The concept of institutional change. Stability of the institutional structure and institutional changes

1. Circumstance – minor member sentences that denote time, place, reason, manner of action, etc. etc. and answers questions when? Where? Why? How? etc

For example: My sister dragged him somewhere.
2. The circumstances are most often expressed:

A noun in the indirect case with or without a preposition;

Lived (where?) in the mountains; created (how?) with enthusiasm.
adverb;

Lived (how?) poorly.

pronoun-adverb;

I went (where?) to Kyiv.
participle;

He sat (how?) with his hands akimbo.
infinitive.

I went out (for what purpose?) to swim.

3. The circumstance usually explains:

Go to work.
adjective;

Extremely exhausted, tired to the point of losing his pulse.
adverb.

Too slow.

4. Circumstances can vary in meaning. These values ​​can be determined by questions.

Types of circumstances
1) places. Answers the questions: where? Where? where?
For example: Okay (where?) here.
I'm leaving (where?) for the city.
I came (from where?) from afar.
2) Time. Answers the questions: when? since when? How long? how long?
For example: He got up (when?) in the evening.
Since spring (since when?) there have been no letters from mom.
We won’t get it done until tomorrow (until when?).
For five years (how long?) there were no letters from my mother.
3) Mode of action, measure and degree. Answers the questions: how? how? how? to what extent? in what degree? how much?
For example: She looked (how?) unfriendly.
They decided to go (how? in what way? in what way?) through the forest.
The dress (how? to what extent?) was badly faded.
He (to what extent? to what extent?) completely forgot the rules of the Russian language.
4) Comparisons. Answers the questions: how? like who? like what?
For example: The cat (how? like what?) curled up on the edge.
Behind the stove a cricket was ticking (how? like what?), like little clocks.
5) Reasons. Answers the questions: why? from what? for what reason?
I was silent (why?) out of politeness.
He died (why? for what reason?) from fear.
He became cheerful (why? for what reason?) from the wine.
6) Goals. Answers the questions: why? For what? for what purpose?
For example: She did it (why? for what purpose?) on purpose.
They stopped (for what? for what purpose?) to rest.
She went (for what purpose?) to visit the sick man.
7) Conditions. Answers the questions: under what conditions?
For example: She asked to call her (under what condition?) if necessary.
The Dnieper is wonderful (under what conditions?) in calm weather.
Note!
8) Concessions. Answers the questions: in spite of what? no matter what?
For example: She returned (against what?) against all expectations.
We, (despite what?) despite being tired, decided to continue working

1) Circumstances are very often expressed by nouns in the indirect case with or without a preposition. You can ask a case question for any noun (as a part of speech). However, the syntactic question and the morphological question may not be the same.

For example: I admire their (what?) kindness. - He walked (how?) at a fast pace; I (how? like whom?) would devour bureaucracy like a wolf;

2) sometimes a circumstance can combine several meanings or characterize the situation, the situation as a whole (in this case, the circumstance usually denotes the state of nature, weather, environment and so on.).

For example: The river glistens merrily in the sun. By the way, in the sun it is very difficult to ask one of the above questions (where? when? under what conditions?). The most accurate question would be in what situation? in what setting?

Such circumstances are often called circumstances of the situation (situation). The forms most regularly express this meaning are: in silence, in light, in darkness, in fog, in the sun, among silence, etc.

Circumstance analysis plan

Indicate the category of circumstance by value.
Indicate what morphological form the circumstance is expressed in.

Sample parsing

Here they even ate with grief and turned gray.

Here is a circumstance of place expressed by an adverb.

With grief - a circumstance of cause, expressed by a noun in the genitive case with the preposition s.

Circumstance in Russian plays important role, since it is connecting and complementary. Circumstances “have” wide possibilities and can clarify and complement various actions or signs.

Circumstance: Russian language and foreign languages.

So, what place do circumstances occupy in a sentence? Everyone knows that these are minor members. Their task is to clarify something, give a characteristic, or simply connect some parts. Circumstance in English language plays exactly the same role, only it has one difference: if in Russian these members of a sentence can be located either at the beginning or in any other part of the sentence, then in English only after the subject and predicate. This strict form of phrase construction sometimes makes translation difficult. The circumstance in the Russian language has its own structure, knowing which you can not only easily recognize the category, but also determine the type. So, information on each category will be presented below.

The circumstance in Russian has 8 categories. All these categories must be known by heart. The first category is the circumstances of the place: they answer questions that indicate the area or the location of something (where?, from where?, where?). For example, the wind was blowing from the south (“from the south” is a circumstance), it is dark here in the morning (“here” is a circumstance). The second category is “temporal”: such circumstances explain and clarify the temporal space (when?/how long?). For example, yesterday it rained (when? - “yesterday”), he worked from dawn to dawn (he worked for how long? - from dawn to dawn). The third category is the circumstances of the cause: most often, these secondary actions answer the question why? For example, it was wet because of the morning dew (it was wet why? - because of the morning dew). The fourth category of adverbial secondary members of a sentence is the manner of action/degree. Here the words will answer the questions how?/to what extent/extent? For example, we became a little sad (to what extent did we become sad? - a little), time passed too quickly (time passed how? - too quickly).

The fifth category is comparative circumstances. As you might guess, all the questions here will be aimed at comparison - how? For example, he was handsome, as if he had stepped off the cover of a magazine. The sixth category is the circumstances of the assignment. This type is usually caused by big problems among schoolchildren, but there is nothing scary about it. Concession is a matter of “no matter what?” For example, it was very warm outside, despite yesterday's snowstorm (it was warm outside despite what? - yesterday's snowstorm). The seventh category is the goal. Circumstances in the Russian language that have questions of purpose are one of the most difficult to recognize categories. For example, I went down to the first floor to find out the schedule (I went down, why? - to find out the schedule). The last category is a condition. Questions: under what conditions? For example, it is clean outside if there is no rain (it is clean outside under what condition? - in the absence of rain).

Circumstances in Russian help make our speech more vivid and rich. Therefore, you need to be able to correctly coordinate words in a sentence. This is why you should know the categories of circumstances.

Secondary members of a sentence are one of the most difficult topics In russian language. On the other hand, everything obeys simple rules, which are very easy to understand. What are definitions, additions and circumstances in Russian, how to find them in a sentence and under what conditions are they separated by commas? Let's find out.

A little theory

The complement answers questions of indirect cases (all except the nominative) and refers to the subject. Most often expressed by a noun, a phraseological phrase, a combination of a numeral with a noun, an infinitive (looked ( on whom?) on the person who entered; gave ( to whom?) to him; I bought ( What?) three books). Additions can be direct or indirect. In the first case they are expressed part of speech V genitive case without pretext (didn't read (who, what?) books) or a noun expressing a part of the whole in the same case (I’ll drink ( what?) tea). All other additions are indirect.

The definition denotes the attribute of an object and answers the questions “which?”, “whose?” It can be any part of speech, the main thing is descriptive functions. There is a concordant (combined with the word being defined in gender, number and case (handle ( which?) blue, forest ( Which?) green)) and inconsistent (connected with the main word in meaning or grammatically (cap ( which?) askew, in the house ( which one?) made of wood)).

The circumstance in Russian is the largest secondary member of a sentence. It answers adverb questions and can denote a place (went ( Where?) home), time (meet you ( When?) tomorrow), course of action (say ( how?) loudly), etc. (all the same characteristics as the adverb).

In parsing

The Russian language is amazing: addition, definition, circumstance are not only minor members that explain the main ones, but also help to perform syntactic analysis. If there is a circumstance in a sentence, but there is no predicate that it explains, we can safely talk about an incomplete two-part sentence (I ( Where?) home - the verb “I go”/“went” is missing, and therefore incomplete). The addition and definition, in turn, explain the subject, therefore a sentence in which there is no predicate, but there are these minor members, can also be denominative ( "Early morning").

But here it is important to remember that an adjective definition, standing after a noun, automatically turns into a predicate, i.e. a sentence « Golden autumn» will be a common noun, and "Golden Autumn"- two-part.

Separate with commas

But let's return to the isolation of such members as additions and circumstances. The Russian language is designed in such a way that they are rarely separated by commas from the main sentence. Moreover, we can say that additions are almost never highlighted.
In turn, includes the Russian language isolated circumstances. In total, there are three cases when this member of a sentence is separated by commas:

• Firstly, if it is expressed by an adverbial phrase ( "After traveling two hundred kilometers, we understood everything") or single gerundial participle ( "After eating, the boy went on his way"). But here it is important to distinguish the usual participle from the participle, which is more reminiscent of an adverb of manner of action ( "He read while lying down"), because in this case there will be no separation.
• Secondly, if the construction “despite” (this is something like an IPP assignment) can be replaced by the preposition “despite”, it is not an adverbial phrase ( "Despite all the difficulties, we got there").
• Thirdly, if there is comparative turnover with the words “as”, “as if”, “as if”, also similar to adverbs of manner of action ( "The clouds, like cotton wool, floated low above the ground").

The following circumstance is not highlighted in Russian:

• If it is expressed by a phraseological unit that can be replaced by an adverb ( "Ran at breakneck speed", i.e. very quickly).
• In the case of participial phrases - if they are homogeneous members sentences with a non-isolated circumstance ( “He told everything frankly and without any embarrassment.”). Here everything depends on the meaning: if it is important how the action was performed, i.e. it is impossible to separate the predicate from the circumstance without breaking the logical connection, then no separation is required ( "She sat with her head down").

Conclusion

Isolated addition, definition and circumstance in the Russian language are not at all complicated, but very useful and, admittedly, a frequently encountered topic. Understanding the rules will allow you to easily complete tasks of any complexity related to highlighting minor parts of sentences with commas.

1. Circumstance- a minor member of a sentence that denotes place, time, reason, manner of action, etc. and answers questions Where? When? Why? How? and etc.

My mother dragged her(Where?) somewhere(M. Gorky).

2. The most common circumstances are:

a noun in the indirect case with or without a preposition;

Lived(Where?) In the woods ; said(How?) with delight.

• adverb;

  Lived(How?) funny .

• pronoun-adverb;

  Let's go(Where?) there .

• participle;

  Sat(How?) turning away.

• infinitive.

  Came out(for what purpose?) refresh .

3. The circumstance usually explains:

• verb;

  Go to school .

• adjective;

  Extremely tired, tired to the point of exhaustion.

• adverb.

  Too fast .

4. Circumstances vary greatly in meaning. These values ​​can be determined by questions.

Types of circumstances

Note!

1) Circumstances are very often expressed by nouns in the indirect case with or without a preposition. You can ask a case question for any noun (as a part of speech). However, the syntactic question and the morphological question may not be the same.

Wed: I admire them(how?) courage. - He went(How?) at a leisurely pace; I(how? like who?) bureaucracy would be eaten up by a wolf;

2) sometimes a circumstance can combine several meanings or characterize the situation, the situation as a whole (in this case, the circumstance usually denotes the state of nature, weather, environment, etc.).

For example: The shore is cheerfully green in the sun(Chekhov). By the way in the sun it is very difficult to ask one of the above questions ( Where? When? under what condition?). The most accurate question would be in what situation? in what setting?

Such circumstances are often called circumstances of the situation (situation). The forms most regularly express this meaning are: in silence, in light, in darkness, in smoke, in fog, in the wind, in the sun, in the midst of silence and so on.

Circumstance analysis plan

1. Indicate the category of circumstance by value.
2. Indicate what morphological form the circumstance is expressed in.

Sample parsing

Here even the pine trees have turned gray due to grief(Isakovsky).

Here- a circumstance of place expressed by an adverb.

Out of grief- circumstance of reason expressed by a noun in the genitive case with a preposition With.