Nootropic drugs include large group psychotropic medications that help a person get rid of numerous effects on his nervous system. The newest nootropics are devoid of many of the dangerous side effects that were characteristic of the first generations of medicines, and are considered completely safe.
Modern nootropic drugs (neurometabolic stimulants) or simply nootropics are a large group of medicinal substances that have such an effect on the brain when its mental functions improve. As a result, the action of these drugs activates the thinking and memory ability (cognitive functions), increases the brain's resistance to the influence of negative exogenous factors - lack of oxygen, polluted atmosphere, toxins, stress and emotional overload, traumatic effects. In other words, they have an important ability to reduce neurological deficits.
The main principle of action of nootropics is based on their active participation in the metabolism and biological energetics of neurons, and is also carried out by influencing the mediators of neuroprocesses in the brain. In particular, they increase the level of adenylate cyclase in nerve cells and accelerate the production of ATP, which significantly affects cellular energy. The effect on the production of RNA and some proteins leads to the acceleration of plastic processes in the nervous system.
As a result of a series of metabolic transformations, serotonin is released, which is a catalyst for intracellular potassium and calcium ions. Adenosine triphosphoric acid helps maintain the speed of metabolic processes during oxygen deficiency, which reduces the danger oxygen starvation. Finally, nootropics optimize glucose utilization.
The best nootropic drugs can have the following effects:
- Stabilization of membranes by normalizing phospholipid and protein synthesis, as well as streamlining the structure of membrane cells.
- Antioxidant capacity resulting from inhibition of free radical formation and lipid oxidation.
- The antihypoxic effect is due to a decrease in oxygen consumption.
- Neuroprotection is characterized by an increase in the resistance of neurons to the action of aggressive exogenous factors.
- Improving blood microcirculation by improving the penetration of red blood cells through vascular walls and blocking platelet production.
- Improvement of electrophysiological patterns, which provides easier transmission of signals between the hemispheres, increased level of wakefulness and EEG power of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. This ultimately leads to optimization of integrative brain function.
- Optimization of control of cortico-subcortical processes, information exchange between parts of the brain, and the formation of a memorable imprint. These effects provide improved attentiveness, mental reaction, memory, perception of information, and contribute to increased intelligence and cognitive functions.
When are nootropics prescribed?
Neotropic drugs were developed to treat brain dysfunction and were intended primarily for older people. The development of pharmacology in this direction has made it possible to significantly expand the abilities of nootropics, which makes it possible to use them in various branches of medicine (neurology, psychiatry, pediatrics, surgery, gynecology, etc.).
- Dementia different types, incl. for Alzheimer's disease, vascular and senile pathologies.
- Cerebrovascular pathologies of a chronic nature.
- Syndrome of psychoorganic damage.
- Post-traumatic syndrome caused by poor circulation as a result of damage to the skull.
- Severe intoxication.
- Diseases caused by the penetration of neuroinfections.
- Deviations of intellectual-mnestic, asthenic, depressive nature.
- Neurotic type disorders.
- Dystonia of the vegetative-vascular system.
- Chronic alcoholism and associated pathologies such as encephalopathy, abstinence.
- Mental retardation.
A child, like an adult, in some cases needs psychotropic therapy. Nootropic drugs for children are remembered in pediatrics for amino acid deficiency, leading to a deterioration in protein synthesis and, in general, disruption of metabolic processes. The reasons for prescribing such drugs are the following circumstances: a significant lag in mental and speech development child; noticeable deviation in mental development; signs of congenital, perinatal disorder nervous system; cerebral paralysis; pronounced signs of attention deficit disorder.
New generation neotropics also cope well with some other diseases that are affected by processes occurring in the brain. According to the decision of a specialist, nootropic drugs can be used in the following conditions:
- Elimination of manifestations of neuroleptic syndrome. Hopanthenic acid, Pantogam and other drugs can be used.
- Treatment of stuttering and hyperkinesis. The drug Phenibut is effective.
- For disorders of the urinary organs, Pantogam can be prescribed.
- Glycine helps fight chronic insomnia.
- For migraines, Pyritinol or Semax are recommended.
- Such an unpleasant phenomenon as motion sickness and “ seasickness» is treatable with Phenibut.
- Complex therapy of ophthalmological problems often includes the use of Nicotinoil.
When problems might arise
Nootropics also have contraindications in circumstances where their use can cause negative consequences. They should not be taken if you have an individual intolerance to the main active substance or any additional ingredient of the drug; pronounced course renal failure, moreover, both in acute and chronic form; on acute stage hemorrhagic stroke; congenital Gettington's chorea associated with degenerative lesions of the central nervous system. Only in exceptional cases is it possible to prescribe drugs to pregnant women and nursing mothers. With extreme caution, nootropics are given to young children and only after reaching 1 year of age.
New nootropic drugs are quite easily tolerated by patients. However, individual reactions are possible in the form of such side effects– the appearance of an incomprehensible anxious feeling; temporary insomnia at night and craving for sleep during the day; irritability; horse racing blood pressure; dyspeptic disorders; allergic reactions different types. Elderly people rarely experience cardiac problems, in particular heart failure, when taking nootropics.
What medications are there?
The list of nootropic drugs includes many drugs, divided into groups that differ in chemical composition, focus, and mechanism of action. The following main categories are distinguished.
Stimulators of metabolic processes in neurons:
- Based on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The main representatives are Phenibut, Picamilon and Aminalon. An analogue is hopantenic acid.
- Compounds based on pyrrolidone (racetams). The most common drugs are Piracetam and Phenylpiracetam. Derivatives such as Aniracetam, Oxiracetam and Pramiracetam may be prescribed.
- Pantothenic acid derivatives – Pantogam.
- When using the active substance dimethylaminoethanol, Acefen and Centrophenoxin are produced. Drugs such as Phenotropil and Meclofenoxate have gained popularity.
- Preparations containing amino acids and peptides. The most famous are Glycine, Actovegin, Biotredin and Cerebrolysin. Popular neuropeptides are Noopept, Semax, Selank. Polypeptides include Cortexin, Cerebramin.
Drugs to reduce the effects of hypoxia. The best remedy– Hydroxymethylethylpyridine succinate.
Nootropics with the effect of vitamin-like substances or adaptogens. These include products based on folic and succinic acid, vitamins E and B15, and ginseng root. Idebenone stands out in this category.
Drugs to normalize the condition blood vessels(vasotropes). They help get rid of cerebral problems. Stand out - Instenon, Cinnarizine. Vinpocetine may be prescribed.
Memory improvement is achieved by using nootropics from the following subgroups:
- cholinomimetic and anticholesterase drugs – Amiridin and Choline;
- hormonal-type drugs - Corticotropin, ACTH, as well as a number of drugs related to endorphins and enkephalins.
A significant difference in the effectiveness of nootropics is revealed when considering such a feature as the time of their development. Old developments or first-generation drugs continue to be used, but they show increased risk side effects. These drugs are mainly derivatives of Piracetam - most are racetams.
Most popular drugs
Currently, depending on the type of psychogenic deviation, first and second generation nootropics are used, as well as drugs from the latest developments. You can make a rough list of the most popular nootropic drugs:
- Piracetam or similar products (Lucetam, Nootropil). Form of administration to the body – tablets for oral administration, intramuscular injections and intravenous drips. The most characteristic effects are the normalization of metabolic processes and blood circulation. Taking into account the fact that Piracetam belongs to the first generation of drugs, one can expect such side effects, as an increase in platelet levels, leading to a deterioration in blood clotting.
- Pramiracetam is available in tablet form. Although it is an older development, it has high cognitive properties, which helps improve memory. Has sedative abilities. Can be used for a long course of therapy. The drug should not be taken if you have kidney failure.
- Cavinton. Analogs are Neurovin and Vinpocetine. In addition to neuralgia, this drug is recommended for some ophthalmological pathologies and hearing problems. The course of treatment is quite long – 2-7 months. During the acute phase of the disease, it is administered by injection, and as the disease weakens, a transition to tablets is made.
- Phenibut. You can use its analogues - Bifren and Noobut. Release form – tablets, powder for injection solutions, capsules. This nootropic is effective for increasing mental response and physical performance, relieving stress, getting rid of anxious feelings and phobias, improving sleep quality. Prescribed for hypoxia. Useful when traveling by water, because... eliminates the influence of pitching. The course of treatment lasts 30-40 days. The drug should not be taken simultaneously with sedatives and sleeping pills.
- Hopantenic acid (often sold under the name Pantogam). Recommended to reduce motor excitability. A positive effect is detected within 25-30 days after the start of administration, but the full course can last 5-6 months.
- Glycine. Best known as an anti-stress drug. Helps relieve excessive excitability and irritability. It has a pronounced sedative effect and also helps normalize metabolism in the body.
- Cerebrolysin. It is used for serious damage to the central nervous system, incl. useful for Alzheimer's disease. Most commonly administered by injection, and most widely used as a treatment post-traumatic syndrome and consequences of stroke.
- Encephabol. It can be prescribed to both adults and children, while in the latter case a suspension with additives that improve taste is used. The drug is a strong neuroprotector and antioxidant with high cognitive abilities.
Latest generation drugs
Pharmacology around the world is taking active measures to improve nootropics, resulting in more effective and safe drugs. The following nootropic drugs have gained popularity:
- Phezam - used to normalize blood supply to the brain, improve protein metabolism and energy. It has vasodilating properties.
- Phenylpiracetam – necessary during the period after stroke rehabilitation. Often used to improve memory, concentration, and to eliminate convulsive phenomena.
- Noopept is especially effective for normalizing cognitive brain functions, eliminating anxiety and phobias, and for chronic headaches of a neurogenic nature.
- Selank – helps relieve stress and eliminate anxiety. It increases mental reaction, fights apathy and gloomy mood.
Nootropics also find a worthy place in child psychiatry and pediatrics. For babies, these drugs are available in the form of granules for making syrup or in the form of ready-made syrup. The most common use is for cerebral and encephalopathic disorders, as well as for significant retardation in intellectual development and lack of memory. For children, we can recommend stimulant drugs such as Picamilon and Cogitum, as well as drugs with a sedative effect - Cortexin and Phenibut.
The majority of the population of our planet, especially residents of large cities, are forced to live in conditions of constant environmental and psycho-emotional stress. It has been proven that stress is not harmless to the human body, it is a risk factor for many, and also has negative impact on the nervous system, as a result of which a person becomes irritable, his performance decreases, his memory and thinking processes deteriorate. In this regard, scientists are continuously searching for ways to prevent and correct the negative effects of stress on the nervous system. About 50 years ago, the concept of nootropic drugs arose, Piracetam was synthesized and tested. This gave a powerful impetus to the search and creation of other substances with a similar principle of action; these studies continue to this day.
From this article, the reader will get an idea of what nootropics are and what effects they have, get acquainted with the indications, contraindications, side effects of these drugs in general, and also learn the characteristics of individual representatives of drugs in this group, in particular new generation nootropics. Let's begin.
What are nootropics
According to the definition of the World Health Organization, nootropic drugs are drugs that have an activating effect on learning, improve mental activity and memory, and increase the resistance (stability) of the brain to such aggressive influences as injury, intoxication, and hypoxia.
The first nootropic in history is Piracetam, which was synthesized and used clinically by Belgian pharmacologists back in 1963. During the study, scientists found that this medicinal substance significantly increases mental performance, improves memory and promotes learning. Subsequently, other drugs with similar effects were synthesized, which we will discuss below.
Effects and mechanisms of action of nootropic drugs
The main effects of drugs in this group are:
- psychostimulant;
- sedative;
- anti-asthenic (reducing feelings of weakness, lethargy, mental and physical asthenia);
- antidepressant;
- antiepileptic;
- actually nootropic (impact on impaired higher cortical functions, which is manifested by improved thinking, speech, attention, and so on);
- mnemotropic (effect on learning and memory);
- adaptogenic (increasing the body's ability to resist harmful effects environment);
- vasovegetative (improved blood supply to the brain, which is manifested by a decrease and, as well as the elimination of other autonomic disorders);
- antidiskinetic;
- increasing clarity of consciousness and level of wakefulness.
These drugs do not cause pharmacological dependence and psychomotor agitation, taking them does not cause exhaustion physical capabilities body.
The action of drugs in this group is based on the following processes:
- activation of plastic processes in the central nervous system by enhancing the synthesis of proteins and RNA;
- activation of energy processes in neurons;
- activation of the processes of transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system;
- optimization of polysaccharide utilization processes, in particular glucose;
- inhibition of the formation of free radicals in cells;
- reduced need nerve cells in oxygen under hypoxic conditions;
- membrane-stabilizing effect (regulate the synthesis of proteins and phospholipids in nerve cells, stabilize the structure of cell membranes).
Nootropic drugs activate the enzyme adenylate cyclase, increasing its concentration in nerve cells. This substance is necessary to maintain the stability of the cell’s production of the main source of energy for biochemical and physiological processes - adenosine triphosphoric acid, or ATP, which, moreover, under hypoxic conditions, transfers metabolism in the brain to an optimally maintained mode.
In addition, nootropics affect the neurotransmitter systems of the brain, in particular:
- monoaminergic (increase the content of dopamine and norepinephrine, as well as serotonin in the brain);
- cholinergic (increase the content of acetylcholine in nerve endings, necessary for adequate transmission of impulses from cell to cell);
- glutamatergic (also improve signal transmission from neuron to neuron).
As a result of all the effects described above, the patient improves memory, attention, thought processes and perception processes, its ability to learn increases, intellectual functions are activated.
Classification of nootropics
The class of nootropic drugs includes substances of various pharmacological groups, which have a positive effect on the functioning of nerve cells and improve their structure.
- Substances that stimulate metabolic processes in nerve cells:
- pyrrolidone derivatives: Piracetam, Pramiracetam, Phenylpiracetam and others;
- derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): Aminalon, Picamilon, Hopanthenic acid, Phenibut;
- pantothenic acid derivatives: Pantogam;
- derivatives of vitamin B6 - pyridoxine: Pyritinol;
- products containing dimethylaminoethanol: Acefen, Centrophenoxin;
- preparations containing neuroaminoxylates and peptides: Glycine, Cerebrolysin, Actovegin;
- antihypoxants: Oxymethylethylpyridine succinate;
- vitamins, vitamin-like, general tonic substances: vitamin B15, vitamin E, folic acid, succinic acid, ginseng extract and others.
- Drugs that have a positive effect on blood vessels, or vasotropic drugs:
- Xanthinol nicotinate;
- Vinpocetine;
- Pentoxifylline;
- Cinnarizine;
- Instenon.
- Drugs that stimulate memory and learning processes:
- cholinomimetics and anticholinesterases: Galantamine, Choline, Amiridin and others;
- hormones: Corticotropin, adrenocorticotropic hormone;
- endorphins, enkephalins.
Indications for the use of nootropics
Medicines of the nootropic class are used to treat the following diseases:
- of various nature (vascular, senile);
- chronic cerebral vascular insufficiency;
- consequences of violation cerebral circulation;
- neuroinfections;
- intoxication;
- psychoorganic syndrome with symptoms of memory impairment, decreased concentration and general activity;
- cortical myoclonus;
- dizziness, with the exception of dizziness of vasomotor and mental origin;
- chronic alcoholism (for the purpose of treating encephalopathy, withdrawal and psychoorganic syndromes);
- reduced mental performance;
- astheno-depressive, depressive, astheno-neurotic syndromes;
- neurosis-like disorders;
- traumatic brain injury;
- hyperkinesis;
- sleep disorders;
- migraine;
- V complex treatment open angle glaucoma, vascular diseases retina, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration.
In pediatric practice, nootropics are used to treat the following conditions:
- mental retardation;
- delay mental development and speech development;
- cerebral palsy;
- consequences of damage to the central nervous system during childbirth;
- attention deficit disorder.
Contraindications to taking nootropics
Medicines in this group should not be taken in the following cases:
- in case of individual hypersensitivity of the patient’s body to the active substance or other components of the drug;
- in case of acute period hemorrhagic stroke(hemorrhages in brain tissue);
- with Gettington's chorea;
- when severe violation renal function (if creatinine clearance is less than 20 ml/min);
- during pregnancy and lactation.
Side effects of nootropics
Medicines in this group rarely cause any side effects, however, some patients may experience the following undesirable reactions while taking them:
- headache, irritability, anxiety, sleep disturbances, drowsiness;
- rarely, in elderly patients, increased symptoms of coronary insufficiency;
- nausea, stomach discomfort, or;
- increased psychopathological symptoms;
Brief description of drugs
Since there are actually quite a lot of medicines belonging to the class of drugs we are describing, we will not be able to consider all of them, but we will only talk about those that are most widely used in the world. medical practice to date.
Piracetam (Piracetam, Lucetam, Biotropil, Nootropil)
Available in the form of tablets for oral administration and solution for injections and infusions.
The drug has a positive effect on blood circulation and metabolic processes in the brain, resulting in increased resistance of brain tissue to hypoxia and the effects of toxic substances, as well as improved memory, integrative activities brain, learning ability increases.
When taken orally, it is well absorbed into gastrointestinal tract, the maximum concentration in the blood is determined after 1 hour. Penetrates into many organs and tissues, including through the blood-brain and placental barriers. The half-life is 4 hours. Excreted by the kidneys.
Routes of drug administration: orally or parenterally (intramuscular or intravenous). It is recommended to take the tablets before meals. The dosage and duration of treatment are determined individually, depending on the disease and its characteristics. clinical course.
When treating patients suffering from, caution should be exercised and the dose adjusted depending on the level of creatinine clearance.
Side effects of the drug are standard, and they usually occur in elderly and old age provided they receive a dosage of more than 2.4 g of piracetam per day.
It has an effect on platelet aggregation, therefore it is used with caution in persons suffering from hemostasis disorders and a tendency to hemorrhage.
Contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation.
If sleep disturbances develop while taking piracetam, you should discontinue evening reception it and add this dose to the daily dose.
Pramiracetam (Pramistar)
Chemical formula Pramiracetam Release form: tablets.
Has a high degree of affinity for choline. Improves learning ability, memory and mental performance in general. Does not have a sedative effect and does not affect the autonomic nervous system.
Absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract quickly and almost completely, maximum concentration active substance in the blood is determined after 2-3 hours. The half-life is 4-6 hours. Excreted by the kidneys.
During pregnancy and lactation, taking Pramistar is contraindicated.
When treating patients with impaired renal function, they should be closely monitored for the development of side effects drug - this will be a sign of an excess of the active substance in the body and require a dose reduction.
Vinpocetine (Cavinton, Neurovin, Vinpocetine, Vicebrol)
Available in the form of tablets and solution for infusion.
Improves microcirculation in the brain, enhances cerebral blood flow, does not cause the phenomenon of “stealing”.
When taken orally, it is absorbed by 70% of the digestive tract. The maximum concentration in the blood is determined after 60 minutes. The half-life is almost 5 hours.
It is used both in neurology (for chronic disorders cerebral circulation and other diseases described in the general part of the article), and in ophthalmology (for the purpose of treatment chronic diseases retinal vessels) and in otiatrics (to restore hearing acuity).
If therapy is started in acute period illness, vinpocetine should be administered parenterally, and then continued orally at a dose of 1-2 tablets three times a day after meals.
Phenibut (Bifren, Noofen, Noobut, Phenibut)
Release form: tablets, capsules, powder for the preparation of oral solution.
The dominant effects of this medicinal substance are antihypoxic and antiamnestic. The drug improves memory, increases mental and physical performance, and stimulates learning processes. In addition, it eliminates anxiety, fear, psycho-emotional stress, improves sleep. Strengthens and prolongs the effect of sleeping pills, anticonvulsants and neuroleptics. Reduces manifestations of asthenia.
After oral administration, it is well absorbed and penetrates into all organs and tissues of the body, in particular through the blood-brain barrier.
It is used for decreased emotional and intellectual activity, concentration, memory impairment, asthenic, anxiety-neurotic and neurosis-like conditions, insomnia, Meniere's disease, as well as for the prevention of motion sickness. IN complex therapy extreme and delirious alcoholic states, osteochondrosis cervicothoracic region spine, menopausal disorders.
It is recommended to take 250-500 mg orally, before meals, three times a day. Maximum daily dose is 2.5 g, the maximum single dose is 750 mg. Duration of therapy is from 4 to 6 weeks.
In different clinical situations, the dosage regimen may vary.
It has an irritating effect, so it is used with caution in people suffering.
Hopanthenic acid (Pantogam)
Available in tablet form.
Reduces motor excitability, normalizes behavioral reactions, increases performance, and activates mental activity.
Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The maximum concentration of the active substance in the blood is determined 60 minutes after administration. Creates high concentrations in the kidneys, liver, stomach wall and skin. Penetrates the blood-brain barrier. It is eliminated from the body after 2 days.
Indications are standard.
Take the drug orally, half an hour after eating. Single dose for adults it is 250-1000 mg. Daily dose – 1.5-3 g. Course of treatment – 1-6 months. After 3-6 months you can repeat the course. During treatment various diseases Dosages of the drug may vary.
Contraindications and side effects are described above.
Pyritinol (Encephabol)
Available in the form of tablets and suspension for oral use (this dosage form intended for children).
It has a pronounced neuroprotective effect, stabilizes neuronal membranes, reduces the number of free radicals, and reduces red blood cell aggregation. Positively affects behavioral and cognitive functions.
If the drug dosage regimen is followed, the development of side effects is unlikely.
Glycine (Glycine, Glycised)
Release form: tablets.
Improves metabolism in muscles and brain tissue. Has a sedative effect.
Use sublingually (dissolving under the tongue).
To treat depression, anxiety and irritability, take glycine 0.1 g 2-4 times a day. For chronic alcoholism, it is prescribed according to recommended treatment regimens.
Contraindications – increased sensitivity to glycine. Side effects are not described.
Cerebrolysin
Release form: solution for injection.
Improves the function of nerve cells, stimulates their differentiation processes, activates protection and recovery mechanisms.
Penetrates the blood-brain barrier.
It is used for metabolic, organic and neurodegenerative diseases of the brain, in particular, and is also used in the complex treatment of strokes and traumatic brain injuries.
Daily doses of the drug vary widely depending on the pathology and range from 5 to 50 ml. Routes of administration: intramuscular and intravenous.
Use with caution to treat patients with allergic diathesis.
Actovegin
Release form: tablets, solution for injections and infusions.
Contains exclusively physiological substances. Increases the brain's resistance to hypoxia and accelerates the processes of glucose utilization.
Used for ischemic and residual effects hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury. Widely used for the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy, burns, peripheral circulatory disorders, as well as for trophic disorders in order to accelerate wound healing processes.
As a rule, it is well tolerated. In some cases, the reactions described at the beginning of the article develop.
Approved for use during pregnancy and lactation.
Contraindicated in case of individual hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.
Contains sucrose, so in patients with hereditary disorders carbohydrate metabolism does not apply.
Hexobendine (Instenon)
Available in the form of tablets for oral administration and solution for intramuscular and intravenous administration.
Has a stimulating effect on metabolic processes in the brain and myocardium, improves cerebral and coronary circulation. Antispasmodic.
Indications for the use of this drug are diseases of the brain of an age-related and vascular nature, the consequences of insufficient blood supply to the brain, dizziness.
Contraindicated in case of individual sensitivity to the components of the drug, increased intracranial pressure, epileptiform syndromes. During pregnancy and lactation it is used exclusively according to indications.
It is recommended to take orally during or after meals, without chewing, with plenty of water. The dosage is 1-2 tablets three times a day. The maximum daily dose is 5 tablets. The duration of treatment is at least 6 weeks.
The injection solution is administered intramuscularly, slowly intravenously or by drip. The dosage depends on the characteristics of the clinical course of the disease.
During treatment with this drug, you should not drink tea and coffee in large quantities. If the drug is administered intravenously, only a slow infusion is allowed, and the intravenous injection should last at least 3 minutes. Rapid administration of the drug may lead to sharp decline blood pressure.
Combination drugs
There are many drugs that contain 2 or more components that are similar in action or mutually enhance the effects of each other. The main ones are:
- Gamalate B6 (contains pyridoxine hydrochloride, GABA, gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, magnesium glutamate hydrobromide; prescribed for adults in the complex treatment of functional asthenia; recommended to take 2 tablets 2-3 times a day for 2-18 months);
- Neuro-norm (contains piracetam and cinnarizine; indications are standard for nootropics; dosage – 1 capsule three times a day for 1-3 months; take the tablet after meals, do not chew, drink plenty of water);
- Noozom, Omaron, Fezam, Cinatropil, Evriza: drugs similar in chemical composition and other indicators with Neuro-norm;
- Olatropil (contains GABA and piracetam; recommended for use before meals, 1 capsule 3-4, maximum 6 times a day for 1-2 months; if necessary, the course can be repeated after 1.5-2 months);
- Thiocetam (includes piracetam and thiotriazoline; it is recommended to take 1-2 tablets three times a day; the course of treatment is up to 30 days; in some cases it is used in the form of an injection solution: 20-30 ml of the drug is administered intravenously in 100- 150 ml of saline solution or 5 ml intramuscularly once a day for 2 weeks).
So, above you got acquainted with the most popular ones today medicines group of nootropics. Some of them are the first drugs of this class, but many were developed much later and are much more effective, so they can safely be called new generation nootropics. Please note that the information provided in the article is not a guide to action: if you experience any unpleasant symptoms You should not self-medicate, but rather seek help from a specialist.
Nootropic drugs are popularly called “smart” pills. After all, such drugs improve the brain. They activate learning and improve memory. The first nootropic synthesized in 1963 was the drug Piracetam. During the study of the drug, scientists confirmed that the drug increases mental abilities, improves memory, and performance. Today, many drugs have been developed that have a similar effect. These are new generation nootropics. We'll talk about them.
Mechanism of action
New generation nootropics do not cause addiction in humans. In addition, they do not provoke psychomotor agitation. Taking them does not cause depletion of physical capabilities.
It is generally well tolerated. But some patients may experience undesirable reactions, which were discussed above. In case of violations in carbohydrate metabolism This product is not used because it contains sucrose.
The drug "Pantogam"
The medicine can activate mental activity, normalize behavioral reactions, and increase performance. Actively promotes enrichment of the brain with oxygen.
This product is approved for use by children from 1 year of age. Used for babies suffering from cognitive disorders. Mainly for speech delay, hyperactivity syndrome.
The average cost of the drug is 358 rubles.
List of the best nootropics
Today there is simply a huge list effective medicines. In addition, periodically pharmaceutical market new drugs appear. After all, developments to create the most effective means are ongoing.
If we talk about the best nootropics, doctors highlight the following medications:
- “Piracetam” (even today it ranks as a highly effective remedy).
- "Nootropil"
- "Phenotropil".
- "Glycine".
- "Meclofenoxate."
- "Cerebrolysin".
- "Aminalon".
- "Bemitil."
- "Biotredin".
- "Vinpocetine."
Patient opinions
From the above, it is quite clear how the nootropic is positioned in the instructions for use. Reviews from patients who have tested the medications themselves largely confirm their effective effect on the body.
The same old drug Piracetam occupies a special place. It is prescribed for many pathologies, especially after traumatic brain injuries. Patients who adhere to the course of treatment prescribed by the doctor notice that unpleasant phenomena such as migraines and dizziness are eliminated under the influence of the medicine.
Excellent remedies, especially for VSD, are the drugs “Cinarizine” and “Vinpocetine”. They eliminate unwanted symptoms such as constant dizziness, blue nail plates, cold extremities and many others. However, some patients may experience adverse reactions.
Despite this, it is the patients who assure that nootropic drugs can “simply bring you back to life”! Therefore, love yourself, take care of your health and take the medications your doctor prescribed for you!
The term “nootropics” appeared in 1972, this word consists of two Greek “noos” - mind and “tropos” - change. It turns out that nootropics are designed to change the human mind, using biochemistry to influence the central nervous system.
Their predecessors in improving brain function were psychostimulants, which had a strong but short-term effect on a person. They increased the body's endurance, resistance to stress, and caused general excitement, activity and euphoria. If not for the severe negative side effects and addiction, psychostimulants would have conquered humanity. But the after-effect in the form of severe depression and complete loss of strength depressed the person so much that it could lead to suicide.
Synthetic nootropics
After taking nootropics there are practically no negative effects, they are not addictive. But they also don’t have psychostimulants. To feel the results of taking nootropics, you need to take a course lasting 1-3 months.
The effect of nootropic drugs is due to the improvement and acceleration of metabolism in nerve tissues, the protection of neurons during a lack of oxygen and toxic effects. In fact, nootropics protect the brain from aging. Nowadays many nootropic drugs are produced, here are the most common ones:
"Piracetam" ("Nootropil") is the first of the nootropics. It is prescribed for disorders of attention and memory, nervous disorders, brain injuries, alcoholism and vascular diseases. It can also be used independently (without exceeding the dose) for better perception and assimilation of educational material. The following side effects have been rarely reported: drowsiness or agitation, dizziness and nausea, increased sexual activity. An analogue of Piracetam (Nootropil) is Phenotropil (Phenylpiracetam).
"Acefen" ("Cerutil", "Meclofenoxate", "Centrophenoxine") contains the substance acetylcholine - the transmitter nervous excitement, an indispensable participant in the work of the human nervous system. This series of nootropic drugs accelerates all processes of excitation and inhibition, improves blood supply to the brain, and has a psychostimulating effect. It also protects the brain from aging and is used together with Piracetam to improve mental abilities. Side effects from the nervous system were noted: anxiety, insomnia, increased appetite.
"Selegiline" ("Deprenyl", "Yumex") contains the substance selegiline, which suppresses the action of enzymes that inhibit phenylethylamine and dopamine. After 40 years, the pleasure enzymes of the dopamine series are produced much less than in youth. "Selegiline" is positioned for middle-aged and elderly people. It is used in the treatment of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. With sufficiently long-term use of the drug, memory, mood and general well-being improve. “Selegiline,” according to medical scientists, when taken 5 mg per day can increase a person’s life expectancy by 15 years!
Nootropics are drugs designed to speed up metabolism in the cells of the nervous system and increase mental performance. They are primarily intended for people suffering neurological diseases(stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease and others). In such cases, the drugs prevent the destruction of diseased cells and stimulate them to work at the level of healthy ones.
A side effect of nootropics is stimulation of mental activity. People taking nootropic substances perceive and remember information better, think more effectively and are less susceptible to stress and mental stress. Thanks to this property, medications are popular not only among patients, but also among people who want to improve their thinking ability.
Pramiracetam is the most powerful representative of the racetam class of drugs. It has a beneficial effect on human cognitive functions:
- improves short-term and long-term memory;
- accelerates thought processes and internal dialogue inside a person's head;
- increases the level of motivation and also helps to bring thoughts and goals to completion;
TO negative traits The drug can include its individual side effects for each person:
- nausea and abdominal pain;
- headaches.
9. Sulbutiamin
Sulbutiamine - vitamin B1, soluble in fat, has extensive range positive characteristics:
- the drug accelerates oxygen in the body;
- copes well with depression;
- improves coordination and fine motor skills movements;
- enhances attentiveness and concentration.
Hydrafinil is a substance of the eugorica class, which has a strong invigorating effect.
The main purpose of the drug is to increase energy and general level of vigor. It also has a number of other effects:
- enhances attention and learning;
- increases the intensity of mental activity;
- speeds up reflexes.
The drug has a number of side effects that occur if the conditions of administration are violated:
- skin rashes;
- headaches;
- sleep problems.
7.5-htp
The full name is 5-hydroxytryptophan. The drug, due to its ability to naturally increase the level of serotonin in the body, is the most effective and safe alternative to classic antidepressants. 5-hydroxytryptophan, unlike antidepressants, acts specifically on serotonin levels, and not on melatonin and neurotrophic factors.
The medicine also has a beneficial effect on a person's sleep and fights insomnia. It is suitable for people who want to overcome stress and anxiety - depressive state without the use of strong antidepressants.
The drug has only 2 side effects - excessive drowsiness and nausea that occur when the conditions for taking the drug are violated.
6. DMAE
DMAE (stands for dimethylethanolamine) is a drug consisting of organic compounds, present in fish. Characteristics of the drug:
- increases life expectancy;
- improves liver performance;
- has a positive effect on the psycho-emotional mood;
- used in the prevention of intellectual and mental disorders.
A course of taking the drug is recommended for people who want to increase their general level health, psycho - emotional condition, attentiveness and memory. The drug is also suitable for people who practice lucid dreams.
If the dosage is too high, the following consequences may occur:
- confusion of thinking;
- hyperactivity and difficulty falling asleep.
5.Aniracetam
Aniracetam stands out among other representatives of the racetam class due to its features, including:
- stimulation of the overall performance of the body;
- beneficial effect on human emotions and creative thinking;
- effective fight with stress and depression.
After completing the course, a person experiences a long-term improvement in social adaptability. A person thinks more clearly and can remember more information. Aniracetam is an excellent choice for creative, social - active people who work with a lot of information and are subject to mood swings. There are only two negative effects - abdominal pain and skin rashes.
Fasoracetam is a medicine originally developed to combat Alzheimer's disease. Subsequently, it also began to be used as an effective prevention of dementia, an antidepressant and a tranquilizer.
Nootropic properties include:
- significant effect on receptors responsible for long-term memory;
- increased attentiveness and learning;
- maintaining mental clarity and orderly thoughts.
Fasoracetam is effective for long term and does not lose its effectiveness. The list of side effects contains:
- the possibility of allergies;
- headaches;
- nausea and vomiting in case of overdose.
