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What are the additions in Russian? What is a supplement? Direct and indirect object

An object is a minor member of a sentence that denotes an object associated with an action and answers questions of indirect cases, usually standing after the word that extends. The object can refer to verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, for example: They believed (in what?) in these scribbles (in these scribbles - complement). He knew the value (what?) of such conversations (such conversations are an addition).

Supplements can be expressed by nouns, pronouns, less often quantitative numerals, infinitives, substantivized words, syntactically indivisible phrases, for example: Subtract five from ten (from ten five is an addition). They asked him to figure it out (figure it out - addition).

Direct and indirect objects

Supplement denoting the object to which the action is directly directed called direct. The direct object in a sentence refers to a transitive verb and is expressed in the following forms:

form of the prepositional accusative case of nouns, pronouns, substantivized words, for example: At night I saw (what?) birches (birches are an object). He saw (who?) me and froze (me - addition).
the form of the prepositional genitive case: a) if the complement denotes a direct object (divisible substance), which is partially covered by the action (such a genitive case is called disjunctive), for example: But you are right: it’s better to drink (what?) some tea (seagull is an addition); b) with transitive verbs with negation not (genitive when negated), for example: But he did not consider (what?) the person (persons-object);
dative form of a direct object with the preposition according (dative distributive), for example: give an orange, plant a tree, take an apple.

Additions expressed in forms of other cases are called indirect, for example: A forester shot at a bear (a bear is an addition). Tikhonov took the gun and carefully approached the person lying down (addition to the person lying down).

Circumstance

Circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that denotes place, direction, time, reason, purpose, condition, image and degree of action; usually characterizes the predicate and answers the questions where? Where? where? When? For what? Why? How? under what condition? and etc.

By meaning, circumstances are traditionally divided into circumstances of place, time, cause, purpose, condition, concession, manner and degree of action. Circumstances are expressed by adverbs, nouns in indirect cases with prepositions or syntactically indivisible combinations: an adverb with a noun and a cardinal number with a noun.

Types of circumstances

circumstances of the place indicate the place of action or location of an object, the direction of movement and answer the questions where? Where? where?. They refer to a predicate verb or other sentence member denoting an action or state;
circumstances of the time indicate the time of an action, its beginning, duration or end and answer the questions when? since when? How long? how long?;
circumstances of the course of action denote a quality or mode of action and state, answer the questions how? how?;
circumstances of degree actions give a quantitative description of an action or attribute, answer the question how many? to what extent? in what degree?;
circumstances reasons indicate the reason or reason, the basis of an action or sign and answer the questions why? from what? due to what? For what? for what reason?;
circumstances of the goal indicate the purpose of the action and answer the questions why? For what? for what purpose?;
circumstances conditions indicate the prerequisite, condition under which the described event occurs, answer the question under what condition?;
circumstances of the assignment indicate the condition contrary to which an event occurs, and answer questions in spite of what? no matter what?

1. Addition- this is a minor member of the sentence, which means item:

the object to which the action applies;
I'm writing a letter ; I listen to music .
object - the addressee of the action;
I am writing to a friend.
object - an instrument or means of action;
I write with a pen.
the object to which the state applies;
I'm upset.
object of comparison, etc.
Faster than me.

2. The supplement answers questions indirect cases:

genitive case - whom? what?
Choice of profession .
dative case - to whom? what?
I am writing to a friend.
accusative case - whom? What?
I'm writing a letter .
instrumental case - by whom? how?
I write with a pen.
prepositional case - about whom? about what?
I'm thinking about a friend.

3. The addition may refer to:

predicate verb;
I'm writing a letter .
the main or minor member expressed by a noun;
Loss of a horse; hope for happiness.
the main or minor member, expressed by an adjective or participle;
Strict towards children; thinking about children.
the main or minor member expressed by an adverb.
Unnoticed by others.

Ways to express complement

Notes

1) Combinations are a single member of a sentence - an addition in the same cases in which combinations - subjects are a single member (see paragraph 1.2).

2) The infinitive of a conjugated verb is an addition, and not the main part of the predicate, if its action refers to a secondary member ( I asked him to leave), and not to the subject ( I decided to leave). Detailed analysis For such cases, see clause 1.4.

3) Since questions and forms of the nominative and accusative cases, accusative and genitive cases can coincide, to distinguish between the subject and the object, use the technique discussed in paragraph 1.2: replace the form being checked with the word book(Nominative case - book; Genitive - books; accusative - book. For example: A good snowball will reap the harvest(cf.: Good book will collect the book). Hence, snowball- Nominative case; harvest- accusative).

4. Based on the form of expression, there are two types of additions:

direct addition - accusative case form without preposition;

Writing(What?) letter; I wash(What?) linen; I'm listening(What?) music.

indirect addition - all other forms, including the accusative case with a preposition.

Struggle(for what?) for freedom ; gave(to whom?) to me .

Notes

1) B negative sentences the accusative form of the direct object can change to the genitive case form (cf.: I wrote(What?) letter . - I didn't write (what?) letters). If the genitive case form of a complement is preserved both in affirmation and in negation, then such a complement is indirect (cf.: To me lacks (what?) money . - I have enough(what?) money).

2) The object expressed by the infinitive does not have a case form ( I asked him to leave). Therefore, such additions are not characterized as either direct or indirect.

Addition analysis plan

Specify the type of addition (direct - indirect).
Indicate what morphological form the addition is expressed in.

Sample parsing

I ask you to speak to the point(M. Gorky).

You - direct object, expressed by a pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition. Speak- an addition expressed by an infinitive. Affairs- an indirect object expressed by a noun in the genitive case.

The night did not bring coolness(A.N. Tolstoy).

Coolness- direct object expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition (if negated - didn't bring it ). Wed: The night brought(What?) coolness(V.p.).

A complement is a minor member of a sentence, usually expressing object relations. They answer questions that coincide with questions of indirect cases.

Meaning. The value of the object is the most a clear sign additions. However, the addition can express other meanings (subject, instrument of action, state): The teacher has set a task(teacher– subject of action in the passive context); He's sad (he's- subject of the state).

Means of expression. Morphologized object - a noun in the form of an indirect case, a pronoun. Unmorphologized addition can be expressed various parts speeches: You're talking idle talk(adjective); He didn't understand what he read ( participle); I learned to play the violin(infinitive); I managed to see something dark, small(indivisible phrase); The commander did not particularly respect the weaker sex ( FE).

Position in a sentence. The addition is usually located after the word being distributed. However, inversion of additions in colloquial or poetic speech is possible.

Syntactic connection. Main view subordinating connection addition with the main word is control (less often - adjacency) or free accession to the entire predicative center (determinant). Most complements refer to one word, i.e. are non-deterministic. Only some semantically obligatory additions act as determinants: It's both painful and funny to him.

In relation to the semantic content of the sentence. Complements can be semantically obligatory components of a sentence: He is in a cheerful mood.

Non-deterministic complements differ depending on which word in the sentence they refer to, i.e. what parts of speech control them.

1. The most common and widespread are verb complements, since many verbs name an action that presupposes a particular object: build a house, build for workers, tell a friend, tell about an incident, chop with an ax.

2.Adjective additions. They are rarely used, since only high-quality adjectives have the ability to control, and not all of them: We lived in an ore-rich region. The region is poor in forests.

3.Adjuncts can refer to nouns. These are substantive additions. There are also few of them, since an object can only be used with an abstract noun formed from a transitive verb or from a qualitative adjective. This means that in the phrase dress sleeve, house roof The relations are not objective, but attributive, since the distributed nouns are non-verbal. But in the phrase treatment of patients object relations. The common noun is formed from a strongly controlled direct transitive verb treat. If the noun refers to a strongly controlled but intransitive verb, then the complement acquires a defining connotation and syncretism appears: passion for music, thinking about my son.

4.Additions may refer to words in the status category: I felt sorry for Bela (Lermontov).

5.Additions can also apply to adverbs: far from home.

Types of add-ons. Traditionally, additions are divided into direct and indirect. The direct object expresses the meaning of the object to which the action directly passes. It can be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition: I read a book and saw a horse. In addition, the direct object can be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the genitive case without a preposition with a negative predicate - a transitive verb: I haven't read this novel. And also a noun in the genitive case, expressing the meaning “part of the whole”: drink tea, bring firewood. The remaining additions are indirect.

There is some disagreement in the linguistic literature regarding the boundaries of the use of direct and indirect objects. Some believe that the division of objects into direct and indirect applies only to verbal objects (Skoblikova). Others believe that direct objects can also occur with words of the state category ( sorry for him) Still others believe that direct ones can include both adjectival and substantive complements.

The addition expressed by the infinitive must be distinguished from the GHS part, i.e. subjective infinitive from objective: I start to tell, I can tell, I was afraid to tell - I ordered to tell, asked to tell, helped to tell. The infinitive object has its own LP. In LZ there is neither modal nor phase meaning. Activities are indicated by different verbs. Such complements are objective infinitives. A subjective infinitive can also act as a complement when the subject of the action indicated by the complement coincides with the subject of the action of the verb being explained: agreed to correspond.

Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them.

A complement is a minor member of a sentence, usually expressing object relations. Οʜᴎ answer questions that coincide with questions of indirect cases.

Meaning. The meaning of an object is the most striking sign of a complement. In this case, the addition can express other meanings (subject, instrument of action, state): The teacher has set a task(teacher– subject of action in the passive context); He's sad (he's- subject of the state).

Means of expression. Morphologized object - a noun in the form of an indirect case, a pronoun. A non-morphologized addition must be expressed by different parts of speech: You're talking idle talk(adjective); He didn't understand what he read ( participle); I learned to play the violin(infinitive); I managed to see something dark, small(indivisible phrase); The commander did not particularly respect the weaker sex ( FE).

Position in a sentence. The addition is usually located after the word being distributed. In this case, inversion of additions in colloquial or poetic speech is possible.

Syntactic connection. The main type of subordinating connection between an addition and the main word is control (less often, adjacency) or free attachment to the entire predicative center (determinant). Most complements refer to one word, ᴛ.ᴇ. are non-deterministic. Only some semantically obligatory additions act as determinants: It's both painful and funny to him.

In relation to the semantic content of the sentence. Additions are semantically obligatory components of a sentence: He is in a cheerful mood.

Non-deterministic complements differ based on which word in the sentence they refer to, ᴛ.ᴇ. what parts of speech control them.

2.Adjective additions. Οʜᴎ are rarely used, since only high-quality adjectives have the ability to manage, and not all of them: We lived in an ore-rich region. The region is poor in forests.

3.Adjuncts can refer to nouns. These are substantive additions. There are also few of them, since the complement should be used only with an abstract noun formed from a transitive verb or from a qualitative adjective. This means that in the phrase dress sleeve, house roof The relations are not objective, but attributive, since the distributed nouns are non-verbal. But in the phrase treatment of patients object relations. The common noun is formed from a strongly controlled direct transitive verb treat. If the noun refers to a strongly controlled but intransitive verb, then the addition acquires a defining connotation and syncretism appears: passion for music, thinking about my son.

4.Additions may refer to words in the status category: I felt sorry for Bela (Lermontov).

5.Additions can also apply to adverbs: far from home.

Types of add-ons. Traditionally, additions are divided into direct and indirect. The direct object expresses the meaning of the object to which the action directly passes. It must be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition: I read a book and saw a horse. At the same time, the direct object must be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the genitive case without a preposition with a negative predicate - a transitive verb: I haven't read this novel. And also a noun in the genitive case, expressing the meaning of “part of the whole”: drink tea, bring firewood. The remaining additions are indirect.

There is some disagreement in the linguistic literature regarding the boundaries of the use of direct and indirect objects. Some believe that the division of objects into direct and indirect concerns only verbal objects (Skoblikova). Others believe that direct objects also occur with words of the state category ( sorry for him) Still others believe that direct ones can include both adjectival and substantive complements.

The addition expressed by the infinitive is extremely important to distinguish from the part of the GHS, ᴛ.ᴇ. subjective infinitive from objective: I start to tell, I can tell, I was afraid to tell - I told to tell, asked to tell, helped to tell. The infinitive object has its own LP. In LZ there is neither modal nor phase meaning. Activities are indicated by different verbs. Such additions are ϶ᴛᴏ objective infinitive. A subjective infinitive can also act as a complement when the subject of the action indicated by the complement coincides with the subject of the action of the verb being explained: agreed to correspond.

Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them." 2017, 2018.

(attribute), (adverbial modifier). About the first of minor members proposals – we’ll talk about additions in this article. To avoid difficulties in understanding the information presented below, I would recommend that before studying additions to English language repeat which verbs are called transitive in English and which are intransitive.

I’ll just remind you that verbs can have a direct object in both English and Russian. In other words, they can express an action that directly transfers to some person or object. These verbs that have a direct object will be called transitive ( transitive verbs). And verbs that cannot have a direct object are called intransitive ( intransitive verbs). Examples:

I received an invitation two days ago. – I received the invitation two days ago. (to receive is a transitive verb, since it can have a direct object - to receive something. In in this case this addition is the word "invitation")

I arrived two days ago. – I arrived two days ago. (to arrive is an intransitive verb, since it does not have a direct object)

What is an addition in English? This is a member of a sentence that denotes an object and answers questions that in Russian correspond to indirect questions (the other five cases, except for the nominative: genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional). These are the questions: whom? - whom?; what? - What?; to whom? - to whom?; by whom? - by whom?; about what? - about what?. What are the complements in English?

The classification of additions is as follows: the addition is direct ( direct object) and indirect ( indirect object). And the indirect, in turn, has two options - the indirect non-prepositional complement ( indirect object) and indirect prepositional object ( prepositional object). It’s more convenient to consider each addition separately, so let’s start with the very first one – the direct addition.

Direct object in English

The direct object represents the object or person to whom the action passes. And the action in this case will be expressed by a transitive verb in personal or impersonal form. In English we place a direct object after the verb. The direct object corresponds in Russian to the complement in the accusative case without a preposition, because it answers questions whom? And what?. For example:

I received a new passport two days ago. – I received a new passport two days ago.

But a direct object can also correspond in Russian to a complement in the genitive case (especially if the action concerns only part of the subject, and not the whole subject). For example:

My father gave me some wine. - Father gave me wine.

What parts of speech can express a direct object in English? The name comes first.

Buy me an ice-cream, please. - Buy me ice cream, please.

The secretary gave the mail to the boss. – The secretary handed over the mail to the boss.

In second place is located.

I will never forget you. - I will never forget you.

I didn't see him yesterday. - I did not see him yesterday.

The direct object can be expressed by and.

How many tickets did you book? – I booked four. - How many tickets did you order? I ordered four.

I have watched both movies. I liked the first better than the second. – I watched two films. I liked the first one more than the second one.

She told them to follow her. “She told them to follow her.”

I asked them to wait a little. – I asked them to wait a little.

I remember learning it. – I remember learning this.

A direct object can have more than one definition. They all form a complement group:

She doesn't know my new address. – She doesn’t know my new address.

Indirect non-prepositional complement

The indirect non-prepositional object in English expresses the person to whom the action is addressed. This addition is used with transitive verbs and is often accompanied by a direct object. A question that corresponds to an indirect non-prepositional object - to whom? (to whom?). In Russian, this is an indirect object in the dative case without a preposition. It should be remembered that if there are direct and indirect objects in a sentence, the indirect one will come first, followed by the direct one.

Show me the new computer. – Show me your new computer. (me is an indirect non-prepositional object, the new computer is a direct object)

I'd like to give my friend something special on her birthday. – I would like to give my friend something special for her birthday. (my friend is an indirect non-prepositional object, something special is a direct object)

As we see from the above examples, an indirect prepositional object can be expressed either by a noun in the general case or by a pronoun in the objective case.

The person to whom the action is addressed can be expressed by an object with a preposition to(And for), which comes after the direct object. This addition is used instead of an indirect non-prepositional addition in three situations:

When the direct object is expressed by a pronoun:
I'll give them to your parents. - I'll give them to your parents. (them – direct object, to your parents – indirect prepositional object)
If the indirect object consists of a long group of words, and the direct object is expressed in one word (or a small group of words):
She has sent a letter to her friend working abroad. – She sent a letter to a friend working abroad (a letter – direct object, to her friend working abroad – indirect prepositional object)
After some verbs, for example to announce- announce, to translate- translate, to repeat- repeat, to declare- announce, to explain– explain, to introduce– introduce (introduce), to write- write, to propose- suggest, to prove- to prove, to describe– describe, etc. After such verbs, only an indirect prepositional object is always used.
Why didn’t you introduce me to your boyfriend? - Why didn’t you introduce me to your young man? (me – direct object, to your boyfriend – indirect prepositional object)

They arranged a conference for the mayor. – They organized a conference for the mayor of the city. (conference – direct object, for the mayor – indirect prepositional)

Indirect prepositional object

The indirect prepositional object in English differs from the non-prepositional object in that, accordingly, it is used with a preposition after many verbs and adjectives, and also answers various questions, including about whom? (about whom?), about what? (about what?), with whom? (with whom?), for whom? (for whom?), etc.

An indirect prepositional object in English can be expressed:

noun with preposition:
The secretary reminded everybody about the meeting. – The secretary reminded everyone about the meeting. (everybody is an indirect prepositional object, about the meeting is an indirect prepositional object)

Nobody objects to this schedule. - Nobody is against (objects) to this schedule. (to this schedule – indirect prepositional object)
pronoun:
Remember, you can always rely on her. “Remember, you can rely on her.” (on her – indirect prepositional object)

Austin shook hands with us. – Austin greeted us. (with us – indirect prepositional object)
Gerund with preposition:

Please note that when there is an indirect prepositional object and a direct object in a sentence, the direct object will come first in English.

I celebrate my birthday with friends. – I celebrated my birthday with friends. (my birthday is a direct object, with friends is an indirect prepositional object)

Formal addition it

And finally, a few words about the formal addition it. There are several in English transitive verbs(For example, to think, to find, to consider etc.), after which the pronoun is often used it. It will be called a formal addition, since it comes before the subsequent addition, which is expressed by a subordinate clause or an infinitive phrase. There is no need to translate it into Russian. For example: