The Thirty Years' War was the first war on a pan-European scale. Many states participated in it, directly or indirectly. In the war, two lines of political development in Europe collided: the Medieval Catholic tradition and a single pan-European Christian monarchy. Austria and Spain on the one hand and England, France, Holland, Sweden on the other.

· Internal struggle in Germany. 1608-1609 – 2 military-political unions of German princes on a confessional basis (Evangelical Union and Catholic League), this conflict turned into an international one.

· Confrontation between France and the coalition of Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, who claimed a special role in European politics. (plus old disputed territories - Alsace and Lorraine)

4 periods:

· Czech, Danish, Swedish, French-Swedish

The medieval political tradition, embodied in the desire to create a single pan-European Christian monarchy, where the concepts of “state” and “interests of the nation” were in no way combined, was associated with the policies of the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs. They also led the Catholic reaction on a European scale. Another principle of political development was inherent in England, France, Holland and Sweden. He envisioned the creation of strong states on a national basis. In the named centralized states, except for France, the Protestant religion predominated. The economic development of the opposing blocs proceeded differently. The anti-Habsburg bloc included countries where the capitalist system was expanding.

The main conflict in the political life of Western Europe was still the confrontation between France and the coalition of Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs. Both the Habsburgs and France, which had become a powerful absolutist state during the reign of Cardinal Richelieu, claimed a special role in European politics. It was in France's interests to keep the empire fragmented and prevent the two Habsburg monarchies from uniting their actions. The specific interests of different European countries and their common desire to stop the hegemonic goals of the Habsburgs determined the participation of each of them in the war at its different periods.

Reasons for ending The mutual exhaustion of the warring parties, the absolute ruin of the population of Germany, where the main military operations took place, and, as a consequence, the impossibility of supporting the armies, and finally, the increase in social tension in the warring countries themselves led to the need to end the war.

The peace, which went down in history as the Peace of Westphalia, was concluded on October 24, 1648, simultaneously in the cities of Münster and Osnabrück (Westphalia - a land in what was then Germany). It not only recorded specific territorial and political-legal agreements, but also summed up the century-long religious confrontation in Europe and led to a new balance of power on the continent. The purpose of the peace congress, which ended with the signing of the Peace of Westphalia, was to establish peace and resolve the international, confessional, and intra-imperial levels.

Each country participating in the congress pursued your goals: France - to break the encirclement of the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, Sweden - to achieve hegemony in the Baltic, the Holy Roman Empire and Spain - to achieve smaller territorial concessions.

The concluded agreements included issues of territorial changes in Europe, the political structure of the German Empire, religion on its territory, and consolidating the independence of Holland and Switzerland.

The Peace of Westphalia legally secured the political fragmentation of Germany for two centuries, effectively ensuring the sovereignty of the German princes. Sweden joined the empire as the sovereign of the received imperial possessions with the right to send its deputies to the Reichstag. Trusteeship of a number of imperial cities allowed France to interfere in the affairs of the empire.

In the religious field, the Peace of Westphalia equalized the rights of Calvinists with Catholics and Lutherans in Germany, giving Calvinism the status of an officially recognized confession. The secularization of church lands, carried out before 1624, was legalized, but new seizures of church lands were prohibited.

The Swiss Union, officially removed from the empire, and the Republic of the United Provinces (appeared as a result of the struggle in the Netherlands against Spain) received international recognition of state sovereignty.

The war turned into a real tragedy for Germany, especially for the peoples inhabiting those territories that were the direct theater of military operations. It left behind hunger, ruin, and the devastation of entire regions. The reduction in population by several times (for example, in the Czech Republic by more than 3 times, in some places in Germany by 5-10 times), the destruction of material and cultural values, the decline and cessation of production led to a long-term socio-economic crisis in Germany.

All in all, as a result of the war, the countries of the anti-Habsburg coalition won. For the French monarchy, the successful completion of the Thirty Years' War and the war with Spain (ended with the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees on November 7, 1659, according to which France consolidated most of its conquests in the southern Netherlands and on the Iberian border and pledged not to provide assistance to Portugal, which was at war with Spain) was the start of the struggle for European hegemony. Sweden emerged as a European power and its priority in Northern Europe became clear. Having finally established independence from Spain, Holland created the conditions for economic growth, the struggle for colonies and a change in its political weight in European affairs. But the Austrian monarchy itself did not lose the war and the German princes, both Catholic and Protestant, established themselves in full sovereignty.

The Thirty Years' War ended a century-long period of acute confessional confrontation in Europe. The religious factor has ceased to play a significant role in international relations. The results of the Thirty Years' War proved the prospects for political prosperity of centralized nation states (France, England, Holland, Sweden), but the most important problem of creating nation states on the site of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation remained unresolved.

The Peace of Westphalia completely changed the foreign policy situation in Europe, creating a different balance of power, different political priorities and value guidelines, and introduced an international legal framework into the system of European international relations, determining their nature for the next century and a half.

Religious disputes are a thing of the past and the true state interests, goals and mutual contradictions of the countries that previously formed one camp were revealed. The trade and economic confrontation came to the fore, primarily between the young capitalist countries of England and Holland with France and Spain, as well as each of these countries with each other.

The significance of the Peace of Westphalia primarily lay in the fact that it resolved the contradictions that led to the Thirty Years' War:

The Peace of Westphalia equalized the rights of Catholics and Protestants (Calvinists and Lutherans), legalized the confiscation of church lands carried out before 1624, and abolished the previously existing principle of “whose power is his faith,” instead of which the principle of religious tolerance was proclaimed, which subsequently reduced the importance of confessional factor in relations between states;

Changes in the foreign policy situation in Europe, a different balance of power

Introduced an international legal framework into the system of European international organizations

The Peace of Westphalia put an end to the Habsburgs' desire to expand their possessions at the expense of the territories of the states and peoples of Western Europe and undermined the authority of the Holy Roman Empire: from that time on, the old hierarchical order of international relations, in which the German emperor was considered senior in rank among the monarchs, was destroyed and the heads of independent states Europe, who had the title of kings, were equal in rights to the emperor;

According to the norms established by the Peace of Westphalia, the main role in international relations, previously owned by monarchs, passed to sovereign states.

Principles:

priority of national interest

· priority of balance of power

· priority of nation-states

Olga Nagornyuk

Peace of Westphalia: a win for the losers

The name “Peace of Westphalia” was given to two peace treaties concluded in 1648 in the cities of Osnabrück and Münster, located in the Duchy of Westphalia. The signing of these agreements marked the end of the Thirty Years' War and another redistribution of spheres of influence. But these documents also had other consequences. This is discussed in our article.

Peace of Westphalia - end of the Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War became the first pan-European armed conflict in the history of mankind. The reasons that led to its beginning were political and religious contradictions that worsened in the first decade of the 17th century. This period is characterized by the decline of feudalism and the emergence of capitalism. There was a gradual change in historical formations, affecting not only politics and economics, but also the religious sphere.

Catholics, who supported the feudal system, were forced to give up their hegemony to the growing Protestants, supported by the young bourgeoisie. This state of affairs did not suit Catholic Spain and Germany, led by the Habsburgs, who were looking for a reason to launch an open attack on the adherents of Protestantism. This pretext was the Prague Uprising of 1618, when protesters threw imperial officials out of windows.

As a result, the Thirty Years' War broke out, affecting almost all European countries. On the side of the Catholics were Spain and Portugal, the Catholic principalities of Germany, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Papal Throne. The interests of Protestants were defended by Sweden, Denmark, the Czech Republic, Transylvania, the Protestant part of Germany and Catholic France, which later joined, which understood that a redistribution of spheres of influence was beginning in the world.

The war, which lasted three decades, brought famine, epidemics and devastation, which hit the economies of the warring countries painfully: they were exhausted, which forced them to begin peace negotiations. Since the anti-Habsburg (Protestant) coalition was in a more advantageous position, it dictated the terms of the treaty. How did the Peace of Westphalia turn out for both sides?

Terms of the Peace of Westphalia

135 delegates representing the interests of all countries participating in the war gathered for negotiations in Osnabrück and Münster. On the agenda were issues of the rights of Catholics and Lutherans, amnesty for war participants and territorial claims. France wanted to get part of Germany, breaking the encirclement of the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs, Sweden sought sovereignty and gaining a leading role in the Baltic, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire tried to defend their integrity by making minimal territorial concessions.

The Peace of Westphalia brought:

• Catholics and Protestants have an equal right to religion. This meant an end to the persecution of Christians of other faiths. The Peace of Westphalia equalized the rights of representatives of both religious movements;

• Christians - freedom of religion regardless of place of residence. Beginning in 1648, Catholics and Protestants were exempted from the mandatory practice of the official religion of the principality in whose territory they lived;

• The Swiss Confederation and the Republic of the United Provinces (Holland) gained independence. They became sovereign states, neither part of the Holy Roman Empire nor subject to the Spanish Crown;

• France gained new territories: the bishoprics of Toul, Metz and Verdun, which previously belonged to the possessions of the Duke of Lorraine, and the free cities of Alsace;

• part of Pomerania, the bishoprics of Bremen and Ferden and the port city of Wismar went to Sweden, which a century and a half later the Scandinavians mortgaged for 1,258 Reichstalers with the right of redemption to the Dukes of Mecklenburg, but never bothered to return the property obtained as a result of the war that lasted 30 years;

• Brandenburg-Prussia expanded its borders to include Eastern Pomerania, the bishoprics of Magdeburg, Minden, Kammin and Halberstadt.

The signing of this document had far-reaching consequences for European states, which we will discuss later.

Peace of Westphalia: consequences

The Peace of Westphalia significantly undermined the authority of the Habsburgs and put an end to their plans to strengthen and expand the Holy Roman Empire. The emperor, whose rank was previously higher than the status of kings and princes, became equal in rights with them, and the states moved to a new model of governance - national. The conclusion of this treaty had far-reaching consequences for the world:

1. The church was losing its position in government, dynastic marriages between royal families, which previously led to the unification of states, also fell into oblivion. A new model of the world was born - a state-centric one, which gave each sovereign state the right to independently determine its foreign and domestic policies.

The Westphalian model of the world lasted until the twentieth century, when economic globalization began after World War II, and international organizations emerged to influence independent countries and suppress their sovereignty.

2. Many historians view the Peace of Westphalia as the first step towards the outbreak of World War II. Germany, defeated in the Thirty Years' War, was fragmented into small principalities and experienced a protracted period of economic and political decline. This loss deeply shocked the Germans, having an impact on them similar to the effect the Opium Wars had on the Chinese. Therefore, all subsequent events in the history of Germany: the unification of the country in the 19th century and aggression against France in order to return the territories seized after the signing of the Peace of Westphalia - were caused by the desire of the Germans to return their nation to its former greatness.

The National Socialist movement, led by Adolf Hitler, according to historians, was directed not only against the Treaty of Versailles, due to which Germany lost part of its territories, but had the goal of changing the consequences of the Peace of Westphalia, because of which the country's national interests suffered.

History is a chain of events and the consequences they generate. What they will be - destructive or creative - depends on us and on our ability to draw conclusions from the lessons that history teaches.

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WESTPHALIAN WORLD- a peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War, concluded after complex and lengthy negotiations between the warring parties of the coalition of Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs and the opposing anti-Habsburg bloc of European powers. The negotiations took place in the German cities of Westphalia (hence the name). Consisted of two combined peace treaties signed in Osnabrück and Münster. The final version of the Treaty of Westphalia was signed on October 24, 1648 in Münster.

In 1618, one of the largest wars in European history broke out - the Thirty Years' War. In counterbalance to the European hegemony of the German and Spanish Habsburgs in the struggle for “Christendom”, supported by the papacy, the Catholic princes of Germany and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, an anti-Habsburg coalition was formed, a coalition of a number of European states - France, the Dutch Republic, Sweden, Denmark, Russia, Protestant German principalities, the Czech Republic , Transylvania, northern Italian principalities and partly England.

Despite the rivalry between the Austrian and Spanish branches of the Habsburgs for influence in Europe, the Spanish government believed that the victory of the Austrian Habsburgs and the Catholic reaction in Germany in the Rhine region would allow Spain to re-annex the bourgeois republic of the northern Netherlands and gain a foothold in northern Italy. The Habsburgs developed various dynastic options for the merger of the Spanish and Austrian imperial branches.

France could not come to terms with the strengthening of the Habsburg coalition and their possible joint actions in the Middle and Lower Rhine. In addition, France was dissatisfied with Spanish expansion in Southern Italy ( cm. SICILY BOTH KINGDOMS), as well as in the northern Italian regions, which are the connecting link between the possessions of the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs.

The French king Henry IV of Bourbon began preparing for war and, before his death, managed to put together a coalition against the Habsburgs, which, in addition to the Kingdom of France, included a number of German Protestant principalities. In the fight against the Habsburgs, France also relied on the support of the Turkish Sultan.

The main focus of the brewing pan-European conflict, which resulted in the bloody Thirty Years' War of 1618–1648, was the German principalities, in which, after the Reformation and the Peasants' War, a Catholic reaction began. In 1608, the struggle between the German principalities within the Holy Roman Empire intensified. The Protestant Union, created in the Protestant duchies and principalities, led by the German Duke Frederick V of the Palatinate, pinned all its hopes on France.

In contrast to the Protestant Union, the Catholic League was formed in 1609, the head of which was a Jesuit disciple, Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, who sought to use the forces of the Catholic Union to elevate his ruling house at the expense of the Habsburgs. Maximilian of Bavaria appointed Imperial Field Marshal Baron von Thili as commander of the Catholic League army.

On the side of the Habsburg coalition was the eastern outpost of the Catholic reaction, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (the united state of Poland and the Principality of Lithuania). The Orthodox Moscow state, forced to take into account the pan-European balance of power before the start of the Thirty Years' War, concluded the unfavorable Peace of Stolbovo with Sweden, joining the anti-Habsburg coalition to repel the ongoing expansion from Poland. The European powers of both opposing coalitions could not help but take into account the interests of Russia on the eastern borders of the Catholic League.

The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 with open Habsburg aggression against the Czech Republic. The war includes several periods: the Czech period (1618–1623); Danish period (1625–1629); Swedish period (1630–1635); The Franco-Swedish period (1635–1648) and the Russo-Polish War (1632–1634).

As a result of the bloody Thirty Years' War, the Habsburg coalition suffered a complete fiasco. After a series of serious defeats inflicted on the imperial troops and the threat of the capture of the Austrian capital of Vienna, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III was forced to accept the most difficult terms for Germany in a peace agreement.

The first peace treaty between Sweden, the Holy Roman Emperor and the Protestant German princes was signed in Osnabrück. The second treaty was signed with France on October 24, 1648 in Munster.

As a result of the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648, which put an end to the first pan-European war, the map of Western European states was largely redrawn.

The ambassadors of the Holy Roman Emperor at the negotiations preceding the signing of the Peace of Westphalia were Count Trautmansdorff, Count Nassau, and Dr. Vollmar. The Spanish side was represented by the Count of Perpignan. Swedish representatives - J. Oksenstierna and A. Salvius. From France - Duke of Longueville, Count d'Avo, Count A. Servieni (in direct coordination with Cardinal Mazarin in Paris).

Under the terms of the treaty, Sweden received all of Western Pomerania (German Baltic Pomerania) with the island of Rügen, the city of Stettin and a number of other territories in Eastern Pomerania. In addition, the Gulf of Pomerania with all coastal cities, the island of Wolin, the Archbishopric of Bremen, the Bishopric of Verden on the Weser and the city of Wismar went to Sweden. Sweden practically became the dominant state on the Baltic Sea. Sweden was also paid a huge indemnity of 5 million thalers.

France received Upper and Lower Alsace, Haguenau and Sundgau, the bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Vernen (on the Meuse). Strasbourg formally remained part of the Holy Roman Empire. The Netherlands and Switzerland received official international recognition as independent states. The German principalities of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, and Brunswick-Lüneburg increased their possessions through a number of bishoprics and abbeys. The most difficult point of the Peace of Westphalia was the consolidation of the political fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire. The German princes received complete independence from the emperor.

The monarchs of the victorious powers of Sweden, France and Russia (the Prince of Moscow) acted as guarantors of the Peace of Westphalia.

The Habsburg coalition, in its attempt to create a world “Christian” empire, suffered a complete collapse. The French kingdom became the dominant state in Western Europe for many years. The pan-European borders established by the Treaty of Westphalia remained unshakable for a century.

The difficult Peace of Westphalia of 1648 became a new link in the chain of disasters for the German people and deeply shocked Germany, leaving a tragic imprint on the entire subsequent moral and cultural life of the country. A number of historians believe that the consequences of the Peace of Westphalia predetermined the subsequent economic and political backwardness of Germany. At the end of the 18th century. German historiography blamed the fragmentation of Germany on French statesmen - participants in the Thirty Years' War and the subsequent Treaty of Westphalia - Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin. Many historians are inclined to believe that the dire consequences of the Treaty of Westphalia prompted Germany to unify the country in the second half of the 19th century. and aggression against France to regain the original West German lands incorporated into the Kingdom of France in 1648.

During World War II, a number of historical works were published in Nazi Germany, which argued that the National Socialist movement was a protest not only against the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, but also against Osnabrück and Münster. The founder of Prussian-German statehood, King Frederick II, the unifier of a united German Empire, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II of Hohenzollern and the Fuhrer of the Third Reich Adolf Hitler were declared the leaders of the four stages of the struggle against the legacy of the Peace of Westphalia to unify the German Empire.

More than three hundred and sixty years ago, throughout Europe, tired of the long, bloody confrontation between countries, an event occurred that not only extinguished the last sparks of the war, but also determined in many ways the continent. We are talking about the Peace of Westphalia. The agreement was so named because it was concluded in two German cities - Osnabrück and Münster - in 1648. Both belonged to the Westphalian region. The format of such a multilateral treaty was discussed seven years ago, in 1641, in the city of Hamburg. Starting this year, negotiations were carried out, during which the war did not stop. It ended only when the Peace of Westphalia was accepted by all parties. Negotiations were conducted between the imperial ambassadors and the French - in Münster, and the Swedish ambassadors and imperial officials - in the city of Osnabrück.

The Peace of Westphalia was the end of which is notable for the fact that for the first time almost all European countries, including Russia, participated in it. Switzerland was the exception. It began as a confrontation between representatives of the two main European religions at that time - Catholicism supported by Rome and “heretical” Protestantism - and ended as resistance to power

The Peace of Westphalia was notable for the fact that its adoption required the convening of virtually the first pan-European congress. At it, Protestants received what they had previously dreamed of - equal rights with Catholics, which became possible thanks to the principle of religious tolerance. As a result, the religious and interfaith factor in relations between states has weakened. The principle of “whose country is his faith,” which became the cause of wars between states of different faiths, was abolished. Moreover, the hierarchical European heads were eliminated, according to which the German emperor played the leading role, and the kings were subordinate to him. This was replaced by the principle of state sovereignty. Each of the kings received equal rights with the Emperor of Germany. The new European order originates from here. It must be said that the Peace of Westphalia completely resolved precisely those problems and contradictions that became the cause of the long Thirty Years' War.

However, this agreement was fatal for the previously powerful Europe, which was located in the center. The emperor of this state association was no longer the number one person in Europe, and the kings of neighboring countries received the right to conduct business and enter into alliances without his agreement with the only caveat - “not to the detriment of the interests of the emperor.” In fact, the latter's power throughout Europe, except Germany, was abolished. In addition, the country that he directly ruled lost a number of territories and was soon fragmented into many lands, since such a division was also provided for by the Treaty of Westphalia. After all, not only kings, but also imperial officials received the right to rule at their own discretion and enter into alliances with each other. In fact, the country was fragmented into small independent principalities, the power of the emperor was leveled, and princely tyranny was practically legalized. Over time, each of the small principalities had its own currency, which caused problems with trade between these state entities. The unity of Germany was destroyed and restored only at the end of the nineteenth century. The cities of Verden, Wismar and Bremen, as well as the mouth of the Oder River, and a large part of Pomerania became the possession of the Swedish crown. In addition, Switzerland gained complete independence.

The Peace of Westphalia became the basis for the vast majority of all subsequent peace treaties, and not only between European countries. It is unlikely that any other agreement has had such a serious impact on the political system of Europe and many other countries. The Westphalian model of the world can be considered as a system of relationships between countries in which the objects are independent powers (and sovereignty is decisive for the state, not the ruler), and as a system of world order in which the actors are independent countries.

– Denmark and Norway – Rocroi – Tuttlingen – Freiberg – Jüterbog – Jankov – Hulst – Mergentheim – Nördlingen2 – Zusmarhausen – Lens – Prague – Peace of Westphalia

Peace of Westphalia denotes two peace agreements in Latin - Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24, 1648, respectively. They ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire. Sometimes the peace treaty between Spain and the United Provinces of the Netherlands, signed on January 30, 1648 and ending the Eighty Years' War, is also referred to as the Peace of Westphalia. At the same time, researchers view the fighting between Holland and Spain in 1625-1648 as simultaneously parts of both the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War.

The Peace of Westphalia was the result of the first modern diplomatic congress and marked the beginning of a new order in Europe based on the concept of state sovereignty. The agreements affected the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Sweden, the Netherlands and their allies in the person of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. Until 1806, the provisions of the Treaties of Osnabrück and Munster were part of the constitutional law of the Holy Roman Empire.

Conditions

Significant changes occurred among the Germanic principalities. Brandenburg-Prussia significantly expanded its possessions and influence, and Bavaria and Saxony strengthened. At the same time, the Peace of Westphalia consolidated the fragmentation of Germany.

Significance of the Peace of Westphalia

The Peace of Westphalia resolved the contradictions that led to the Thirty Years' War:

• The Peace of Westphalia equalized the rights of Catholics and Protestants (Calvinists and Lutherans), legalized the confiscation of church lands carried out before 1624, and abolished the previously existing principle of cujus regio, ejus religio, instead of which the principle of religious tolerance was proclaimed, which subsequently reduced the importance of the confessional factor in relations between states;
• The Peace of Westphalia put an end to the Habsburgs' desire to expand their possessions at the expense of the territories of the states and peoples of Western Europe and undermined the authority of the Holy Roman Empire: from that time on, the old hierarchical order of international relations, in which the German emperor was considered senior in rank among the monarchs, was destroyed and the heads of independent states Europe, who had the title of kings, were equal in rights to the emperor;
• According to the norms established by the Peace of Westphalia, the main role in international relations, previously owned by monarchs, passed to sovereign states.

see also

	Portal "New Time"
	Peace of Westphalia on Wikimedia Commons
	Project "Military History"

Links

• The collapse of the Westphalian system and the emergence of a new world order, an article by the head of the Department of World Politics at the State University - Higher School of Economics, prof. S. V. Kortunova

Categories:

• History of Europe
• Thirty Years' War
• Events of October 24
• October 1648
• Peace treaties of the 17th century
• International treaties of Sweden
• International treaties of the Holy Roman Empire
• International treaties of France

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WESTPHALIAN WORLD The World History - Peace of Westphalia, a treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648); concluded 24 Oct. 1648 Consists of 2 peace agreements: the Treaty of Münster (between the Roman German Empire and France) and the Treaty of Osnabrück (between the Roman German... ...

Peace of Westphalia Orthodox Encyclopedia - 14 Oct. 1648; it ended the 30 Years' War, confirmed the Peace of Augsburg, established full equality between the Lutheran and Reformed churches, and regulated relations between Catholics and Protestants in Germany. According to V. peaceful... ...

Complete Orthodox Theological Encyclopedic Dictionary It ended the 30-year war (see this next) and was concluded in 1648 in Münster and Osnabrück, two cities in the Westphalian region, from which it received its name. Preliminary peace negotiations began as early as 1641 in Hamburg; but here... ...

Peace of Westphalia Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron - ♦ (ENG Westphalia, Peace of) (1648) peace treaty that ended the political and religious conflicts of the Thirty Years' War in Central Europe (1618 1648). He confirmed the religious agreements of the Peace of Augsburg (1555), legal recognition... ...

Peace of Westphalia Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms - WESTPHALIAN WORLD, 24 Oct. 1648 graduated from Thirty. war. Preliminary meetings began in Hamburg back in 1641. After much wrangling b. it was decided to propose that the delegates meet in two cities of Westphalia so that the ambassadors... ...

Military encyclopedia Graduated from Europe. Thirty Years' War 1618 48. Concluded after a long time. negotiations between the ambassadors of the interested powers in the cities of Westphalia (Germany) Osnabrück and Münster. Signed 24 Oct. 1648 in Munster. Represents 2 united peaceful... ...

Soviet historical encyclopedia Finished the European Thirty Years' War 1618 1648 (See Thirty Years' War 1618 48). Combines two peace treaties concluded on October 24, 1648 after long (since the spring of 1645) negotiations in the Westphalia cities of Munster and Osnabrück: ... ...