Types of sentences (simple and complex). type of a sentence

A simple sentence is one that consists of one or more grammatically combined words that express a complete thought. This is the basic grammatical unit of syntax. In a simple sentence there should be only one grammatical basis(predicative center).

• Father washes the car.
• Children play on the lawn.
• Twilight.
• Grandma is resting.

A simple sentence is the main structural type of sentences in the Russian language, which is used to construct complex sentences.

• Spring has come + The snow has melted = Spring has come, the snow has melted.

Grammatical structure

There are main and minor members simple sentence. The main ones are the subject (answers the questions “who? what?”) and the predicate (answers the questions “what is he doing? what did he do? what will he do?”) - name the object that is the subject of the action (subject) and the action itself performed by the subject (predicate). The subject and predicate are interconnected and constitute the predicative center.

The secondary ones - addition, definition, circumstance - explain the predicate and/or subject or other minor members and depend on them syntactically.

• An old tram was moving slowly along hot rails.

In this sentence the subject is “tram” and the predicate is “rode”. The definition of “old” depends on the subject “tram”. The predicate “drove,” which is connected with the subject “tram,” governs the object “on the rails” and has the dependent adverbial “slowly.” The complement, in turn, also has a secondary dependent member of the sentence - the definition of “hot”. The entire sentence is divided into a subject group ("an old tram") and a predicate group ("drove slowly on hot rails"). The information below will help you parse sentences quickly and easily.

What are the types of simple sentences?

The following types of simple sentences exist:

• non-exclamatory and exclamatory (relative to intonation);
• narrative, interrogative, incentive (relative to the purpose of the statement);
• two-part and one-part (relative to the composition of the grammatical basis);
• complete and incomplete (regarding the presence/absence of the necessary members of the sentence);
• common and non-widespread (relative to the presence/absence of minor members of the sentence);
• complicated and uncomplicated.

Exclamation and non-exclamation

As for this type, the defining moment is the presence/absence of an exclamation mark.

• Spring came. Spring came!

Narrative, interrogative, incentive

The second type indicates the purpose for which this maxim is pronounced: to tell about something (the Danube flows into the Black Sea), to ask about something (When will you finally get married?) or to encourage something (Buy a loaf of bread at dinner).

One-piece and two-piece

What simple sentences can be called one-part sentences? Those whose predicative (grammatical) basis consists only of a subject or only of a predicate.

• Thaw.
• Beautiful girl.
• It's getting light.

If of the main members in a sentence there is only a subject, then such grammatical units are called denominative, or nominative.

• The beauty is incredible!
• Evening Kyiv with many lights.

If there is only a predicate, then there are several types of such one-part sentences:

• definitely personal (the action is performed by a certain object or person and is expressed by a verb in the form of the 1st and 2nd person singular or plural present or future tense);
• indefinite personal (the predicate is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural);
• generalized-personal (the verb is expressed in the form of the 2nd person singular of the present or future tense and the 3rd person plural, but attention is concentrated on the action itself);
• impersonal (the character is not grammatically expressed).

A sentence whose predicative center consists of two members is called two-part.

• It's raining.

Complete and incomplete

A simple sentence can be complete or incomplete.

A sentence is considered complete if it contains all the main and minor members necessary for the construction and completeness of the expression of the meaning.

• I look at the moon.
• The train passes the bridge.

In incomplete, the main or minor member of the sentence is missing, but it is clear from the context or situation of speech.

• She greeted the teacher. He is with her.

The word “hello” is missing here, but it is clear to the listener based on the context.

Common and non-common

A simple sentence can be widespread (there are minor members that serve to explain the main ones) and non-common (consists only of a predicative center, there are no minor members). Examples of common sentences:

• The July sun is shining brightly.
• Finally the weather cleared up.
• Beautiful slender girl.

Examples of uncommon sentences:

• The sun is shining.
• The weather has cleared up.
• Young woman.

Simple sentences can be complicated:

• homogeneity different members sentences (He loved tremulous sunrises, colorful sunsets, and moonlit nights);
• separate definitions that stand after the word that is being explained (The road leading to the waterfall began to twist rapidly);
• applications (Near the forest there was a hut - the forester’s dwelling);
• separate additions (I really liked the film, with the exception of some scenes);
• isolated circumstances (Having prepared dinner, the mother sat in the kitchen for a long time);
• appeals and introductory constructions (Oh youth, how quickly you pass! Spring, it seems, will be late);
• with clarifying sentences (The accident happened at four in the morning, that is, at dawn).

But a simple complicated sentence is easy to confuse with a complex one. Therefore, you need to be careful and focus on the number of predicative centers.

Parsing a sentence is easy. You can write a hint diagram for yourself.

There are different types syntactic units in . They can be divided into groups according to different signs: by the purpose of the statement, by the features of the grammatical basis, by intonation, by structure. The Russian language has a whole section that studies this construction as a unit of text. This section is called "". Let's consider what types of sentences exist in the Russian language.

In contact with

Division into groups

Let's look at what sentences there are based on the purpose of the statement:

Declarative sentences are sentences that end with a period. Declarative sentences talk about some event. Examples can be given from any text describing certain events.

There should be an exclamation mark at the end of the exclamation point. It is used to express anger, surprise and other strong feelings.

An interrogative always ends with a question mark. It is used in cases where a person wants to ask about something, make inquiries, or clarify information.

Attention! In Russian, unlike some others European languages(for example, from ), you can turn a declarative statement into an interrogative one (and vice versa) without changing the word order. For example: “Masha is a student” and “Masha is a student?” In the first case, this is a statement of fact, in the second case, it is an expression of uncertainty, a desire to clarify the accuracy of the information.

Division into groups according to emotional coloring

According to the emotional coloring of sentences there are exclamation and non-exclamation.

Exclamation:

• Aren `t you ashamed!
• Shame on the losers and lazy people!
• Look how quiet it is around! Grace!

Exclamatory sentences, as can be seen from the examples, express different meanings, from contempt to admiration.

Non-exclamation:

• My mother is a teacher.
• In my hometown many interesting places.
• When I grow up, I will be a mechanic.

In order to understand what non-exclamatory statements are, any examples of them can be read aloud. The intonation will be even and calm. If there is an exclamation mark at the end of a written statement, the intonation, on the contrary, will be uneven and rising.

Sentences vary in intonation. This applies not only to Russian, but also to all other languages ​​of the world. In Russian, according to the intonation of sentences, there are emotionally charged or emotionally neutral.

Sentences in written speech that have a pronounced emotional connotation have an exclamation point at the end. Statements in oral speech, characterized by emotions, are pronounced with a raised voice at the end of the phrase.

Attention! If there is an exclamation mark at the end of a phrase, this phrase must be read out loud very expressively. This is especially true for reading poetry. If you pronounce such phrases in an even, calm voice, the meaning of the statement and its expressiveness are often lost.

Classification according to the features of the grammatical basis

Based on the presence or absence of components of the grammatical basis, sentences are divided into one-piece and two-piece. A one-component sentence has only a predicate or subject. A two-part sentence has both a subject and a predicate. Characteristics of constructions based on the characteristics of the grammatical basis occupies an important place in the school course of the modern Russian language.

Based on the complete or partial presence of a grammatical basis, complete thoughts in written form can be one-part or two-part. Here are examples of a typical incomplete one-part sentence:

• It's getting light.
• It's getting colder.
• I came, I saw, I conquered.

Here are examples of two-part complete ones:

• The embroiderer has finished her needlework.
• Santa Claus came to the school Christmas tree.
• Grandmother milked the cow and went to rest.

Classification of sentences

Classification by the number of grammatical stems

What groups are these syntactic units divided into based on the number of grammatical stems? For two – simple and complex. You can determine what type a statement belongs to by the presence of one or more stems. When it comes to simple and complex sentences, you can simple examples study important rule punctuation. It is given below.

Simple sentences

Attention! All grammatical bases included in the composition are separated by a comma. There may be an alliance between them, but it may not be. For example: “The sun set, and the animals in the barn fell asleep” or “It was drizzling, a boy in galoshes splashed through the puddles.”

A simple sentence is a written statement that has only one grammatical stem. Here are typical examples:

• I went to distant lands.
• My uncle works as a tractor driver on a collective farm.
• The cat can jump and scream loudly.

The main signs of complexity: presence of several grammatical bases, the use of conjunctions (although there may not be any), dividing statements into logical parts using commas. Examples:

• My brother taught lessons and I played the piano.
• Mom sang a song and the children sang along with her.
• Morning came, the grandmother took her grandson to kindergarten.

Types of complex sentences

A complex sentence can consist of several parts connected by a coordinating or subordinating connection. What groups can they be divided into? complex designs? On complex and compound. Here are typical examples:

• I live in a house that is located under the mountain (subordinate connection).
• I will go where no one knows me (subordinate connection).
• Snowflakes are spinning and it's coming New Year(coordinating conjunction).
• I was sitting at home, my mother was sleeping (coordinating non-union connection).

Sentence, its grammatical basis

Different types of complex sentences

Conclusion

Characteristics of a sentence are one of the most difficult issues in the modern Russian language. This problem is actively studied by modern linguists, and is also discussed in the Russian language course for students in grades 5–9. secondary schools. According to various criteria in modern Russian they are divided into different groups. A detailed description of this syntactic unit helps to better understand the essence of the statement, as well as to understand the rules of punctuation.

Offers are divided into simple And complex. Both simple and complex sentences can be common And uncommon, i.e. whether to contain or not to contain, in addition to the main ones, secondary members (definitions, additions, circumstances, etc.): He came very fast. And He came.

Simple sentence

A simple sentence is a syntactic unit formed by one syntactic connection between the subject and the predicate or one main member.

A two-part sentence is a simple sentence with a subject and predicate as necessary components: They laughed. He was smart. The cloud is black, heavy in outline.

A one-part sentence is a simple sentence in which there is only one main member(with or without dependent words). There are one-part sentences:

• Vaguely personal: Me called to the director.
• Generalized-personal: Easily you can't get it out and fish from the pond.
• Impersonal: On the street it got dark.
• Definitely personal: Sitting And I'm drawing.
• Infinitive: Be silent ! You already drive.
• Nominative: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy.
• Incomplete sentence is a sentence in which one or more members (main or secondary) are missing, as indicated by the context or situation: The truth remains the truth, but rumor - rumor. We started talking as if we've known each other forever. You probably know about our work? And about me? I'll put it on this is blue.
  

Difficult sentence

A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences related in meaning and/or by means of conjunctions. Complex sentences are divided into:

• Compound Sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), independent grammatically, connected in meaning and through coordinating conjunctions and, a, but, yes, or, or, however, but, as well as complex coordinating conjunctions neither... nor..., then... then..., either..., or..., not that..., not that... and etc.: The rain has stopped , And The sun has risen. That the phone will ring , That the doorbell will ring.
• Complex sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), one of which is not independent in grammatical and semantic terms; parts are connected using subordinating conjunctions and allied words: what, so that, where, when, where, why, if (if), how, while, although, therefore, which, which, whose etc., as well as complex subordinating conjunctions: thanks to the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, despite the fact that, before, since and etc. Subordinating conjunction and the allied word is always in a subordinate clause: I know , What they are friends. He does not want , to they were waiting for him. Sergey did not answer , because I didn't hear the question.
• Non-union proposals. Parts non-union proposal(simple sentences) are almost always independent grammatically, but sometimes unequal in meaning; There are no conjunctions and allied words: The sun was shining, the birches were green, the birds were whistling. I hear a knock on the door. The cheese fell out - such was the trick with it.

The contrast between two-part and one-part sentences is associated with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.

Two-Part Sentences contain two main members - subject and predicate.

The boy is running; The earth is round.

One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).

Evening; It's getting dark.

Types of one-part sentences

Principal term expression form	Examples	Correlative constructions two-part sentences
1. Sentences with one main member - PREDICATE
1.1. Definitely personal proposals
Predicate verb in the 1st or 2nd person form (there are no past tense or conditional forms, since in these forms the verb has no person).	I love the storm in early May. Run after me!	I I love the storm in early May. You Run after me!
1.2. Vaguely personal proposals
Verb-predicate in the third person plural form (in the past tense and conditional mood, verb-predicate in the plural).	They knock on the door. There was a knock on the door.	Somebody knocks on the door. Somebody knocked in the door.
1.3. Generalized personal proposals
They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Isolated by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a specific person (speaker) is habitual, repetitive, or presented in the form of a generalized judgment (the predicate verb is in the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person).	You can't take the fish out of the pond without difficulty(definitely personal in form). Do not count your chickens before they are hatched(in form - vaguely personal). You can't get rid of the spoken word. You’ll have a snack at the rest stop, and then you’ll go again.	Any ( any) can’t easily take the fish out of the pond. All do not count your chickens before they are hatched . Any ( any) counts chickens in the fall. From the spoken word any won't let go. I I’ll have a snack at the rest stop and then go again.
1.4. Impersonal offer
1) Predicate verb in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form).	A) It's getting light; It was getting light; I'm lucky; b) Melting; V) To me(Danish case) can't sleep; G) by the wind(creative case) blew the roof off.	b) Snow is melting; V) I am not sleeping; G) The wind tore off the roof.
2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	A) It's cold outside ; b) I'm cold; V) I'm upset ;	a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; V) I am sad.
3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	A) To me sorry to leave with you; b) To me Need to go .	A) I I don't want to leave with you; b) I have to go.
4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a short passive participle of the past tense in the singular form, neuter.	Closed . Well said, Father Varlaam. The room is smoky.	The shop is closed . Father Varlaam said smoothly. Someone smoked in the room.
5) The predicate no or a verb in an impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences).	No money . There was no money. There is no money left. There wasn't enough money.
6) The predicate no or a verb in the impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences).	There is not a cloud in the sky. There wasn't a cloud in the sky. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a penny.	The sky is cloudless. The sky was cloudless. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a penny.
1.5. Infinitive sentences
The predicate is an independent infinitive.	Everyone keep quiet! Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea! To forgive a person, you need to understand him.	Everyone keep quiet. There will be a thunderstorm. I would go to the sea. To you could forgive the person, you must understand him.
2. Sentences with one main member - SUBJECT
Nominative (nominative) sentences
The subject is a name in the nominative case (there cannot be a circumstance or addition in the sentence that would relate to the predicate).	Night . Spring .	Usually there are no correlative structures.

Notes

1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There's not a cloud in the sky) are monocomponent only when expressing negation. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence will become two-part: the genitive case form will change to the nominative case form (cf.: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).

2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There's not a cloud in the sky) is considered part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually treated as an addition.

3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be a thunderstorm!) a number of researchers classify them as impersonal. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor. In infinitive sentences the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea!).

4) Many researchers classify denominative (nominative) sentences as two-part sentences with a zero connective.

Note!

1) In negative impersonal sentences with an object in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a penny) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a penny).

In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).

2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is a statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only when the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate be.

Wed: It was night ; It will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.

3) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain adverbials, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in denominative (nominative) sentences). If a sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to parse such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.

Wed: The pharmacy is / is located around the corner; I rushed / ran to the window.

4) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that are correlated with the predicate. If there are such additions in the sentence ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to parse these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.

Wed: I'm walking/following you.

Plan for parsing a one-part sentence

1. Determine the type of one-part sentence.
2. Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that allow the sentence to be classified specifically as this type of one-part sentence.

Sample parsing

Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).

The sentence is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by a verb in the second person imperative mood.

A fire was lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).

The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by a verb in the plural past tense.

With a kind word you can melt a stone(proverb).

The proposal is one-part. The form is definitely personal: predicate melt it expressed by a verb in the second person future tense; by meaning - generalized-personal: the action of a predicate verb refers to any acting person(cf.: A kind word will melt any stone).

It smelled wonderful of fish.(Kuprin).

The sentence is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by a verb in impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter gender).

Soft moonlight(Zastozhny).

The sentence is one-part (nominal). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

Most often, the B4 Unified State Examination task in the Russian language assumes the skill. There is a lot of information on this topic - you can find it in school textbooks, various kinds benefits, etc. And we decided to focus on the most important thing - on what is directly useful for completing tasks.

One-part sentence differs from two-part, first of all, by what is in it not two main members, but only one– subject or predicate. Let's observe:

Depending on which main member (subject or predicate) is present in the sentence, one-part sentences are divided into two groups:

• one-part sentences with a main subject member,
• one-part sentences with the main member being the predicate.

Let's look at each of the groups.

One-part sentences with a main subject member

This nominative sentences . Their grammatical basis consists only of a subject, which in most cases is expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

Nominal sentences can include minor members (that is, be common), they often contain particles ( here, here and, and there, what the and so on.):

One-part sentences with the main predicate member

They, in turn, are divided into several types depending on how familiar the speaker or writer is with the producer of the action (“person”):

Definitely personal proposals

Let's consider the proposals:

There is no subject in them, but the one who performs the action is easily guessed in them - “the person is determined” (that’s why such sentences are called definitely personal).

As we see, the predicate in one-part definite-personal sentences is expressed by verbs of the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural. Simply put, you can substitute personal pronouns for the predicate in a definite personal sentence: me, we, you, you.

But keep in mind: we are talking only about predicate verbs in present and future tense. In the past time It is not that simple:

The fact is that in the past tense verbs do not change according to persons. And that means definitely personal a one-part sentence with a predicate in the past tense form cannot be: “face” is impossible to define!

Moreover, sentences like "Walked down the street" are not one-piece. These are two-part incomplete sentences. The predicates in them are not none, as in one-part sentences, - and missed and are reconstructed from a previous context or situation. Here's a proposal "Sang a song" may be one-part indefinite-personal.

Vaguely personal proposals

As the name suggests, in indefinite-personal sentences “the person is not defined” - the one who performs the action is unknown to the speaker or writer. And yet, an action is performed by someone, the “person” performing it exists:

Someone writes in the newspapers about the weather, someone knocked on the door, someone will talk about it - but Who exactly performs all these actions is unknown.

The predicates in such sentences are expressed in the 3rd person plural form of the present, past or future tense. Remember: the predicate in an indefinite-personal sentence is always in the plural!

If in an indefinitely personal sentence the “person” performing the action is unknown, then in an impersonal sentence it is simply No. The action takes place on its own, without the participation of the subject.

There are many varieties of impersonal sentences, let’s look at some of them.

IN impersonal offer can be expressed, for example, state of nature or man:

Impersonal sentences are one-part sentences in which the predicates (or their parts) are words no, wasn’t (won’t be), (not) necessary, impossible and so on.:

The predicate in an impersonal sentence is often expressed infinitive:

By the way, such predicates are often found in one of the parts of a complex sentence:

Generalized-personal sentences are considered to be one-part sentences in which the action of the predicate verb refers not to one person, but to many (or all) - that is, to a generalized “person”.

Most often, proverbs are generalized personal sentences:

In form, such sentences can be definitely personal or indefinitely personal, differing, however, in their generalized meaning. That is why not all linguists distinguish generalized personal sentences into a separate type of one-part sentences. However, the specifics of such proposals cannot be completely ignored. Sometimes they are characterized as follows:

What goes around comes around.— A one-part definite-personal sentence with a generalized meaning.

Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.— A one-part indefinite-personal sentence with a generalized meaning.