This paradox has long been solved. In 1929, Leo Szilard, a private assistant professor at the University of Berlin (later one of the most prominent participants in the Manhattan Project), showed that even an ideally functioning demon increases its own entropy every time it receives information about the movement of a molecule. The entropy of the entire system remains unchanged, because the demon and the gas form a single whole. Fate sometimes travels in strange ways. In his later years, Leo Szilard had the opportunity to be treated by American cardiologist Alvin Reisen. He had little son Mark, who, when he grew up, became a physicist and professor University of Texas in Austin. IN last years he and his colleagues developed new method ultra-deep cooling of gases, which uses a laser device... similar in its actions to Maxwell's demon.
Reisen method
For decades, physicists have been bringing gas to microkelvin temperatures using Doppler absorption of laser radiation. However, Professor Reisen explained to Popular Mechanics why this method does not suit him: “It is good, but too picky. This way you can cool only individual substances, mainly alkali metal vapors. Our method is much more universal. It is applicable to any gas whose atoms or molecules can exist in two long-lived metastable quantum states. There are many substances that meet this requirement.”
A classic demon guarding the door in the partition of a vessel (left) and a diagram of a three-level system in Reisen’s experiment (right). Atoms in a magnetic-gravity trap using optical pumping by a laser in in this case this is the demon) are transferred from state B to state A through an intermediate state).
The method developed by Reisen's group involves first cooling the gas to a few millikelvins using one of the reliable traditional ways and locked in a magnetic trap at which two lasers are directed. The beam of one laser intersects the trap cavity in the middle, and the other illuminates only one half - for example, the right.
“For definiteness, we will assume that the gas is atomic,” says Professor Reisen. - Let's call one of the possible states of its atoms blue, the other - red. Let's adjust the central laser so that its radiation repels atoms that are in the red state. The second laser converts atoms from a blue state to a red state. Let's assume that initially all atoms are blue. Let's fill the trap with them and turn on the central laser. Since there are no red atoms, the radiation and gas do not interact in any way. Now let's apply current to the side laser. Each atom that encounters a photon emitted by it will go from a blue state to a red state. If such a “recolored” atom approaches the central plane of the trap, it will be thrown back by the beam of the first laser. As a result, red atoms will accumulate in the right zone, and the left one will become empty. So our pair of lasers works similarly to Maxwell's demon. At the same time, the temperature of the gas does not change, but its pressure naturally increases.”
Atoms have their own vibration frequency, and if you get into resonance, that is, irradiate it with photons of the corresponding frequency, the atom will absorb it. If the frequency of photons is slightly lower, they will be absorbed only by atoms moving towards them (due to a shift in the resonant frequency due to the Doppler effect). When absorbed, the photon will transfer momentum to the atom, reducing its speed and thereby “cooling” it (the atom emits photons, but the direction of the radiation is spontaneous, so in general it does not affect the momentum of the atom). In this way, atoms can be cooled to temperatures on the order of tens of millikelvins. Further improvement of this method, for the development of which physicists Steven Chu, William Phillips and Claude Cohen-Tannoudji were awarded Nobel Prize, provides cooling by several laser beams in a non-uniform magnetic field, which allows reaching temperatures of hundreds of microkelvins. The most advanced version of this technique, which allows you to achieve tens and even units of microkelvin - the so-called. Sisyphean cooling of atoms in laser beams, which, due to polarization, create a series of standing waves, passing through which, the atoms lose energy, as if climbing “uphill” (hence the name).
Cold gas, hot radiation
However, where is the cooling effect? “Now,” Professor Reisen continues his explanation, “we will manipulate the central laser in such a way that the gas slowly fills the entire cavity of the trap. With this expansion, the gas cools. That's all, actually - the goal has been achieved. This theory has already been tested experimentally three years ago. Then we conducted the first experiment - we cooled rubidium vapor by a thousand times (from millikelvins to microkelvins). We call this technique single-photon cooling because the atom only needs to scatter one photon to transition between states. But the Doppler method cools the gas by stopping the atoms, which requires many photons.”
What about entropy? “She’s fine,” Professor Reisen reassured us. - When the gas collects in the right zone, its entropy will naturally decrease. However, let us remember that laser radiation quanta, when meeting atoms, are chaotically scattered in all directions. At the same time, the entropy of radiation increases, and this increase completely compensates for the decrease in the entropy of the gas. So the laser demon works in full accordance with Szilard's theory. Of course, Maxwell himself and several generations of physicists did not believe in the real feasibility of such subtle manipulation of gas particles. Even twenty years ago I would have considered this pure fantasy. But science often achieves seemingly impossible goals—and this is just such a case. I think Maxwell would like our development.”
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✪ Science show. Issue No. 58. Two demons of theoretical physics
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✪ Science show. Issue No. 63. Advances in the Big Bang Theory
Subtitles
According to the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy of the Universe is constantly increasing. Accordingly, when any process takes place in the Universe, entropy will always be greater than or equal to 0. And in the previous video we found out that this can have many different consequences. Regardless of how you understand entropy - as multiplied by a constant number natural logarithm the number of states your system can assume, or how much heat is in a system divided by the temperature at which it is added - both of these descriptions, when combined with the second law of thermodynamics, tell us: when a hot body is next to a cold one - say... Let's draw. This is T1, and this is T2 - then heat will be transferred from a hot body to a cold one. We showed this in the last video using mathematical calculations. Heat will be transferred in this direction. One of the people who commented on the previous video wrote: “Could you tell me about Maxwell’s demon?” I'll tell you! Because this is a very interesting thought experiment, which seems to refute the principle in question and the second law of thermodynamics. And its name is very interesting - “Maxwell’s demon”. However, apparently, it was not Maxwell who called him a “demon”, but Kelvin. Well, you know, these guys were interested in everything. So, Maxwell's demon. This is the same Maxwell after whom the famous equation is named, so he was really interested in a lot of things. Among other things, he was the first person to create a color image. And in the middle of the 19th century. So, here we have a very insightful scientist. But what is Maxwell's demon? When we say that some body has a higher temperature than another, what do we mean? We mean that the average kinetic energy of the molecules of this body colliding here... that the average kinetic energy of these molecules... is higher than the average kinetic energy of the molecules here. Please note that I said average kinetic energy. And we talked about this more than once. Temperature is a macrostate. We know that at the micro level, all these molecules have different speeds. They collide with each other, transferring the inertia of movement to each other. This one can move very quickly in this direction. But this one can move quite slowly. This one can move very fast like this. But this one can move quite slowly. It's all quite confusing. But we can draw a distribution graph. If you know the microstates of everything, you can draw a little histogram. For T1 we can say... Let's say we use the Kelvin scale. Look, here's my average temperature, but I also have a general particle distribution graph. That is, this is the number of particles. And I will not build any scale here. You get the basic idea. So I have a lot of particles that make up T1, but I also have certain particles that can be very close to absolute zero. Of course, there will be few of them, but still. That is, you have a set that is probably T1, and a set of particles that could have a kinetic energy higher than T1. Higher than average kinetic energy. Maybe we're talking about this one. Maybe this is the particle that has practically no kinetic energy. This means that we have a particle that is almost completely motionless, which stands in one place. Here we have a general graph of particle distribution. Likewise, in this system T2, on average, the molecules have a lower kinetic energy. But there may well be one particle that has very high kinetic energy. But most of them have lower energy on average. So if we plot the distribution for T2, our average kinetic energy will be lower, but the plot will probably look something like this. No, not really. It will probably look like this. Or maybe like this. Let's try it a little differently. Let's bring the line here. Our graph might look something like this. So, notice - there are some molecules in T1 that have lower energy than the average kinetic energy of T2. Here they are, these molecules. These are the slow guys. And notice - there are some molecules in T2 that have higher energy than the average kinetic energy of T1. Here they are. So, there are fast guys in T2, even though T2 is, shall we say, “cooler” and has a lower average kinetic energy. If we look at the microstate, we see individual molecules that are moving quite quickly and individual molecules that are moving quite slowly. So Maxwell said, “Hey, what if I had,” of course, he didn’t use the word “demon,” but we’ll use it because it looks very interesting and mysterious, but it’s not really one. , - what if I had someone, - let's call him a demon, - with a little loophole here? Let me make a more accurate drawing. So, between these two systems... Let's say they are isolated. Let's say they are separated from each other. Here is T1 with many particles having different kinetic energies. And here is T2. I make them separate, and maybe they are connected only here. T2. These guys have slower kinetic energy. And Maxwell, conducting his little thought experiment, said: “Imagine that I have someone in charge of one loophole - let's say this one - and he controls it.” And always, when a really fast particle from T2, one of these, approaches the loophole - it flies towards it - let's say, here it is... And this particle moves very quickly. It has very high kinetic energy and is perfect for our loophole. And then the demon says, “Hey, I see this thing. She's heading towards my hole." The demon is going to open his hatch and allow this particle to enter T1. And when the demon opens its hatch, this particle will continue its movement and end up in T1. The demon closes the hatch again: he wants fast particles to move from T2 to T1. When he sees a slow particle coming towards him, one of these, he opens his hole again and allows the particle to get inside. It goes something like this. And if this continues, then how will it all end? Well, there will be a separation eventually - and it may take some time. But the separation will affect all slow particles... Let me draw it. Our border will be brown, because now it is not entirely clear where everything is... great... We'll talk about this a little more. So here's the border. But there is a loophole in it. What will happen in the end? All the fast particles... some of them were already in T1, right? Some fast particles that were originally in T1 will still be on this side of the barrier. Let's draw this: the main thing is not to confuse anything. So now all the fast particles from T2 will also be stuck here. Because eventually they will all get closer to our loophole if we wait long enough. Thus, here too, many particles that were initially in T2 will accumulate. So we'll have a lot of fast particles here. Likewise, all the slow T2 particles will remain on the other side. Here they are, these slow particles. And the demon will let in all the slow T1 particles - I won't even call them T1 particles anymore. I'll call them particles 1. So, the demon will let particles 1 in here. Slow Particles 1. So, what happened here? This was a hot body, but this one is cold. According to the second law of thermodynamics, heat must move from here to here. In this case, the temperature should become approximately equal. That is, a hot body should become colder, and a cold body should become hotter. The temperature will become average. But what did our little demon do? He made a hot body even hotter, right? Now the average kinetic energy here is even higher. The demon moved all these high kinetic energy particles over here, so now this graph will look... Something like what it would look like if you moved all these particles over here... The distribution graph will now look something like this... Let's try... For T1 it will look like this So. As for T2... the demon took all the hot ones from here and the cold ones from T1. Accordingly, these guys will disappear. They won't be here anymore. And he added them to T2. So, the distribution graph for T2 will look like this, we will erase this, of course. The demon took these guys from T2. Let's erase it all. This was the old distribution chart for T1. So the distribution graph for T2 now looks something like this. And the new average for T2 will probably be something like this. That's mine new system T2. And my new T1 system will move a little to the right. Average will be higher. So, our demon, apparently, violated the second law of thermodynamics. Let's wrap it all up. My little charts are overlapping each other. This example shows that a hot body has become even hotter, and a cold body has become even colder. So, Maxwell seems to be telling us: “Yes, we have violated the second law of thermodynamics.” And scientists have puzzled over this for many years. Even into the twentieth century, some continued to wonder what was wrong. But here’s what’s wrong here... And I’ll prove this to you using mathematical calculations... This is almost the same as the example with the refrigerator. We have some kind of demon that opens a little loophole when it's convenient. Here it is, this is a demon. When fast particles move from here or slow particles from here... To do this correctly, he must track where all the particles will be. It will have to track all the particles. And these are not some macroparticles. These are micromolecules or atoms. The demon will have to take into account electrons, which can only be seen with a special microscope. And at the same time he will have to track this countless number of particles. Just think about it! If he doesn't have superpowers, he must have the coolest computer. This must be a computer of incredible power. But any computer generates a lot of heat. So, taking into account various molecules to measure the speed of their movement will also generate heat. It will be very hard work. After all, you have to measure everything! The demon will have to work hard. So the answer is... And it's not that easy to prove mathematically... What if you really wanted to create such a demon - and in modern world you would probably use some kind of computer with various sensors to do this, and some people have actually tried to do this at a certain level... So, this computer and its whole system will create a lot of entropy - this delta S. It will create more entropy than the entropy that is lost by cooling the cold side and heating the hot side. So Maxwell's demon and I haven't done anything definite. I haven't proven this mathematically. But Maxwell's demon is a very interesting thought experiment because it gives you a slightly broader view of the difference between macro and micro states. And also about what happens at the molecular level in terms of temperature, and how you can make a cold body even colder, and a hot body even hotter. But our answer is not at all paradoxical. When you think about entropy the whole system, you must include the demon himself in its composition. And if you include the demon itself in the system, then it will increase entropy every time it opens its loophole - a certain amount of energy is required to open the door. But in doing so, the demon will create more entropy than the entropy that could be lost, say, when one of these slow particles crosses over to the other side of the barrier. Anyway, I just wanted to tell you about it because it's a really interesting thought experiment. Until the next video!
The essence of the paradox
In 2010, physicists from Chuo University (Japanese) managed to implement a thought experiment in reality. 中央大学 ) and Tokyo University
In 2015, an autonomous artificial Maxwell's demon was implemented in the form of a single-electron transistor with superconducting aluminum leads. Such a device allows you to carry out a large number of measurement operations in a short period of time.
Explanation of Maxwell's Paradox
Maxwell's paradox was first resolved by Leo Szilard in 1929 based on the following analysis.
The demon must use some kind of measuring device to estimate the speeds of molecules, such as a flashlight. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the entropy of a system consisting of gas at constant temperature T 0 , (\displaystyle T_(0),) demon and a flashlight, including a charged battery and a light bulb. The battery must heat the flashlight lamp filament to a high temperature T 1 > T 0 , (\displaystyle T_(1)>T_(0),) in order to obtain light quanta with energy ℏ ω 1 > T 0 (\displaystyle \hbar \omega _(1)>T_(0)) in order for light quanta to be recognized against the background of thermal radiation with temperature
In the absence of a demon, energy E (\displaystyle E), emitted by a light bulb at a temperature T 1 (\displaystyle T_(1)) absorbed in gas at temperature T 0 (\displaystyle T_(0)) and overall entropy increases: Δ S = E T 0 − E T 1 > 0 , (\displaystyle \Delta S=(\frac (E)(T_(0)))-(\frac (E)(T_(1)))>0,) because ℏ ω 1 T 0 > 1 , (\displaystyle (\frac (\hbar \omega _(1))(T_(0)))>1,) A p Ω 0 ≪ 1. (\displaystyle (\frac (p)(\Omega _(0)))\ll 1.)
In the presence of a demon, the entropy change is: Δ S = ℏ ω 1 T 0 − p Ω 0 > 0. (\displaystyle \Delta S=(\frac (\hbar \omega _(1))(T_(0)))-(\frac (p)( \Omega _(0)))>0.) Here the first term means an increase in entropy when a quantum of light emitted by a flashlight hits the demon’s eye, and the second term means a decrease in entropy due to a decrease in the statistical weight of the system Ω 0 (\displaystyle \Omega _(0)) by the amount p , (\displaystyle p,) which leads to a decrease in entropy by the amount Δ S s = S 1 − S 0 = ln (Ω 0 − p − ln Ω 0 ≈ − p Ω 0 . (\displaystyle \Delta S_(s)=S_(1)-S_(0)=\ln (\Omega _(0)-p-\ln \Omega _(0)\approx -(\frac (p)(\Omega _(0))).)
Let's take a closer look at this process. Let a vessel containing gas be divided into two parts A (\displaystyle A) And B (\displaystyle B) with temperatures T B > T A , T B − T A = Δ T , T B = T 0 + 1 2 Δ T , T A = T 0 − 1 2 Δ T . (\displaystyle T_(B)>T_(A),\quad T_(B)-T_(A)=\Delta T,\quad T_(B)=T_(0)+(\frac (1)(2) )\Delta T,\quad T_(A)=T_(0)-(\frac (1)(2))\Delta T.) Suppose the demon selects a fast moving molecule with kinetic energy 3 2 T (1 + ϵ 1) (\displaystyle (\frac (3)(2))T(1+\epsilon _(1))) in an area with low temperature A (\displaystyle A) and directs it to the area B. (\displaystyle B.) After that, he selects a slowly moving molecule with kinetic energy 3 2 T (1 − ϵ 2) (\displaystyle (\frac (3)(2))T(1-\epsilon _(2))) in the area with high temperature B (\displaystyle B) and directs it to the area A. (\displaystyle A.)
In order to pre-select these two molecules, the demon needs at least two light quanta, which will lead to an increase in entropy when entering his eye Δ S d = 2 ℏ ω 1 T 0 > 2. (\displaystyle \Delta S_(d)=2(\frac (\hbar \omega _(1))(T_(0)))>2.)
The exchange of molecules will lead to a decrease in total entropy Δ S m = Δ Q (1 T B − 1 T A) ≈ − Δ Q Δ T T 2 = − 3 2 (ϵ 1 + ϵ 2) Δ T T . (\displaystyle \Delta S_(m)=\Delta Q\left((\frac (1)(T_(B)))-(\frac (1)(T_(A)))\right)\approx -\ Delta Q(\frac (\Delta T)(T^(2)))=-(\frac (3)(2))\left(\epsilon (1)+\epsilon _(2)\right)(\ frac (\Delta T)(T)).) Quantities ϵ 1 (\displaystyle \epsilon (1)) And ϵ 2 , (\displaystyle \epsilon (2),) most likely small Δ T ≪ T (\displaystyle \Delta T\ll T) and therefore Δ S m = − 3 2 ν , ν ≪ 1. (\displaystyle \Delta S_(m)=-(\frac (3)(2))\nu ,\quad \nu \ll 1.)
Thus, the total entropy change will be Δ S = Δ S d + Δ S m = 2 ℏ ω 1 T 0 − 3 2 ν > 0. (\displaystyle \Delta S=\Delta S_(d)+\Delta S_(m)=2(\frac ( \hbar \omega _(1))(T_(0)))-(\frac (3)(2))\nu >0.)
The temperature of the demon can be much lower than the temperature of the gas T d ≪ T 0 . (\displaystyle T_(d)\ll T_(0).) At the same time, it can receive light quanta with energy ℏ ω (\displaystyle \hbar \omega ), emitted by gas molecules at temperature T0. (\displaystyle T_(0).) Then the above reasoning can be repeated with the replacement of conditions T 1 > T 0 , ℏ ω 1 > T 0 (\displaystyle T_(1)>T_(0),\quad \hbar \omega _(1)>T_(0)) on conditions T 2<
T
0
,
ℏ
ω
1
>T2. (\displaystyle T_(2)
In popular culture
In fiction
- In the story “Monday Begins on Saturday” by the Strugatsky brothers, Maxwell’s demons are adapted by the administration to open and close entrance doors Institute.
- In Sergei Snegov’s story “The Right to Search,” one of the characters was called “Maxwell’s Demon Lord” “...why do I bear the strange nickname Demon Lord? Naturally, I corrected: not the Demon Lord in general, but Maxwell’s Demon Lord... I managed to actually implement brilliant idea Maxwell."
- In The Cyberiad by Stanisław Lem, Maxwell's demon is referred to as a "demon of the first kind". The characters in the book create a “demon of the second kind,” capable of extracting meaningful information from the movement of air molecules.
The thought experiment is as follows: suppose a vessel with a gas is divided by an impenetrable partition into two parts: right and left. In the partition there is a hole with a device (the so-called Maxwell's demon), which allows fast (hot) gas molecules to fly only from the left side of the vessel to the right, and slow (cold) molecules only from the right side of the vessel to the left. Then, after a long period of time, the “hot” (fast) molecules will end up in the right vessel, and the “cold” ones will “remain” in the left one.
Thus, it turns out that Maxwell's demon allows heating right side vessel and cool the left one without additional energy supply to the system. Entropy for a system consisting of the right and left parts of the vessel, in initial state greater than in the final one, which contradicts the thermodynamic principle of non-decreasing entropy in closed systems (see the Second Law of Thermodynamics)
The paradox is resolved if we consider a closed system that includes Maxwell's demon and the vessel. For Maxwell's demon to function, energy must be transferred to it from a third-party source. Due to this energy, the separation of hot and cold molecules in the vessel occurs, that is, the transition to a state with lower entropy. A detailed analysis of the paradox for the mechanical implementation of the demon (ratchet and pawl) is given in the Feynman Lectures on Physics, vol. 4, as well as in Feynman's popular lectures "The Nature of Physical Laws."
With the development of information theory, it was found that the measurement process may not lead to an increase in entropy, provided that it is thermodynamically reversible. However, in this case, the demon must remember the results of measuring speeds (erasing them from the demon’s memory makes the process irreversible). Since memory is finite, at a certain point the demon is forced to erase old results, which ultimately leads to an increase in the entropy of the entire system as a whole.
The success of Japanese physicists
For the first time, Japanese physicists were able to experimentally achieve an increase in internal energy system, using only information about its state and without transferring additional energy to it.
The generation of energy from information was first theoretically described by British physicist James Maxwell in his thought experiment. In it, a creature, later called "Maxwell's demon", guarded the door between two rooms. The demon, knowing the energy of the molecule approaching the door, opens the passage only for “fast” molecules, closing the door in front of “slow” ones. As a result, all the “fast” molecules will be in one room, and all the slow ones in the other, and the resulting temperature difference can be used for practical purposes.
The implementation of such a “demonic” power plant requires much greater energy costs than can be extracted from the resulting temperature difference, so real engines operating on this principle have never been seriously considered by scientists. However, interest in such systems has re-emerged in Lately with the development of nanotechnology.
The authors of the study, Japanese physicists led by Masaki Sano from the University of Tokyo, put into practice a thought experiment involving “Maxwell’s demon.”
The scientists used a polymer object about 300 nanometers in size, resembling a bead. Its shape is chosen so that rotating clockwise is energetically more beneficial for it, since this is accompanied by the release of mechanical energy. Counterclockwise rotation, on the contrary, leads to “twisting” of the bead and an increase in the mechanical energy stored in it.
The bead was placed in a special solution, and due to its small size, it began to take part in Brownian motion and rotate - both clockwise and counterclockwise.
The researchers used special equipment to track each turn of the bead, and as it rotated counterclockwise, they applied an electrical voltage to the container in which it was located. This operation did not transfer additional energy to the system, but at the same time it did not allow the bead to “unwind” back. Thus, using only information about where the bead turned, scientists were able to increase its supply of mechanical energy only due to the energy of Brownian motion of molecules.
The law of conservation of energy is not violated. According to Sano's calculations, the efficiency of converting information into energy in their experiment was 28%, which is consistent with theoretical calculations.
Such a mechanism could be used to operate nanomachines or molecular mechanisms, says Vlatko Vedral, a physicist at the University of Oxford who did not take part in Sano's experiment, whose opinion is cited by the online publication Nature News.
“It would be very interesting to discover the use of this principle of energy transfer in living systems,” the scientist added.
The presenter answers Researcher Laboratory of Quantum Information Theory of MIPT and the Institute of Theoretical Physics named after L.D. Landau RAS Gordey Lesovik:
— According to one of the formulations of the second law of thermodynamics, heat moves from a hot body to a cold one. This is a common and understandable phenomenon. But if you launch Maxwell’s Demon into a closed system (it is believed that it increases the degree of order in the system), then it is capable of disrupting the natural order of things, and eliminating disorder, if you like. It will reflect high-energy atoms or molecules, change flows and thereby launch completely different processes within the system. A similar process can be accomplished using our quantum device.
Schematic representation of Maxwell's demon. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
We have shown that although quantum mechanics, in general, provides precisely this classical law thermodynamics and ensures the natural order of things, but artificially it is possible to create conditions under which this process can be disrupted. That is, now Maxwell’s Quantum Demon - in other words, an artificial atom (it is usually called a qubit, i.e. a quantum bit) is capable of making sure that heat is transferred from a cold object to a hot object, and not vice versa. This is the main news in our work.
In the near future, we plan to create a quantum refrigerator in which we will experimentally reverse natural heat flows. At the same time, our superfridge will not be able to expend energy on transformations itself, but (in a sense) extract it from a source that can be located a few meters away from it. From this point of view, our quantum refrigerator will be (locally) absolutely energy efficient. To avoid misunderstandings, it is important to emphasize that when a remote source of energy is taken into account, the validity of the second law of thermodynamics is restored, and the world order as a whole will not be disrupted.
Regarding the scope of application of Maxwell's Quantum Demon, i.e. our device, then first of all this is, of course, the field of quantum mechanics. Well, for example, a regular computer often heats up during operation, the same thing happens with quantum devices, only there these processes are even more critical for normal operation. We will be able to cool them or some individual microchips. Now we are learning to do this with close to 100% efficiency.
And, of course, such experiments will make it possible in the future to talk about the creation perpetual motion machine second type. No batteries will be required, the engine will be able to extract energy from the nearest thermal reservoir and use it to move some nanodevices.
A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is a machine that, when put into motion, would convert into work all the heat extracted from the surrounding bodies. According to the laws of thermodynamics, it is still considered an unfeasible idea.
Maxwell's demon, quantum demon
James Maxwell's delusional idea, when he came up with a power capable of reversing time in 1867, described the awareness of a “demon” who could cancel the law of entropy by tracing the smallest movements of gas molecules. In this way the demon was able, at least in Maxwell's fantasy, to reverse the increase in disorder in closed systems.
More on Demon Awareness
Maxwell's imaginary demon was in a closed box and reversed the flow of molecules, recreating the degrading order. Below you see a smiling face that represents this demon.
(Caption under the picture: Demon in a box with molecules)
The demon, the prototype of consciousness in matter, notices what is happening and controls it, making special choices. It keeps the hot material on one side of the box and the cooler material on the other so that the original "order" (of hot and cold) is not degraded. The demon arranges everything so that in a closed system, energy should not become less accessible, or information should not be lost. Using awareness to open and close the partition separating two volumes of gas in a container, the demon reverses the second law of thermodynamics. So far, no one has managed to find such a demon or create it in the generally accepted reality.
And yet Maxwell's fantasy may be more true than he himself realized. It seems to me that he could be projecting our capacity for awareness, our ability to notice “nanoscopic” events or advances. This almost unmeasurable quantum awareness is the ability of awareness that can make choices in dreamland.
Maxwell's demon is, in fact, a potential hero of psychotherapy, for it is that part of us that restores order by seeing patterns where previous patterns have been lost (forgotten, repressed, ignored, marginalized, etc.). In my opinion, the second law of thermodynamics is a projection of a typical lifestyle in mainstream reality that uses a minimum of awareness. Maxwell's Demon is a representation of our clear awareness operating at the unmeasurable subatomic levels of nano-events, and can, at the very least, alleviate the sensation of aging.
The psychological principle projected onto Maxwell's demon is:
Seeing the order hidden within the chaos of mainstream reality creates more energy available.
Ignoring or even suppressing subtle symptom signals is depressing and draining. Recognizing your symptoms as wake-up calls for attention allows you to create order out of disorder and generally gives you more energy to work. Marginalizing experience makes you feel like a decaying universe.
I call Maxwell's demon a kind of "quantum demon of awareness," a clear ray of consciousness that traces the movements of atoms and molecules as well as subatomic events. During Maxwell's lifetime, quantum mechanics had not yet been invented. He didn't know about wave functions yet; they were to appear fifty years later. But if he were alive today, he would certainly be interested in the kind of awareness that can notice and track subtle trends, the quantum waves of dreamland, and the guidance they give us. I imagine he would say that ignoring all the subtle feelings flickering in our awareness contributes to emptiness and makes us feel older than we really are.
The following exercise gives you the chance to discover and experience the demon's ability to increase the amount of physical energy available to you. We will especially focus on the "closed" areas of your life.
An exercise in awareness of negentropy
1. Sit back and think about how you feel about aging. What do you like about it? What's not to like?
For example, many people like the opportunity to realize their potential, but don't like the loss of energy and what they call "attractiveness." Some people have the idea that life is coming to an end.
2. When you are ready, look around for something you can lift or push. If you're standing in a room, pick up a chair or push off one of the walls and see how much energy you have available. When lifting or pushing, ask yourself, “How much of my energy is available to me now?” Record this amount of energy. How much is it - 85%, 50% or 15%? How old do you feel?
For example, when I picked up a chair today, it felt heavier than it should be. I would say that I have about 50% of my energy available.
3. The amount of available or isometric energy you have depends very much on your sense of order within yourself. So now think about one area of your life that feels “disorganized.” If possible, choose a new area rather than relationships or bodily symptoms, since we have already worked on them before.
For example, you may feel unorganized about your work, your finances, or, say, the clutter on your desk or the way you use your time. Perhaps what is “disorderly” is your attitude towards criticism.
Don't lose sight ignored areas of your life that need order. If there are many such areas, choose only one for now - any will do. How do you avoid this area? In what sense is this area “closed”? Do you avoid or “forget” about issues related to this area? How do you forget these questions? Do you try to get more sleep, or do you just complain about them? Do you get them out of your head? Do you watch TV or go to the movies instead of tidying up this area?
4. Now, thinking about this disordered area, imagine what kind of “space” it is in. What colors and movements take place in this space? Describe in your own words the characteristics of the space that contains this disordered area of life.
For example, does it look gray or cloudy? Spinning and stirring?
Can you identify some place outside of your body where this “disordered area” could be, where this space would be located? (eg in front of you, behind you, etc.). Draw this disordered area next to your body.
(Inscriptions in the picture, from top to bottom: Finances are in complete chaos, big storm clouds, oh my poor head! A disordered area affects the head)
In the picture, the disordered area is related to finances and appears to be overhead.
How does the part of your body closest to this space feel? Do you have bodily symptoms near this area? Choose a bodily symptom or one of the symptoms to work on, say the one to which you paid the least attention. Is this symptom related to your feeling of aging?
5. Focus on the symptom in that area of the body and identify two aspects of it. For example, see if you can form an image of the energy that you suspect or imagine is causing this symptom, and then do the same for the recipient of that energy or action. In other words, imagine, so to speak, a “symptom creator” and a “symptom recipient.”
One way to imagine these two figures is to make it as strong as possible feel into symptom, or imagine that you feel it. Then exaggerate the feeling by increasing its intensity. Using your attention, stay with this feeling until a figure arises that could embody that intensity.
For example, if you had a knocking headache, you might emphasize the sensation of that knocking until you have an angry figure knocking on the table and a sensitive figure (say, the table itself) being hurt by the knocking.
Try to find out the message that each figure expresses.
For example, the angry figure may be saying, “I have to fight my way through things,” while the other is saying, “Please don't do that, it's too rough and it's hurting me!”
6. Imagine these two figures, one suffering and the other creating a symptom. Even draw them. Then allow your imagination to spontaneously create a being whose awareness comes into the picture and resolves the conflict between these two energies. For example, imagine a skilled mediator, a genie, a spirit, a cartoon character - someone capable of dealing with both energies. Describe it. Draw it.
For example, one of my readers had a conflict between her worldly ambition and the part of her that was burdened by this ambition. To her surprise, she saw a priest who helped her resolve the conflict between these two energies. Below I have tried to draw all three figures.
The priest blessed both parts of her, and they softened.
(Captions under the pictures, from left to right: The part that was burdensome; the Helping Spirit; the ambitious part)
At some point you might try to become your spirit helper, your demon of quantum awareness. Enter the psychologically closed system of your dreaming body and intervene; facilitate the resolution of conflict between the two parts in this symptom area.
Imagine the resulting story. Let the quantum demon intervene magically and find a solution.
A reader whose symptoms lacked the God the priest represented. At first, the reader was embarrassed to identify with the priest, until she realized that, in a sense, she had already devoted her life to the “divine.”
7. Use your breath to focus on the feeling of this conflict resolution, and if possible, feel a sense of relief in the symptom area.
8. Imagine how you could use this solution in the disorganized area of your life where you began this exercise. Remember the original disorder - its space, colors and movements - and note (or better yet, draw) how this area has transformed. Don't "work" on it, just let it happen internally until things change for the better.
9. Finally, return to the wall or chair and, carefully, look again at what effect this work may have had on your sense of energy available to do what you need to do in life. What changes are you noticing in your available energy?
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