1. Complex sentence(SPP) is difficult sentence, which consists of unequal parts, where one part depends on the other. The independent part is called main part, and dependent - subordinate clause. Subordinate clauses are subordinate to the main clause and answer the questions of the members of the sentence.
2. Subordinate clauses are separated from the main clause by commas. If the subordinate clause is in the middle of the main clause, then the subordinate clause is separated from the main clause on both sides.
3. The subordinate clause can occupy a different place in relation to the main part.
- before the main clause:
Bye wife was preparing breakfast Danilov went out into the garden.
(Bye),
- Subordinate clauses can stand after the main clause:
He stayed here with that, to be in your studio the day after tomorrow.
, (to)
- Subordinate clauses can stand in the middle of the main clause:
In, What the money is gone no one doubted it anymore.
[In, (What), ]
Note. The main parts are in bold, conjunctions (conjunctive words) are in italics.
4. Subordinate clauses may refer to one word in the main or to the whole main sentence.
One word in the main clause the following types of subordinate clauses include:
- definitive;
- explanatory;
- circumstantial mode of action and degree.
To the whole main offer The following types of clauses usually include:
- clauses, time, cause, effect, comparison, purpose, condition, concession (that is, adverbial types of clauses, except clauses of manner and degree).
5. Type of subordinate part is determined based on the formulation of the question from the main part to the subordinate part. It is impossible to determine the type of subordinate clause by the type of conjunction or allied word. So, for example, the words When , Where can attach subordinate clauses of different meanings, and not just subordinate clauses with the meaning of time and place:
- I asked (about what?)when the train arrives.
- Day (Which?) It was sunny when we went to the sea.
- Call me (When?) when you arrive. (Adverbial tense).
- I asked (about what?)where you can buy textbooks. (Adverbial explanatory clause).
- City (Which?)where I spent my childhood has changed a lot. (Adverbial attribute).
- There (Where?)where we walked was very damp. (Adverbial clause).
A special group of sentences consists of SPPs with subordinate clauses, in which the question is not raised about the subordinate part.
6. Communications subordinate and main clauses are or (both are in the subordinate clause), and also (in the main part of the sentence).
The following groups are represented in Russian subordinating conjunctions:
1) temporary: When,for now, just, just;
2) causal: because,because,for;
3) conditional: If,if;
4) target: to;
5) concessional: Although;
6) consequences: So;
7) comparative: How,as if,as if,how;
8) explanatory: What,How,whether to.
Note. The Russian language has a large number of derived conjunctions made up of
— simple conjunctions and demonstrative words: after, despite the fact that, in order to, due to the fact that;
- two simple conjunctions: as if, as soon as;
- simple conjunctions in combination with words time, reason, purpose, condition and etc.: while, for the purpose that, due to the fact that, since, as a result of which and etc.
7. Conjunctive words can be expressed
- relative pronouns ( who, what, which, which, whose, how many etc.), which can stand in different shapes;
- pronominal adverbs ( where, to where, from where, when, why, how and etc.). Unlike conjunctions, allied words not only serve as a means of connecting parts of the dictionary, but also are members of the proposal in the subordinate part.
Note. Some allied words ( what, how, when, than- pronoun form What) homonymous unions. To differentiate them, you must try to replace the conjunctive word (which is a pronominal word) with a significant one (if such a replacement is impossible, it is a conjunction), and also put a phrasal emphasis on it. For example:
I know he will come- union;
The criterion for differentiation can often be the type of subordinate clause, since some of them are joined only by conjunctions or only by allied words.
Conjunctions and allied words usually appear at the beginning of a subordinate clause and serve as an indicator of the boundary between the main and subordinate clauses. Exception forms an alliance whether , which is in the middle of the subordinate clause: I don't know if he will come whether he's tomorrow.
8. are in the main clause and usually answer the same questions and have the same syntactic meaning as subordinate clauses. The main function of demonstrative words- be a harbinger of a subordinate clause. Therefore, in most cases, the demonstrative word can tell you what type of subordinate clause it is:
He returned to That city, Where spent his youth (That - index word, definition; attributive clause);
He stayed with that to prove your innocence (with that - indicative word, circumstance of purpose; clause of purpose);
Read So, to no one saw the note (So - indicative word, circumstance of manner of action, measure and degree; subordinate clause of manner of action and degree).
Unions and allied words are the main means of communication in complex sentence. There may or may not be demonstrative words in the main clause.
9. Plan for parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
- Indicate the type of complex sentence (complex sentence).
- Name the main clause and subordinate clause (highlight grammatical bases).
- Indicate the type of subordinate part (determine by the question from the main part or from the word in the main part).
- Indicate how the subordinate clause is related to the main clause (means of communication, place of the subordinate clause in relation to the main part)
- Construct a proposal diagram.
Sample parsingcomplex sentence with one subordinate clause
1 A runner participates in the adventures of Baron Munchausen, 2 which ties pound weights to his feet.
- The sentence is complex; consists of two parts.
- Sentence 1 is the main thing, grammatical basis runner participates; sentence 2 - subordinate clause, grammatical basis which binds.
- Subordinate clause- attributive ( runner (Which?) who ties pound weights to his feet); it relates to the subject runner expressed by a noun.
- Means of communication - allied word which ; the subordinate clause comes after the main clause.
- [ noun], (which)
Sources:
- Chapter “General characteristics of complex sentences” in the manual by Balashova L.V., Dementieva V.V. "Russian language course"
- (details on how to determine the type of subordinate clause in a complex sentence)
Additionally:
- Exercises for the topic “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with one subordinate clause”
Additionally on Guenon:
I. The main syntactic means of communication in a complex sentence are special connecting elements. This subordinating conjunctions, allied words and correlative words (indicative words, correlates).
Subordinating conjunctions simple ( what, so, although, if, how, as if etc.) and compound ( because, since, meanwhile, despite the fact that etc.) are placed in the subordinate clause, are not its members, but serve only to connect the subordinate clause and the main one: Tsvetukhin came up with the idea of going to a rooming house to study types, because the theater was preparing “At the Lower Depths”(Fed.). Subordinating conjunctions are divided into semantic and syntactic. Semantic conjunctions(unambiguous) accurately indicate one or another type of relationship ( although, for, since, so). Syntactic(multi-valued) conjunctions do not unambiguously indicate a certain type of relationship, they only express the dependence of one part on the other ( what, to, how and etc.). They can be used in complex sentences of different meanings: We knew he would return. We begged him to come back. I'm ashamed that he came back. The 1st sentence expresses object relations, the 2nd sentence expresses degrees and consequences, and the 3rd sentence expresses causal relationships. Subordinating conjunctions are simple in composition (if, what, although, how) and compound ( because, after, in order to).
In addition to conjunctions in a complex sentence there may be allied words.
Conjunctive words- these are relative pronouns and adverbs that serve to attach the subordinate part to the main part, because These are parts of speech, then they are members of the sentence in the subordinate part and provide a closer connection between the parts than conjunctions. Among the allied words ( who, what, how, which, which, whose, where, where, whence, when, why, why, why, how much, so much) there are homonymous conjunctions, there are few of them - what, how, when; but they must be distinguished from the corresponding conjunctions.
1. Conjunctive words what how differ from conjunctions in that logical stress falls on them. You can ask a semantic question about them and determine which member of the sentence they are;
2. They cannot be removed from a sentence without violating its meaning;
3. They can be replaced with a synonymous allied word.
4. When delimiting a conjunctive word When and union When one should rely on the meaning of the subordinate parts that they attach: subordinate parts of time, conditions, concessions are joined by a conjunction When , and subordinate attributive and explanatory clauses, as a rule, are a conjunction word When: He came in to the farm when division seed bread was in full swing– the subordinate clause has the meaning of time, therefore When– union. It can be replaced by a synonymous conjunction while. He asked when there will be a meeting. – Explanatory clause.
5. Particular attention should be paid to the syntactic function of the conjunction word which, because Most often, a mistake is made here.
6. It may be subject, predicate, object, circumstance, inconsistent definition.
7. To more easily determine its function, you need to find out what word it replaces and substitute this word instead of the allied word: The house I live in. Union word in which used instead of the word house - in the house I live, in which - circumstance of place.
· I remembered, what yesterday happened. (On word what The logical stress drops and a semantic question can be posed to it (what happened?). This word functions as the subject. If it is removed, the meaning of the sentence will change: I remembered: it happened yesterday. What happened? Unknown.
· I know, how it is possible to solve this problem.(On word how the logical stress falls, a semantic question can be raised to it How? how? This word performs the function of a circumstance of an action. Eliminating it changes the meaning of the sentence. Union word How can be replaced with a combination how.
· And finally comes That hour, When the tale is told on paper. – What time is it? – adverbial attribute, therefore When is a conjunction word. It cannot be eliminated, because otherwise the meaning of the sentence will change.
Conjunctive words can be different members subordinate clauses depending on their form and semantics.
Correlative words (indicative words, correlates)– these are defining and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs ( there, there, that, such, from there, then, so, as much as etc.). These words are found in the main part of a complex sentence and complete it, but, not being full-fledged words, do not express the meaning itself, but only signal that this meaning is expressed in the subordinate part that follows. These correlative words are like harbingers and intermediaries between the subordinate part and the main part. At the same time, the very presence of this word in the main part deprives the main part of its independence and forces you to wait for the continuation of the sentence: But I did what I thought was necessary.
In SPPs of a dissected structure, correlative words move to the subordinate part and merge with the subordinating conjunction, and complex conjunctions of more complex form arise. subtle meanings:
– correlative word So merges with the union How or What, forming complex alliances since, so;
- in unions because, because, in order to final merging of the correlative word with conjunctions what to did not happen, so parallel use of words is possible because, therefore, for that either as correlative words in the main part, or as part of complex conjunctions: The apple trees are gone because of mice ate all the bark. Petersburg became even more unpleasant that's why that Nekhaeva lived in it.
– correlative words can be used both in the main part and merged with conjunctions, forming complex conjunctions: since, while, as long as: We went home After that, as the detachment stopped in the city center. After The sun rose and I dozed off again.
- in a concessionary alliance although the demonstrative word usually merges with the conjunction.
II. In addition to conjunctions, allied and correlative words, other means can serve as indicators of syntactic relations between parts of the dictionary: the order of the parts, the ratio of verb forms included in the main and subordinate parts, intonation, the lexical-morphological nature of the word to which the subordinate part belongs, some special lexical elements.
Sequence order parts of a complex sentence different types is not the same: it can be strictly defined or free. For some joint ventures, parts can be rearranged and even one part can be inserted into another. This is an offer flexible structure: By evening he learned that Dolinnik had been arrested by the Petliurists.(N.Ost.). He learned that Dolinnik had been arrested by the Petliurists in the evening. He learned that Dolinnik had been arrested by the Petliurists in the evening.
In other NGNs, parts either cannot be rearranged, or one part cannot be inserted into another. These are suggestions inflexible structure: The room looked as if it had been machine-gunned(Pan.).
1. If the subordinate clause comes after the main one, then it extends the main one by indicating the reason, condition, time, purpose and other adverbial meanings: I hired myself as an apprentice to him, since I had nothing to live on.
2. If the subordinate part comes before the main part, then the message contained in it precedes the message contained in the main part, influences it, as if causes it. The main part in this case does not have an independent character. Both parts turn out to be interdependent, having more complex relationships: Ivan Petrovich stayed at the hotel, because I didn't want to bother my friends(causal). Because Ivan Petrovich, did not want to disturb his friends, he was staying at a hotel(subordinate part - causal, main part - consequences).
3. If the subordinate part is in interposition, that is, in the middle of the main part, breaking it, then this part is close in value to the insertion structure: A man (if he a real man) is not able to calculate sensibly in love.
Correlation of verb forms parts of a complex sentence is also an additional means of connecting them.
The aspectual and tense forms of the verbs of the first part of the sentence (regardless of whether it is main or subordinate) usually presuppose certain forms of the second part. Yes, in a sentence The leaf came off and flew away only on the third day in the evening, when from behind the Dnieper steeps a thunderstorm wind hit my face and lightning, overtaking each other, began to strike the blackened water(Paust.) verbs of the main part came off And flew away in the past tense form the same grammatical meanings of the verbs of the subordinate clause correspond (other forms in the second part of the sentence are not possible).
The temporal and modal plans of the predicative parts in the SP are in a certain ratio. For example, to express simultaneity relations in complex sentences with the conjunction And verb- predicate in predicative parts there should be imperfect form: Glistened the sea is all in bright light, and the waves are menacing on the shore fought.
When expressing the meaning of an unreal condition and consequence in the SP verb- predicate must be in the subjunctive form: If only you had arrived earlier, we would have made it to the theater in time. If you had arrived earlier, we would have made it to the theater.
There are a number of restrictions on the use of temporary and modal forms in subordinate clauses. So, in subordinate clauses the verb- predicate can only be in the past tense or infinitive form, because presence in the union to particles would prevents the use of verbs in the form of other tenses in these subordinate parts.
Some special ones sometimes act as a means of communication in the structure of a complex sentence. lexical items. This is typical for complex sentences with such structural elements as as for... then; The fact is that... Verb touch and noun case in such constructions they lose their basic lexical meaning and turn into purely connecting elements: The fact is that there is nothing more practical in the world than those fantasies that only a few now dream of(Cupr.).
A constructive indicator is lexico-morphological character of the word, to which the subordinate part belongs ( contact words). Thus, nouns, when distributed, require a attributive part, and verbs, short adjectives, impersonal predicative words – explanatory: After tea they began to discuss how to fill this cheerfully begun day.(M.G.); Green wanted to please the old man, who had already come to terms with the idea that Alexander’s son had turned out to be a worthless tramp(Paust.).
The role of intonation as a means of constructing a complex sentence is that it combines its parts into a single whole. No matter how many parts a complex sentence consists of, the intonation of the end is characteristic only of its last part.
Thus, the structure of a complex sentence is defined as syntactic means connections, and partly by the lexical and morphological properties of the words involved in its construction.
main types and functions
subordinating conjunctions correlatives
word conjunctions words
The main syntactic means of communication in NGN are special connecting elements. Formal indicators of the interdependence of the main and subordinate parts are subordinating conjunctions, allied (relative) words, correlative (demonstrative) words.
Subordinating conjunctions.
Let us recall that in terms of structure, subordinating conjunctions can be simple (so that, although, if, as if, etc.) and compound (because, despite the fact that, since, etc.). In addition to simple and compound conjunctions, it is necessary to distinguish between double conjunctions, which include linking words (if...then, when...then, how...then), and paired ones (than...then). The last two types of conjunctions differ from each other in that if both parts of paired conjunctions are structurally necessary, then in double conjunctions the bonding words can be omitted.
For example, if you come, we will become friends.
The sooner the night, the less trouble.
Conjunctions with clearly defined semantics are assigned to a certain type of subordinate clause and are called semantic, unambiguous, monofunctional: although, despite the fact that - concessive, since, because - reasons, etc.
Conjunctions with indefinite semantics, used in various types subordinate clauses and having a purely syntactic meaning are called functional, asemantic, syntactic, polyfunctional, polysemantic. These are conjunctions that, so that, like others. For example, the conjunction how can serve to attach to the main part of subordinate clauses with different meanings: explanatory (additional) subordinate clauses, comparative clauses, temporary, conditions. Some compound unions(since, because) are capable of being dismembered. In this case, the first part of the conjunction goes into the main part of the NGN and acquires the function of a correlative word.
Sr.: It would be good not to argue with him, because in arguments he gets agitated to the point of rage.
It would be good not to argue with him because he gets madly excited in arguments.
The peculiarity of compound conjunctions is that, due to the constructive optionality of correlative words in the main part, their first part can freely wander from the main part to the subordinate part.
Wed: She wanted to sing so that everyone would know about her happiness.
She wanted to sing so that everyone would know about her happiness.
Such variation is possible with compound conjunctions: because, in order to, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, after, etc.
So, subordinating conjunctions according to their structure are divided into simple, compound, double and paired subordinating conjunctions. According to the features of their functioning, they are divided into semantic and syntactic. SPPs with conjunctions in the subordinate clause are considered as a conjunction type of SPPs.
Conjunctive words.
The function of allied words in SPP is performed by pronouns in the broad understanding of this part of speech (whose, which, where and under.) or in the narrow understanding of the pronoun as a part of speech pronouns (whose, which, which) and adverbs, pronominal adverbs (where, where why, where).
Conjunctive words (relative) are located in the subordinate part of the dictionary. Unlike subordinating conjunctions, allied words are significant words and therefore function as members of a sentence.
SPPs with allied words in the subordinate clause constitute the relative type of SPPs.
The difference between subordinating conjunctions and allied words.
It is known that the distinction between subordinating conjunctions and allied words is very difficult both for students and for those teaching questions of NGN syntax.
The following are common typical mistakes:
- Non-delimitation of homonymous subordinating conjunctions and allied words, such as what, how, when, than, what(would).
- Identification of allied words such as which, which, whose, where, where, where, why, why, why, etc. with subordinating conjunctions.
- Difficulties in recognizing compound conjunctions such as because, because, due to the fact that, despite the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.
- Wrong definition syntactic function of the allied word.
- Difficulties in posing a semantic question from the main part to the subordinate part. For example, a conjunctive word which is often parsed as a definition, while this word is often substantivized and can be any member of a subordinate clause.
Wed: You will need a guide who knows the forest paths well.
union. sl. (subst. m-pr.)
In the midst of the feast, Travkin came in, whom no one had invited.
with us.sl.(subst.m-
etc)
Travkin listened, then followed the direction of the message; two Germans came out.
conjunction.sl.(subst.m-pr.)
Nadya led the guys along a bright corridor, the windows of which looked out onto
X. X X X." wihh nnnnnnn.
garden.
SO SW.SL J(m-pr)
As is the pop, so is the arrival.
The accuracy in determining the type of subordinate part depends on the selection of the question that is asked from the main part to the subordinate part.
union
Wed: The message that we received these books made us happy (about what? Explanatory or additional clause, depending on the chosen classification)
SOY 3. sl. (m-noun)
The message we received made us happy (which one? Subordinate clause)
When distinguishing between subordinating conjunctions and allied words, it is necessary to remember: in the Russian language there are words that always perform in SPP only the role of conjunctions or allied words, and only five words (we have already called them “insidious” words) due to homonymy can act - depending depending on the content of the sentence - sometimes as subordinating conjunctions, sometimes as allied words.
Table 23.
As you can see, there are not so many “insidious” words, but they are often found in NGN, and it is these words that cause the greatest difficulties in the grammatical characterization of NGN.
Rules for distinguishing subordinating conjunctions and allied words
- If a homonymous word is preceded by a preposition, then it is a conjunction
There cannot be a pretext before a union.
SS(m-sugts)
Wed: He politely bowed to Chichikov; At first the latter responded in kind.
SS(m-n)
She spoke French very poorly, for which I suffered later.
- You can use the technique of transforming (replacing) a dubious conjunction with a true conjunction, a conjunction word with another conjunction word, or a functional equivalent (a significant word).
Compare: Boris still winced a little, like a drunkard in front of a glass of wine (which = as if).
SS(m-n)
There are no miracles in the world except those created by the mind and will of man
- The conjunction can be omitted, and the meaning of the sentence is preserved.
Wed: We were happy when the forest began. (We were happy - the forest had begun).
C C (m-nar)
Nobody knows when we will see each other. (You cannot omit the conjunction word)
- A subordinate clause that begins with a conjunctive word can be converted into an independent clause interrogative sentence. A subordinate clause that begins with a conjunction cannot be transformed in this way.
Wed: It was difficult to determine what this person felt. (What did this man feel?)
union
It was hard to believe that all this was true. (The subordinate clause cannot be converted into an interrogative simple sentence.)
- It is possible to attach intensifying particles to allied words, or precisely, to a conjunction - it is impossible.
Wed: He had no way of knowing when the train (Already) would arrive.
union
He was glad when the forest began.
- The conjunctive word receives logical stress, while the conjunction is deprived of such stress, i.e. is proclitic.
Wed: We willingly give what we ourselves do not need.
union
How many times have they told the world that flattery is vile and harmful.
We must remember that in each specific case several techniques for distinguishing conjunctions and allied words can help.
Table 24.
Distinguishing between subordinating conjunctions and allied words
Correlative (demonstrative) words.
Correlative words, together with conjunctions and allied words, too
are a grammatical means of connecting parts of NGN. Correlative words are always in the main part of the dictionary and are expressed by attributive, demonstrative and indefinite pronouns(with a broad understanding of this part of speech): that, such, there, there, from there, then, so, because, because, someone, somewhere, something, etc. They attach the subordinate part to the main part, which specifies their meaning.
Correlative words must be distinguished from allied words:
- Correlative words are in the main part, and allied words are in the subordinate clause;
- Correlative words include the subordinate clause;
- Correlative words deprive the main part of semantic completeness;
- Correlative words determine the type of subordinate clause.
- Correlative words make the connection between the main and subordinate parts closer.
- Expressed by significant parts of speech;
- Are members of the proposal;
- Often subject to substantiation.
Wed: Everyone who has experienced the happiness of communicating with a smart person wants to become better, to know more.
ukazlShchpr)
I am the one whose gaze destroys hope.
The subordinate clause can be attached to the correlative word using an allied word (see examples above) or a conjunction.
For example, the houses looked as if no human hand had touched them for many years.
The role of correlative words is structurally different. They are either constructively necessary, since they participate in the organization of the structure of sentences, or they are not necessary and are then used as emphasis words.
Wed: Such a view of the dwelling appeared before us that we stopped awkwardly.
Lopatin noticed that the regiment commissar was one run behind them.
In the first sentence, the correlative word such is constructively necessary: without it the following subordinate clause is impossible. In the second, the correlative word is easily omitted without damaging the overall meaning of the sentence. Taking this into account helps to correctly determine the type of subordinate clause: the first IPP with a subordinate attributive clause, the second IPP with a subordinate explanatory (additional) part.
The correlative word must be distinguished from fastening words, which are part of double conjunctions and can be omitted, like in some cases correlative words. These are double conjunctions of cause, time, condition - when, then, if. how. That. Clamp words are also found in the main part of the dictionary during the preposition of the subordinate part. They emphasize the productive nature of the second part of the sentence. Correlative (demonstrative) words are found in the main part, which is always prepositive in relation to the subsequent subordinate clause.
Wed: If you agree, then I will get to work right now (double union if..then).
I am where they are waiting for me (correlative word there).
Correlative words must be distinguished from the part of paired conjunctions, where both parts are structurally necessary.
SS(m-sush) spec.sl(subst.m-pr)
Wed: (The more you are sick), [the more you will be treated].
(The closer the night), [the less trouble] (pair union than... the more).
V.V. Babaytseva indicates cases in which correlative words in the main part are necessary:
- When denying, strengthening, highlighting or limiting with the help of special particles, not, only, only, even, but, etc., what is said in the subordinate clause.
- If there are introductory words in the main part that express the attitude towards what is said in the subordinate part.
See: [Such facts occur, of course, because] (that many people love themselves more than business).
- Correlative words are used in the main part if the subordinate clause is related as homogeneous to other members of the main part.
Correlative words are not possible in NGN with a subordinate connecting part, since they perform the function of an additional message.
See: Father was gone for a long time, which worried us.
It started to rain, so our trip didn't take place.
Thus, SPPs with correlative words in the main part form three structural varieties of SPPs:
- Pronominal-correlative type (indicative word in the main part + allied word in the subordinate clause);
- Pronoun-conjunctive type (indicative word in the main part + conjunction in the subordinate clause).
conjunctive type relative type pronominal type
pronominal conjunctive
type type
In addition to subordinating conjunctions, allied and correlative words, indicators of syntactic relations between parts of the dictionary are other accompanying grammatical means of communication, namely the order of the main and subordinate parts, the grammatical relationship of the verb forms included in the main and subordinate parts, intonation, etc.
- Types of positions of subordinate parts in IPP. Fixed and non-fixed order of parts of the WBS. Flexibility - inflexibility of the structure. Contaminated structure proposals
Table 25
The following classifications of SPP are known:
The history of syntax has developed three principles for classifying SPPs, which formed the basis for the three most popular classifications of these syntactic structures. These are logical-syntactic, formal-grammatical, structural-semantic classifications of SPP.
Logical-syntactic classification of complex sentences.
It is known that in the history of Russian grammar the first most full classification subordinate clauses in relation to members simple sentence(based on the isomorphism of subordinate clauses with members of a simple sentence) was developed by F.I. Buslaev. This classification, called traditional (analogical, functional, logical-grammatical), arose in the middle of the 19th century.
F.I. Buslaev believed that “each of the members of the main sentence, except the predicate, can be expressed by a subordinate sentence” (F.I. Buslaev). This initial position allowed the scientist to identify the following types of subordinate clauses: subordinate clauses, additional, attributive, adverbial: place, time, manner of action, measure and degree, reasons, conditions, concessions, comparisons.
The principle of the LGK SPP is the isomorphism of the subordinate clause to the member of a simple sentence by function.
Wed: He who is hot-tempered is not angry (= hot-tempered is not angry, i.e. subordinate subject);
Say what is useful (= say what is useful, i.e. subordinate object);
It is interesting to talk with a person who has experienced a lot (= with an experienced person, i.e. subordinate definition);
Petersburg stands where the Neva flows into the Gulf of Finland (= when the Neva flows into the Gulf of Finland, i.e. adverbial clause), etc.
A common technique for determining the type of subordinate clause is to ask it a question similar to the one we ask to members of a simple sentence.
The classification of F.I. Buslaev was based on the ideas of his predecessors: A. Kh. Vostokov (“Russian Grammar”) and N. I. Grech (“Practical Russian Grammar”).
- I. Grech identified three types of subordinate clauses depending on which part of speech they replace in the main one:
I am the one who has happiness (= happy, i.e. subordinate adjective);
They found out when they returned (= upon return, i.e. adverbial clause).
This first attempt at classifying clauses was obviously imperfect, since it clearly mixed morphological and syntactic concepts.
The doctrine of the types of subordinate clauses received further development in the works of F. I. Buslaev. His classification existed for a long time and became quite traditional - in the future it was only subject to clarifications and additions. A well-known clarification was made by S.I. Abakumov, who interpreted subordinate clauses as “an expanded member of the sentence.” However, he explained: “They differ from ordinary members of a simple sentence in that they are predicative.” The scientist emphasized that such constructions do not have complete identity. It was Abakumov who supplemented and improved the classification of F.I. Buslaev, proposing, in particular, to consider subordinate predicates among subordinate clauses.
The similarity in function of subordinate clauses and members of a simple sentence is evidenced by a number of data:
- Synonymy of subordinate clauses with dissociated members simple sentences expressed by participial and participial phrases.
- There is a combination of sentence members and subordinate clauses coordinating conjunctions and, or, yes, but, indicating the homogeneity of the incoming components.
- There are cases of transition of subordinate clauses into members of a simple sentence in cases of phraseologization of subordinate parts.
All of the above phenomena confirm that subordinate clauses perform functions close to the functions of individual members of simple sentences.
The advantages of the logical-grammatical classification of NGN are as follows:
- The main advantage of this classification is the recognition of objectively existing similarities in the principles of construction and semantics of simple sentences and NGN.
- The logical-grammatical classification of SPP is the first complete classification of subordinate clauses based on isomorphism to their members of a simple sentence.
- Now they continue to take into account the functions of subordinate clauses in relation to members of the main sentence.
- This classification is convenient in practical terms - the type of subordinate clauses is determined by a question similar to those questions that are asked to the members of the sentence.
- It has provable arguments: the synonymity of subordinate parts and members of a simple sentence, the same type of functions of subordinate clauses and members of a simple sentence.
- The correspondence between sentence members and subordinate clauses is approximate; the predicative nature of subordinate clauses is not taken into account, i.e. there is an absolutization of the nature of the relationship between sentence members and subordinate parts.
- The diverse and complex semantic relationships between the main and subordinate parts in the dictionary are not taken into account. Subordinate clauses can refer to the entire main part, and not just to its individual member (such as, for example, subordinate clauses, connecting, comparative). These subordinate clauses are characterized by a weaker connection with the main part, which means they are more independent. In other words, not all subordinate clauses are isomorphic with members of a simple sentence.
- The distinction between complementary clauses and subordinate clauses, attributive clauses and predicate clauses is in most cases quite artificial. Thus, subordinate clauses identical in structure and semantic relations belonged to different types.
He remembered (what?) how they were friends (subordinate clause).
His face looked as if he was surprised by something (subjective predicate).
He had a face like he was surprised by something (clause clause).
Those. the distinction was based on structural differences and, therefore, was associated with elements of the formal-grammatical approach.
And if so, then it is not entirely legitimate to consider this classification logical.
Conversely, different sentences in structure and grammatical meaning were considered as sentences of the same type.
Wed: He remembered how he went home (subordinate clause).
Everything needed on the road was collected (the subordinate clause is also a subject)
- The structure of the subordinate clause and the varieties of semantic relations in the composition of the dictionary are not taken into account.
- In many cases, the definition of the type of subordinate clauses is conventional and schematic. Thus, in the absence of a correlative (demonstrative) word in the main part, the type of subordinate clause is sometimes impossible to determine unambiguously.
Conversely, the presence of an indicative word in the main one requires a specific answer without taking into account the structure and nature of the semantic relationships between the main and subordinate parts.
Wed: I am the one whom no one loves (subjective predicate).
I will never forget the day we met (clause clause).
It is no coincidence that D.N. Kudryavsky was ironic about this: “Thus it turns out that the same sentence can be anything, depending on what it stands next to. This means defining a Christmas tree as a tree around which there are fir cones. It’s clear, in this case, a birch tree with fir cones lying under it can also be called a fir tree.”
The noted shortcomings were the reason for the refusal in the 60s of XX
V. from traditional classification in the school course of the Russian language.
Despite these shortcomings, Buslaev's logical-grammatical classification of SPP existed in the school for more than a hundred years (from 1858 to 1959). Today, in the educational complex of V.V. Babaytseva, we see a return to the basics of this classification. In the textbook by S. G. Barkhudarov, the logical-grammatical classification of SPP is partially presented. All IPS are divided into 3 groups: explanatory, defining, 9 types of adverbial.
The type of subordinate part is established in two ways:
- In accordance with which member of the sentence in the main part is the correlative pronominal word, specified by the subsequent subordinate part, i.e., the member of the main part, expressed by the correlative word, is specified by the subordinate part.
- If there is no correlative word in the main part, then the type of subordinate clause is determined in accordance with which missing member of the main part is filled in by the subordinate part.
S.I. Abakumov, F.L. Shapiro, V.M. Nikitin, A.I. Cherednichenko, V.N. Migirin, V.V. Vinogradov and others later contributed to the further development of the logical-grammatical classification of SPP.
For example, A.N. Gvozdev presents a more comprehensive consideration of the types of subordinate clauses; they took into account a larger number of signs:
- The function of the subordinate clause in relation to the members of a simple sentence;
- Structural features main and subordinate parts;
. Varieties of semantic relations between the main and subordinate parts.
A.N. Gvozdev’s classification presents the following types of subordinate clauses:
- Subordinate clauses;
- Subordinate predicates;
- Additional clauses;
- Circumstantial time;
- Circumstantial places;
- Circumstantial course of action;
- Circumstantial reasons;
- Circumstantial goals;
- Circumstantial conditions;
- Circumstantial concessions;
- Circumstantial measures and degrees
- Consequences;
- Connection.
The merit of A.N. Gvozdev is seen in the fact that, having retained the basis traditional principle classification of SPP, he did not present a schematic classification of SPP, but carried out a structural-semantic approach to the classification of SPP, showed the relationship between groups of SPP in common system this type of complex sentence.
Formal-grammatical classification of complex sentences The principle of the formal-grammatical classification of SPP is their differentiation by means of connection of the main part with the subordinate clause.
As a prominent representative of the formal grammatical school in Russia, A. M. Peshkovsky, when classifying SPP, focused on the means of connecting subordinate parts with the main one: subordinating conjunctions and allied words. A.M. Peshkovsky divides it into two large classes:
- SPP with union subordination of subordinate clauses;
- SPP with relative subordination of subordinate clauses,
- Causal (since, how, because, then that, etc.);
- Goals (so that, then that, in order, etc.);
- Consequences (so);
- Explanatory (what, so, as if, etc.);
- Explanatory (that is, exactly, somehow);
- Conditional (if, if only, if, if);
- Concessive (although, despite the fact that, let);
- Comparative (as if, exactly(;
- Temporary (when, as soon as, meanwhile).
As for SPPs with relative subordination (with allied words), A. M. Peshkovsky divided them into:
- Proper-relative SPP (connection of the subordinate part with any member in the main one). For example, such is the priest, such is the parish.
- Interrogative-relative SPP (connection of the subordinate clause with the entire main part). For example, We will meet, no matter where fate sends us.
union
Wed: I know I wanted to tell the truth. union.sl.
I know what he wanted to say. Tg
As we see, semantic relations
in both sentences the same - explanatory, meanwhile, according to A. M. Peshkovsky, these SPPs fall into different groups: 1) SPP with union subordination, namely with an explanatory union; 2) SPP with relative subordination, namely proper-relative, since the subordinate part refers to the verb in the main part.
Further attempts to systematize SPP on a formal grammatical basis can be traced in the works of L.A. Bulakhovsky and A.B. Shapiro.
A.B. Shapiro, pointing out the mistake of A.M. Peshkovsky, wrote: “The research is carried out as if the main and subordinate clauses are separate, independent sentences. The main and the subordinate continuously interact.” However, A.B. Shapiro himself, having formally divided all SPPs into two groups depending on the presence/absence of demonstrative words in the main sentence, in specific analysis limits its task to the traditional classification of subordinate clauses in the NGN by means of communication.
1 . The main syntactic means of communication in a complex sentence are
subordinating conjunctions,
allied words,
correlative pronominal words(definitive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).
Depending on the indicators of connection, complex sentences are distinguished: 1) union type, 2) relative type, 3) pronominal correlative type, 4) pronominal-conjunctive correlative type.
Simple conjunctions ( what, so, although, if, how, as if and etc.)
and compound ( because, since, meanwhile, despite the fact that etc.) are placed in the subordinate part and serve as an indicator of its subordination to the main one.
Conjunctions assigned to certain types of clauses, i.e. with clearly expressed semantics are called semantic (since, because- causal; although, despite the fact that– concessional; If- conditional, etc.). Conjunctions with indefinite semantics, used in various types of subordinate clauses and having a purely syntactic meaning, are called functional, or asemantic (what how and etc.).
For example, union How can serve to attach subordinate parts with different meaning: explanatory, comparative, temporary, conditional.
Some compound conjunctions ( since, because etc.) are capable of dismemberment. In this case, the first part of the conjunction goes into the main part of the sentence and acquires the function of a correlative word.
Subordinating conjunctions, causal, temporary, and conditional, can include so-called anchor words, which are located at the beginning of the main part of the sentence.
These are double alliances ( once...then, if...then, if...so, how...then and etc.): If translated into weight, dried porcini mushrooms will be many times more expensive than meat, fish, the rarest fruits, and honey...(Sol.).
Clamping words are possible only with the preposition of the subordinate clause; they emphasize the productive nature of the second part of the sentence.
In complex sentences with comparative relations, paired conjunctions are used ( than...then, if...then and etc.):
The sooner you complete the work, the sooner you will be free.
Paired conjunctions, homonymous to conjunctions with bond words, differ from them in that both parts of them are structurally necessary, while bond words can easily be omitted. Wed:
If today the weather is rainy, then tomorrow weather forecasters promise sunny weather. And If his best friend can't leave, (then) he'll stay with him.
Complex sentences with allied communications form allied type.
Relative (conjunctive) words are pronouns and pronominal adverbs that serve as a means of connecting the subordinate part with the main one ( which, whose, which, what; where, where, from, how, when and etc.).
Relative words are located in the subordinate clause of the sentence. Unlike conjunctions, they are significant words and therefore serve as one of the members of the sentence.
Compare, for example, the functions of homonym words: It seemed to him Thu oh someone called out to him. AND He couldn't even imagine What now he has to do.
In the first sentence the word What performs the function of a conjunction, since it is devoid of semantic significance and serves only as a means of communication and an indicator of syntactic relationships between the parts of a complex sentence.
In the second sentence, what is a relative (conjunctive) word, in addition to connection, it serves as a complement in the subordinate part of the sentence. Another example: What he wanted to tell me - I never found out.
Relative words that have conjunctions as homonyms ( what how), usually accompanied by logical selection (see the same examples). Complex sentences with relative words in the subordinate clause constitute the relative type.
Correlative words- these are attributive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs, located in the main part of the SPP and attaching a subordinate part to themselves, which specifies their meaning. They usually form correlative pairs with allied words in the subordinate clause. For example:
that - who, that - which, that - whose, there - where, there - where, then - when etc.
The subordinate clause can be attached to to the correlative word in the main word and with the help of a conjunction:
All the apartments looked as if no one had looked after them for many years.
The role of correlative words is structurally different. They may be necessary because they participate in organizing the structure of sentences, and are not required, and then they are used only as emphasis words.
He noticed That that several people fell behind.
Structural optionality Correlative words in some cases are emphasized by the possibility of merging them with the conjunction of the subordinate clause.
in order (,) to... because (,) so that
Thus, complex sentences with correlative words in the main part form two structural varieties:
pronominal-correlative type (in the presence of a correlation of pronominal words in the main and subordinate parts) and
pronominal-conjunctive correlative type (with a correlation between the pronominal word in the main part and the conjunction in the subordinate clause).
2. Along with conjunctions, allied and correlative words, there may be other words in the IPP structural means, For example:
order of parts, ratio of verb forms included in the main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence,
intonation,
lexico-morphological character of the word, to which the subordinate clause belongs,
some special lexical elements.
Order of parts Different types of NGN are not the same: it can be strictly defined or free.
This depends on the structural-semantic nature of the sentence as a whole. Some structural-semantic types of NGN have a strictly fixed order of parts.
Thus, the subordinate clause always follows the main clause in pronominal-conjunctive correlative clauses.
Others - conjunctive, relative, pronominal-correlative - are more free with respect to the order of the parts.
The certainty of the order of the parts is explained for various reasons, both structural and semantic, and more often a combination of both.
Some conjunctions are capable of attaching a subordinate clause only following the main one.
So, subordinate clauses with conjunctions for, good, because, so are located only after the main part.
Subordinate clauses with conditional, temporary conjunctions, usually occupying a free position in relation to the main part, but when using correlative words, preposition of the subordinate part is required:
If you come in the evening, I will help you solve this problem..
Subordinate clauses connecting are fixed in post position, because carry an additional message. Their location in front of the main part is extremely rare.
Correlation of verb forms of parts SPP is also a syntactic means of their connection.
The aspectual and tense forms of the verbs of the first part of the sentence (regardless of whether it is main or subordinate) usually presuppose certain forms of the second part. Especially in cases where there are relations of mutual subordination between parts of the joint venture: If you take a closer look at the drawing, everything would become obvious.
The following combinations act as a means of communication: as for... then; The fact is that... Verb touch and noun case in such constructions they lose their basic lexical meaning and turn into purely connecting elements:
A constructive indicator is also the lexico-morphological nature of the word to which the subordinate clause refers.
Thus, nouns, when distributed, require a attributive part,
and verbs, short adjectives, impersonal predicative words - explanatory:
He began to work with a speed that made those present laugh;
After tea they began to discuss how to fill this cheerfully begun day.;
It is unknown who will perform first;
AND Alcohol that you told me about this so late.
If in some cases nouns add an explanatory part, then these are nouns of a certain semantic group, namely: with the meaning of speech, thought, message, i.e. meaning characteristic of verb words.***
Subordinate clauses of such nouns are complicated by a attributive shade of meaning:
Intonation as a means of communication in NGN, it combines its parts into a single whole.
Thus, the structure of the dictionary is determined both by syntactic means of communication and by the lexical-morphological properties of the words involved in its construction.
An IPP is a complex sentence that consists of two parts, with one part depending on the other. The independent part is called the main part, the dependent part is called the subordinate part. Parts of the NGN are connected using subordinating conjunctions and allied words that are in the subordinate clause.
Groups of subordinating conjunctions - see table.
Conjunctive words that serve as a means of connecting the main and subordinate parts are relative pronouns ( who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many) and pronominal adverbs ( where, to where, from where, when, why, how, etc.). Unlike conjunctions, allied words not only serve as a means of connecting parts of the dictionary, but are also members of the sentence in the subordinate part.
When determining the type of IPP, both the formal criterion (in particular, the means of connecting the parts) and the semantic one are taken into account - the semantic relationships that exist between the main and subordinate parts. In most cases, a question should be asked from the main to the subordinate part, which helps to identify the semantic relationships between the parts. A special group consists of SPPs with subordinate clauses, in which the question is not raised about the subordinate clause.
The subordinate part can refer to the entire main part as a whole (for example, an IPP with a subordinate assignment˸ The excursion planned for the weekend was canceled because severe frosts hit.) or to a specific word in it (such subordinate clauses are called conditional) (for example, SPP with subordinate attributives˸ The excursion that was planned for the weekend was canceled). The subordinate part can occupy different positions in relation to the main one, be located behind it (i.e., be in postposition), in front of it (in preposition) or be inside it (in interposition).
As reference word in the main part they can act as non-pronominal words (nouns, verbs, etc.; see example above), and pronominal words - pronouns and pronominal adverbs (in in this case they are called correlative)˸ then, that, all, there, there, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, such, then, so much, etc. (What was especially scary was that pigeons were flying above the fire in the smoke. In the late afternoon silence you can clearly hear everything the earth is singing about.). Pronominal words in the main clause usually form correlative pairs with allied words in the subordinate clause˸ that - who (which, whose), that - that, such - which, there - where (where, from), there - where (where, from), from there - from where (where, where), then - when, so - how, as much - how much, etc. Pronominal words can also be in relation to conjunctions in a subordinate clause ( what, as, as if, as if, so that, whether, etc.)˸ The heat is so hot that footprints burn in the sand. All this was said as if to make the already difficult work as difficult as possible.
Complex sentence. Communication means for parts of the NGN. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Complex sentence. Means of communication of parts of NGN." 2015, 2017-2018.
