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Text content of presentation slides: Collectors of Russian folk tales Alexander Nikolaevich Afanasiev A. N. Afanasyev (July 11, 1826 - September 23, 1871) - an outstanding Russian collector of folklore, a researcher of the spiritual culture of the Slavic peoples, a historian and literary critic. Born in the city of Boguchar, Voronezh province, where his father was a very smart man and highly valued education, he served as a county solicitor. He received his education at the Voronezh gymnasium and Moscow University, where he studied at the Faculty of Law, where he became interested in studying antiquity, and above all, ancient Russian life. Having become interested in folk life, the young scientist could not ignore oral literature, including fairy tales. Afanasyev A.N. did a great job of collecting and systematizing Russian fairy tales, which were combined into the collection “Russian Folk Tales” and during 1855-1863. published in eight issues. The scientist extracted the texts of the fairy tales from the archives of the Russian Geographical Society and, together with these texts, published recordings of the fairy tales of another outstanding figure of Russian culture - V. I. Dal. In his collection, Afanasyev systematized the voluminous material of Russian fairy tales of the first half of the 19th century, providing them with extensive scientific commentary. The system adopted by Afanasyev is the first attempt to classify fairy tales in general. The collection includes more than 600 fairy tales from all over Russia. This is still the largest collection of fairy tales. In total, this book went through more than twenty-five editions. Among other fairy tales included in the collection, a special place is occupied by everyone’s favorite “Kolobok”, “Turnip”, “Teremok”, “Morozko”, “Geese - Swans”, “At the Command of the Pike” and etc., which became known thanks to the efforts of A.N. Afanasyev, and which can rightfully be called countless fabulous riches. IN AND. Dahl is a famous lexiographer. Born November 10, 1801 in the Yekaterinoslav province in the city of Lugansk (hence Dahl’s pseudonym: Cossack Lugansky). The father was a Dane, multilaterally educated, a linguist (he even knew ancient Greek), a theologian and a physician; mother is German, daughter of Freytag, who translated Gesner and Ifland into Russian. Dahl's father accepted Russian citizenship and was generally an ardent Russian patriot. Dahl was a multifaceted personality. He was an outstanding lexicographer, folklorist and ethnographer. He was knowledgeable in agriculture, commerce, maritime and engineering, homeopathy, horse breeding, fishing, and the construction of ships, houses and bridges. He sang beautifully and played many musical instruments, was a good surgeon, a high-ranking official and academician, one of the founders and active members of the Russian Geographical Society. Dal Vladimir Ivanovich Vladimir Ivanovich Dal is the creator of the famous Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language and the author of wonderful fairy tales for children. He was also a connoisseur and collector of Russian folk art. It was he who collected and wrote down the well-known proverbs “You can’t take a fish out of a pond without difficulty”, “If you’re afraid of a wolf, don’t go into the forest.” He was glorified as a writer “Russian fairy tales from oral folk traditions translated into civil writing, adapted to everyday life and sayings walking ones decorated with Cossack Vladimir Lugansky. The first heel”, published in 1832. Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky (1824-1870) is the founder of Russian pedagogy, in particular preschool pedagogy. He based his pedagogical system on the idea of national education, believing that children from a very early age should assimilate elements of folk culture, master their native language, and get acquainted with works of oral folk art. According to K.D. Ushinsky, fairy tales are “the first and brilliant attempts of Russian folk pedagogy,” and no one can compete with the “pedagogical genius of the people.” Therefore, he believed that children would learn more by reading interesting, but at the same time instructive fairy tales and stories. Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich - (1828-1910) - one of the most widely known Russian writers and thinkers. Participant in the defense of Sevastopol. Educator, publicist, religious thinker. Leo Tolstoy's fairy tales are designed to make it easier for children to memorize scientific material. Many works of the “New ABC” and “Russian Books for Reading” are subject to this principle. In 1872, he wrote the fairy tale “The Three Bears”, beloved by all children, for the “New ABC”. Its narration is extremely close to a realistic story: it does not have the traditional beginning and ending of folk tales. Events unfold from the first phrases: “One girl left home for the forest. She got lost in the forest and began to look for the way home, but didn’t find it, but came to a house in the forest.” Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on January 10 (December 29), 1883 in the city of Nikolaevsk, Samara province. An amazing and talented writer who wrote many works of different directions, but we know him as a writer who gave wonderful fairy tales for children. While creating his fabulous masterpieces, Tolstoy could not ignore Russian folk tales. Amazing folklore told the author how best to convey to the listener the idea and deep meaning of each children's fairy tale. Tolstoy, in his own name, processed and rewrote some magical folk tales and tales about animals. The process of remaking folk tales was very difficult and time-consuming, requiring a certain writing talent. Alexei Tolstoy selected the most interesting and popular fairy tales, which were presented in a very beautiful folk form and written in a magnificent folk language, and diluted them with some classical literature. In his treatment, we know such fairy tales as “Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf”, “The Wolf and the Little Goats” ", "Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka" and many other fairy tales. When writing this work, materials from the following Internet resources were used: http://narodstory.netwww.hobbitaniya.ruhttp://ru.wikipedia.orgimages.yandex.ru
Attached files
Tolstoy's original fairy tales are perfect for family reading. The list includes works that are of interest to preschoolers, demanding teenagers and very adult readers. The tales are bright, kind, truly brilliant, like all the works of this outstanding literary figure.
Leo Tolstoy: fairy tales and other works for children
The writer penned a huge number of works. From the variety of genres in which the great master of words worked, Tolstoy’s original fairy tales can be distinguished into a special group.
Their appearance cannot be called accidental. The writer was very seriously interested in folk art. He communicated with storytellers, peasants, and other ordinary people who were experts. From their words, he wrote down proverbs, sayings, folk signs and other works of folklore. This is how Tolstoy’s fairy tales appeared in manuscripts, and later adaptations of Tolstoy’s fairy tales were published. The list of such works is quite large - “The Three Bears”, “The Wolf and the Goat”, “The Waterman and the Pearl”, “The Squirrel and the Wolf”, “The Woman and the Hen” and several dozen other short instructive stories are part of the writer’s legacy. The language of Tolstoy's fairy tales is distinguished by expressiveness and extreme clarity of presentation, which is very important for the consciousness of the young reader. The moral teachings that are necessarily present in fairy tales are very short and precise. This helps the child fully understand and remember the idea of the work.
Pedagogical activity of the writer
The eventful biography of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy highlights the period when he actively worked in the field of teaching and raising children. This dates back to 1871, when schools for peasant children were created, and work began on creating books to teach schoolchildren to read. His ABC was published in 1872. Along with other works, the content of the books also includes Tolstoy’s original fairy tales.
In 1874, the article “On Public Education” was published, and a year later “The New Alphabet” and four volumes of “Russian Books for Reading” were published. The table of contents of these collections again contains a list of Tolstoy's fairy tales. Author's and processed folk tales, short stories, parables introduce readers to the life of peasants and ordinary people. The list of works included in the collections is very large. The most famous are the following: “Swans”, “Kitten”, “Hares”, “The Tsar and the Shirt”, “The Righteous Judge”, “The Girl and the Thieves”, “Reward”, “The Lion and the Dog”, and others. Together with the books of Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky, the collections of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy for a long time were the only books used to teach children to read. Their popularity was so high that they went through over thirty editions. The textbooks were sold in millions of copies throughout all the provinces of Russia.
Publishing house "Posrednik"
In 1884, Leo Tolstoy, obsessed with the idea of enlightening the common people, conceived the idea of opening a special publishing house where works would be published for popular reading. The innovative idea was brought to life. The publishing house began to operate and was named "Intermediary".
Especially for this project, the author's fairy tales by Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich were written - “Two Brothers and Gold”, “How Much Land Does a Man Need”, “Ilyas”, “The Tale of Ivan the Fool”, “Where there is Love, There is God”, “If You Miss you can’t put out the fire”, “Two Old Men”, “Candle” and many others. As you can see, the list is not limited to fairy tales, it includes fables, stories, and parables.
The writer's attitude towards children's literature
The author's fairy tales of Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich to this day are an example of fiction not only in Russia, but throughout the world. First of all, this became possible thanks to the unique talent of the writer.
But one should not lose sight of the fact that Tolstoy treated the writing of works; he wrote, pondering every word. Often he had to rewrite them several times. After all, any of his stories, in addition to describing some events or facts from life, also contained a moral and was of an educational nature. The result of the writer’s painstaking work was the appearance of a whole library of works for children, through the reading of which hard work, kindness, courage, honesty and other positive qualities of a small person are brought up.
Leo Tolstoy - an expert on the human soul
Analyzing the content and list of Tolstoy's fairy tales (the author's and folk works retold by him), it is not difficult to conclude that the writer created them taking into account his knowledge of the characteristics. Unobtrusively, correctly, he models the behavior of a small citizen, and gives competent advice to an adult on raising a child. The simple, simple stories described in his works always end in such a way that a person wants to express his own attitude towards the characters and their actions. It is not difficult for the author to draw his own conclusion, but he deliberately attracts the reader to this work, who to some extent becomes a co-author of the great master of the Russian word.
L. N. Tolstoy(1828-1910) - a major thinker and realist writer. The very first works of Tolstoy passed into children's reading. “Childhood” and “Adolescence” are the brightest examples of a realistic story about childhood. In “Childhood,” Tolstoy’s views on raising children received artistic embodiment. He categorically rejects violence as a means of education. The best is homely, maternal. Works for children Tolstoy began writing at the Yasnaya Polyana school, which he created himself. In 1872, “ABC” was published in 4 books - the result of 14 years of work. Criticism, both official and democratic, met this work so harshly that he began working on it again for a revised reissue. He rewrote the “ABC,” calling it “New ABC,” and separated the materials included in the reading sections into “Russian books for reading.” The work was completed in 1875. Several generations learned from it.
In 1923, when reprinting his early stories, Tolstoy singled out two cycles: “Mermaid Tales” (with magical and mythological plots) and “Magpie Tales” (about animals). Both cycles are intended for adults, but many of the tales resonated with children. The cycle “Magpie Tales” tells mainly about the bird and animal kingdoms, although sometimes the heroes are people, there are tales about the ant, about mushrooms, about household utensils. The biggest one is the fairy tale “Titmouse”. This is an epically developed narrative, with many historical details. The dramatic story of Princess Natalia. In general, “magpie” tales are narrated in a lighter, slightly mocking intonation and are interesting to children. Unlike many fairy tales, they are not edifying, but only entertaining, but in a special way: in ordinary situations for fairy tales and animals, the world of the heroes is revealed.
The writer introduces an ironic parody into the stylization of the folk tale, thereby emphasizing the difference between the folk tale and his own. His mocking tone makes even sad endings seem fun. Fairy tale "Hare". Its plot is typical of folklore: a hare is saved from a wolf with the help of a kind intercessor - grandmother pine. All three heroes find themselves in a dramatic situation: an old pine tree falls in a snowstorm, kills a wolf, and the hare grieves that he was left an orphan. “And trifling tears dripped into the snow.” The psychological inner speech uttered by the hare is funny in itself. The word "trifling" refers to the whole sad story. The writer said that nature is naive and wise, and man should be the same.
Tolstoy still has stories for children: “Polkan”, “Axe”, “Sparrow”, “Firebird”, “Gluttonous Shoe” and other birds, animals, toys, drawings are animated and humanized in these stories as it happens in a child’s imagination. “Gluttonous Shoe”: the toys are afraid of the scary picture lying under the chest of drawers; the “face with only arms” that is drawn on it has run away and is hiding in the room - this makes everyone even more scared. These fairy tales and stories are a kind of “representations” that children play with. The best “presented” is “Fofka” - a narration on behalf of a child, the game of brother and sister in scary “fofkas” (chickens painted on strips of wallpaper) is shown inside the children's world. At night, the “Fofkas” come to life, and the children defeat them by pinning them with special buttons purchased from “Mrs. Bee.”
The composition of “The New Alphabet” was carefully thought out by Tolstoy. At the beginning there are miniature stories; just a few lines, simple in content and syntax, gave the child a real picture. The author intended such stories as “Vary had a Chizh”, “Spring Came”, “Grandma Had a Granddaughter”. Therefore, the stories contain only the most necessary details, designed for the first layer of children's perception. Tales, fables - the meaning deepens, the content captures new layers of life, previously unfamiliar concepts. Vocabulary and style are changing: the former simplicity, they no longer meet only educational objectives. But also aesthetic. The most famous works for preschoolers from there are “Three Bears”, “Cow”, “Filippok”.
The beginning of the fairy tale “The Three Bears” is in the spirit of a realistic work: “One girl left home for the forest...” But such a non-fairy-tale beginning introduces the reader to completely fairy-tale circumstances and introduces characters close to the folk tale. Fairytale talking bears: father Mikhail Ivanovich, bear Nastasya Petrovna and bear cub Mishutka. Endowed with human names, they set up their hut like people, and their habits are also human: everyone eats stew from their own cup, and even with a spoon. Who drank from the cup? sat on a chair? who rumpled the bed? - these are traditional triple repetitions for a folk tale.
But unlike the fairy-tale characters, the girl turned out to be nimble and avoids retribution without the help of magical powers: opening her eyes and seeing bears, she jumps out the window. It was important for Tolstoy to show that a peasant child in an extreme situation was brave, dexterous, and decisive.
The story “Filippok” also contains a real story. The boy got bored of wiping his pants in the hut, and he decided to go to school. He came and was so confused that he remained silent and cried to all the teacher’s questions. The kind teacher left him in the classroom: they say, sit next to your brother on the bench, and I will ask your mother to let you into school.
But despite the brevity, the character of the boy is created in the story. As soon as Filippok realized that he wanted to study at school, nothing could lead him astray, not the dogs that pounced on him when he “went out to the buzzing” courtyards, nor the fear of the teacher. Not finding his hat, he grabs his father’s.
In the entrance hall of the school, like a decent person, he takes off his hat and then opens the door.
Having recovered from the first fright, he pronounced his name, and although everyone laughed, he began to say “Virgin Mary” to show that he knew the prayers, but he stumbled in every word. Teacher: Stop boasting and learn.
"Cow". The psychological characteristics of the hero are more complex. The boy Misha threw fragments of a broken glass into the cow's swill and caused real trouble. The cow had to be slaughtered, the family was left without milk, “the children became thin and pale.” Grandma had to get hired as a nanny to earn money for a new cow. The boy was so tormented by his conscience that he “did not get off the stove when they ate jelly from a cow’s head” and “every day in a dream he saw Uncle Vasily carrying Burenushka’s dead, brown head by the horns with open eyes and a red neck.”
There are no descriptions or characteristics here, characters appear in the course of events. The complication is psychological. The characterization of the hero occurs due to the general moral task of the story: if he had not been scared and confessed on time, everything would have been fine. Tolstoy said that he considers a children’s work especially successful when “the conclusion is moral or practical,” cat. It follows from the story, is not said, but is left to the children themselves to do it.” And: “Children love morality, but only smart, not stupid.” The moral of his works is of a special kind: the writer wants to raise the child’s consciousness to such a moral height that he can decide for himself how to behave in specific circumstances.
Fables. They offer morality in a more open form. In many fables, the moral conclusion is based on the living experience of peasant life. Tolstoy strove to ensure that the centuries-old experience of the people would become entrenched in the minds of the child reader, prompting him to make the right decision in different situations in life. Therefore, no aspect of people's life is left without attention. Tolstoy's fables deserve a definition like: “an encyclopedia of folk morality and wisdom.”
A very touching story “The Lion and the Dog”... there a small dog was thrown to be eaten by a lion, but he didn’t tear her to pieces, but also fell in love with her. When the owner threw him a piece of meat, the lion gave a piece to the dog. And when the dog got sick and died and he hugged her with his paws and lay next to her for 5 days, and died on the sixth day. The third “Russian Reading Book” contains stories about Bulka, a wonderful dog of the hunting breed.
The third “Russian Reading Book” contains stories about Bulka, a wonderful hunting dog. Bulka's exploits and adventures serve as a backdrop for the affirmation of a humanistic idea that deeply touches the feelings of readers. These are stories about man's responsibility to those he has tamed.
Moral improvement of man is the main idea of Tolstoy - writer, philosopher, teacher. It was embodied in his teaching activities and in his works for children. Tolstoy was convinced that education should be based on examples of justice, kindness, mercy, respect for both elders and younger ones. His works are full of such examples.
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The works of Leo Tolstoy.
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Composition
The great expert on folk peasant life and the human soul, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, turned to writing fairy tales at different periods of his long life. At first he wrote them for “ABC” and “Russian books for reading”. The books were intended for schools. There are many fairy tales taken from folklore and retold by the writer, but there are also the writer’s own fairy tales. Later, Leo Tolstoy wrote fairy tales regardless of his pedagogical interests. But both fairy tales are united by a common character: in them, Leo Tolstoy is always a strict moralist. Such is the tale of two brothers. One of them, the smaller one, believed in his happiness and achieved it with courage: he entered the forest, as the fairy tale says, swam across the river, saw a sleeping bear, and carried away her cubs; He ran up the mountain with them - then the people came out to meet him and made him king. And the younger brother reigned for five whole years, until another, stronger king came and, having conquered the city, drove out the younger brother. And the elder brother lived his life neither rich nor poor. The elder said to the younger when they met: “Here comes my truth: I lived quietly and well all the time, and although you were a king, you saw a lot of grief.” To this the younger brother replied: “I don’t grieve that I went into the forest on the mountain then; Even though I feel bad now, I have something to remember my life with, but you have nothing to remember it with.” A fairy tale is like a parable. She has her own morality, her own conclusion made by the writer in favor of a life full of excitement and the struggle for happiness.
Other tales are more complex - including the tale of Ivan the Fool and his brothers - Semyon the Great and Taras the Belly, their dumb sister Malanya, the old devil and the three little devils. Leo Tolstoy told the story of three kingdoms: a military power, a gold-rich empire, and a utopian kingdom of imaginary fools. Fools have one order: only those who have calluses on their hands eat, and those who don’t have leftovers. And it turned out that the kingdom of Semyon the Warrior was ruined, the empire of Taras the Belly Man perished, and the kingdom of Ivan the Fool survived. Leo Tolstoy taught that work is the only true means of life, that the society of those working for themselves will survive in all trials. According to Leo Tolstoy, the life of “simple working people” is the only real life. The writer appealed to people's conscience, convincing everyone to take up the creation of such a life. The writer's likes and dislikes are expressed with complete certainty. He disliked kings, officials, and all those who lived on the labor of others. Ivan spent his time as king, and then he took off his royal dress, gave it to his wife to hide in a chest, put on a simple shirt, trousers, put on bast shoes and set to work.
They told him: “But you are a king!” “Well,” he answered, “the king needs to eat too.” Leo Tolstoy was not afraid of a rude word: it well conveyed the people’s and his own contempt for parasitism. In every fairy tale, similar to the tale of Ivan the Fool, Leo Tolstoy defended the human rights of the oppressed people, criticized social injustice, the foundations of an anti-people state, the official state religion, false laws and orders.
Sources:
Fairy tales of Russian writers / Introduction, article, compilation, and commentary. V. P. Anikina; Il. and designed A. Arkhipova.- M.: Det. lit., 1982.- 687 p.
Abstract: The book includes fairy tales by Russian writers of the 19th and 20th centuries.
