- Category: Arguments for the Unified State Exam essay
- M.A. Bulgakov's story "Heart of a Dog". In this story M.A. Bulgakov creates the image of a genuine Moscow intellectual - Professor Preobrazhensky. This is a man of outstanding intelligence, high culture, who has devoted his entire life to selfless service to science. But the hero also has an independent mind, his own point of view on everything that happens. Thus, Philip Philipovich openly talks about his attitude towards the victorious proletariat. “Why, when this whole story began, did everyone start walking up the marble stairs in dirty galoshes and felt boots?” - the professor is perplexed. “Devastation,” his colleague, Dr. Bormental, tries to explain to him. “What is your devastation?.. It’s this: if instead of operating every evening, I start singing in chorus in my apartment, I will be devastated.” A scientific experiment with Sharik, transplanting human organs into a dog becomes a real disaster for the professor: Preobrazhensky with his own hands creates a “newest proletarian”, a rude, arrogant, vile, aggressive person who does not have the slightest idea about culture and morality, but strives to “divide” everything. And the professor takes the opposite action, turning him into a dog again. Bulgakov's image of an intellectual is contrasted with the image of a proletarian. The author’s position here is quite definite: any violence against nature and man, forcing the natural process of evolution turns into an inevitable tragedy. And history has confirmed to us that the brilliant writer was right.
- D.S. Likhachev - “Letters about the good and the beautiful.”
In this book D.S. Likhachev reflects on what intelligence is. Intelligence should not be confused with education or intellect. An intellectual is a benevolent, well-mannered person who respects the culture of the past, has an aesthetic sense, and loves to gain knowledge. Intelligence, according to the scientist, is the ability to understand another, to perceive, “a tolerant attitude towards the world and people.” The scientist believes that we need to develop all these qualities in ourselves, since they are the ones who ensure our moral health.
- The image of academician D.S. Likhacheva, a genuine Russian intellectual, an outstanding scientist.
Two meanings, which use the word " intelligentsia”, and accordingly “intelligence” in the modern world: functional And social.
From Wikipedia:
Functional meaning and Latin origin of the word "intelligence":
The concept of "intelligence"
From the “Dictionary of a Practical Psychologist” by S.Yu. Golovin:
I. Bestuzhev-Lada believes that
Expression of intelligence in a person
From the “Psychological Dictionary-Reference Book” by Dyachenko M.I., Kandybovich L.A.:
Manifestation of human intelligence
From the “Psychological Dictionary-Reference Book” by Dyachenko M.I., Kandybovich L.A.:
Who can be intelligent?
I. Bestuzhev-Lada believes that
*Igor Vasilievich Bestuzhev-Lada (born 1927) is a Russian scientist, historian, sociologist and futurologist, specialist in the field of social forecasting and global studies.
What is characteristic of an intelligent person?
*Internationalism (from the Latin inter – “between” and nation – “people”) is an ideology that preaches friendship and cooperation between nations.
The main signs of intelligence are a complex of the most important intellectual and moral qualities from the “Dictionary of a Practical Psychologist” by S.Yu. Golovin:
The words “intelligent” and “intelligent” are paronyms. Don't confuse them.
From the express reference book by E.D. Golovina “Differentiate between words: Difficult cases of modern Russian word usage”:
What do modern young people understand by intelligence?
|
1.does not create difficulties for others by his behavior |
(1) What is classical literature? (2) What is classical Russian music? (3) What is Russian painting, in particular the Peredvizhniki? (4) And this, among other things, is also the Russian intelligentsia and intelligence, from which came creators who knew how to express their mindset, aspirations and everything that we call the spiritual world of the people.
(5) A person who calls himself an intellectual thereby took upon himself very clear moral obligations. (6) The measure of intelligence was not only beliefs, morality, and creativity as such, but also actions.
(7) A person who insulted a servant, an unfamiliar passer-by, a man who came to the market, a beggar, a shoemaker, a conductor, was not accepted in the intelligentsia, they turned away from him, but the same person who was insolent to his superiors aroused complete trust.
(8) Careerism was not encouraged to any extent, but in some cases it was tolerated: if the careerist “did not forget the poor and his own dignity” - that was roughly the rule.
(9) Getting rich was despised, especially in cases where the rich person did not provide material assistance to anyone. (10) It was not shameful to come to a rich man, if not with a demand, then with an insistent request to donate to such and such social and good needs.
(11) Precisely because intelligence provided for the morality of action and lifestyle, it was not a class, and Count Tolstoy was an intellectual, and a craftsman was one.
(12) The Code of Intelligence was never written anywhere, but was clear to everyone who wanted to understand it. (13) He who understood him knew what was good and what was bad, what was possible and what was not.
(According to S. Zalygin)
Introduction
Sometimes it is difficult to clearly define what intelligent behavior is and what is the opposite of it. How does an intelligent person differ from the general mass? Are there any special rules for a person to become intelligent? Writers, sociologists and philosophers have been thinking about this for more than one generation.
Problem
The problem of intelligence is also raised by the Russian writer-publicist S. Zalygin. He tries to correlate the very concept of intelligence and its embodiment in the life of society.
A comment
The author asks the question of what Russian literature, music, painting are, inextricably linking these concepts with the intelligentsia and intelligence, which helped the masters of words and painting to express the features of the surrounding world, the internal aspirations of the common people.
Next, the author talks about the high moral responsibility of a person who calls himself an intellectual. The main measure of intelligence is not only beliefs, morals or creativity, but also actions. A person who insulted the disadvantaged and needy was not accepted in an intelligent environment. At the same time, the person who shouted at his superiors aroused confidential respect.
The thirst for profit and career growth were not welcomed, especially if the person did not help the disadvantaged. It was very important not to lose self-esteem and donate to public needs.
Author's position
S. Zalygin says that the code of intelligence has never been written, but is understandable to everyone. Anyone who understands the very essence of intelligence knows what is good and what is bad, what can be done and what cannot be done.
Intelligence does not depend on a person’s social affiliation; it is a special internal quality.
Your position
I agree with the author that intelligence is not education, talent or morality. These are all the listed traits, specially formed into a single internal state that does not allow a person to lose his own dignity and humiliate the dignity of others.
Argument 1
Intelligence is assessed by others by a person’s ability to behave in various situations, in the company of people. Another important criterion of intelligence is spirituality. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” presents us with true intelligence in the person of one of the main characters - Andrei Bolkonsky.
Prince Andrei is a strong, strong-willed person, intelligent, educated, with deep patriotic feelings, mercy and spirituality. High society with its cynicism and lies repels Bolkonsky. Gradually abandoning the rules by which high society lives, Andrei tries to find happiness in military action.
Having gone through a difficult path on the battlefields, the hero affirms compassion, love and kindness in his soul. These traits make him a true intellectual. Many modern young people could take an example from him.
Argument 2
In another work, the writer, on the contrary, asserts the lack of intelligence in his heroes. A.P. Chekhov in the comedy “The Cherry Orchard” reflects on memory and shows the life of impoverished nobles of the late 19th century, who, through their own stupidity, lose their family estate, the cherry orchard, dear to their memories, and their closest and dearest people.
They do not want to do anything, are not fit for work, are not keen on reading or comprehending science, and do not understand anything about art. In other words, in the heroes of the comedy the reader observes a complete lack of spiritual and mental work. Therefore, despite their high origin, it is difficult to call them intellectuals. According to A.P. Chekhov, people are obliged to improve themselves, work hard, help those in need, and strive for the highest manifestation of morality.
Conclusion
In my opinion, to be a real person, a Man with a capital P, means to be an intellectual. Intelligence is the ability to subordinate your life to the laws of mercy, goodness and justice.
It seems that the concepts of good manners, decency, spiritual nobility - everything that we are accustomed to associate with the words “intellectual” and “intelligence” - are being blurred before our eyes. One brave critic once admitted in print: before reading any work on the Internet or on a floppy disk, he checks with the help of a computer whether it contains profanity. If not, you will never read it: pink water!
Composition
Any concept and term “fades” over time and inevitably changes, and, if it does not disappear completely, then in any case loses the originally established moral and ideological components. Unfortunately, it is impossible to avoid this, but some key and fundamental concepts become especially alarming. In his text, I. Fonyakov raises the current problem of intelligence.
Many publicists, philologists and scientists discussed and argued on this topic. I. Fonyakov draws our attention to the fact that the concepts that make up the term “intelligentsia” itself, such as “good manners”, “decency”, “spiritual nobility”, are being eroded and losing their significance, and at the same time losing their meaning and the meaning and the word “intellectual” itself. The writer gives the example of a typical representative of the modern “creative intelligentsia”, who seriously considered works that do not use obscene language to be “pink water”, thereby expressing his confident approval of the abundance of obscenities and other words in Russian literature that were still considered yesterday unacceptable and forbidden. In contrast to this “intellectual,” I. Fonyakov also cites as examples such great personalities as the author of “The Tale of Igor’s Host,” Metropolitan Hilarion, Nestor and other monastic chroniclers, whose contribution to history is, of course, irreplaceable, and focuses on the fact that these individuals, and those who are, based on the term, “representatives of a social stratum that arose in certain circumstances,” are also considered to be “Russian intelligentsia,” which is fundamentally wrong.
An intellectual is a person who has mental integrity and intellectual freedom. The author believes that the intelligentsia is not only a social stratum that arose in the 15th – 16th centuries. These are, first of all, educated and thinking people, guided by moral categories and unconditional intellectual freedom, and the main driver in this case should be conscience and a sense of responsibility for the future generation. Intellectuals are independent individuals, driven only by their own convictions and capable of making a worthy contribution to the history of their fatherland, and those who are able to sacrifice cultural values in the pursuit of profit, fashion, dubious innovation or any of their own prejudices are called intellectuals in the full meaning of this words are wrong and stupid.
I agree with I. Fonyakov’s point of view and also believe that the intelligentsia is not just a social stratum or a crowd of people who consider themselves “knowledgeable” and “educated.” Intellectuals in the full meaning of the word are individuals free from everything that contradicts their beliefs, but at the same time, their goal can only be contribution to the future of their country and its comprehensive development, and the guidelines of true “Russian intellectuals” can only be conscience and morality.
In the novel B.L. Pasternak's "Doctor Zhivago" describes the difficult fate of a true intellectual faced with such an inhuman and inhumane element as war. The main character desperately tried to prove himself both as a doctor and as a poet, however, when faced with the real world, he realized that it was more profitable to “be like everyone else” and be content with philistine values and joys. Throughout the entire work, Yuri Zhivago faces moral and moral contradictions - the real world, full of murders, hypocrisy, lies and vices, turned out to be so alien to him, but the hero himself, being a morally pure, thinking person, a real Russian intellectual, was never able to immerse himself in this atmosphere and take on the habits and properties of everything that surrounded him, and he could only be content with his own creativity and deep loneliness, concealing in the depths of his soul the hope for a happy future.
A similar problem was raised in his comedy “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedov. The main character, Chatsky, being a representative of the new generation of intellectuals, faced rejection and misunderstanding on the part of conservatives led by Famusov. The main character, driven by revolutionary aspirations and the desire to raise his country “from its knees,” wanted to convey his ideas to a large number of people and started with the society in which he had to be for a long time - but there he was considered crazy. Famus society was afraid of free thought and change - its representatives did not care about the state of the country and its further development, they were all worried only about their own well-being, and therefore Chatsky’s attempts to get to their conscience and morality initially could not be crowned with success. The townsfolk won in numbers, and Chatsky could only disappear as quickly as possible, waiting for like-minded people.
In conclusion, I would like to note once again that the problem of the Russian intelligentsia lies primarily in the “smearing” of key concepts and the incorrect interpretation of the term. From century to century, different political and cultural figures express different attitudes towards this “social stratum”, but no one’s opinion should or can in any way influence the interpretation of the term “intellectual”.
Hello dear readers. In this article you will learn what the problem of intelligence is in the modern world. Find out the meaning of this concept. Check out the examples. Find out what traits characterize an intelligent person. You will know what you need to do to become like this yourself.
Definition of the concept
Intelligence (translated from Latin means thinking, understanding) is a set of qualities of an individual that meets the expectations of a cultural society. There are also other definitions of this concept.
- The ability to think, the ability to make independent judgments about the universe, about the manifestations of human actions.
- Tolerant character, nobility, intelligence and reliability of words.
- A combination of a hard-working mind, a noble soul and a truthful heart.
- The ability to understand, accept everything new, always respect the opinions of other people, demonstrate one’s emotions, and not allow interference in the personal space of another person.
- The ability to withstand rudeness, uncultured behavior, and fight back against injustice. Such an individual has high moral values and a developed sense of nobility.
You need to know what advantages intelligence has:
- allows you to show emotions and gain new knowledge;
- gives freedom, allowing you to express your thoughts;
- an intelligent person can understand the meaning of the common good;
- rewards with strength to resist evil injustice and rude civilization;
- confidence in one's strengths and capabilities, self-belief;
- An intelligent man or woman has the opportunity to show interest in life and be friendly to the people around him.
Characteristics of an intellectual
An intelligent person can be identified by the presence of certain qualities, especially if we consider an intellectual of the old school.
- Pure patriotism, which is manifested by real actions.
- Feeling compassion for the pain of other people and animals.
- Soft, polite, compliant character.
- Absence of a rude attitude towards any person, even if he behaves rudely towards an intellectual.
- Craving for everything beautiful.
- The ability to forgive people.
- Sincere truthfulness, decent attitude towards others, respect.
- Passion for education, constant self-development.
- In the speech of such an individual, quotes and aphorisms are often used. catchphrases, no rude phrases.
Examples in the modern world
In everyday life, a person meets intelligent people on his way and does not give it any importance, but it is they who make our life better, increasing its quality, they preserve spiritual and moral values.
An example of intelligence is a person who shows good manners, but does not behave in a pretentious way, and does not indulge in narcissism. Such an individual does not condemn anyone for wrong actions, but tries to determine their cause.
An example of intelligence is the writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn, who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970. At one time, the political system tried to destroy him, he was sent to camps, into exile, censorship was imposed, but he could not be broken. Alexander Isaevich faced cancer and was able to defeat it. Not only was he educated, he also helped others and society as a whole. He was tolerant of people's personal shortcomings, while opposing social vices. Solzhenitsyn was a man of strong spirit, body and mind.
The situation with intelligence in the modern world is under threat. The fact is that today there is an acute problem of personal degradation, the consequences of the media, social networks. However, you need to understand that human values will be preserved at any time, there will always be a place for compassion, the ability to put oneself in the place of other people, treat them with respect, and be tolerant. A sharp mind, together with inner freedom, a deep soul and a thirst for everything beautiful will always occupy a significant place in the process of evolution.
The current intelligentsia is not very different from the representatives of the last century. Such people are strong, they have a kind soul, they do not boast about their achievements and actions, they do everything to change the world for the better.
How to become an intellectual
- Great attention must be paid. Here we are not talking about some kind of fantasy or romance novels, but about classical literature.
- Education plays an important role. You need to understand that not every person with a higher education is an intellectual, while all intelligent people are highly educated.
- Proper upbringing is of the greatest importance. If I raise a child, I instill respect for other people, the ability to listen to others, the ability to sensibly relate to the point of view of each individual, then he will begin to develop the makings of intelligence.
- Educational activities and charity also allow you to become an intellectual.
- The inseparability of actions from words. A person who strives to become an intellectual will definitely be responsible for his words and actions.
Now you know what the essence of intelligence is. People must believe that intelligence is the culture of the soul. This is not an indicator of the level of education, these are actions that correspond to moral principles. Humanity vitally needs individuals with a bright soul, who will indicate the need for pure relationships without commercialism, the need to gain knowledge with subsequent development and spiritual growth.
