And the meanings of words, we should especially highlight paronymy, that is, situations when interlocutors incorrectly use paronymous words in their speech. Examples of this error can be found in the speech of any of us. This is also a misuse of words. dress And put on, wonderful And wonderful, painting And signature. Knowledge of the meanings of words, as well as an understanding of the phenomenon of paronymy and the reasons for its occurrence will help you avoid these mistakes.
Paronymy
Paronymy is a fairly common linguistic phenomenon in which two or more words have similar pronunciation and belong to the same part of speech. Often such words contain one common root, but their meaning does not coincide. Situations in which people, when communicating, written or oral, confuse the meanings of paronymous words, replacing one word with another, is called paronymy.
This type of error refers to lexical errors and is associated primarily with ignorance of the meanings of certain words and the rules for their use in speech. True, in some cases sentences with paronyms are used in literature to create paronomasia and puns.
Paronyms
The term "paronym" comes from two Greek words: para - "near" and ónyma - "name". Paronyms are words that are similar in sound, but not identical; they often belong to the same grammatical category, that is, they belong to the same part of speech, but at the same time have different lexical meanings.
Paronyms are not interchangeable in speech, as this only leads to distortion of the statement. Often paronymic pairs are combined with different words. Thus, the pair “well-fed” - “hearty” is combined with different nouns. A hearty dinner and a well-fed child.
The similarity of paronyms can lead to annoying mistakes, so you should pay attention to their true meaning and choose the right pair. To do this you need to know the meaning of the word. Paronyms can also have a similar meaning and differ only in shade.
The incorrect use of such words is a fairly common lexical error.
In some cases, paronyms can also act as synonyms. For example, “romantic” and “romantic”, “ironic” and “ironic” (smile or remark), “melodic” or “melodic” sound, “patriotic” and “patriotic” act.
The main groups of paronyms are represented by adjectives and verbs, with fewer nouns and adverbs.
Often, a pair is formed either with native Russian words, for example, “bolotny” and “bolotisty,” or with “leasing” and “listing.”
Types of paronyms
There are several classifications of such words. Based on their origin, they distinguish root, affix, and etymological paronymic words. We see examples of them every day.
Root paronyms have different, but somewhat similar external roots. For example, "excavator" and "escalator", they do not have a common semantic connection.
Affixed paronyms have a common root and are united by a common semantic connection, but have different meanings due to the use of prefixes and suffixes. For example, “subscriber” - “subscription”, “economical” - “economical”.
Etymological ones are formed when the same word is borrowed into a language in different ways. Thus, the word “project” was learned from Latin, “project” - from French.
There are also types of paronyms based on word formation:
1. Distinguishing prefixes:
- typos - imprints.
2. Differing in suffixes:
- irresponsible - irresponsible.
3. Distinguished by the basis, that is, having a derivative and non-derivative basis:
- height - age;
Based on semantics, paronyms are distinguished that have the same meaning, but different semantic shades. For example, “long” - “long-lasting”, “vital” - “everyday”. There are also paronyms that have completely different semantics: “nest” - “nesting area”, “virage” - “stained glass”, “minced meat” - “farce”.
Frequently used paronyms
Let us note the most frequently used paronymic pairs.
A fairly well-known paronymic pair can be considered the words “dress” - “put on.” Here you should remember that you can dress someone, but you can put something on.
Sentences with the paronyms “painting” and “signature” are very common. Painting - a written list of something, wall painting, making notes. A signature is a handwritten name at the end of the document.
Addressee and addressee. The addressee is the one to whom the parcel or letter is addressed, the addressee is the person who sent it.
Archaic and archaic. Archaic - characteristic of antiquity, archaic - out of use.
Democratic and democratic are another pair of words. Democratic - one that refers to democracy. Something characteristic of democracy is called democratic.
Another interesting pair of words is “friendly” and “friendly”. Friendly - related to friends, friendly - based on friendship.
Logical and logical. Logical - correct, true, consistent. Logical - related to logic.
It is important to pay attention to the use of paronymous words and avoid mistakes associated with their use.
Causes of paronymy
There are four main reasons why mistakes are made in speech related to the use of paronyms:
1. Insufficient knowledge of the meanings of one or another word or even several.
2. The speaker’s incompetence in the field of activity to which the word relates.
3. Banal illiteracy and lack of vocabulary.
4. Reservations in speech.
Paronomasia
Paronomasia is a means of enhancing a stylistic figure, which consists of the deliberate use of consonant words. The words most often used to create paronomasia are paronyms. Examples of this phenomenon can be seen in the following sentences:
I would be glad to serve, but being served is sickening.
He's not a weird guy, but a weird one.
Paronomasia is a pun that can be appreciated by readers with a good sense of language and a sense of humor. It is often based not only on sound, but also on semantic consonance. Paronomasia is also used as headlines to attract the attention of readers, for example: “Self-government or arbitrariness?”
Synonym dictionaries
You can avoid annoying mistakes in speech with the help of literature. So, you can find out the meaning of paronyms using thematic dictionaries. They provide a list of paronymic pairs in alphabetical order. Moreover, each word included in the pair has its own lexical meaning, as well as examples of normative use in speech.
Today you can use the following dictionaries:
1. "Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language" edited by N. P. Kolesnikov. Was published in 1971.
2. "Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language" edited by O. V. Vishnyak. The book was published in 1984.
3. In 1994, another “Dictionary of Russian Language Paronyms” was published under the editorship of Yu. A. Belchikov and M. S. Panyushev. It was re-released in 2007.
These books will help you get acquainted with the main paronymic series and the meaning of the words included in them.
conclusions
Paronyms are words that sound similar, but have different semantic meanings. In some situations they can also act as synonyms. Each of us periodically uses paronyms in our speech. Examples of their use: painting and signature, putting on and dressing.
In speech, one should avoid using non-normative words from paronymic pairs. You need to choose the one that suits the given situation. The normative use of paronyms is a sign of education and high culture of speech.
When writing or pronouncing, people are often faced with a decision such as choosing one word or another. The fact is that a modern educated person’s use of words must not only be correct and appropriate, but also meet all standards and accurately emphasize everything that he wanted to convey to his interlocutor.
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This happens as follows: when people speak or write, they choose from their vocabulary a certain word that best helps to express the desired thought, corresponds to the genre of speech and the speech situation.
Speech culture is one of main criteria for a person’s level of education. The smarter a person is, the larger his vocabulary. But if in some cases your active vocabulary is not enough, an explanatory dictionary will always come to the rescue.
The smarter a person is, the larger their vocabulary
Connections between words
Russian vocabulary is rich in words that form systemic relationships. These include:
- antonyms;
- homonyms;
- paronyms.
What are paronyms? This word comes from Greek and means words that are similar in spelling and sound, but different in meaning. For example, consonant for the word subscription is subscriber.
Important! Lexical norms require a person to correctly use words that will exactly correspond to their meaning. If you do not adhere to these rules, then serious errors occur when speaking, speech becomes ambiguous and incomprehensible to the interlocutor.
Such words are formed in different ways:
- suffixal;
- prefixal;
- with different ending letters.
In order to better understand the meaning of words that sound similar, you should study examples.
What are paronyms
Examples
There are a great many words that make up pairs of paronyms. Depending on the method of formation, they are usually divided into three main groups. For example, for the word life-giving the companion will be a paronym tenacious. It is not difficult to see the difference in the meaning of these two words.
After all, “tenacious” is capable of life, hardy, or something that lasts for a long time (tenacious animal, tenacious habits). And the word “life-giving” means something that can strengthen vital forces (life-giving remedy, life-giving water). This paronymic pair refers to the adjective part of speech. As for the word “cash”, its consonant word is “availability”.
It is also quite simple to distinguish between them; you just need to familiarize yourself with the meaning. Presence is the presence of someone or something. For example, having a cat on the balcony. Cash means the amount of what is available during this period of time. An example is the phrase “cash.”
Where can I find such pairs?
This Words that are similar in spelling but different in meaning, but you can fully understand the content of this term only with the help of examples of words that together make up the so-called paronymic pair. But not everyone has a very large number of words and phrases in their memory, or, in other words, a large vocabulary.
This means that you should read, learn more, and constantly practice, because various tasks to improve the level of knowledge in the Russian language were invented not only for schoolchildren. But if you don’t have time to learn all the subtleties right now, and you need to choose a word right now, a dictionary of paronyms will come to the rescue, which contains many consonant lexemes with the meaning of each of them.
They will come in handy in some situations. But still, you will have to spend time searching for the right words, so it would be much better to keep them in memory and effortlessly use them when needed.
Mixing
The term "mixing" means replacing similar sounding words, which have completely different meanings. As a result of such confusion, various stylistic incidents occur; people use sentences with paronyms that are inappropriate in this case. To understand what a mixture of paronyms is, you need to familiarize yourself with examples of unsuccessful use of words.
So, people often kneel instead of standing. Or the artist will create high-calorie images instead of colorful ones. Such mistakes, although in most cases cause a smile, but, despite this, they remain mistakes.
This is how many words and phrases are confused. This is especially true for schoolchildren of primary and middle age, whose vocabulary is not yet as rich as that of the adult population.
To prevent this from happening, a young student must always have a dictionary at hand, which will help him understand the meaning of some incomprehensible words and prevent similar mistakes in the future.
Origin story
Initially, the term itself was coined and used by Aristotle in his writings. Paronymy is the name of the phenomenon of incomplete sound similarity of words with their partial or complete semantic difference. In the mid-twentieth century, Soviet linguistic experts used this term to designate words with the same root that belonged to the same part of speech. As an example, we can cite such paronymic pairs as:
- payment – payment;
- marshy - swampy;
- main - capital.
But other scientists call this only words with the same root that have consonant prefixes and a common place. In the Russian language of the modern type, there are no more than a thousand paronymic pairs. But their role in speech cannot be neglected, because without a correct understanding of the meaning of words it will be impossible to avoid speech errors. Although such words are most often consonant, each of them has a different meaning.
That's why In no case should you replace one word from a pair with another. With such actions, the entire context loses its meaning and ceases to relate to one subject area. Similar words are often found both in fiction and scientific literature, and in everyday conversation.
Attention! You should consolidate your knowledge of when to use the right word from a pair by solving simple exercises that can be found on various sites.
Exceptions to the rules
There are cases when similar words are synonyms. For example, “carry out” and “produce” are close in meaning and denote the performance of some action. But it is important to remember that this paronymic pair acquires such a feature only in some cases.
Everything else is words with completely different meanings. You need to be very careful about this when speaking or writing. All words that sound similar are similar in structure. It is this feature that is the reason for their semantic correlation. Words with a common root that are part of the same part of speech form so-called closed paronymic series.
In the process of matching similar words, special attention is paid to semantic differences. Paronymy has a systemic nature at the level and compatibility in lexical terms.
Pairs in English
In most cases, replacing a specific word with a similar one in English is considered on a case-by-case basis. Most often, this type of mistake is made by people who do not speak a foreign language at a very high level. There is even a special name for such errors - “the law of the sign”.
Due to simple inattention, people who are just starting to learn English may pronounce some words incorrectly, thereby losing the very meaning of the sentence. For example, cat, which translates as “cat,” can be pronounced as cap – “cap.” These speech errors are typical only for those who study a foreign language, so words that sound similar in English they cannot be classified.
Paronyms
Unified State Examination task 5 - paronyms
Conclusion
It is necessary to be able to recognize and distinguish words that are similar in sound and spelling. Only in this case can a person call himself literate, in other words, have linguistic competence. It is important to remember that using paronyms can create some difficulties, so you should be very careful. If you still have questions related to the correct choice of a particular word, you can check it using a dictionary.
Paronyms are divided into root, affix and etymological.
Root paronyms
Root paronyms have different roots, the external similarity of which is purely coincidental: Russian. excavator - escalator; English live - leave; German fördern - fördern. Such paronyms are not united by a common motivation and a common semantic connection.
Affixal paronyms
Affixal paronyms are united by a common motivation and a common semantic connection. They have a common root, but different, although similar, derivational affixes: Russian. subscription - subscriber, economical - economical - economical; English historic - historical; German original - originell. Suffixal paronymy is widespread in medical and chemical terminology, where not only roots, but also suffixes have terminological meaning. So, for example, the suffix -id in chemical terminology means a salt whose molecules do not contain oxygen atoms (chloride, sulfide, etc.), and -it, -at- salts containing oxygen atoms (sulfite, chlorate, carbonate, etc.).
Etymological paronyms
Etymological paronyms are the same word, borrowed by a language in different ways several times (through the mediation of different languages) and in different meanings: Russian. project(learned directly from Latin) - project(learned through the mediation of the French language); English. concert(from French) - concerto(from Italian). Borrowings from closely related languages (Russian-Polish-Church Slavonic) or ancestral languages (French-Latin, Hindi-Sanskrit) can cause etymological paronymy if the borrowed word is similar to an existing original word in a given language: Russian. powder(original Russian word with East Slavic consonance) - dust(Church Slavic word, South Slavic in origin). Sometimes an original borrowing and a borrowing that has been contaminated under the influence of folk etymology can be used in parallel: Russian. ordinary - single.
In the English language, due to its special history (Roman conquest, Anglo-Saxon settlement, Franco-Norman conquest), there are not only pairs, but even triplets and quadruples of etymological paronyms. Examples are regal - real - royal, legal - leal - loyal, place - plateau - plaza - piazza, captain - capo - chief - chef, hostel - hospital - hotel, fidelity - faithfulness - fealty, chariot - cart - carriage - car.
Examples of paronyms in Russian
Among paronyms, nouns occupy a significant place:
subscription-subscriber;
biology-bryology;
boatswain-pilot;
broth - brouillon (draft);
guarantor - guarantee;
reveler - goulash;
propulsion engine;
Antonyms
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Antonyms(Greek αντί - “against” + όνομα “name”) are words of one part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: “truth” - “lie”, “good” - “evil”, “ speak" - "be silent".
Lexical units of the vocabulary of a language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexical-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. Most words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relationships are impossible for them, however, in a figurative meaning they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relationships between words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function.
Antonyms are possible for words whose meanings contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be contrasted. Consequently, words belonging to different parts of speech or lexical levels cannot become linguistic antonyms.
Proper names, pronouns, and numerals do not have antonyms.
1.1. Paronyms in Russian
1.2. Paronym groups
1.3. The relationship of paronyms to homonyms, synonyms, antonyms
1.4. Using paronyms in speech
1.5. Stylistic functions of paronyms
1.6. Dictionaries of paronyms
Chapter 2. Use of paronyms in the press
2.1. Correct use of paronyms in the press
2.2. Misuse of paronyms in the press
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Paronyms as a phenomenon of the lexical system of the Russian language as an object of special targeted study began to attract the attention of linguists much later than synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, categories and word formation phenomena.
The increasing interest in paronyms of the Russian language and the relatively rapid stabilization of targeted research attention to them in modern scientific literature can be explained, on the one hand, by the clarification of the object of observation of study, on the other hand, by the noticeable role played by patronymics in the arsenal of means of expression, especially fiction and journalism.
The most common, traditional understanding of paronyms covers the comparison of words that have any sound similarity, i.e. and words with random similarity in their phonetic appearance, and words of related, same root. This understanding of paronyms comes from ancient rhetoric and ultimately comes down to paronomasia - a stylistic device consisting of a deliberate bringing together of words that have some sound similarity.
In the 60s, an interpretation of paronyms emerged as words of the same root, belonging to the same part of speech or having common grammatical features and, at the same time, due to word-formation “relatedness” - usually semantically correlated with each other.
The definition of paronyms usually includes such a structural feature as the same stress of the compared words.
A refined understanding of paronyms is offered by their study in the aspects of systemic relations of the vocabulary of a particular language.
Paranomy is a problem of the correctness of literary speech, a problem of cultural speech.
An in-depth study of the essence of paronyms, elucidation of certain systemically determined patterns of word-formation and semantic correlation of words compared in paronymic series, general and partial features of their compatibility, is intended to create a solid foundation for the scientific, theoretical justification and further analysis of the cultural speech aspect of paronymy and for the correct use of paronyms in journalism.
Based on the above, the purpose of this work is to study the use of paronyms in journalism.
In connection with the stated goal, the following tasks were set in the work:
1. consider the concept of paronymous words;
2. study the use of paronyms in the press;
3. investigate the frequency and correctness of the use of paronyms in the language of the press;
Analyzing such newspapers and magazines as “Arguments and Facts”, “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, “Moscow Journal”, “RF Today”, “Motherhood”, “Domashny Ochag”, “Financial Newspaper”, “MK-YUGRA” we were able to identify basic principles of using paronyms.
Structurally, the work consists of an introduction, two chapters and a conclusion, presented on 33 pages of typewritten text.
1.1. Paronyms in Russian
Paronyms (gr. para - near + onima - name) are words with the same root, similar in sound, but not the same in meaning: signature - painting, dress - put on, main - capital. Paronyms, as a rule, refer to one part of speech and perform similar syntactic functions in a sentence.(13)
Paronyms are words that have different meanings, are similar in pronunciation, lexico-grammatical affiliation and, as a rule, the relationship of the roots: addressee - addressee, breath - sigh, earth - earth and many others. (15)
Paronyms are similar-sounding words with the same root that belong to the same part of speech and the same semantic field, but usually have different meanings. The place of emphasis is not important. (eleven)
Paronyms represent a very significant layer of vocabulary. Being - along with synonyms, antonyms and homonyms - one of the components of the lexical system of a language, they occupy their special place in it. Unfortunately, there are serious disagreements among scientists in understanding the very essence of paronymy, which, naturally, is reflected in existing dictionaries of paronyms.
1.2. Paronym groups
Krasnykh V.V. distinguishes the following groups:
1) full paronyms (having different meanings);
2) incomplete paronyms (which are synonyms in individual meanings);
3) paronyms that are synonyms in all meanings.
Paronyms that belong to the first group form the lexical core of the category under consideration, and paronyms from the second and third groups form its periphery. The first group includes, for example, the following paronyms: fact - factor, effective - spectacular, deprive - deprive. The second group is represented, in particular, by the following paronyms: artistic - artistic, polemical - polemical, tragic - tragic. The third group (very small) includes, for example, the paronyms specific - specific, optimistic - optimistic, idiomatic - idiomatic.
Taking into account the peculiarities of word formation of paronyms, the following groups can be distinguished:
1. Paronyms, distinguished by prefixes: typos - imprints, pay - pay;
2. Paronyms distinguished by suffixes: unrequited - irresponsible, creature - essence; businessman - business traveler;
3. Paronyms that differ in the nature of the base: one has a non-derivative base, the other - a derivative. In this case, the pair may include:
a) words with a non-derivative base and prefixes: height - age;
b) words with a non-derivative base and non-prefixed words with suffixes: brake - braking;
c) words with a non-derivative base and words with a prefix and suffix: load - load.
Semantically, two groups are found among paronyms.
1. Paronyms that differ in subtle shades of meaning: long - long, desired - desirable, maned - maned, life - everyday, diplomatic - diplomatic. There are a majority of such paronyms; their meanings are commented on in linguistic dictionaries (explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of difficulties, dictionaries of single-root words, dictionaries of paronyms). Many of them are characterized by features in lexical compatibility: economic consequences - economical housekeeping, rich inheritance - difficult legacy; complete the task - perform a song.
2. Paronyms that differ sharply in meaning: nest - nesting, defective - defective. There are few such units in the language. (8)
A special group of paronyms consists of those that are distinguished by their functional-style fixation or stylistic coloring: work - work, live - live.(16)
The distribution of paronyms by part of speech is very uneven. In the first place are adjectival paronyms, combining both adjectives themselves and participles that have turned into adjectives as a result of the loss of verbal features (about 2500 units in total). The second place in number is occupied by substantive paronyms (more than 1000 units). In third place are verbal paronyms (more than 400 units). (11)
Paronymic series can be either binomial (the majority of them) or polynomial, numbering in some cases up to six or seven or more components. For example: elite - elite, typo - unsubscribe, absorb - swallow, watery - watery - watery, hunger - starvation - hunger strike, bloody - bloody - bloody - bloody, pay - pay - pay - pay, gambling - playing - played - playful - sparkling - gaming.
Some authors interpret the phenomenon of paronymy in an expanded manner, classifying as paronyms any words that sound similar in sound (and not just words with the same root). In this case, such consonant forms as drill - trill, lancet - tweezers, mince - farce, escalator - excavator, turn - stained glass window, etc. should also be recognized as paronyms. However, their convergence in speech is random and is not fixed by the whole variety of systemic relationships in language. In addition, the comparison of consonant words with different roots is often subjective in nature (to one the words virazh - stained glass window seem similar, to another - virazh - mirage)
1.3. The relationship of paronyms to homonyms, synonyms, antonyms
When studying paronyms, the question naturally arises about their relationship to other lexical categories - homonyms, synonyms and antonyms. Thus, some scientists consider paronymy as a kind of homonymy, and paronyms, therefore, as “pseudo-homonyms,” indicating their formal closeness. Paronyms differ from homonyms in the following ways. Firstly, paronyms have different spellings; for example: diktat - dictation (paronyms), dacha 1 - a portion given at one time, dacha 2 - a country house, usually for summer holidays, dacha 3 - a plot of land under a forest (homonyms). Secondly, paronymous words never have a complete coincidence in pronunciation; for example: paronymous Spitz - hairpin and homonymous hairpin 1 - device for pinning hair, hairpin 2 - thin heel.
In addition, the semantic proximity of paronyms is explained etymologically: initially they had a common root. And the similarity of homonym words is purely external, accidental (except for those cases when homonymy develops as a result of the collapse of the meanings of a polysemantic word). (7)
One philologist girl once refused a date with a guy who said: “Tomorrow wear your best dress.” It seems that the young man did not say anything criminal, but the mistake turned out to be fatal. If the young man had said “put it on”, everything would have worked out for the best. Unfortunately, many people cannot use some words correctly.
The words “put on” and “dress” are paronyms; these are the lexical traps that await us at every step. These words often sound similar, this leads to confusion - confusion, which is what happened in our example. To avoid mistakes in speech, we will talk about what paronyms are and how they are used in Russian.
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Meaning
Paronyms are words with the same root, similar in sound, phonetically synchronous, differing in lexical meaning. The term comes from the Greek language, literally it means contiguity (similarity) of names. Twin words may differ in appearance only by one or two signs or sounds. Despite all the “sameness,” the difference in meaning can be dramatic or insignificant. Paronyms form pairs that are called “paronymic”. Constructions containing more than two paronyms form rows.
In the Russian language there are dictionaries with explanations of paronyms as independent lexical forms; they contain more than a thousand rows . Online services on the Internet They also provide an opportunity to receive examples and descriptions of paronyms as parts of speech, and to receive advice on the use of words - paronyms - in speech. This is necessary for those who tend to confuse a graduate with a diplomat. Any dictionary will help you avoid such confusion (confusion), as well as teach you how to use words and phrases correctly.
In quantitative terms, the majority of paronyms are nouns, slightly less common are adjectives and, in descending order, verbs and adverbs.
Nouns
In Russian speech, nouns are the most paronymic. Let's look at some interesting examples.
Adjectives
Examples of adjectives - paronyms. There are fewer of them, but they are often used in speech. Examples: highest - highest, harmonious - harmonious, long - long, businesslike - businesslike. Let's look at the example of the pair long - long. Long - this word belongs to the category of length measure, describes the visual perception of the dimension of something (someone). “Long pole”, “long rope”, “long body” - these are the most obvious examples.
Long. This word - definition refers to the category of time. Long vacation, long walk, long trip. And by no means “long trip!”
Verbs and adverbs
Verbs and adverbs are used less frequently and their number is smaller. Let's give a few examples. Activate - activate, drive - beat, rough - rough, dare - dare. When the meaning of one word is far from another, fewer mistakes are made in speech. Even the most uneducated person cannot say “beat a nail into the hay” instead of “drive a nail into the wall.”
Annoying - annoying, satisfying - full, lucky - successful. These examples are more complex and require explanation. The words are close in lexical meaning, confusion is possible. Their use should be careful. Annoyed - a facial or gestural depiction of an emotion. Wrinkle your nose in annoyance, throw up your hands in annoyance, that is, depict an emotion. It’s annoying - a deep, spiritual experience, without obligatory external expression. You need to be able to quickly determine the meaning of a word.
Hearty - to eat heartily means now, in the present tense, to experience satiety. Well-fed - a well-fed life, to live well means to be provided for a long time (this does not necessarily mean food).
Division according to morphological characteristics
Morphologically, paronyms are divided into three categories:
- Formed by suffixes (suffixal). These are mainly adjectives: spectatorial, visual, offensive, touchy, etc.
- Formed by adding prefixes to the root. Examples: turn - turn, circle - move away, roll around - roll back and others.
- Having different roots, but consonant: ice cream - frosty. But their use is rarely wrong.
Lexical division
According to the semantics of paronyms, three types are also distinguished.
- Paronyms are arranged in pairs and rows randomly, due only to the similarity in pronunciation. They have different roots and do not coincide in meaning: excavator - escalator. These are root paronyms. Their use is easy without mixing, since the meaning of these words is obviously different.
- They have a common root, but the suffixes and prefixes do not match. Such paronyms are called affixal. For example: economic - economical.
- Etymological. These words are arranged in pairs and rows of paronyms according to their origin, mixture of meanings, and they are taken from different languages: single - ordinary.
The use of paronyms must be correct. You cannot “put on” a dress, you can “put it on”. And, in general, we only put it on ourselves! This applies to any clothing and to all inanimate things (ring, necklace, chain). But we dress someone else (animate objects). Examples: “I’ll dress the child warmer,” “dress yourself in the latest fashion.” Mixing paronyms leads to lexical errors in speech.
So, when trying to insult someone who elbowed you and didn't apologize, consider whether you should use a better word: "ignorant" or "ignorant." The use of any word should be meaningful, but it is better if it is aimed at reconciliation. You can refuse paronyms by saying: “Sir, you are wrong, but this time I forgive you.”
Paronyms are well illustrated in the statements of great people. For example, Dmitry Shostakovich distinguished between people who could listen to music and those who could hear it. Marina Tsvetaeva also has a similar statement. The great classic of Russian literature Alexander Griboyedov in his creation “Woe from Wit” wrote the famous phrase that serving is a joyful thing, but being served is nauseating.
