This is a lesson from the series and in it we will look at common noun suffixes: -er/or, -tion, -ing, -ness, -ence/ance (5). The exercises will help you understand how nouns are formed in English, and also prepare for English language exams in the form of the OGE and the Unified State Exam.
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Basic suffixes of nouns in English (grade 9)
Remember these 5 main suffixes. Next, let's take a closer look at each of them.
- er/or
- ence/ance
1. Suffixes of nouns formed from a verb
verb + Ʌ =noun
- -er/or(doer suffix)
dance - dancer (dance - dancer)
work - worker
collect - collector (collect - collector)
invent - inventor - -tion(process suffix)
collect - collection (collection, collection)
invent - invention - -ing
suffer - suffering (to suffer - suffering)
warn - warning
mean - meaning
Remember three suffixes -er (-or), -tion, -ing, with the help of which nouns are formed from a verb.
2. Suffixes of nouns formed from an adjective
adj + Ʌ =noun
- -ness
ill - illness (patient - illness)
kind - kindness - -ance/ -ence(corresponding adjectives have suffixes: -ant/ -ent)
important - importance (important - importance)
different - difference
Remember two suffixes: -ness, -ence (ance), with the help of which nouns are formed from an adjective.
Suffixes of nouns in English. Exercises
-ness & -tion- the most common suffixes of nouns.
Exercise 1. Suffix -ness.Translate the indicated nouns and indicate the adjectives from which they are formed.
foolishness, happiness, seriousness, illness, readiness, richness, strangeness, carelessness, whiteness, cleverness, greatness, brightness
Note. Please note that the letter “y”, as a rule, occurs at the end of a word, but in the middle of the word its double is used - the letter “i”: happ i ness - happy y.
Exercise 2. Suffix –tion and its varieties -ation /-ion/ -sion/ -ssion.Translate the indicated nouns and indicate the verb from which they are formed.
translation, explanation, admiration, celebration, continuation, invitation, pronunciation, exhibition, demonstration, conversation, competition, communication
Exercise 3. Suffix –tion.Rephrase the sentence using a verb derived from it instead of a noun.
EXAMPLE. Their acting was very good. —— They acted very well.
1.His collection of books was mainly on art.
2. The farmer's quick actions saved the building from fire.
3.Her translation of the poem was so good that the professor invited her to take part in a translation contest.
4. The teacher's explanation of the task was clear to everyone.
Exercise 4. Guess the suffix and form nouns with it. Translate them.
- weak
- polite -
- fresh -
- ugly -
- cold -
- dark —
- careful -
Exercise 5. Suffix –er.Guess the profession.
EXAMPLE. Someone who bakes bread is a baker
- Someone who interviews people is a….
- Someone who plays football is a…
- Someone who eats well is a…
- Someone who sleeps well is a…
- Someone who rules the country is a…
- Someone who explores new lands is a…
- Someone who makes or repairs shoes is a…
- Someone who always causes trouble is a…
- Someone who makes films is a…
- Someone who has traveled to another place for a holiday is a…
Remember:
- trouble maker- bully, hooligan
- holiday maker- vacationer
Exercise 6. If you know the verbs, then adding a suffix –tion you can easily form new words. Translate them into Russian.
- collect -
- explain -
- protect —
- prepare -
- found -
- inform
- celebrate -
- compose -
- create -
- decorate —
Exercise 7. Suffix –er/or.Form nouns from these words using suffixes: -er/-or.
Remember: to fail - failure
to construct, to direct, to protect, to transport, to fail, to educate, to manage, to govern, to achieve, to build, to sing, to act, to sleep
Exercise 8. Suffix –ence/ance.Translate and remember pairs of words with the suffixes -ence/-ance:
- import ant-import ance
- differ ent- differ ence
- indifferent - indifference
- independent - independence
- dependent - dependence
- patient - patience
- persistent - persistence
- insistent - insistence
- indulgent - indulgence
1 .Suffix -er (-or ).
1) This suffix is used to form nouns from verbs (infinitive without to + -er ,-or ). A noun with this ending denotes either a device that performs the action expressed by the verb from which it is derived, or a person who performs this action. When reading such derived words, you should remember that suffixes -er And -or the stress never falls, and therefore they are pronounced as a neutral sound [ə], for example:
to play (play) - a player [ə"pleɪə] player
to mix (mix) - a mixer [ə"mɪksə] mixer.
If the verb ends in e , then only the letter is added r ,For example:
to make (produce) - a maker [ə"meɪkə] manufacturer
to use (use) - a user [ə"ju:zə] user.
It should be remembered that you often have to resort to descriptive translation of nouns with the suffix -er ,-or ,For example:
to lift (to lift) - a lifter [ə"lɪftə] lifting device
to time (assign time, calculate by time) - a timer [ə"taɪmə] a device that calculates time.
2) End letter r in words with such a suffix, it is pronounced as a connecting sound [r] only if it is followed by a word starting with a vowel, for example:
a reader of the book [ə"ri:də rəf ðə"buk] the reader of this book.
In this regard, you should pay attention to the reading of the conjunction and [ənd] - And ,A .This conjunction is pronounced very briefly, without stress and together, as if in one breath, with the words that it connects, for example:
a reader and a writer [ə"ri:də r ənd ə"raɪtə].
Exercise 1
A collector [əkə"lektə], a selector [əsə"lektə], a collector and a selector; a container [əkən"teɪnə], a protector [əprə"tektə], a container and a protector; an inventor [ənɪn"ventə], a reporter [ərɪ"pɔ:tə], an inventor and a reporter; a composer [əkəm"pəuzə], a producer [əprə"dju:sə], a composer and a producer.
2 .Suffix -ist .This is a very common suffix that forms nouns denoting professionals, supporters of a social or scientific direction. It can be attached to nouns and adjectives.
Task 2. Read and give Russian equivalents.
A specialist [ə"speʃəlɪst], a naturalist [ə"nætʃrəlɪst], a scientist [ə"saɪəntɪst], a chemist [ə"kemɪst], an economist, a "botanist, a "moralist.
3 .Suffix - ian .Nouns with this suffix denote nationality or title and profession, for example: Russian ["rʌʃən] - Russian, academician [ə,kædə"mɪʃən] - academician, musician musician. Darwinian - Darwinist.
Words formed by adding a suffix -ian, can also be translated by adjectives, for example:
the Russian language ["læŋɡwɪdʒ] Russian language
Neo-Darwinian interpretation of evolution [,nɪə dɑ:"wɪnɪən ɪn,tə:prɪ"teɪʃən əv,i:və"lu:ʃən] neo-Darwinian interpretation of evolution.
Note: Please note that nouns and adjectives denoting nationality are always written with capital letter: English, Russian, Polish, American.
4 .Suffix -ity (spelling options -ety ,-iety )forms abstract nouns with the meaning of state, quality, condition. Suffix -ity matches the suffix -ness , for example: able (capable) - ability [ə"bɪlɪtɪ] ability; active (active) - activity [æk"tɪvɪtɪ] activity, activity; valid (valid, justified, effective) - validity, effectiveness, fairness, legality, validity.
5 . Suffix -ing forms nouns from verbs (§ 85), for example: to meet (meet) - meeting ["mi:tɪŋ] meeting, to proceed (continue) - proceeding practice, proceedings, notes (of a scientific society).
6 .Suffix -hood forms nouns with the meaning “state, position, quality”, for example: child (child) - childhood ["tʃaɪldhud] childhood, man (man) - manhood ["mænhud] masculinity.
7 . Suffix -ment forms nouns denoting action, for example: to move (to move) - movement ["mu:vmənt] - movement.
Some words with this suffix take on the meaning of a collection of objects, for example: equipment [ɪ"kwɪpmənt] equipment.
8 . Suffix -ness forms nouns with the meaning “state, quality”, for example: dark (dark) - darkness ["dɑ:knɪs] darkness, good (good) - goodness ["ɡudnɪs] kindness, great (great) - greatness ["ɡreɪtnɪs] greatness.
9 .Suffix -y forms abstract nouns from verbs, for example: to discover (open) - discovery discovery; to inquire (ask, find out) - inquiry [ɪn"kwaɪərɪ] question, request.
10 .Suffix -th forms nouns with the meaning of quality, for example: true (true, truthful) - truth, health - health.
By adding a suffix -th nouns are formed from adjectives, and the root vowel often changes, for example: long (long) - length length, deep (deep) - depth depth, strong (strong) - strength strength.
11 .Suffix -ant forms nouns with the meaning of person and substance, for example: to assist (help) - assistant [ə"sɪstənt] assistant, to serve (serve) - servant ["sə:vənt] servant, an oxidant oxidizer, solvent solvent.
12 .Suffix -age forms nouns with different meanings, for example: to break (break) - breakage ["breɪkɪdʒ] breakdown; to marry (marry) - marriage ["mæ-rɪdʒ] wedding; courage ["kʌrɪdʒ] - courage, boldness, courage.
13 .Suffix -ism is characteristic of many languages, for example: Darwinism ["dɑ:wɪnɪzm], romanticism, capitalism ["kæpɪtəlɪzm], vandalism ["vændəlɪzm].
14 .Suffix -ire (-ture ,-sure ).
1) First of all, you should pay attention to the pronunciation of letter combinations ture And sure .As a result of certain phonetic changes in the English language, the combination ture began to be perceived as a symbol. For example: culture ["kʌltʃə], future ["fju:tʃə], lecture ["lektʃə], temperature ["temprɪtʃə].
Letter combination sure conveyed by the sound combination [ʃə]. For example: pressure ["preʃə], tonsure ["tɔnʃə].
If before the letter combination sure there is a vowel, then it is conveyed by the sound combination [ʒə]. For example: exposure [ɪks"pouʒə], measure ["meʒə], treasure ["treʒə", pleasure ["pleʒə].
2) Suffix -ire (-ture ,-sure )forms nouns denoting a process, for example: to press (press) - pressure ["preʃə] pressure, to mix (mix) - mixture ["mɪkstʃə] mixing.
Many nouns formed with the help of these suffixes can mean the result of an action in the form of an object, a substance, for example: mixture - medicine, mixture; fixture - fastening (part).
15 .Suffix -ship forms nouns with the meaning of state, position or property, for example: friend (friend) - friendship ["frendʃɪp] friendship, member (member) - membership ["membəʃɪp] membership.
Task 3. Based on the given verbs, form nouns using suffixes -er ,-or , and translate.
Example: to tell - a teller [ə"telə] narrator.
Suffix -er: to absorb - absorb, absorb; to advise - advise, advise; to compute - calculate; to point - to indicate; to produce - produce, cause; to report - to report, report; to design - to design, construct; to restore - restore, restore; to run - to run; to test - check, test.
Note: Be aware that the verb to inform [ɪn"fɔ:m] produces two nouns: informer -informant,informer And informant -informant("reporter").
Suffix -or: to act - to act; to correct - to correct; to inspect - to inspect; to invent - to invent; to operate - work, act, manage; to select - select, sort.
Task 4. Connect the given pairs of nouns with a conjunction and .Remember to use the connecting sound [r] before the conjunction and if the word before it ends with a letter r .Translate into Russian.
Sample: a reader, a writer - a reader and a writer - reader and writer.
An actor, a reporter; an artist, a proofreader; a designer, an inspector; a naturalist, an inventor; an adviser, an informer; a specialist, an adviser; an absorber, a selector; an operator, and separator; a chemist, a runner; a restorer, a tester; an informant, an inspector; a computer, an operator; a pointer, a selector; a scientist, a designer; a checker, a producer.
Task 5. Read and translate into Russian.
Suffix - (i )an: historian, arithmetician [ə,rɪθmə"tɪʃən], statistician [,stætɪs"tɪʃən], politician [,pɔlɪ"tɪʃən], phonetician [,fəunə"tɪʃən], librarian (library), tragedian (tragedy - tragedy), comedian (comedy - comedy).
Note: Please note that physician means doctor,doctor,a physicist ["fɪzɪsɪst] - physicist.
Suffix -ity: simplicity (simple - simple), similarity [,sɪmɪ"lærɪtɪ] (similar - similar), selectivity (to select - select), complexity (complex - complex), certainty ["sə:təntɪ] (certain - certain), relativity [ ,relə"tɪvɪtɪ] (relative - relative), conductivity [,kɔndʌk"tɪvɪtɪ] (to conduct - to conduct).
Suffix -ing: writings ["raɪtɪŋz] (to write - to write), finding ["faɪndɪŋ] (to find - to find), coming ["kʌmɪŋ] (to come - to come), going ["ɡouɪŋ] (to go - to walk), planning [ "plænɪŋ] (to plan - plan).
Suffix -hood: fatherhood ["fɑ:ðəhud] (father - father), brotherhood ["brʌðəhud] (brother - brother), serfhood ["sə:fhud] (serf - serf, slave), neighborhood ["neɪbəhud] (neighbor - neighbor).
Suffix -menu movement ["mu:vmənt] (to move - move), equipment [ɪ"kwɪpmənt] (to equip - equip), requirement (to require - demand), agreement [ə"ɡri:mənt] (to agree - agree), measurement ["meʒəmənt] (to measure - to measure), development (to develop - to develop), improvement [ɪm"pru:vmənt] (to improve - to improve), treatment ["tri:tmənt] (to treat - to interpret, process) .
Suffix -ness (basic Russian equivalent -ness ): emptiness ["emptɪnɪs] (empty - empty), weakness ["wi:knɪs] (weak - weak), usefulness ["ju:sfulnɪs] (useful - useful), readiness ["redɪnɪs] (ready - ready), effectiveness [ ɪ"fektɪvnɪs] (effective - effective).
Suffixes -y; -th; -ant; -ist; -ure: discovery (to discover - open), strength (strong - strong), truth (true - true), growth ["ɡrouθ] (to grow - grow), chemist ["kemɪst], physicist ["fɪzɪsɪst", capitalist ["kæpɪtəlɪst ], economist [ɪ"kɔnəmɪst], scientist ["saɪəntɪst] (science - science), meteorologist [,mi:tjə"rɔlədʒɪst], assistant [ə"sɪstənt], servant ["sə:vənt] (to serve - to serve) , exposure (ɪks "pouʒə] (to expose - withstand (in the light), expose).
Suffix -ship: leadership ["li:dəʃɪp] (to lead), citizenship ["sɪ(:)tɪzənʃɪp] (citizen - citizen), dictatorship (dictator - dictator).
Exercise 1.Translate, paying special attention to nouns that are formed different ways(§ 31).
Memo: words possible And feasible["fɪ:zəbl] can be translated the same way - possible .However, know the difference: possible - possible ,likely; feasible - (physically) executable ,feasible ,possible .
1. Beggars cannot be choosers. 2.The impossibility of such a simplification is obvious. 3. Clearliness is next to godliness. 4. Death is the great leveler. 5. Idleness is the mother of all evil. 6. Overdocumentation has two dangers. 7. There are times when the weak can help the strong. 8. Two wrongs do not make a right. 9. They have the same likes and the same dislikes. 10. The capacity to select the important from the many is also necessary. 11. The difficult we can do at once the impossible may take a little time. 12. The wheres and whens are important.
In this lesson from the section we will continue talking about noun suffixes. We have already covered These are five suffixes.
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Now let's look at the remaining suffixes to get a complete picture of how nouns are formed in English. If you are preparing for an English language exam in the form of the Unified State Exam, then knowing them is simply necessary.
Total at English noun 16 suffixes:
- -er/or, -tion, -ing, -ness, -ence/ance (main list - 9th grade),
- -hood, -ship, -dom, -th, -t, -(i)ty, -ment, -age, -ure, -ee, -ist (extended list - 11th grade).
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Word formation of nouns
Noun suffixes in English
1.Suffixes -hood, -ship, -dom, with the help of which nouns are formed from other nouns and adjectives.
noun/adj + Ʌ =noun
- hood
child - childhood (child - childhood)
neighbor - neighborhood (neighbor - neighborhood) - ship
friend - friendship (friend - friendship)
champion - championship (champion - championship)
partner - partnership (partner - partnership) - dom
king - kingdom (king - kingdom)
free - freedom (free - freedom)
wise - wisdom (wise - wisdom)
2. Suffixes -th, -t, -(i)ty, with the help of which nouns are formed from adjectives.
adj + Ʌ =noun
- th(possibly alternating a vowel at the root of a word)
warm - warmth (warm - warmth)
long - length
strong - strength
wide - width
deep - depth
young - youth - t: high - height (high - height)
- (i)ty
electric - electricity (electric - electricity)
possible - possibility
probable - probability
3. Suffixes -ment, -age, -ure, with the help of which nouns are formed from verbs.
verb + Ʌ =noun
- ment
state - statement (state - statement)
develop - development - age
marry - marriage (marry - marriage, marriage)
break - breakage - ure
press - pressure (press - pressure)
please - pleasure
depart - departure
4. And we will separately consider the suffixes of the profession — ist and suffix -ee.
- ist
biology - biologist (biology - biologist)
psychology - psychologist (psychology - psychologist) - ee
address - addressee (address - addressee/recipient)
employer - employee (employer - employee)
Total turned out 11 suffixes. To remember them, I recommend learning 11 words (the simplest ones) with these suffixes in the form of mnemonic phrases. For example, these:
1.In my childhood I made a friendship with a king of a kingdom. He had good strength and great height. — As a child, I made friends with the king of one kingdom. He had great strength and enormous height.
2.Electricity resulted from the development of science. — Electricity was the result of the development of science.
3.The breakage was because of high pressure.— The breakdown was due to high pressure.
Suffixes of nouns in English. Exercises
Exercise 1. Read the noun and indicate the suffix with which it is formed.
EXAMPLE. performance - The noun performance e is formed with the help of the suffix -ance.
silence, biologist, employment, humanity, modesty, settlement, feeling
Exercise 2. Find a noun in each line and translate it.
Exercise 3. Form nouns with the indicated suffixes from the stems of the highlighted words and write them.
- ment:
1.The child was greatly excited when he received a big bear as a birthday present.
The child’s ____________was very great.
2. My English has improved very little for the last two months.
There is very little ___________ in my English, I am afraid.
3. The children enjoyed entertaining the guests.
They enjoyed giving an _____________ for their guests.
—tion
4. He collected a good library of books.
He had a good __________ of books.
5. The machines exhibited in the hall were very interesting to us.
The machines at the ___________ are very interesting.
6. He said he wanted to continue studying after he graduated from the institute.
He said he wanted to continue studying after….
— ance
7. The scientists had difficulty explaining how the star had disappeared.
They had difficulty in explaining the____________.of the star.
—ence
8. We were surprised to find out how different her speech had become.
We were surprised at the ________________in her speech.
Exercise 4. Fill in the spaces with verbs formed from the nouns given in brackets.
1. He said good bye and ____________ (departure)
2. Your pronunciation has _____________ wonderfully. (improvement)
3. The doctor ______________the boy’s arm carefully. (examination)
Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with nouns formed from the verbs given in brackets.
1. This rare book is the first _____________ of Pushkin’s poems. (to edit)
2. The sixth-form pupils’ English ___________was much better this year. (to perform)
3. The dancer’s__________became slower and slower (to move).
Exercise 6. Form nouns from adjectives.
- thirsty
- hungry
- shady
To test yourself, use the DICTIONARY dictionary in the lower right corner. If you click on the arrows, a dictionary window will appear and you need to enter a word that will be the answer.
For example, 1. thirsty (thirsty) - ? your option(thirst).
Enter the word thirst into the dictionary and check if it matches your option t with the one the dictionary suggests.
Exercise 7.Do It right choice. Translate the sentence.
1. What is the (long, length) of the corridor?
2. How (long, length) is the street?
3. He is not (strong, strength) enough to fight with John?
4. My brother can lift the box because of his (strong, strength).
5. Nelly’s skirt is too (wide, width).
6. We can’t get the piano through the door because of its (wide, width).
7. Is spring a (warmth, warm) season?
8. We felt the (warm, warmth) of the sun on out faces and hands.
9. We were surprised at your formal (polite, politeness).
10. We were not struck by the (white, whiteness) of the snow.
Exercise 8. Rewrite the phrases, indicating in brackets the word from which the noun is formed. Translate them.
EXAMPLE. whole-hearted devotion (devote) - devotion with all your heart
whole-hearted devotion, gloomy silence, an outstanding novelist, gathering darkness, limitless possibilities, an important addition, a noticeable improvement, complete understanding, widespread popularity, a gymnastic competition, a new acquaintance, a small settlement, an important announcement.
Exercise 9. Form nouns from these verbs using suffixes: -er/-or -ment -(a)tion -ion -age -ure -th.
to construct, to equip, to divide, to inform, to mix, to observe, to move, to break, to direct, to compete, to grow, to press, to radiate, to develop, to protect, to transport, to solve , to recognize , to measure, to fail, to vibrate, to reflect, to treat, to improve, to elect, to educate, to manage, to govern, to achieve, to imagine, to attract
Exercise 10. B put in the spaces abstract nouns formed from the words given in brackets.
1. Suvorov always showed great courage and __________. (wise)
2. The traveler had to overcome many __________. (difficult)
3. He sat resting, enjoying the ___________ of the fire. (warm)
4. He suffered from his own __________. (fool)
5. This man has extraordinary __________. (strong)
6. The balloon floated at the _________of one mile. (high)
7. She remembered the happy days of her __________. (young)
8. The __________ of the canal is seventy kilometers. (long)
9. Its _________ is one hundred meters. (wide)
10. When he came round he felt a strange ____________and could not stand up (weak).
So, I hope that by completing a cycle of exercises on topic “Word formation of nouns in English” did you remember 16 basic noun suffixes. But if you still have questions, write in the comments. Author, Tatyana Nabeeva
I told you in the last message. According to their structure, adjectives are divided into: simple, derivative and complex. Derived adjectives form a very large group that cannot be easily learned unless you know the suffixes and prefixes. Therefore, we return again to the topic of word formation, only now we have suffixes of adjectives. Tested by practice - having a good understanding of suffixes and prefixes, you immediately increase your vocabulary many times over.
Examples and descriptions have already been written in previous messages, and you can write them out and teach them. Now let's talk about adjective suffixes.
Let's start with the suffixes “- LESS” and “- FUL”. Now, when you see these endings in a word, you will immediately understand that this is an adjective, and in addition, you can “calculate” the meaning of the root word.
Suffix –LESS= productive, originating from Old English. It means the absence of some quality. In many cases, the stem (i.e. root) of such adjectives are abstract nouns that indicate quality, although the stem may also be concrete nouns. For example:
hope(hope) + less - hopeless= hopeless;
aim(target) + less — aimless= aimless;
b reath(1.breath, sigh) + less – breathless= out of breath, out of breath
(2. breath) = windless, motionless (about air, water, etc.)
mercy(mercy) + less – merciless= unmerciful, merciless;
meaning(value) + less – meaningless= minor;
expression(expression) + less – expressionless= expressionless, indifferent;
help(help) + less – helpless= helpless;
home(house)+ less — homeless= homeless;
defense(protection, defense) + less – defenseless= defenseless, undefendable;
harm(harm) + less – harmless= harmless;
motion(movement)+ less – motionless= motionless;
effort(effort) + less – effortless= effortless, lightweight;
sound(sound) + less – soundless= silent;
use(benefit)+ less – useless= useless;
care(care, attention)+ less – careless= carefree, inattentive.
Words with the suffix “-LESS” are not always translated simply by one adjective; sometimes it is necessary to convey the meaning in a group of words with a noun, since there are simply no such adjectives in the Russian language. For example, such a combination “WINDOWLESS HOUSE” cannot be translated as a “windowless” house, but we translate “house without windows”. Some more examples of such words:
springless bed = bed without springs;
sleeveless dress = sleeveless dress;
hellless shoes = shoes without heels;
shoeless boy = boy without shoes, barefoot;
stockingless feet = legs without stockings.
Suffix –FUL= productive, comes from Old English. It means “fullness” of some quality, an excess of quality. In fact, this is the antonym of the suffix “-LESS”.
care(care, attention) + ful – careful= caring, attentive;
use(benefit) + ful – useful= useful;
pain(pain) + ful – painful= painful;
beauty(beauty) + ful – beautiful= beautiful, wonderful;
hope(hope) + ful – hopeful= reliable;
power(strength, power, authority) + ful – powerful= strong, powerful, domineering;
t hank(gratitude) + ful – thankful= grateful;
wonder(miracles) + ful – wonderful= wonderful;
law(law) + ful – lawful= legal;
grace(grace) + ful = graceful= graceful;
success(success) + ful – successful= successful;
thought(thought) + ful – t wishful= pensive;
meaning(meaning)+ ful – meaningful= significant;
force(strength) + ful – forceful= strong;
doubt(doubt) + ful = dobtful= doubtful.
Just like with the suffix “-LESS”, some words with the suffix “-FUL” cannot be translated with one adjective. For example:
event + ful – eventful = eventful
scorn + ful – scornful = full of contempt
There is also a group of words where the suffix “-FUL” goes to the suffixes of nouns. These words are also associated with filling, but some kind of containers. These containers can also be conditional. Here are some examples:
hand+ ful – handful= handful;
arm+ ful – a rmful= armful;
mouth+ ful – mouthful= a mouth full (of something, such as water);
spoon+ ful – spoonful= full spoon;
plate+ full = plateful= full plate;
pocket+ ful – p ocketful= pocket full;
cup+ ful – cupful= full cup.
English suffixes, like Russians, are the elements of the word following the root. They help us form new words. Some suffixes change the part of speech, turning, for example, a verb into a noun. We should also not forget about those suffixes that, while changing the form of a word, do not affect its very meaning.
If you have even a little ideaabout the table of suffixes in English, then any word-formation “delights” in English will seem like child’s play. Moreover, having understood the principles of constructing new words with the help of prefixes and suffixes (by the way, prefixes are significantly inferior to suffixes in terms of flexibility and prevalence), a language learner will be able to translate masculine nouns into feminine ones, form a nationality or profession without any problems.
It turns out that it is not at all necessary to set records for the number of words learned. After all, in English, as in Russian, there is the concept of “cognate words”, differing from each other only in suffixes and prefixes. Therefore, knowing, for example, the meaning of the verb paint (to paint, to paint), you can easily understand that painter is an artist.
Word-forming and form-forming suffixes: differences
Russian speakers consider some English suffixes to be endings. For example, some English textbooks call the suffix -ed an ending. All Suffixes in English is divided into two large groups: formative and word-forming. Thanks to the first, the word does not change its meaning, only the form changes. Compare, short (short) and shorter (shorter).
Word-formingsuffixes in Englishform a new word with a different meaning, albeit often similar to the meaning of the original word. For example, neighbor (neighbor) - neighborhood (neighborhood).
Form-buildingsuffixes in English
So, in English, unlike Russian, one word can take not so many forms. This is due to the fact that in English many grammatical meanings of a word, such as gender, verb tense, etc., are expressed not by the word itself, but by various auxiliary elements (articles, auxiliary verbs, etc.). In Russian, just one adjective (depending on case, number, gender) can have more than 20 forms. For example, beloved - beloved - beloved - beloved, etc. In English, the adjective favorite (favorite) may not change at all, but we guess about its exact form from the context (environment): This is my favorite book (This is my favorite book ). - He is my favorite writer (He is my favorite writer).
However, in some cases, English words do change form. And for this, in English there are five formative suffixes that are important to remember: -ed, -est, -ing, -s (-es), -er.
Now it’s worth understanding English words that can take different forms. So, English suffix-ed is needed to form the second and third forms of a regular verb. For example, finish (finish, complete) - finished (completed).
The suffixes -er and -est in English languageused in the formation of comparative forms of adjectives. We use these suffixes with short adjectives, like close, big, etc. The suffix -er is used for the comparative form, and -est for the superlative form. For example, close (close) - closer (closer) - closest (closest).
Among English suffixes-s and -es are widespread. They are used in following cases:
- to form the possessive form of an animate noun - father (father) - father's house (father's house);
- to form the plural of a noun - face (face) - faces (faces);
- to form 3rd person singular verb (in Present Simple) - run (run) - runs (runs).
Finally, the English suffix -ing is used to form Continuous tense forms, type 1 participles, verbal nouns and gerunds: to run (run) - I am running (I am running) - running (running, running, running).Read more about this in the article.
Suffixes forming nouns
Word-formingsuffixes in Englishcontribute to the formation of a number of nouns. It is to them that we owe the appearance of the names of many professions. The list of suffixes for nouns is quite extensive.
Suffixes in English: tablefor nouns
Adjective suffixes in English
A huge number of adjectives in English are formed from nouns and verbs. Some suffixes are used to form both nouns and adjectives (for example, -al, -ing). But most of the suffixes we see with the part of speech answering the question “which” are not found on nouns or verbs. For example,suffix less in Englishcharacteristic only of adjectives.
List adjective suffixes in English, just as in the case of nouns, is quite extensive.
- -able, -ible. The ability to perform or perform any action. To make an adjective, a suffix is added to the verb. For example, to forget (forget) - forgettable (unmemorable).
- -al. Used to indicate a characteristic. For example, accident (case) - accidental (random).
- -ant. Adjectives formed with this suffix from verbs and nouns mean “conveying qualities.” For example, please (to please) - pleasant (pleasant).
- -ar. When forming adjectives, this suffix is often added to nouns or stems of Latin origin. -Ar is used to mean “to have the quality of something” (for example, moon, sun, pole): lunar (lunar), solar (solar), polar (polar).
- -ary, ory. Used to denote a characteristic, quality or relationship to something. For example, diet (diet) - dietary (dietary).
- -ate. The meaning of adjectives with the suffix -ate, as a rule, can be expressed by the phrase “to have some quality”: affection - affectionate (attachment - loving, affectionate). This suffix also indicates a characteristic. For example, fortune (happiness, luck) - fortunate (happy, lucky).
- -ed. Adjectives with this suffix usually describe the effect exerted on someone or something: amaze (amaze, amaze) - amazed (amazed).
- -ent. Used to mean quality: to differ (different) - different (different).
- -ern. Used when indicating a part of the world: south (south) - southern (southern).
- -ese. Denotes nationality or territorial affiliation. For example, China (China) - Chinese (Chinese).
- -ful. This suffix in English turns a noun into an adjective, meaning “to be endowed with something, some property.” For example, beauty (beauty) - beautiful (beautiful).
- -ian, ean. These suffixes in Englishfound in adjectives expressing national or territorial affiliation: Italy (Italy) - Italian (Italian).
- -ic. Added to a noun and describes a quality: majesty (greatness) - majestic (majestic).
- -ical. Indicates the attribute: myth (myth) - mythical (mythical).
- -ing. For the formation of adjectives and participles with the meaning of quality and property. For example, to miss (miss, miss) - missing (lost, absent).
- -ish. The suffix is used in adjectives to mean “approximately”; it is also found in names of nationalities; sometimes it expresses similarity or belonging to something. For example, child (child) - childish (childish).
- -ive. Used to mean quality, ability: attract (attract) - attractive (attractive).
- -less. The suffix less in Englishserves as an antonym to the suffix ful and indicates the absence of any quality: home (house) - homeless (homeless).
- -like. Means similarity to something, similarity: wave (wave) - wavelike (wavy).
- -ly. To denote quality: friend - friendly.
- - ous - suffix expressing the characteristic: poison (poison) - poisonous (poisonous).
- -y. Used in the meaning of “to have a sign”: dirt (dirt) - dirty (dirty).
Verb suffixes
With the help of suffixes in English, a whole series of verbs are formed from nouns and adjectives.
Verbal suffixes in English: table with examples
Adverb suffixes
Word formation of adverbs in English is much more easy process than creating nouns and adjectives. In order to get a part of speech that answers the questions how, in what way, it is usually enough to use one of the suffixes presented below:
- wise
- ward/wards
The suffix ward is used to mean direction: home (house, cottage) - homeward (home). -Ly indicates a course of action. For example, true (honest) - truly (honestly). -Wise means the method of action: other (other) - otherwise (otherwise).
Of course, you don't have to remember everythingsuffixes in English. Constant conversational practice helps the student, over time, begin to see the components in words, easily identifying suffixes, prefixes and roots. And understanding the basis of a new word allows you to guess its function in a sentence.
