Complex called difficult sentence, the parts of which are interconnected by coordinating conjunctions.
The connection according to the method of composition gives the parts of a complex sentence a certain syntactic independence, but this independence is relative.
The parts of a sentence included in a complex sentence can be of the same type (two-part, one-part) or of different types (one part of a complex sentence is a two-part sentence, the other is a one-part sentence). For example: The foam hissed and splashes of water flew through the air(M.G.); It would have been better for me to abandon my horse at the edge of the forest and hide on foot, but it was a pity to part with him(L.); I would put a samovar for you, but I don’t have any tea(T.).
Complex sentences can be polynomial, i.e. consist of several parts, for example: The poplars swayed loudly, and because of them the windows sparkled, and the castle cast gloomy glances at everyone.(Cor.).
Complex sentences most often express relationships connective, adversative and disjunctive (cf. functions of coordinating conjunctions and their classification). In addition, complex sentences can express comparative, adjunctive, explanatory relationships with various additional shades of meaning.
Connective relationships. In complex sentences expressing connecting relationships, conjunctions serve as a means of connecting parts of a single whole and, yes, neither(repeated) also, too(the last two with a connecting shade of meaning).
And most often expressed temporaryse relationship. To express these relationships, verb forms (temporal and aspectual), the order of parts in a complex compound, intonation, conjunction, and additional lexical means are used.
In some cases it is expressed simultaneity two or more actions, phenomena, events. The meaning of simultaneity is usually conveyed by coinciding tense forms of predicate verbs (usually imperfect, less often perfect) in the parts that make up the compound; sometimes the verb forms in these cases do not match. For example: And here in the foggy heightsstarted singingbirds and eastgot rich(L.).
The importance of simultaneity is emphasized by the presence of a common secondary member (most often adverbial circumstances) between parts of a complex sentence, for example: Around the sandhoops were lying around without any order and empty barrels were sticking out(Grieg.).
Another type of temporary relations in a compound sentence - subsequence actions or states, expressed by the order of parts and aspectual verb forms in the composed parts of a sentence. For example: The last glow of the evening dawnwent outcompletely and dark nightcame downto the ground(Ars.).
A time sequence value can be appended with a value hue consequences, For example: ...At the exit of the bridge, the horses in the company cart hesitated, and the whole crowd had to wait(L.T.).
A special intonation is inherent in complex sentences that express a rapid change of events or an unexpected result (the first part of them can be a nominative sentence). For example: One jump - and the lion is already on the back of the buffalo(Cupr.); A moment - and everything again drowned in darkness(Cor.).
Compound sentences with a conjunction And can express cause-and-effect relations that are clearly revealed in cases where in the second part of a complex sentence after the conjunction And adverbs follow because, therefore, therefore and others with a hint of accession. For example: The judge's lips were right under his nose,and that's whyhis nose could smell upper lip as much as you wanted(U.).
Union And can also express relationships close to adversarial, For example: Everyone knew herAndno one noticed(P.).
connecting union Yes used in complex sentences expressing temporaryse relationship. In this case, a shade of connecting connection is created, and from the stylistic side - a shade of colloquial speech. For example: The cuckoo crowed loudly in the distance,Yeshow the crazy jackdaw screamed(N.).
Repeating conjunction no no gives meaning to a compound sentence negative transfer And mutual exclusion, For example: Neithershe won't hurt anyoneneitherno one will touch her(S.-Sch.).
Unions Also And Same attach to the second part of a compound sentence connecting shade of value, for example: The strange old man spoke very drawlingly, the sound of his voiceAlsoamazed me(T.).
Aversive relationships. Compound sentences with adversative conjunctions ( a, but, yes, however, but, same etc.) express relationships oppositions or comparisons, sometimes with various additional shades (inconsistencies, restrictions, concessions, etc.). This meaning of this type of complex sentences influences their construction: the word order in the second part is determined by the nature of its opposition to the first part.
Widely used in complex sentences with specified conjunction meanings A, For example: The earth still looks sad,Athe air already breathes in spring(Tyutch.); Learning is light,Aignorance - darkness(last).
The meaning of opposition, limitation, inconsistency is expressed using the conjunction But, For example: Dubrovsky held an open book in his hand,Buthis eyes were closed(P.); The sun has setButit's still light in the forest(T.).
Close in meaning to the union But union however (however), For example: The firefight died downhowevercannonballs and bombs continue to fly(S.-C.).
A nasty union Yes gives the statement a touch of colloquial speech, and is also found in folklore works, for example: I woke up,Yeslaziness has overcome(T.); Good porridgeYessmall bowl(verbal).
Union but, besides general meaning opposition, contains an additional shade of compensation, for example: More than one stripe is visible on the sides of your sunken whips,butin the inns' yards you ate plenty of oats(N.).
Unions or else, not that, not that, characteristic of colloquial speech, are used in contrast in complex sentences in which the second part indicates the possible consequences of failure to do what is said in the first part. For example: ...You'll be fine, but look, don't talk,otherwiseI'll beat you up(P.); Shut upotherwiseI'll shoot you... like a partridge(Ch.).
Union same, expressing opposition in a complex sentence, has the additional meaning of an intensifying particle and semantically highlights the first word in the second part, after which it is usually placed. For example: The birches have blossomed, the oakssamestood naked(Ch.).
Separation relationships. Compound sentences with disjunctive conjunctions ( or, either, whether...whether, then...then etc.) indicate the alternation of events, their sequential change, incompatibility, etc.
Union or/or, expressing relationships of mutual exclusion, can be single or repeated, for example: Only occasionally does a timid deer run through the desert,orhorses herd playful silence from a distance will outrage(L.); OrI don't understand,oryou don't want to understand me(Ch.).
The same divisive relations are expressed using the conjunction or, For example: Orweave,orspin,orsing songs(verbal).
Double alliances whether... whether, whether... or give the statement a tone of enumeration, for example: Badlywhetheryou visited Plyushkin,or, simply, of your own accord, walking through the forests and beating up passers-by?(T.).
Repeating conjunction then...that indicates the alternation of actions or phenomena, their sequential change, for example: ThatIt was like fog fallingThatsuddenly a slanting heavy rain began to fall(L.T.).
Unions either... or, or... or not... add a hint of conjecture to the statement, for example: Not thatIt was an early morning,not thatit was already evening(Fad.).
Some coordinating conjunctions are used in a complex sentence to expressions of adjunctive relations, in which the content of the second part of a complex sentence represents an additional message or additional remark related to the content of the first part.
The meaning of accession with a defining connotation expresses the union And in combination with a demonstrative pronoun This at the beginning of the second part of a complex sentence, for example: Both listened and spoke too animatedly and naturally,and that's itAnna Pavlovna didn’t like it(L.T.).
As mentioned above, conjunctions have a connecting meaning Also And Same.
The adjunctive and adversative meaning can be expressed using a conjunction A, For example: You're bored, you can't find a place for yourself,Aboredom and idleness are contagious(Ch.).
Union yes and expresses connecting relations with a connotation of addition, for example: The boy looked very smart and straight,yes andthere was strength in his voice(L.).
Complex sentence- This is a type of complex sentence, parts of which equal rights 1 , connected coordinating connection 2 , the indicator of which is coordinating conjunction 3 .
Coordinating Conjunctions:
1) connecting: and, yes (=and), too, also, no-no and etc.;
2) adversatives: a, but, yes (=but), however, but and etc.;
3) separating: or, either, then... then, not that... not that, either... or and etc.;
4) gradational: not only but; not so much... as, as... and and etc.;
5) explanatory: that is, namely and etc.;
6) connecting: yes and, yes, and besides and etc.
Differential features of BSC:
1) relative autonomy of predicative units in semantic and structural terms;
2) the presence of a coordinating conjunction as the main means of connecting predicative units;
3) the nature of the intonation that unites the parts (there is always the intonation of incompleteness of the first predicative part).
Two approaches to considering the concept« SSP»:
1. Narrowed understanding of the SPP. SSP is a sentence in which structural schemes are fully implemented in predicative units and whose parts are equal. This point of view is presented in school textbooks and most university textbooks.
2. Expanded understanding of SPP (point of view of AG-70 and 80, Shvedova and Beloshapkova). In addition to traditional BSCs, this includes simple sentences with homogeneous predicates. Example: He said goodbye and left. This sentence is polypredicative, polypropositive. Therefore, this is a BSC with a second incomplete part.
STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF BSC
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BSC
Basis for classification:
1) Type of structure (openness / closedness, flexibility / inflexibility);
2) Semantic relations conveyed by certain types of coordinating conjunctions.
According to the types of coordinating conjunctions, six types of BSCs are distinguished (within connective, adversative and divisive relations, PSOs are distinguished, in the rest they are not):
I. BSC with connecting relations - OCO:
1) Connective-enumeration relations (the main means of communication is coordinating conjunctions and, yes (=and), neither...nor) express the connection of similar situations. Structure open, flexible/inflexible .
There are two subtypes (PS):
a) with relations of simultaneity(open and flexible structure):
The rains have passed , And the winds roared... (E.G. Bagritsky).
The nightingales will soon whistle ,
ANDthe forest will be covered with leaves(A. Pleshcheev).
b) with sequence relations(open and inflexible structure):
The door opened , And a footman in rich livery entered(N.V.Gogol).
That night the rain rustled in the garden , And Then the bad weather lasted for several days(S. Nikitin).
For this type of characters : intonation of enumeration, use of words of one thematic group, lexical repetitions, syntactic parallelism, the presence of common minor members sentences, types of tense forms of predicates, indicating the simultaneity or sequence of events.
2) Connective-identifying relations (unions too, also) convey the similarity between actions and characteristics of objects in the first and second predicative units. Typically flexible structure.
The meadows beyond the Volga turned brown in the city Also all the colors have faded(M. Gorky).
I liked her more and more Same apparently liked her(A.P. Chekhov).
Additional communication tools: words of the same thematic group, incompleteness of parts, ratio of types of tense forms of predicates.
3) Connective-distribution relations presuppose the obligatory extension of the first predicative unit by the second part. The structure is inflexible and closed.
The sky was black , and on it Two stars stood out brightly in the background.
The garden was small , and in this was his dignity(Yu. Tynyanov). *This– refers to the first part of the statement.
Additional communication tools: pronominal replacement, use of anaphoric pronouns, adverbs referring to the first part.
4) Connective-resultative (cause-and-effect) relationships characterized by the fact that the second predicative unit contains a conclusion, result, consequence of what is reported in the first predicative unit.
The wind stirred the leaves , And sunbeams were sliding across the floor(M.A. Sholokhov).
Princess Marya read the paper , And dry sobs shook her face(L.N. Tolstoy).
Additional communication tools: in the second part special introductory words may be used ( hence) or particles ( Means), indicating the significance of the consequence.
5) Conditional relations are based on the fact that the first predicative unit contains a condition under which the action in the second part is possible. Typically inflexible, closed structure.
Tell her two words , And she is saved(A.P. Chekhov).
Additional communication tools: correlation of modal-temporal forms of predicates with unreal modality, parallelism of structure, repetitions.
6) Connective mismatch relationships are based on the combination of incompatible things, on the unification of different, dissimilar things. Typically inflexible, closed structure.
She wanted to talk , And suddenly her voice froze(I. Turgenev).
Additional communication tools: particles and adverbs indicating the effect of surprise, the inconsistency of one fact with another ( suddenly, nevertheless, after all, nevertheless, just).
II. BSC with separation relations - OSO:
1) Relationships of mutual exclusion (conjunctions or, (or), or, not that... not that) state the connection between two equal situations, and one of them excludes the other. The structure is often flexible, usually closed .
OrI was completely wrong about you , or you are able to listen to the truth(I. Turgenev).
From somewhere comes the abrupt, alarming cry of an unsleeping bird. , or an unidentifiable sound is heard...(A.P. Chekhov).
Additional communication tools: none.
2) Alternation relationships (unions then... then, or... or, either... or) reflect situations that exist in different time plans and replace each other. .
Thateverything in her breathes truth , That everything in it is feigned and false.
Thatslammed somewhere , That suddenly there was a howl , That as if someone walked along the corridor...(M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).
Additional communication tools: none.
3) Relations of non-discrimination (unions not that... not that, or... or) are associated with the special position of the speaker, who finds it difficult to accurately qualify the situation due to the vagueness of its perception or the similarity of the compared phenomena. Typically flexible and closed structure .
Eitherthe doctor is depressed about something , or he's offended by something(A.P. Chekhov).
Not thatOver these three years I myself have lost my ability to get along with people , not that people became more crooks during that time(M. Gorky).
Additional communication tools: none.
4) Alternative motivation relationships (unions and this, or, and not that) are based on the presence of two alternative situations, one of which is less preferable for the speaker than the other.
You, Tisha, come quickly , otherwise mummy will scold(A.N. Ostrovsky).
Answer me , or else I'll worry(A.S. Pushkin).
Additional communication tools: none.
III. BSC with adversarial relationships - OSO:
1) Comparative relations (unions a, same (=a) are expressed through comparison various situations, phenomena. The structure is usually closed, flexible .
The mother sat down with the children in the carriage , A father - in a wagon(S. Aksakov).
Study and lunch made the days very interesting , evenings same it was a bit boring(A.P. Chekhov).
Additional communication tools: parallelism of structure, structural incompleteness of the second part, words of one thematic group, general modal-temporal plan of the sentence.
2) Oppositional-restrictive relationships (unions but, yes, however) are based on the opposition of situations where one of the predicative units contains a message about a situation that limits the manifestation of the action named in the other predicative unit. .
Everything is quiet all around , only (=but) you can hear the breath of the old forest(N. Leskov).
I really wanted to watch the hunt , But mother didn't let me in(S.T. Aksakov).
Additional communication tools: restrictive particles in the second part ( only), which can be used in the meaning of conjunctions; use of a verb with unreal modality ( would).
3) Adverse-concessive relationship (unions but, however, yes (=but); in the first part the meaning can be substituted Although) presuppose the commission of an action in one of the predicative units contrary to what happens in the other part. The structure is usually closed, inflexible .
The train arrived exactly on schedule , But Varya was not on the platform(L. Leonov).
The sun has set , But it's still light in the forest(I.S. Turgenev).
Additional communication tools: concessive particles in the first part, adverbs like yet, already and etc.
4) Oppositional-compensatory relations (unions but, but, however) are characterized by the fact that in the BSC the second situation compensates for the situation in the first part, which is often negative in its manifestations. Closed structure, inflexible .
The old man behaved with great dignity and spoke little , but the young Chinese man turned out to be very talkative(V. Arsenyev).
The bright luxury of southern nature did not touch the old man , but Sergei admired many things...(A.I. Kuprin).
Additional communication tools: extensive use of evaluative words.
IV. SSP with gradational relations – OSO– (unions not so much... as, as... and, not so much... but) indicate the disparity of events, where the second event is of greater significance for the speaker than the first. Closed structure, inflexible .
He's not that cruel , But he is too active(L.N. Tolstoy).
We Not only on the eve of the coup , But we entered it(A.I. Herzen).
Additional communication tools: general model-time plan.
V. BSC with explanatory relationships - OSO– (unions that is, namely) serve to indicate the identity of related situations, while the information conveyed in them is divided into primary (first predicative unit) and secondary (second predicative unit). Closed structure, inflexible .
The war has begun that is an event contrary to human reason and all human nature took place(L.N. Tolstoy).
The time was most favorable, that is it was warm, slightly frosty and completely quiet(S.T. Aksakov).
Additional communication tools: ?
VI. BSC with affiliation relations - OSO– (unions yes and, and besides) are characterized by the fact that what is reported in the second part is given as a note or additional comment, clarification to the first. Closed structure, inflexible .
The guests didn't talk to him , yes and he himself did not like to waste words(I.S. Turgenev).
It was fun in the forest , yes and Eleska is already used to this kind of life(D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak).
The main means of communication everywhere is coordinating conjunctions, and they are semantic. This means that by the type of conjunction we can determine the type of semantic relationships in the BSC.
In school grammar, SSPs of three semantic types are considered: connective, disjunctive, adversative. The rest are not included in their composition.
CLASSIFICATION,PRESENTED IN AG-70,80
(according to N.YU.Shvedova)
| Compound Sentences | ||||
| Open structure | Closed structure | |||
| 1.Connective relationships | 2. Separation relations | 1. Allowing a 2nd allied element | 2. Not allowing a 2nd allied element | |
| a) relations of simultaneity; b) sequence relations | a) interaction relations /? mutual exclusion; b) alternation | a) The 2nd conjunction is possible, but it is not in this sentence: - with a conjunction And; - with the union A. | b) The 2nd conjunctive element is present in the sentence: - connective-identifying, - restrictive, - adversative-compensatory, - adversative-concessive, etc. | a) gradational relations; b) explanatory relations |
*The disadvantage of the classification presented in AG-70, 80 is that the structural characteristics do not clearly correlate with the semantic ones.
Second allied element is a word that is element of the lexical composition of the SP (i.e. a member of the proposal) and at the same time performs structural function . The second allied elements can be:
Pronominal adverbs ( because, therefore, therefore);
Introductory modal words ( therefore it means);
Particles ( after all, after all, after all, anyway, meanwhile).
*Second conjunctions can merge with coordinating conjunctions, lose the properties of significant words and become elements that expand the conjunction.
Serving to transmit any information, message, etc. The proposal is built according to its own specific laws and rules; Not every set of words can be called a sentence. It is characterized by grammatical and semantic unity of its parts, as well as a special intonation of completeness of the statement. That is why many philological researchers call a sentence: “complete statement”, “complete thought”.
Main hallmark a sentence is the presence of a grammatical basis in it - without it there is no sentence. Based on the number of grammatical bases in the Russian language, simple and complex sentences are distinguished. In simple there is one such basis, in complex there are two or more: The red sun shone in the sky again. The clouds finally cleared, and the sun sparkled triumphantly and joyfully over the cleanly washed land.
A simple sentence may be complete, consisting of a subject and a predicate (then it will be or may be incomplete, containing only one of the main members.
All its parts are connected in terms of content and meaning, as well as through intonation. Their structure is the same as that of simple sentences.
Complex sentences can be conjunction or non-conjunction - depending on the way in which the grammatical relationships between the parts are expressed and what means of communication were used. their parts are connected through intonation. These syntactic constructions have grammatical independence, but a fairly close semantic correlation. Conjunctions or are not used in such sentences: The old forest rustled and groaned dully, the night shrouded it more and more in impenetrable darkness, the sky seemed to have forever forgotten about the sparkling stars and moonlight.
Conjunctive sentences are divided into compound and complex sentences. A complex sentence is characterized by the fact that all its parts are equal in meaning. There is no semantic dependence or semantic inequality between them. Simple sentences in its composition are connected thanks to single and complex coordinating conjunctions: The brother was already tired of waiting, but Natasha could not get ready and leave the house. During the day I felt a little hot in my father’s jacket, but in the evening I felt damp and cold, and I didn’t get cold at all! In the morning I was either shivering, then feeling hot, then shaking again with chills.
Based on the type and meaning of conjunctions, compound sentences are divided into several types:
- A complex sentence with conjunctions of connecting meaning (AND, YES=AND, NEI...NOR, AS...SO AND - repeated, etc.). These conjunctions indicate that those phenomena, events that are spoken of in the sentence occur either immediately, at one time, or in succession, one after another: Strelka got tired of waiting for her portion of food, and she barked decisively. Vanka from the sixth entrance was a careless quitter and a chronic loser, and his friend Igoryosha from the neighboring house never shined in the lessons, and when called to the board he began to mumble something justifyingly and loudly sniffle.
- A complex sentence with dividing meanings and conjunctions EITHER, OR... EITHER, OR, etc. Sentences of this type are characterized by relations of exclusion or alternation: Mom listened to me, listened, and suddenly announced loudly: “Either you come to your senses and start studying properly, or your father will whip you today!”
- A complex sentence with the meanings of opposition (adversative) and conjunctions THEN, YES (=BUT), BETWEEN, WHILE, WHILE, etc. The content of simple sentences in such a complex one can be contrasted or compared: Marichka spent most of the money she earned on clothes, movies and ice cream, while Natalka diligently saved every penny, increasing her savings every month.
- Compound sentences also include sentences with connecting conjunctions TOO, ALSO, YES AND, etc. The semantic relations in them indicate either additional information contained in one of the simple sentences as part of a complex sentence, or the correlation of content between all parts of the sentence: On vacation, I planned to go to the Caucasus: the nature there is too beautiful, and a bosom friend has been offering to meet him for many years now, to visit him in a mountain village.
- Sentences with conjunctions NAMELY, THAT IS, expressing the meaning of explanation and having a bookish character are also complex: At the school, boys were not only taught the usual school disciplines, but were also involved in sports and instilled an increased interest in physical education, and this is what is important for future gymnasts.
In complex constructions there is no semantic equality between the parts of the sentence. Conjunctions of complex sentences express different shades of meaning and are always found in the subordinate clause.
Compound sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, as a rule, are equal grammatically and in meaning.
Coordinating conjunctions that connect simple sentences are found between simple sentences and are not included in any of them.
By conjunctions and by meaning compound sentences are divided into six groups.
1. Complex sentences With connecting unions: and, yes(= i), nor- neither. They talk about a) the simultaneity of events and phenomena, or b) their succession, or c) the conditionality of one event by another. For example: a) Neither [ viburnum does not grow between them], nor [ grass Not turns green] (I. Turgenev)- No no ; AND [ the wind was rushing fast through the weeds], and [sheaves sparks flew through the fogs]... (A. Blok)- And, and; [Only oriole gi shouting], Yes[cuckoos vying with each other count down someone has unlived years] (M. Sholokhov)- , Yes ;
b) [Two or three fell large drops rain], and [suddenly lightning flashed]. (I. Goncharov) - [], And ; [Door across the street in a brightly lit store slammed], and [from it showed Xia citizen]. (M. Bulgakov)- , And .
V) [Life is given once], and [ I want to live her cheerfully, meaningfully, beautifully] (A. Chekhov)(the second sentence expresses the result, consequence, conclusion from the content of the first) - , and ; [Tell you give her two words], and [ she is saved] (A. Chekhov)(in the first sentence the condition of the action (state) in the second is indicated) - , and ; [It was getting hot], and I hurried home] (M. Lermontov)(in the first sentence the reason for the action in the second is indicated) -, and; [Free seats did not have], and [im had to stand] (V. Rasputin)- , And .
2. Complex sentences with separators unions: or (or), either, whether- or then- this, not that- neither this nor that- or... They indicate alternation phenomena, on possibility (choice) one phenomena of two or several. For example: [The dog will bark brownie], il [ the breeze will rustle in sheets of darkening will fly by] (N. Yazykov [], il , il ; That [ Sun dim glitters], That [ cloud black hanging(N. Nekrasov)
This, that; Not that [ it was getting light], not that [ it was getting dark] (Yu. German)- Not that, not that (in sentences with conjunctions either- either or not- not that mutual exclusion is complicated by the meaning of conjecture or an indication of the difficulty in choosing the exact designation of the situation).
3. Complex sentences With adversative unions: ah, but, yes(= but), however, on the other hand, only. In them, one phenomenon is contrasted with another or differs in some way from it. For example: [Ranks people are given], A [people can be deceived] (A. Griboyedov)- , A ; [Beliefs are instilled theory], [ behavior same is being formed example] (A. Herzen)(union same combines two meanings: an adversative conjunction and an intensifying particle; therefore, it does not stand between simple sentences, but after the first word of the second sentence, highlighting this word) - , [same]; [They, Certainly, don't know me], yes \I them I know] (F. Dostoevsky)- , Yes ; [Fedya never didn't cry], but [ found it's wild at times stubbornness] (I. Turgenev)- , but ; [She didn't move], Just a bit eyebrows moved] (V. Rasputin)- , only ; [Was it's already spring month March], however [at night the trees were cracking from the cold, like in December] (A. Chekhov)- , however . (The adversative conjunction “however” always appears at the beginning of a simple sentence; it can be replaced by the conjunction “but”; a comma is not placed after it. The introductory word “however”, which is homonymous to the conjunction, does not appear at the beginning (i.e., in the middle or at the end) sentences and are separated by commas in writing. Compare: We were all waiting for him, however (but) he did not come.- We were all waiting for him, but he didn’t come.)
4. Complex sentences With gradational-comparative conjunctions: not only... but also, not that... but (but), if not... then, not that... but (a), not so much... as. In such sentences there is a comparison or opposition of phenomena according to degree
significance: what is communicated in the second sentence is presented as in one way or another more significant, effective or convincing compared to what is said in the first (what is said in the second sentence has a greater degree of significance for the speaker). For example: [
Cmnot really cruel, but [he's too de yat splendid character] (L. Tolstoy)- not just that, but; Not only [ Sonya without paint couldn't stand it this look], but also [old Countess and Natasha blushed, noticing this look] (L. Tolstoy)- Not only but .
5. Complex sentences With connecting unions: and, too, also, moreover, moreover. The second sentence in them has the character of an additional or incidental remark, often unexpected, as if it had just come to mind. [He felt in front of her as a child], and [ she thought him for the child] (F. Dostoevsky)- , yes and ; [Poor Nadenka has nowhere else to go hear those words], and [no one pronounce them] (Ah, Chekhov)- , yes and ; [Face her it was pale], [slightly open lips Same turned pale] (I. Turgenev)- ., [too] (conjunctions Same And Also in meaning they are close to the union And, but they do not stand between simple sentences, but inside the second one).
6. Complex sentences with explanatory notes unions: that is, namely, They indicate the identity, equivalence of situations, while the second sentence explains and concretizes the thought expressed in the first. For example: [Also here lived in his native Lozishchi and to a certain Osip Lozinsky], that is [ lived, to tell the truth, it doesn’t matter] (V. Korolenko)- , that is ; [Men's room the servants were brought we have to a minimum], namely: [for the whole house no more than two lackeys were supposed to be sufficient] (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin)- , namely .
Syntactic analysis of complex sentences
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2 Characterize the sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the number of simple sentences in a complex sentence and find their boundaries, highlight grammar basics each simple sentence that is part of a complex one.
4.Indicate which coordinating conjunction connect simple sentences into complex ones, and determine the semantic relationships between them.
5 Create a graphic diagram of a complex sentence.
6. Explain punctuation marks.
Sample analysis of a complex sentence
[You are many years late], but [still I glad) (A. Akhmatova).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of two simple sentences connected by a coordinating clause adversarial union“but”, a relationship of opposition (with a hint of concession); simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by a comma.
That \ fell as if fog], then [suddenly allowed oblique, large rain] (L. Tolstoy).
This, that.
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of two simple sentences connected by a repeating coordinating disjunctive conjunction “this - that”, an alternation relationship; simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by a comma.
[Women flash by in tents], and [ mongrels yapping sha-lye], and [samovars roses scarlet are burning in taverns and houses] (O. Mandelstam).
And, and.
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of three simple sentences connected by a repeated coordinating conjunction “and”, simultaneous phenomena are listed; simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by commas.
