changes in the national economy, the sectoral composition of the working class changed.

There was a reduction in employment in industries with high labor intensity (mining, traditional light industry, etc.) and an increase in employment in new industries (radio electronics, computers, nuclear energy, polymer chemistry, etc.).

By the beginning of the 70s. the number of middle strata of the population ranged from 1/4 to 1/3 of the amateur population. There was an increase in the share of small and medium-sized owners.

At the second stage of NRT, which began in the 70s, the processes considered acquired a “second wind,” as it were. A big role was played by the fact that by the mid-70s. In connection with the process of international detente, significant funds began to be released, previously directed to the military-industrial complexes (MIC) of the leading countries. The West has increasingly reoriented its economy towards social needs.

Scientific and technical programs began to be more closely linked with social ones. This immediately affected the improvement of technical equipment and the quality of labor, the growth of workers' incomes, and the growth of per capita consumption.

In combination with reforming the model of state regulation of the economy, such a reorientation of the economy allowed, based on the development of scientific and technological revolution, capitalist countries to avoid a depressive state and begin the transition to a higher stage of social structure.

It is generally accepted that the invention of microprocessors and the development of electronic information technology, achievements in the field of biotechnology and genetic engineering ushered in the second stage of scientific and technological revolution, the stage of improving the productive forces or the “high-tech society.”

Based on the use of microprocessors, the process of comprehensive automation of production began, accompanied by a repeated reduction in the number of machine tools and mechanics, service personnel, etc. Such means of labor as automatic lines, automated sections, workshops, numerically controlled machines, and machining centers are being developed.

At the same time, the process of information automation has spread to other areas of the economy - management, finance, design work, etc. Information technology itself is becoming a special branch of industry, and science is turning into a powerful knowledge industry.

As noted, under the influence of scientific and technological revolution in the 50-60s. changes have occurred in the sectoral structure of the national economy. At its second stage, based on a widespread transition to resource- and labor-saving, environmentally friendly, knowledge-intensive industries and technologies, a deep structural restructuring of the economy of the leading countries took place.

This could not but cause profound social changes. Today, the largest number of employed people (from half to 2/3 of the self-employed population) are in the information and services sector (tertiary type of employment), and then in industry and the agricultural sector. The working class does not currently constitute the majority of the population in developed countries. These changes indicate an increase in the intellectual functions of labor and an increase in the general educational level of persons employed in various sectors of the economy.

However, it should also be noted that there are negative phenomena accompanying the victorious march of scientific and technological revolution. In the employment sector, this is chronic unemployment. In particular, it is the result of rapid structural changes in the economy due to the release of large numbers of workers in old industries.

In addition, this is the result of the deepening process of international division of labor and, as a consequence, mass migration of labor, and, finally, the rationalization of production in conditions of fierce competition.

At the second stage of the scientific and technological revolution, Western countries faced serious economic and socio-political crises, which caused the beginning of quite deep internal transformations.

Only the combination of scientific and technological innovations and socio-political reforms allowed capitalist countries to take full advantage of the achievements of scientific and technological progress, providing the majority of the population of their countries with material wealth and a high level of democratic freedoms.

Thus, we can say with a high degree of confidence that the third scientific and technological revolution (like previous scientific and technological revolutions) qualitatively transformed not only the sphere of material production, but also significantly changed social relations and had a huge impact on the spiritual life of society.

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Target: Show the features of the development of scientific and technological revolution, its characteristic features and components.

Educational tasks:

• Form the concept of scientific and technological revolution; introduce the features and parts of scientific and technological revolution.
• To develop the ability to listen and highlight the main thing in the content, to draw up outlines schematically.
• Show the scale of scientific and technological achievements of mankind.

Lesson type: learning new material, lesson-lecture.

Lesson steps:

1. Distribute the lecture diagram, consisting of blocks and their parts, placed on an A4 sheet of paper, to the students. Students will be able to make notes on it as the lesson progresses.
2. The same diagram is placed on the board. As the lecture progresses, we will return to it, marking what has already been covered.
3. During the lesson, students become familiar with key words and terms:
   • Geoinformatics;
   • Geographic information systems.
4. Listening to the lecture is accompanied by drawing up a detailed note.
5. At the end of the lesson, students formulate brief conclusions.

Equipment: textbooks, wall-mounted “Political map of the world”, atlas maps, handouts, computer, projector, screen, presentation.

During the classes

I. Class organization.

II. Learning new material.

Introduction to the topic.(Slide 1)

Setting goals.

Today we must find out the characteristic features and components of scientific and technological revolution, show that scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system.

Epigraph. (Slide 2)

Introducing students to the stages of the lesson and the task for the lesson. (Slide 3)

Lecture outline: (Slide 4)

• Scientific and technological revolution
• Characteristic features of scientific and technological revolution.
• Components of scientific and technological revolution.
• The concept of geographic information systems.

1. Working with the concept of scientific and technological revolution. (Slides 5-6)

Teacher: When studying this topic, we have to turn to one of the most significant, global processes of development of the entire modern world - the scientific and technological revolution.

The entire history of the development of human society is inextricably linked with scientific and technological progress. But there are periods when rapid and profound changes occur in the productive forces of mankind.

This was the period of industrial revolutions in the 18th-19th centuries. in a number of countries around the world, when manual labor was replaced by machine labor. In the 19th century, the steam engine was invented in England, and the invention of the conveyor belt played a huge role in the development of industrial production. It was first used in the USA in the production of cars.

The steam engine became the “primary” cell of the industrial revolution in the century before last, and the computer became the “primary” cell of modern scientific and technological revolution. Modern scientific and technological revolution began in the middle of the 20th century. In all countries it manifests itself differently and therefore we can say that it is far from completed. But a new industrial revolution is already brewing in the world. The future will show what it will be like.

Conversation with the class

Questions:

• The word “revolution” has the following interpretation in various dictionaries. (Students quote the definition of “revolution” from different dictionaries)
• What do all these definitions have in common?
• How would you define scientific and technological revolution?
• What is the difference between the concepts of scientific and technological progress and scientific and technological progress?

Answer:

Exercise: Analyze the two formulations, compare them and find what is the main difference between the two phenomena?

Answer:

Modern science has become an industry of discovery, a powerful stimulator of technology development.

2. Characteristic features of scientific and technological revolution. (Slide 7)

1) Universality, comprehensiveness. (Slides 8–10)

Scientific and technological revolution has affected all countries of the world and all spheres of the geographical environment, outer space. Scientific and technological revolution will transform all branches of production, the nature of work, life, culture, and psychology of people. NTR symbols: rocket, TV, computer, etc.

The comprehensiveness of scientific and technological progress can be characterized geographically, because thanks to scientific and technological revolution, the words satellite, atom, and robot appeared in our vocabulary.

Question: Name the new equipment that has appeared in your home over the past 10 years. What equipment does your grandmother or mother not know how to use?

2) Acceleration of scientific and technological transformations. (Slide 11)

It is expressed in a sharp reduction in the time between a scientific discovery and its implementation in production. Moral wear and tear occurs earlier than physical wear and tear, so for some classes, machine repair becomes meaningless (for example: computers, video cameras, televisions, etc.)

Working with the textbook

Exercise:

• Find an example in the supplementary text (p. 103) that would confirm this feature of scientific and technological revolution.
• Analyze the table and draw conclusions.

3) Increasing requirements for the level of qualifications of labor resources. (Slide 12)

In all spheres of human activity, the share of mental labor has increased and its intellectualization has occurred.

In the era of scientific and technological revolution, workers with higher education are in demand, and the share of knowledge workers has increased. This applies to you too. After graduating from university, you will more easily find an interesting and well-paid job.

4) Military-technical revolution. (Slide 13)

It originated during the Second World War. Its beginning was heralded by the explosion of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, after which an arms race began between the two powerful powers, the USA and the USSR. Throughout the entire period of the Cold War, scientific and technological revolution was focused on using the latest achievements of scientific and technological thought for military purposes. But after the commissioning of the first nuclear power plant and the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, many countries are doing everything to direct scientific and technological progress towards achieving peaceful goals.

3. Components of scientific and technological revolution.(Slide 14)

Scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system, the parts of which closely interact with each other.

1) Science and knowledge intensity . (Slides 15–17)

Science in the era of scientific and technological revolution has turned into a complex body of knowledge. Science is both a complex of knowledge and a special sphere of human activity. For many countries, the development of science is task No. 1.

There are from 5 to 6 million scientists in the world. At the same time, the USA, Germany, Japan, France and the UK account for more than 80% of scientific employees, more than 80% of all investments in science, almost all inventions, patents, licenses and Nobel Prizes awarded.

• In developed countries, the number of scientists and engineers is occupied by: 1st place - the USA, 2nd place - Japan, Western European countries (this group includes Russia).

The connection between science and production is especially increasing, which is becoming more and more knowledge-intensive(Knowledge intensity is measured by the level (share) of costs for research and development in the total costs of producing a particular product).

However, the differences between developed and developing countries in the field of science are especially great:

• Expenditures on science in developed countries amount to 2-3% of GDP;
• In developing countries, spending on science on average does not exceed 0.5% of GDP.

2) Equipment and technology. (Slide 18)

Engineering and technology embody scientific knowledge and discoveries.

The goal of new technologies is to increase the environmental activity of production, labor productivity, resource conservation and nature conservation.

Germany and the USA stand out in the production of environmental protection equipment and the introduction of the latest environmental technologies. In addition to the fact that these countries are leaders in the production and use of environmental technologies, Germany is also the main country supplying them to the world market.

Two ways of developing technology in the conditions of modern scientific and technological revolution:

1. Evolutionary path
2. Revolutionary path

(Slide 19)

a) Evolutionary path (Further improvement of equipment and technology)

(Slide 20)

Question for the class: Give examples of the evolutionary path of development of technology and technology.

Answer:

Improving the technology that was produced at the beginningXXcenturies - cars, airplanes, machine tools, blast furnaces, ships.

For example, in the early 50s, the largest sea tanker could hold up to 50 thousand tons of oil, in the 60s - 100, 200, 300 thousand tons, in the 70s. tankers with a carrying capacity of over 500 thousand tons appeared. The largest sea tankers were built in Japan and France.

However, such gigantomania does not always justify itself, since not all seaports can receive and service such large transport. After all, the length of the vessel reaches 480 m, the width is about 63 m, and such a tanker has a draft of up to 30 meters with cargo. The propeller is equal to the height of a three-story house, the deck occupies 2.5 hectares)

b) Revolutionary path (Transition to fundamentally new equipment and technology).

It finds its most vivid expression in the production of electronic equipment. If they used to talk about the “age of textiles”, “the age of the automobile”, now they talk about the “age of electronics”.

The breakthrough to new technologies is also of great importance. The “second wave” of scientific and technological revolution, which appeared in the 70s. called the microelectronic revolution, because The invention of the microprocessor in human history can be compared to the invention of the wheel, steam engine or electricity. (Slides 21–26)

Exercise: Analyze the text of the textbook on page 94, as well as additional material on p. 115.

Conclusion(students do it independently): The revolutionary path is the main path in the development of engineering and technology in the era of scientific and technological revolution.

3) Production: six main areas of development.(Slides 27–29)

Question: Name the main directions of production development. (Students have handouts that can be used to answer the question posed by the teacher)

a) Electronization means the saturation of all areas of human activity with electronic technologies. The electronics industry is the brainchild of NTR.

For example:

• in education – computerization of schools, connecting them to the Internet;
• in medicine - ultrasound, computed tomography, development of microsurgery, computed radiography;
• for communications – cell phones.

The electronics industry is, in the fullest sense, the brainchild of scientific and technological revolution. It will largely determine the entire course of scientific and technological revolution.

This industry has received the greatest development in the USA, Japan, Germany, and NIS Asia.

b) Comprehensive automation. (Slides 30–34)

It began in the 50s in connection with the advent of computers. A new round of development occurred in the 70s of the 20th century, and it is associated with the advent of microprocessors and microcomputers. Robotics is developing rapidly, and Japan has achieved particular success in this area. In the country, for every 10 thousand workers employed in the automotive industry, there are 800 robots, while in the United States there are 300. The scope of robots in our time is limitless.

c) Restructuring the energy sector. (Slides 35–37)

The restructuring of the energy sector is associated with the constantly growing needs of the world's countries for electricity. Existing traditional power plants can no longer cope with the load. Therefore, the greatest attention in the world is paid to the construction of nuclear power plants.

By the beginning of the 21st century, more than 450 nuclear power units were in operation around the world. Leading countries: USA, France, Japan, Germany, Russia, Ukraine. However, in recent years, due to the difficulties of using nuclear power plants, many countries are afraid of the environmental consequences, and developed countries of the world have turned their attention to alternative energy.

d) Production of new materials. (Slides 38, 39)

The requirements of modern production for ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, as well as for the chemical industry, which produces synthetic polymers, are steadily increasing. But it brought to life fundamentally new composite, semiconductor, metal-ceramic materials. The chemical industry is mastering the production of optical fiber.

A special role in the production of new materials is given to “metals of the 20th century”: beryllium, lithium, titanium. Titanium is currently the No. 1 metal for the aerospace industry and nuclear shipbuilding, as it is a light and refractory metal.

e) Accelerated development of biotechnology. (Slides 40–42)

The trend emerged in the 70s and is developing at an accelerated pace. Biotechnology uses traditional knowledge and modern technology to modify the genetic material of plants, animals and microbes to create new products.

Biotechnology makes significant contributions to improving health care, increasing food production, reforestation, increasing industrial productivity, water disinfection, and hazardous waste treatment.

The results of biotechnology can already be seen. This includes the creation of clones and modified products. More and more often we hear about the discoveries of medical scientists in the field of genetic engineering.

Biotechnological programs that are used in the extraction of mineral resources are of great importance. Biotechnology is developing especially successfully in the USA, Japan, Germany, and France.

f) Cosmization. (Slide 43)

The development of astronautics has led to the emergence of another new technology-intensive industry - the aerospace industry. The use of space only for military purposes ended with the Cold War.

Space is increasingly becoming a place where countries around the world collaborate. It is used to explore the Earth, in fishing, in agriculture, and to obtain new materials under vacuum conditions.

It was space images that confirmed Wegener’s theory “On the movement of lithospheric plates.” The results of space research have a huge impact on the development of fundamental sciences.

4) Control: on the way to a high information culture. (Slide 44)

The current stage of scientific and technological revolution is characterized by new requirements for the management of modern production. It has become incredibly complicated and requires special training.

For example: when implementing space programs, such as landing a lunar rover on the Moon, research and landing of descent vehicles on the planets of the solar system, landing a man on the Moon, several tens of thousands of different companies are involved, which must work in a coordinated manner.

Only people who are fluent in management science can manage such programs. At the end of the 20th century, a special science of management emerged - cybernetics . At the same time it is a science of information.

The information flow is growing every day. This is why the transition from paper information to machine information is so important. New specialties have appeared that previously did not exist: programmer, computer operator and others.

We live in an era of “information explosion”. Nowadays, there is already a global information space. The Internet plays a big role in its creation.

This is a real telecommunications “web” that has enveloped the whole world. The use of the Internet is in full swing in education. It did not bypass geographical science, within which a new direction arose - geographic information science .

4. Geoinformatics contributed to the creation of geographic information systems.

(GIS is a complex of interconnected means of obtaining, storing, processing, selecting data and issuing geographic information.)

Geoinformatics is one of the main directions of combining geographical science with the achievements of the modern stage of scientific and technological revolution.

III. Lesson summary:

1) Checking the schematic diagram.

2) Fastening:

Assignment on the topic of scientific and technological revolution: Locate the following positions in the table:

1. Production of new materials.
2. Comprehensive automation.
3. Restructuring the energy sector.
4. Accelerated development of biotechnology.
5. Acceleration of scientific and technological transformations.
6. Cosmization.
7. Increasing qualification requirements.
8. The emergence of scientific and technological revolution as a military-technical revolution.
9. Versatility and inclusiveness.
10. Electronization.

There should be time for questions at the end of the lecture. Questions received during lectures need to be written down, collected, systematized and studied.

IV. Homework

• Topic 4, §1 in the textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky “Economic and social geography of the world”
• Prepare presentations on the following topics:
• “Use of scientific and technological revolution achievements in geography”,
• “Development of biotechnologies in the modern world”, “Space and scientific and technological revolution”

Interesting Facts

In the first half of the 20th century, the volume of scientific information doubled every 50 years, in the middle of the century - 10 years, in the 70-80s - 5-7 years, in the 21st century - 3-5 years.

In 1900, 10 thousand magazines were published worldwide, and at the beginning of the 21st century - more than 1 million.

In geography alone today, 700 journals are published and 10 thousand book titles are published a year.

In total, 800 thousand titles of books and brochures are published annually in the world with a total circulation of more than 16 billion copies.

The modern scientific and technological revolution has entailed fundamental changes in human society, in production, and in the interaction of society with the environment.

However, it should be noted that scientific and technological progress is developing most successfully in developed countries of the world, while most countries in Africa, Oceania, some countries in Asia and Latin America are still far from developing scientific and technological progress in their countries.

Literature

1. Gladky Yu.N., Lavrov S.B. Economic and social geography of the world. – M.: Education, 2006.
2. Gladky Yu.N., Lavrov S.B. Global Geography. – M.: Education, 2001.
3. Maksakovsky V.P. Methodological manual “Economic and social geography of the world” - M.: Prosveshchenie, 2006.
4. Maksakovsky V.P. New in the world. Figures and facts. – M.: Bustard, 1999