In the article you will learn about the history of the Russian alphabet, as well as the rules of spelling and pronunciation of each of its letters.
Around 863, Cyril and Methodius (brothers chroniclers) streamlined all “Slavic” writing after Emperor Michael III ordered them to do so. The writing was called “Cyrillic” and became part of the Greek alphabet. After this, the Bulgarian school of “scribes” actively developed and the country (Bulgaria) became the most important center for the dissemination of the “Cyrillic alphabet”.
Bulgaria is the place where the first Slavic “book” school appeared and it was here that such significant publications as the “Psalter”, “Gospel” and “Apostle” were rewritten. After Greece, the “Cyrillic alphabet” penetrated into Serbia and only at the end of the 10th century it became the language of Rus'. We can safely say that the modern Russian alphabet is a derivative of the Cyrillic alphabet and the old Slavic “Oriental” speech.
A little later, the Russian alphabet received 4 more new letters, but 14 letters from the “old” alphabet were gradually eliminated one by one, because they were no longer needed. After the reforms of Peter the Great (early 17th century), superscript signs were completely eliminated from the alphabet, and other “doublet” signs were simply abolished. The most recent reform of the Russian alphabet occurred at the beginning of the 19th century and after it, humanity was presented with exactly the alphabet that is observed to this day.
How many letters are there in the Russian alphabet?
The modern Russian alphabet, consisting of exactly 33 letters, became official only in 1918. It is interesting that the letter “E” in it was approved only in 1942, and before that it was only considered a variation of the letter “E”.
Cyril and Methodius
Russian language alphabet – 33 letters, black and white, printed: what it looks like, print on one sheet, printed A4 format, photo.
In order to learn the spelling of each letter of the Russian alphabet, you may need a printed black and white version. After downloading such a picture, you can print it on any A4 landscape sheet.
Russian alphabet in order from A to Z, numbered in direct order: photo, print
Each letter in the Russian alphabet has its own serial number.
Russian alphabet, numbered in reverse order: photo, print
Reverse order of letters in the alphabet and reverse numbering.
How to correctly pronounce and read the letters of the Russian alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet: transcription, letter names
Russian alphabet of uppercase and capital letters: photo, print
Russian written speech also requires penmanship and calligraphy. Therefore, you should definitely remember the spelling rules for each capital and small letter in the alphabet.
How to write capital letters of the Russian alphabet for first-graders: connecting capital letters of the Russian alphabet, photo
Kids who are just starting to learn written language will definitely find copybooks useful, in which they will learn not only the spelling of letters, but also all the required connections between them.
Copybooks of Russian letters:
Spelling of Russian letters A and B 
Spelling of Russian letters V and G 
Spelling of Russian letters E and D 
Spelling of Russian letters Е and Ж 
Spelling of Russian letters 3 and I 
Spelling of Russian letters J and K 
Spelling of Russian letters L and M 
Spelling of Russian letters N and O 
Spelling of Russian letters P and R 
Spelling of Russian letters S and T 
Spelling of Russian letters U and F 
Spelling of Russian letters X and C 
Spelling of Russian letters Ch and Sh 
Spelling of Russian letters Ш, ь and ъ 
Spelling of Russian letters E and Yu 
Spelling of Russian letters I How many vowels, consonants, hissing letters and sounds are there in the Russian alphabet and what are more: vowels or consonants?
Important to remember:
- In the Russian alphabet, letters are divided into vowels and consonants
- Vowel letters - 10 pcs.
- Consonants - 21 pcs. (+ ь, ъ sign)
- There are 43 sounds in the Russian language
- It has 6 vowel sounds
- And 37 consonants
Introduction to the modern Russian alphabet of the letter e, y, ё: when and who included it?
Interesting to know:
- The letter е appeared in the alphabet in the 19th century
- The letter й appeared in the alphabet after the 15th-16th century (appeared in Slavic church writings after the Moscow edition).
- The letter e appeared in the 17th century (during the development of the civil font)
What was the last letter to appear in the Russian alphabet?
The letter E is the “last” letter in the Russian alphabet, since it was approved relatively recently (at the beginning of the 19th century).
Young and forgotten letters of the Russian alphabet: names
The modern Russian alphabet went through many transformations before finding its final form. Many letters were forgotten or excluded from the alphabet due to uselessness.
The number of letters of the Russian alphabet that do not indicate sounds: names
IMPORTANT: A letter is a graphic sign, a sound is a unit of spoken speech.
In Russian the following letters do not have sounds:
- ь - softens the sound
- ъ - makes the sound hard
What is the last consonant letter of the Russian alphabet: name
The last letter (consonant) that arose in the modern alphabet is Ш (ligature Ш+Т or Ш+Ч).
Transliteration of the Russian alphabet in Latin: photo
Transliteration is the translation of letters into the English alphabet, while preserving the sound.
Calligraphic handwriting: a sample of the Russian alphabet
Calligraphy is the rules for writing capital letters.
Video: “Live ABC for kids”
(alphabet) - a set of graphic signs - letters in a prescribed sequence, which create the written and printed form of the national Russian language. Includes 33 letters: a, b, c, d, d, f, e, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, f, x, ts, ch, sh, sch, ъ, s, ь, e, yu, i. Most letters in written form are graphically different from printed ones. Except ъ, ы, ь, all letters are used in two versions: uppercase and lowercase. In printed form, the variants of most letters are graphically identical (they differ only in size; cf., however, B and b); in written form, in many cases, the spelling of uppercase and lowercase letters differs from each other (A and a, T, etc.).
The Russian alphabet conveys the phonemic and sound composition of Russian speech: 20 letters convey consonant sounds (b, p, v, f, d, t, z, s, zh, sh, ch, ts, shch, g, k, x, m, n, l, p), 10 letters - vowels, of which a, e, o, s, i, u - only vowels, i, e, e, yu - softness of the preceding consonant + a, e, o, u or combinations j + vowel (“five”, “forest”, “ice”, “hatch”; “pit”, “ride”, “tree”, “young”); the letter "y" conveys "and non-syllabic" ("fight") and in some cases the consonant j ("yog"). Two letters: “ъ” (hard sign) and “ь” (soft sign) do not denote separate independent sounds. The letter “b” serves to indicate the softness of the preceding consonants, paired in hardness - softness (“mol” - “mol”), after the hissing letters “b” it is an indicator in writing of some grammatical forms (3rd declension nouns - “daughter”, but “brick”, imperative mood - “cut”, etc.). The letters “ь” and “ъ” also act as a dividing sign (“rise”, “beat”).
The modern Russian alphabet in its composition and basic letter styles goes back to the ancient Cyrillic alphabet, the alphabet of which dates back to the 11th century. changed in form and composition. Russian alphabet in modern form was introduced by the reforms of Peter I (1708-1710) and the Academy of Sciences (1735, 1738 and 1758), the result of which was to simplify the letterforms and exclude some outdated characters from the alphabet. Thus, the letters Ѡ (“omega”), Ꙋ (“uk”), Ꙗ, Ѥ (iotized a, e), Ѯ (“xi”), Ѱ (“psi”), digraphs Ѿ (“from”) were excluded , OU (“y”), accent and aspiration signs (strength), abbreviation signs (titles), etc. New letters were introduced: i (instead of Ꙗ and Ѧ), e, y. Later N.M. Karamzin introduced the letter “е” (1797). These changes served to transform the old Church Slavonic print for secular publications (hence the subsequent name of the printed font - “civil”). Some excluded letters were later restored and excluded, some of the extra letters continued to be used in Russian writing and printing until 1917, when by decree of the People's Commissariat of Education of December 23, 1917, confirmed by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of October 10, 1918, letters were excluded from the alphabet Ѣ, Ѳ, І (“yat”, “fita”, “і decimal”). The use of the letter “е” in print is not strictly mandatory; it is used mainly in dictionaries and educational literature.
The Russian “civil” alphabet served as the basis for most of the writing systems of the peoples of the USSR, as well as for some other languages that have a written language based on the Cyrillic alphabet.
| Ahh | [A] | Kk | [ka] | Xx | [Ha] |
| BB | [bae] | Ll | [el] | Tsts | [tse] |
| Vv | [ve] | Mm | [Em] | Hh | [che] |
| GG | [ge] | Nn | [en] | Shh | [sha] |
| Dd | [de] | Ooh | [O] | Shch | [sha] |
| Her | [e] | pp | [pe] | Kommersant | [hard sign, old. er] |
| Her | [ё] | RR | [er] | Yyy | [s] |
| LJ | [zhe] | Ss | [es] | bb | [soft sign, old. er] |
| Zz | [ze] | Tt | [te] | Uh | [er reverse] |
| Ii | [And] | Ooh | [y] | Yuyu | [Yu] |
| Yikes | [and short] | Ff | [ef] | Yaya | [I] |
- Bylinsky K.I., Kryuchkov S.E., Svetlaev M.V., Use of the letter e. Directory, M., 1943;
- Dieringer D., Alphabet, translation from English, M., 1963;
- Istrin V. A., The emergence and development of writing, M., 1965;
- Musaev K. M., Alphabets of the languages of the peoples of the USSR, M., 1965;
- Ivanova V.F., Modern Russian language. Graphics and spelling, 2nd ed., M., 1976;
- Moiseev A.I., Modern Russian alphabet and alphabets of other peoples of the USSR, RYASh, 1982, No. 6;
- see also the literature under the article
Poems for children about the alphabet and the alphabet, which are collected on our page, will be useful to teachers, after-school teachers, kindergarten teachers and parents who strive to give their children more knowledge and ideas about the world around them.
A short poem about the alphabet
What is the alphabet?
You guys know him.
The letter is always there
In its own special place.
We learn, we learn by heart
Alphabet we are together,
So that he can help find
In dictionaries, where necessary.
***
ABC
What's happened? What's happened?
The alphabet fell off the stove!
Painfully sprained my leg
Uppercase letter M,
G hit me a little
AND completely fell apart!
Lost letter YU
Your crossbar!
Finding myself on the floor
Broke my ponytail U.
F, poor thing, so swollen -
No way to read it!
Letter P turned over -
Turned into a soft sign!
Letter WITH completely closed -
Turned into a letter ABOUT.
Letter A when I woke up,
I didn't recognize anyone!
Y. Tuvim
***
ABC song
Thirty-three siblings
Written beauties,
They live on the same page,
And they are famous everywhere!
They are rushing to you now.
Glorious sisters, -
We really ask all the guys
Make friends with them!
A B C D E E F
They brought us a hedgehog!
Z I J K L M N O
Together we climbed out the window!
P R S T U V X
We saddled the rooster!
Ts Ch Sh Shch E Yu Ya —
That's all they are, friends!
Meet them, kids!
Here they are, standing side by side.
It's very bad to live in the world
For those who are not familiar with them!
***
Poems for memorizing the alphabet
A, b, c, d, d, f, f –
We'll wash the clothes.
F, h, i, j, k, l, m –
I'll quickly eat the orange.
N, o, p, p, s, t, y –
Let's take a walk on the bridge.
F, x, c, h, w, sch –
Oh, what a thicket!
ъ, ы, ь –
They won't be remembered at all.
E, yu, I -
That's it, my friends.
***
Alphabet
A B C D E E E
Know your place!
F H I J K L M
Remember who is behind whom!
N O P R S T U
Stand together, everyone in a row!
F X C Ch Sh and Shch
Take your time to settle in!
b s b
Stay close, like this!
Hurry up, E Yu Ya!
Here is the family collecting letters!
S.F. Zhuikov, M.M. Zelenina, E.G. Carlson
***
Memorize these letters.
There are more than three dozen of them,
And for you they are the keys
To all good books.
Don't forget to take it on the road
A bunch of magic keys.
You will find a way into any story,
You will enter any fairy tale.
Will you read books about animals?
Plants and machines.
You will visit the seas
And on the gray peaks...
Wonderful lands for you
Will open the path from " A" before " I».
***
Forest Academy
One day in the summer, on the lawn,
Very smart cockchafer
Founded for insects
Academy of Sciences.
The Academy is open!
From dawn to dawn
Forest insects
Study ABC books:
At the mole's feast
Between themselves for centuries
Live in harmony "G" And "TO",
And “K” doesn’t get offended,
When it is replaced by "G",
What is similar in appearance to a heron?
And he stands on one leg.
A MOLE once opened
There is a huge GROTTO in the garden.
Got a bag of BONES
And invited GUESTS.
From afar JACKAL
WALKED to the feast with him.
Toptygin TOOK OFF his hat -
The jackal DIED from fear.
And the crab fight with the CRAB
Let's go in the shade under the hornbeam.
The hedgehog curled up into a BALL,
His sleep became DEEP.
And, having eaten BARK,
Bunny under the MOUNTAIN,
To excel in GAMES,
I danced until my calves hurt.
Naughty letters
The little sparrow galloped -
I found some CRUMBS somewhere.
He ate one right away
Right on the path
The rest I didn't have time to do:
CATS interfered.
"TO" into the mechanic's pocket - jump! —
And in your pocket there are ROLLERS.
From your pocket at the same moment
RABBIT JUMPED OUT!
Somehow the gazelles got it into their heads
With letter "G" start GAMES,
And they almost got eaten for it
Their ruthless TIGERS!
This is such a laugh:
"R" fell on the CAT!
The cat is not a cat now, but a MOLE,
He is digging an underground passage.
How letters getting married
How lonely the poor guy is M,
He has completely dried up from melancholy,
Like a cockchafer in a box.
And here is a beauty letter U
Once I met him
On the alphabet trail.
And poor M said with a prayer:
-Let's get married.
But he was met harshly:
-You M, I U, and together MU?
I don't need to moo my whole life.
Goodbye, I'm not a cow.
Our M was terribly offended.
But the letter Y he wooed.
And she agreed.
She told him: “We
Let's make a word together WE,
And this is so wonderful.
Yu. Vronsky
The poems are funny, dynamic with funny stories, and will certainly appeal to adults and children. From them the children will learn that there are 33 sister letters in the Russian language. That they are in a certain sequence. With the help of poetry you can easily learn the alphabet.
It is advisable to explain to children that language has letters - these are what we write and read, and sounds - we pronounce and hear. It is desirable that children clearly differentiate these concepts. Because consonant letters and sounds have different sounds. For example, “rrrrrr” is a sound, but “er” is a letter. At first it is difficult for children to understand and assimilate, but over time they will understand it and their knowledge will be systematized.
Start small and soon great things will come to you and your children!
LETTERS AROUND US
Look around -
Letters here and letters there.
One two three four five!
We go out to look for them.
A
Are you unfamiliar with the letter "A"?
There she is on the roof of the house.
The letter "A" walks
Tightened with a strap.
And in the hospital the letter "Be"
He rides everyone on himself.
If someone can't walk -
The letter "Be" will help him.
IN
The letter "Ve" floats by
Over the waves, over the blue.
Can't catch up with her - she rushed off -
Neither a dolphin nor a whale.
Maybe she met
Are you in any port?
Lifting crane - letter "Ge" -
standing on one leg
And with one hand
Lifts it up
What someone else can’t lift -
A wall weighing about five tons.
D
The letter "De" on chicken legs.
Whose hut? Whose guardhouse?
This is Petya's grandfather's house.
Come visit, children!
“E” looks so much like a pitchfork,
That once the letter "E"
Sena unloaded the cart herself
And she put it aside.
AND
Everyone knows for sure -
"F" looks like a beetle.
Visit us once on a goat
The letter "Ze" galloped up.
The letter "Z" fed the goat,
The letter "Z" watered the goat,
I washed the udder with water.
The goat has a high milk yield.
The jar is ready
Fresh milk.
AND
Trainer with the letter "I"
In the circus in the arena.
Look at this letter
She got down on her knees.
The audience clapped for a long, long time.
And to the sound of applause
The trainer ordered:
We must get up!
"I" said:
I don't need to clap.
I don't want anything
Except refined sugar.
“I” stood under the lantern,
We don't recognize him.
Changed - look
Stealthily looking at him.
Previously it was just "I"
And now “And short.”
TO
The letter "K" reads a book
About a kitten and a mouse,
About the goat and the kids
And about all the animals in a row.
Spruce leaned against the spruce -
The result is the letter "el".
M
The letter "Em" they told me
On the camel's back.
And the cow mooed: “Moo!
I'll take the letter "Em" for myself.
If there are two tents
In the field right next to each other,
Write in your notebook:
This letter is the letter "Em".
Letter "eN", I know you.
The letter is strong, steel.
You are so tall
And not the letter you, but the bridge.
Cars are running towards you
The river runs underneath you
With large ships.
There are clouds above you.
ABOUT
A bagel is the letter "O" -
You will remember easily.
Right next to our house
The letter "Pe" is a large horizontal bar.
I'm still with this projectile
I'm not used to managing it.
I'll grow up a little -
I'll climb to the letter that.
R
"er" - tourist, goes on a hike,
He carries a backpack on his back.
At night, look at the sky for yourself -
"es" hangs above you like the Moon.
Divide the bagel in half -
It will be “es” for both me and you.
T
"Te" both in the rain and in the heat
She shelters the children.
"U" looks like a slingshot -
Just fit the rubber band!
But please guys
Please don't shoot the birds!
F
Fedya is not a burden in the house.
Fedya is a cook, Fedya is a chef.
I took two watermelons under my arms -
The result is the letter "eF".
"Ha" looks like scissors
"Ha" can cut paper,
Can cut out pants
Sundress for the home.
We are friends with this letter,
She is familiar to us.
C
The letter "Pe" began to dance
And she danced for an hour.
The letter "Pe" has returned home,
One two Three! Turned over
Jump and jump onto the stool.
Where is she? There was and there is no!
Transformed into the letter "Tse"
With a small leg at the end.
The chair is placed upside down -
The result is the letter "Che".
"Che" just like our mother
With my little brother on my shoulder.
Sh
Three pencils stood up
On the line - this is "Sha".
Looking for different letters,
Don't forget about the letter "Sha".
Three pipes and a faucet on the side -
Pour a glass of juice!
Letter "Sha" for birthday
Prepares a treat for everyone.
b
Everyone has known this for a long time -
Soft sign looks like a chair.
Alyonushka sits in it,
Learns the alphabet with mom.
There was a floor lamp opposite the chair.
What happened, I wonder?
Draw and write -
The result is the letter "Y".
Kommersant
Who is this on the surface of the water?
Floating there without looking at us?
Swims by shouting “crack”?
Is it really a "Solid Sign"?
It used to be in the alphabet
Hey, hurry up and catch him!
Solid sign, let's play!
Come back to our notebook!
The letter "E" is walking along the beach,
The letter "E" is towards her.
Tongues speak to each other -
There is no more stupid thing to do.
"E" always looks forward,
"E" is quite the opposite,
"E" backs away
Like a cuttlefish.
YU
If you haven't eaten the bagel,
If he's still with you,
That's in one good deed
It will come in handy now.
Let's play with him a little.
On the side - a fork,
Nearby is a spoon.
Write it down in your notebook -
This letter is the letter "Y".
Letter I, letter I
Looks very important -
The fat one will bulge his belly,
He puts his leg forward.
But the other day I found out
That she's the last one.
Vitamins Alphabet are biological active additive, a complex of minerals and vitamins.
Release form and composition
Alphabet vitamins are available in the form of tablets for oral use.
Multi-colored tablets in the amount of 120 or 210 pieces are packed in plastic jars, in the amount of 60 pieces - in blisters and a cardboard box.
Each package contains three types of tablets: white, blue and pink flowers, their composition is individual and is given below.
Contents of the tablet white includes:
- 1 mg copper;
- 14 mg iron;
- 1.5 mg vitamin B1;
- 35 mg vitamin C;
- 0.5 mg vitamin A;
- Folic acid – 0.1 mg.
Pills blue color contain:
- 10 mg vitamin E;
- 20 mg vitamin B3;
- 1.8 mg vitamin B2;
- 35 mg vitamin C;
- 2 mg vitamin B6;
- 0.5 mg vitamin A;
- 15 mg zinc;
- 2 mg manganese;
- 70 mcg selenium;
- 0.15 mg iodine;
- 50 mg magnesium.
Useful elements contained in pink tablets:
- 0.05 mg biotin;
- 5 mg vitamin B5;
- 0.03 mg vitamin B12;
- 0.12 mg vitamin K1;
- 0.005 mg vitamin D;
- 0.1 mg folic acid;
- 0.05 mg chromium;
- 100 mg calcium.
In addition, each capsule contains auxiliary components: aerosil, refined sugar, colidon, pharmaceutical talc, calcium stearate monohydrate, magnesium oxide, gum arabic, shellac, carnauba wax, 2 types of dyes (diamond blue, E124), gelatin, wheat flour, vaseline oil.
The Alphabet vitamin brand also produces vitamin-mineral complexes intended for more specific uses. In particular, there are Alphabets: Kindergarten, Schoolboy, During the cold season, Our baby, Mom’s health, Teenager, Biorhythm, Optikum, For men, Energy, 50+, Diet, Cosmetics, etc.
Indications for the use of vitamins Alphabet
The Alphabet vitamin and mineral complex is recommended for use during periods of increased need for vitamins and microelements, including during physical activity high intensity, during mental stress, during long-term treatment antibiotics, chemotherapy, infectious diseases and in postoperative period. In addition, the drug is prescribed to pregnant women and people whose nutrition is inadequate and insufficient. Also, Alphabet vitamins are effective in the prevention and treatment of hypovitaminosis and lack of microelements.
Contraindications
The instructions for Alphabet vitamins indicate as contraindications the excess content in the body of mineral substances that are part of the vitamin-mineral complex, as well as hypervitaminosis. In addition, the tablets should not be given to children less than one year of age and to persons with thyrotoxicosis.
Method of use and dosage of vitamins Alphabet
The tablets should be taken orally, along with meals, with the required amount of liquid.
For ease of use, Alphabet vitamin tablets are divided into three colors, which indicates the need to take them separately. Each tablet of a specific color contains a daily set of essential vitamins and minerals. They should be taken one at a time, keeping an interval of 4 hours between doses. It is important to keep in mind that violation of the recommended intervals may lead to a decrease in the therapeutic effect.
Most often, the duration of the course of using Alphabet vitamins is 30 days, after which it is recommended to take a 14-day break, then repeat the course of treatment.
Some complexes from the Alphabet range of vitamins should be taken only after consultation with your doctor. For example, the Alphabet of Mom's Health.
Side effects of vitamins Alphabet
According to the instructions for Alphabet vitamins, the use of tablets may cause allergic reactions to any component of the drug.
special instructions
The drug is approved for use by women during pregnancy, but you should consult your doctor before taking it.
With prolonged use of Alphabet vitamins or in case of taking doses exceeding the recommended ones, an overdose of the drug may occur. It appears in the form acute poisoning or hypervitaminosis and hypermetallosis. In case of poisoning, you should perform forced diuresis, gastric lavage, take laxatives and then act based on the symptoms. In case of hypervitaminosis or hypermetallosis, you should stop taking the drug and carry out therapy that helps remove excess vitamins or minerals from the body.
It must be taken into account that during the use of Alphabet vitamins, the absorption of tetracycline and fluoroquinolone derivatives is hampered. The Alphabet also enhances side effect And healing effect sulfonamides. Joint reception The white Alphabet tablet and preparations containing magnesium, calcium, and aluminum help reduce iron absorption, and with the simultaneous use of the pink tablet and diuretics, hypercalcemia may occur.
