Biography of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov
The talented Russian writer Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on November 28, 1821 in the small town of Nemirovo, Podolsk province, into the large family of the impoverished nobleman Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov. My father was a lieutenant in the Jaeger regiment in Nemirov. His mother is Alexandra Andreevna Zakrevskaya, who fell in love with him against the will of her wealthy parents. The marriage took place without their blessing. But contrary to the expectations of Nekrasov’s wife, the couple’s family life was unhappy. The poet's father was distinguished by his despotism towards his wife and thirteen children. He had many addictions, which led to the impoverishment of the family and the need to move to the village of Greshneva, his father’s family estate, in 1824, where the future prose writer and publicist spent his unhappy childhood.
At the age of ten, Nikolai Alekseevich entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium. During this period, he was just beginning to write his first works. However, due to low academic performance, conflicts with the leadership of the gymnasium, who did not like the poet’s satirical poems, and also because of the father’s desire to send his son to a military school, the boy studied for only five years.
By the will of his father, in 1838 Nekrasov came to St. Petersburg to join the local regiment. But under the influence of his gymnasium comrade Glushitsky, he goes against his father’s will and applies for admission to St. Petersburg University. However, due to his constant search for sources of income, Nekrasov does not successfully pass the entrance exams. As a result, he began to attend classes at the Faculty of Philology, where he studied from 1839 to 1841.
All this time, Nekrasov was in search of at least some kind of income, since his father stopped giving him money. The aspiring poet took on the task of writing poorly paid fairy tales in verse and articles for various publications.
In the early 40s, Nekrasov managed to write short notes for the theater magazine "Pantheon..." and became an employee of the magazine "Otechestvennye Zapiski".
In 1843, Nekrasov became close to Belinsky, who highly appreciated his work and contributed to the discovery of his talent.
In 1845-1846, Nekrasov published two almanacs, “Petersburg Collection” and “Physiology of Petersburg”.
In 1847, thanks to his gift for writing excellent works, Nekrasov managed to become the editor and publisher of the Sovremennik magazine. Being a talented organizer, he managed to attract such writers as Herzen, Turgenev, Belinsky, Goncharov and others to the magazine.
At this time, Nekrasov’s work is imbued with compassion for the common people, most of his works are dedicated to the hard working life of people: “Peasant Children”, “Railway”, “Frost, Red Nose”, “Poet and Citizen”, “Peddlers”, “Reflections of "front entrance" and others. Analyzing the writer’s work, we can come to the conclusion that Nekrasov touched upon acute social problems in his poems. Also, the poet devoted a significant place in his works to the role of a woman, her difficult lot.
After the closure of Sovremennik in 1866, Nekrasov managed to rent Domestic Notes from Kraevsky, occupying a level no less high than Sovremennik.
The poet died on January 8, 1878 in St. Petersburg, having not overcome a long-term serious illness. Evidence of the great loss of such a talented person was the manifesto of several thousand people who came to say goodbye to Nekrasov.
In addition to Nekrasov’s biography, also check out other materials:
- “It’s stuffy! Without happiness and will...", analysis of Nekrasov’s poem
- “Farewell”, analysis of Nekrasov’s poem
- “The heart breaks from torment,” analysis of Nekrasov’s poem
At the turn of the 1830-1840s, a change of literary eras took place in Russian literature: after the deaths of Pushkin and Lermontov, Russian poetry entered a new era of development, and the poetry of Tyutchev, Nekrasov, Fet and a large group of new poets came to the fore. Of course, these changes do not occur because new poets simply took the place of their great predecessors - a different socio-historical time has come, which needed its own poetry. The need for artistic comprehension of the new position of man in the world and society was manifested in Tyutchev’s philosophical poetry; personal life, experiences of nature and love became the content of Fet’s lyrics. From the very beginning of his work, Nekrasov in his lyrics focused on social issues, and civic pathos became the ideological dominant of his poetry.
The social orientation of Nekrasov’s lyrics, the severity of its social themes, and sympathy for the Russian disadvantaged people were predetermined by the poet’s very life. Nekrasov spent his childhood in the village of Greshnevo, Yaroslavl province, on the estate of his father, a poor nobleman, retired lieutenant Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov. The love and bright memories of his mother, Elena Andreevna, which the poet carried throughout his life, were reflected in his work with soulful attention to women’s plight. Even from childhood, Nekrasov recognized the need, and since his father, who served as a police officer, often took the boy with him when traveling on business, he more than once witnessed human misfortunes.
At the age of seventeen, Nekrasov, following the will of his father, went to St. Petersburg to take up military service, but soon disobeyed and, despite the threat of losing material support, preferred literary activity. Nekrasov became a volunteer student at the Faculty of Philology of St. Petersburg University and at the same time looked for ways to earn a living. Nekrasov recalled that time of his life as the most difficult - it was a time of malnutrition, constant need and concern for the future. Nekrasov was greatly helped by his rapprochement with V.G. Belinsky. He became a permanent member of Belinsky's literary circle and began collaborating in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. In the 1840s, Nekrasov, being an energetic, enterprising and talented person, was already familiar with the entire literary society of St. Petersburg. Among his friends and good acquaintances were I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, D.V. Grigorovich, V.I. Dahl, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, I.I. Panaev and many other writers. The rapidity of Nekrasov’s success is evidenced by the fact that already in 1846, together with I.I. Panaev, he bought the famous, organized by A.S. Pushkin magazine "Contemporary". Under the new leadership, the magazine became the center of literary life in St. Petersburg. Belinsky, and later N.G. also played a significant role in the development of Sovremennik. Chernyshevsky and N.A. Dobrolyubov.
Nekrasov's creative and social activities were embodied in his literary works, journalism and publishing work. The magazines Sovremennik and Otechestvennye zapiski, published by Nekrasov for thirty years, are of great public importance, since thanks to them Russian society became acquainted with the best modern works and learned about new writers and critics.
However, Nekrasov's true calling was poetry. At the age of twenty, he wrote his first collection of poems, “Dreams and Sounds.” The poems in this collection are still immature, imitative, they lack independence, their own poetic voice. Nekrasov was so dissatisfied with his collection that he later even destroyed the published copies. In the early years of his work, Nekrasov had a period when he tried to write prose, but these attempts were unsuccessful. Nekrasov had to find his theme in poetry so that his poetic talent could fully manifest itself.
The themes of Nekrasov's poetry turned out to be very broad and versatile. At first, the image of human suffering in a big city, love lyrics, and elegies prevailed. Later, the poet's civil lyrics cover deeper themes; they address the life of the people, especially the peasantry, and current social issues. These are the poems “The Uncompressed Strip” (1854), “Schoolboy” (1856), “Reflections at the Main Entrance” (1858), “The Railway” (1864). The poet’s social position was clearly manifested in poems written on the death of his colleagues in activity: “In Memory of Belinsky” (1853), “In Memory of Shevchenko” (1861), “In Memory of Dobrolyubov” (1864). The theme of the poet and poetry occupied a special place in Nekrasov’s work, and it was most clearly manifested in the poem “Elegy” (“Let changeable fashion speak to us...”, 1874). Deep tenderness is heard in Nekrasov’s poems about children and women, such as “Song to Eremushka” (1859), “Peasant Children” (1861), “Mother” (1868). In the poems “Sasha” (1855), “Frost, Red Nose” (1862-1864), “Russian Women” (1871 - 1872), the life of Russia is shown from different sides, but the image of a Russian woman is invariably in the center: be it a woman with high aspirations, or a peasant woman with a tragic fate, or devoted wives of the Decembrists. In the last period of his creativity, Nekrasov worked on the epic poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” (1863-1876), in which the poet created a grandiose picture of post-reform Russia, capturing all the great diversity of its life in a rich gallery of images of peasants, soldiers, artisans, and ordinary people , landowners, clergy. The poem absorbed Russian folk art: songs, legends, proverbs, fairy-tale elements. The work is dominated by the tale form of narration and Russian colloquial speech. In terms of artistic power and ideological significance, the images of Savely - the Holy Russian hero, the peasant woman Matryona and the people's intercessor Grisha Dobrosklonov are important. They embody the main idea of Nekrasov’s work, expressed in the song that concludes the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”:
You're miserable too
You are also abundant
You're downtrodden
You are omnipotent
Mother Rus'!..
ABSTRACT ON LITERATURE
ON THE TOPIC OF:
“LIFE AND CREATIVITY OF N.A. NEKRASOVA"
There is no such person in Russian literature, in all literature, before whom one would bow lower with love and reverence than before the memory of Nekrasov
A.V.Lunacharsky
1. Childhood years. Grammar school (1821-1838)
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov entered the history of Russian literature as a great poet, whose work is rooted in the deep layers of people's life, as a poet-citizen who devoted his entire life, all his enormous talent, to serving the people. With good reason, the poet at the end of his life could say: “I dedicated the lyre to my people.”
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on November 28 (December 10), 1821 in the town of Nemirovo, Bratslav district, Podolsk province in Ukraine, where the regiment in which his father served was stationed at that time.
In 1824, the Nekrasov family moved to Greshnevo, where the future poet spent his childhood. His childhood years left a deep imprint on Nekrasov’s consciousness. Here he first encountered many dark sides of the life of the people, here he witnessed the cruel manifestations of serfdom: poverty, violence, tyranny, humiliation of human dignity.
The poet's father Alexey Sergeevich Nekrasov (1788-1862) belonged to a rather old, but impoverished family. In his youth he served in the army, and after retiring he took up farming. A harsh and capricious man, he cruelly exploited his peasants. 3 and the slightest offense of the serfs was punished with rods. The poet’s father did not disdain fist reprisals.
That is why many years later the poet wrote with such bitterness about his childhood:
No! in my youth, rebellious and harsh,
There is no memory that pleases the soul;
But everything that entangled my life from the first years,
An irresistible curse fell upon me, -
Everything begins here, in my native land!..
("Motherland")
It is difficult to say what would have happened to young Nekrasov, whose upbringing took place in such an unsightly environment.
But Nekrasov was saved by the fact that his mother, Elena Andreevna (nee Zakrevskaya), was next to him. The poet said more than once that she saved his soul from corruption, that it was his mother who instilled in him the idea of living in the name of “ideals of goodness and beauty.”
An amazingly gentle, kind, well-educated woman, Elena Andreevna was the complete opposite of her rude and narrow-minded husband. Marriage with him was a real tragedy for her, and she gave all her love and tenderness to her children. Elena Andreevna was seriously involved in their upbringing, read to them a lot, played the piano and sang for them.
Little Nekrasov was passionately attached to his mother; he spent long hours with her, devoting his innermost dreams to her. In his poems, he more than once recalled the “sad gaze”, and the “quiet step” of his mother, and the “pale hand” that caressed him.
Until the end of his days, Nekrasov remembered his mother with deep emotion, adoration and love. He wrote about her in the poems “Motherland”, “Knight for an Hour”, “Bayushki-Bayu”, “Recluse”, in the poems “The Unhappy” and “Mother”.
The poet saw a lot of grief and suffering in his childhood. But this did not harden his soul. And to a large extent this was facilitated by the fact that he grew up in close proximity to the common people. His father forbade him to make acquaintance with the children of serfs. However, as soon as his father went somewhere, the boy secretly ran away to the village, where he had many friends.
Communication with peasant children had the most beneficial effect on Nekrasov, and he retained warm feelings for his childhood friends throughout his life. And already, as an adult, coming to Greshnevo, he could rightfully say:
Still familiar people
Whatever the guy, he's a buddy.
In 1832, Nekrasov, together with his brother Andrei, entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium. Nekrasov studied unevenly. And this is not surprising. He, like many other students, was deeply antipathetic to the education system at the gymnasium, and the teachers did not arouse in him either respect for themselves or interest in the disciplines they taught. His comrades loved Nekrasov for his lively and sociable character, for his erudition and ability to tell stories.
Nekrasov really read a lot, although rather randomly. He borrowed books from the gymnasium library and sometimes turned to the gymnasium teachers.
Nekrasov’s interest in creativity awoke very early. As he himself said, “I started writing poetry at the age of seven. But before entering the gymnasium, he wrote poetry only occasionally, and of course these were weak, naive attempts to rhyme a few lines. Now he began to take poetry more seriously. At first Nekrasov tried to write satires on his comrades, and then lyric poems. “And most importantly,” the poet recalled, “whatever I read, I imitate.”
In the summer of 1837, Nekrasov left the gymnasium.
Nekrasov lived at home in Greshnev for a whole year. And all this time he was relentlessly haunted by the thought: what to do next. The father wanted his son to enter the Noble Regiment (that was the name of the military educational institution for the children of nobles) and receive a military education. But the future poet was not at all attracted to a military career. Nekrasov dreamed of studying at the university and then engaging in literary work.
2. Petersburg. Beginning of literary activity
Nekrasov was not yet seventeen years old when, full of the brightest hopes, he arrived in St. Petersburg.
It was not possible to enter the university: the knowledge acquired at the gymnasium turned out to be too meager. I had to think about my daily bread. There were acquaintances who tried to help the young poet and get his poems published. Several of Nekrasov’s works were published in the magazines “Son of the Fatherland”, “Literary Additions to the Russian Invalid” and later in the “Library for Reading”. But beginning authors were paid little there. A life full of hardships began. Nekrasov wandered through the St. Petersburg slums, lived in basements and attics, earned money by copying papers, drawing up all kinds of petitions and petitions for poor people.
But life’s adversities did not break Nekrasov, did not shake his passionate desire to learn. He continued to dream of entering university and studied hard for exams. However, despite the help of friends, he failed to realize his dream. True, Nekrasov was accepted as a volunteer and was even exempted from paying for listening to lectures.
On the advice of one of his acquaintances, Nekrasov decided to collect his printed and handwritten poems and publish them as a separate book called “Dreams and Sounds.”
The collection “Dream and Sounds” was published in early 1840. Nekrasov hid his name under the initials N.N.
The poet himself judged his early work very harshly. “I wrote a lot of rubbish because of bread,” he noted in “Autobiographical Notes,” “especially my stories, even my later ones, are very bad - just stupid...”
3. Commonwealth with Belinsky. The beginning of Sovremennik
In 1842, an event occurred that was a turning point in Nekrasov’s life: he introduced and soon became friends with Belinsky. By that time, the great critic was at the center of the literary movement of the era and his worldview was already acquiring a revolutionary-democratic character. Belinsky took the most ardent part in the fate of the young poet. He recognized an extraordinary person in Nekrasov and contributed in every possible way to the development of his talent.
Nekrasov had many things in common with the great critic.
Later, Nekrasov spoke about the beneficial influence of Belinsky on the formation of his views:
You taught us to think humanely,
Almost the first to remember the people,
You were hardly the first to speak
About equality, about brotherhood, about freedom...
("Bear Hunt")
According to F. M. Dostoevsky, Nekrasov “revered Belinsky and, it seems, loved him more than anyone in his life.”
Belinsky closely followed Nekrasov’s work, helped with advice, and tried to attract him to more active cooperation in the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski, where he headed the critical department.
From now on, every poem by Nekrasov was perceived in Belinsky’s circle as an event.
One after another, Nekrasov’s poems about peasant life appear: about the fate of the “Vakhlak peasant” who dared to love a noble daughter (“Ogorodnik”), about the poor man for whom only one road is prepared - “to the tavern” (“The Drunkard”), about a rural beauty who faces the bitter fate of a Russian woman (“Troika”).
In the mid-1840s, Nekrasov began his active work as a publisher. In 1844-1845, Nekrasov published two volumes of the almanac “Physiology of St. Petersburg”, and in 1846 - “Petersburg Collection”.
The almanacs “Physiology of St. Petersburg” and “Petersburg Collection” were warmly received by the public and were highly appreciated by progressive critics in the person of Belinsky.
Success inspired Nekrasov, and he conceived a new literary venture - to publish his own magazine. With the help of friends, the poet, together with the writer I. I. Panaev, rented the Sovremennik magazine at the end of 1846. Nekrasov carried out a complete reorganization of the magazine. The leading employees of Sovremennik were V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, I. S. Turgenev, I. A. Goncharov and other leading writers and poets of that time.
The first issue of the updated Sovremennik was published in January 1847.
4. Nekrasov’s work in the 1850s
Back in the early 1850s, Nekrasov became seriously ill. The disease progressed every year: years of poverty, hunger, hard, exhausting work took their toll. The poet was convinced that his days were numbered, and decided that it was time for him to take stock of his creative path. To this end, he undertook the publication of a collection of poems, for which he selected the best works written by him in the period from 1845 to 1856 and which most fully reflected the characteristic features of his poetic muse.
The collection “Poems by N. Nekrasov” was published in the spring of 1856. Its appearance became an important social and literary event.
The collection opened with Nekrasov’s programmatic poem “The Poet and the Citizen,” which clearly conveyed the idea that poetry is an important public matter, that a poet has no right to shy away from the fight for progressive ideals, that his duty is to be a citizen of his homeland, fearlessly going into battle “for the honor of the fatherland, for convictions, for love”:
Be a citizen! serving art,
Live for the good of your neighbor,
Subordinating your genius to feeling
All-embracing love...
The composition of the collection “Poems by N. Nekrasov” was deeply thought out by the poet. At the beginning of it, Nekrasov placed works depicting the life of representatives of the people. These are poems such as “On the Road”, “Vlas”, “Gardener”, “Forgotten Village”, etc.
The second section of the collection consists of works that depict those who exploited and enslaved the people: landowners, officials, bourgeois capitalists. These were, as a rule, satirical poems: “Hound Hunt”, “Lullaby”, “Philanthropist”, “Modern Ode”, “Moral Man”.
In the third section, Nekrasov included the poem “Sasha”, in which he was one of the first in Russian literature to raise the question that in the conditions of a powerful social upsurge that had come in the country, a new hero was needed, that the time when the leading role in public life belonged to representatives noble intelligentsia, passed, because they turned out to be unstable in their convictions and were unable to translate word into deed. The poem paints a charming image of the girl Sasha, striving to find her place in life and be useful to people:
Poor people are all her friends:
Feeds, caresses and treats ailments.
The collection “Poems by N. Nekrasov” was a huge success. The entire publication sold out in a few days. This, according to Turgenev, “hasn’t happened in Russian literature since the time of Pushkin.”)
The main, fundamental theme of Nekrasov’s work has always been the theme of peasant life. It is not for nothing that the poet was called the singer of the plowman people, the peasant democrat. He wrote about the hard, joyless life of village workers throughout his entire creative career. The poet dedicated many of his works to the bitter lot of the rural working people: “The Uncompressed Strip”, “The Forgotten Village” and others.
etc.................
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a Russian writer and poet who made the whole world admire with his works.
Origin
Nikolay Nekrasov was born into a noble family, which at that time had quite a large fortune. The poet’s birthplace is considered to be the city of Nemirov, located in the Podolsk province.
The writer's father, Alexey Sergeevich Nekrasov, was a military officer and a wealthy landowner who was very fond of gambling and cards.
N. Nekrasov’s mother, Elena Zakrevskaya, came from a wealthy family, the head of which was a respected man. Elena was distinguished by her broad outlook and impressive beauty, so Zakrevskaya’s parents were against marriage with Alexei, but the wedding took place against the will of her parents.
Nikolay Nekrasov loved his mother very much as can be seen in the works “Last Songs”, “Mother” and in other poems and poems. It is the mother who is the main positive person in the writer’s world.
The poet's childhood and education
The writer spent his childhood with his brothers and sisters on the Greshnevo estate, which belonged to his family.
Young the poet saw how ordinary people suffered under the yoke of the landowners. This served as the idea for his future works.
When the boy turned 11 years old, he was sent to a gymnasium, where he studied until the 5th grade. Nekrasov was a weak student, but his first poems already filled the pages of notebooks.
A serious step. The beginning of creativity
N. Nekrasov's next step was to move to St. Petersburg, where he expressed a desire to attend lectures at the university.
The writer's father was a strict and principled man who wanted his son to become a military man. Son went against my father's wishes depriving yourself of financial support and respect from your family.
In a new city to survive I had to earn money by writing articles. This is how the aspiring poet met the famous critic Belinsky. A couple of years later, Nekrasov becomes the owner of the famous literary publication Sovremennik, which had great influence, but soon censorship closes the magazine.
Active work of the writer. Contribution to literature
Having earned a significant amount of money, Nekrasov decides to publish his first collection of poems “Dreams and Sounds”. The people did not like the collection, so it was a complete failure, but the poet did not get upset and began writing prose works.
The Sovremennik magazine, in which Nikolai Nekrasov edited and wrote texts, greatly influenced the life of the writer. At the same time, the poet created several collections of personal poems. For the first time big Nekrasov’s works “Peasant Children” and “Peddlers” brought fame to Nekrasov.
The Sovremennik magazine showed the world such talented people as I. Goncharov and other writers and poets. Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky became known to the whole world thanks to Nikolai Nekrasov, who decided to publish them on the pages of the magazine.
In the 40s of the 19th century, another publication, “Notes of the Fatherland,” began to collaborate with Nikolai Nekrasov.
Young Nekrasov saw how difficult it was for a simple peasant, so this did not go unnoticed in the writer’s works. A striking feature of Nekrasov’s work is use of colloquial speech in works: poems and stories.
Over the last ten years of his life, Nekrasov published many well-known works about the Decembrists and ordinary people: “Who is Good in Rus',” “Grandfather,” “Russian Women” and others.
Death of a Writer
In 1875, N. Nekrasov was diagnosed with intestinal cancer. The poet dedicates his last collection, “Last Songs,” created in terrible agony, to Zinaida Nikolaevna, his wife.
On December 27, 1877, Nikolai Nekrasov was overcome by illness. The grave of the writer, who made a huge contribution to literary life, is located in St. Petersburg.
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Creativity N.A. Nekrasov is as relevant now as it was in the 19th century. The civic position of young people should be active, this is exactly what the great Russian poet called for. The origins of N. Nekrasov’s creativity can be understood by studying his biography.
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Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov
(1821-1878)
Essay on life and work
Civility of the lyrics, heightened truthfulness and drama in depicting the life of the people
Lesson objectives:
To expand students’ knowledge about the life and work of Nekrasov (living conditions - the formation of his personality and talent);
Help students identify the main themes of Nekrasov’s lyrics;
Improve expressive reading techniques;
Foster citizenship and patriotism.
After studying the topic, students should
Know:
Biography of N. Nekrasov, the conditions for the formation of his personality and talent:
Nekrasov’s activities as editor of the magazines “Sovremennik” and “Otechestvennye zapiski”:
The main themes of N. Nekrasov's lyrics.
Be able to:
Analyze lyrical works;
Literary theory: nationality
Equipment:
Portrait of N. Nekrasov;
I. Fogelson “Literature teaches”, M., Pr., 1990, p. 116;
N. Nekrasov “Poems and poems”, M., 1984
Type of lesson: combined
Working methods: analysis of a lyric work
UPS: poetry by F. Tyutchev and A. Fet
Poetry of A. Pushkin and M. Lermontov
Lesson structure
- Organizational moment
- Motivation of the topic
Russian lyrics of the first half of the 19th century described with pain and sympathy, indignation and protest, the suffering of the people, expressed love and attention to people's life. Remember “The Village” by A. Pushkin, “Motherland” by Lermontov. And this was the greatest achievement of our literature. However, the author’s “I” in such poems expressed these feelings as if “from the outside” - from the position of the spiritual world of an advanced person, but of a different sociological environment - a nobleman.
Lyrica Nekrasova took the next step. The poet clearly merged with the people, with their ideas, the ideal, that in the lyrics the author’s “I” became the man of the people himself - the urban poor, a soldier’s recruit, a serf, a peasant woman. It is their voices, their feelings and moods that we feel in Nekrasov, it is they themselves who speak about their pain, suffering, dreams, love, hatred.
My poems! Living witnesses
For a world of shed tears!
You were born in fateful moments
Soul thunderstorms
And beat on people's hearts,
Like waves on a cliff.
(1858)
Creativity N.A. Nekrasova occupies a special place in the history of literature. On the one hand, N. Nekrasov is associated with the traditions of A. Pushkin and M. Lermontov, and on the other hand, he is one of the founders of a new direction.
How do Nekrasov’s lyrics differ from the lyrics of Tyutchev and Fet, from the representatives of “pure mastery”? From the lyrics of Zhukovsky, Delvig?
Let's compare excerpts from the poems of the romantic poets with the corresponding t howling lines from Nekrasov's lyrics. What new appears in his poetry? (Fogelson, p. 122)
We find in Nekrasov’s lyrics the novelty of problematics, composition, genres, the originality of the author’s vision of the world, and civic spirit.
How was Nekrasov formed as a poet and personality? What do you know about his childhood?
- Presentation of new material. Creativity N.A. Nekrasova.
I dedicated the lyre to his people
I. Childhood, Yaroslavl gymnasium. The first years of life in St. Petersburg (1821-1840). After his son refused to enlist in military service, his father deprived him of his inheritance and maintenance. “Petersburg ordeals” - poverty, failure in university exams, criticism of the collection. “Dreams and Sounds” (imitative character).
II. The rapprochement with V. Belinsky is a turning point in Nekrasov’s creative biography.
(art., “Motherland” (1846)
Sh. Nekrasov - publisher and editor of the magazine “Sovremennik” (1847-1866) The thematic and genre richness of Nekrasov’s work:
- a cycle of lyric poems;
- poems about the urban poor (“On the Street,” “About the Weather...”)
- poems about women’s lot (“Wedding”, “Village suffering is in full swing...”);
- poems about the plight of the people (“The Uncompressed Strip”, “Arina, the Soldier’s Mother”, “Hearing the Horrors of War”, “The Railway”, poems “Peasant Children”, “Peddlers”, “Frost, Red Nose”);
- civil lyrics (“Poet and Citizen”);
- the theme of Russia, self-awareness and social purpose of the Russian person (“Sasha”, “To Turgenev”);
- Nekrasov - publisher and editor of the magazine "Domestic Notes" (1867-1877)
- Creativity of Nekrasov 1867-1877:
- the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” (1863-1877);
- poems about the Decembrists and their wives (“Grandfather”, “Russian Women”);
- a poem about bureaucrats, the bourgeoisie and liberal businessmen (“Contemporaries” - satire);
- poems imbued with elegiac moods (“Three Elegies”, “Morning”, “Despondency”, “Elegy”);
- poems expressing the poet’s faith in the future of Russia and the people (“Prophet”).
Analysis of lyrical works
"Motherland" (1846) - a kind of result of Nekrasov’s ideological quest.
The poems are based on facts from the poet’s biography, but these biographical details develop into the historical patterns of the destinies of the people of serf Russia.
For Nekrasov, there is not even the initial joyful Pushkin experience at the sight of a garden or a house.
“Motherland” is written in the form of a lyrical monologue. Nekrasov's innovation lies not only in the novelty of the problematic, but also in the fact that Nekrasov, destroying genre barriers (includes elements of satire, elegies, landscape lyrics), he creates a lyric poem that is new in form, rich in social content.
"Poet and Citizen"
(poem “Poet and Citizen”, video project t/k “Culture”)
Issues for discussion:
- What does the citizen call on the poet to do?
- What is unique about the composition of the poem?
(a clash of two characters, two types of relationships with reality. In terms of genre, this is a philosophical dispute in the form of drama.
- What is the genre of poetry?
- Why does Nekrasov choose the form of dialogue? (author's duality)
- What is the motive of the poem?
Motive - the poet’s main mood, the feeling he experienced while writing the poem
The dialogue in the poems could be perceived as a polemic between representatives of “pure art” and revolutionary-democratic art.
In his poems, Nekrasov expresses his views on the role and purpose of the poet. The content of the poem is a conversation between conventional characters - the Poet and the Citizen. What we have before us is not a clash of two opponents, but a mutual search for the true answer to the question of the role of the poet and the purpose of poetry in public life. The author expresses the following thought: the role of the artist in the life of society is so significant that it requires from him not only artistic talent, but also civic convictions, an active struggle for these convictions.
The son cannot look calmly
On my dear mother's grief,
There will be no worthy citizen
Cold at heart for the Fatherland
You may not be a poet
But you have to be a citizen.
"Elegy" (1874)
(Elegy - a poem that expresses moods, sad thoughts, grief, philosophical reflections)
What is the situation in Russia; circumstances of Nekrasov’s life during the years of creating “Elegy”? (first half of the 70s of the XIX century)
Why did Nekrasov choose the genre of elegy?
The poem is dedicated to A.N. Ermakov, a friend of Nekrasov, a communications engineer.
Why is the dedication to Ermakov included in the text? What does this give the reader?
The dedication makes this poem a personal document, a lyrical work dedicated to two public themes: the position of the people and the role of the singer in society, as well as the vocation of each person, his place in society.
At this time (the time of writing the poem on August 15, 1874) there was a decline in the revolutionary movement in the country. The Paris Commune was destroyed. N. Nekrasov gets sick a lot, he loses his voice, complains about his stomach, then it turns out that he has cancer. There were fewer and fewer friends nearby. The poet doubts the attitude of young people towards their present selves. The main question is what about the people, what are they like and what will happen to them? There are many reasons for reflection.
Therefore, Nekrasov chooses “Elegy” as the genre of his poem, which is an expression of predominantly sad thoughts.
What is personal in this poem?
The poet's "I" exists in three of the four stanzas of the poem:
in the second, Nekrasov thinks about the essence of his poetry, about his conscience;
in the third - about what he saw and heard in life;
in the fourth - about how inspiration comes to him.
What is Nekrasov like in this poem?
This is a person who knows how to think (“Am I looking for an answer in the wrong place?”)
This is a man who works not for glory, but for the sake of his conscience.
What does Nekrasov see as the essence of his poetry?
The purpose of poetry is to serve the people.The poet glorifies the union of the muse with the people (“And in the world there is no stronger, more beautiful union!”) and confirms it with personal example:
I dedicated the lyre to my people
How did he perceive the reform of 1861? Has it become easier for the peasant?
Are there any descriptions of nature in the poems?
Nature matches the poet’s mood: thoughtful, sad
What is universally significant in this poem for all eras? for posterity?
We analyzed several poems, and in each of them we heard the poet’s unique voice and felt the peculiarities of his style.
- What is a writer's style?
Style - this is the unity of all means of artistic depiction of life in the writer’s work.
The originality of the style depends on his views on life and art, moral and aesthetic ideals, political and artistic convictions, the characteristics of his personality and talent.
Nekrasov has important features:
A depiction of life with its inherent complexity and contradictions;
The desire for truth, comprehension of natural (typical) processes and phenomena of reality;
Criticism of an unjust social structure;
Expression of advanced social ideals;
Poeticization of the peasant's world.
(Textbook page. Writer's style)
Main motives of the lyrics:
The purpose of the poet and poetry;
Theme of the people;
The image of a new man, a hero of the time;
Russia theme.
IV. Consolidation
What can you say about the writer’s childhood and adolescence?
How was his life in St. Petersburg?
What role did meeting Belinsky play in his life?
What can you say about Nekrasov the journalist?
How did the Muse of Nekrasov differ from the muse of Pushkin and Lermontov?
What is the purpose of a poet in public life?
What does Nekrasov say about the fate of the Russian people and the Russian peasant woman?
How is the image of the Motherland revealed in Nekrasov’s poetry?
Only one thing is important -
Do you love the people, the homeland,
Serve them with heart and soul.
N. Nekrasov
VI. Homework:
Write an essay “I was called to sing of your suffering, amazing the people with patience.”
List of used literature:
1. Nekrasov N.A.. Collected works. Poetry. Poems.
2. Nekrasov N.A.. Who lives well in Rus'. Series "Classics for School". M.: “Dragonfly-Press”, 2005.
3. Korovin V.I. Russian poetry of the 19th century. M., 1983.
4.Live pages. N.A. Nekrasov in memoirs, letters, diaries, autobiographical works and documents. M., 1974;
5. Skatov N.N. "ON THE. Nekrasov. Life of wonderful people.”, M., 1994
