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For 2.5 years she taught the Croatian language at a private university, author and preparer of plans for studying the Croatian language for 2nd, 3rd and 4th year students. I also teach Croatian and Serbian languages ​​on courses in St. Petersburg. I work as a translator and interpreter: I have translated texts on various topics from fiction to technical and legal. 2010-2012: worked as a translator from Croatian and Serbian into Russian and back at an international economic conference, at a shipbuilding exhibition, at real estate exhibitions. Many of my students...

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Individual study of the Serbian language at Moskovskaya metro station with a tutor.
Individual programs for adults, students and schoolchildren. Preparation for the OGE and the Unified State Exam. Conducting classes remotely (Skype).
Philologist-teacher diploma with honors. Work experience with foreign partners since 2003 (English, French, Italian). Implementation business correspondence in English, participation in negotiations, drafting documents. Experience of living in Serbia. Current translator international conferences and seminars in Belgrade (Serbia) - languages ​​English, Serbian, Italian

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• Education: St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of Philology, 2007, currently a graduate student in the Faculty of Philology. Italian language (certificate Michelangelo Institute, Florence. 2013. Level C1).

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During the lesson, all 4 aspects necessary for studying are practiced foreign language: reading, writing, speaking, listening. There is a sufficient amount of artistic and educational literature in Serbian. If the student wishes, the lesson can be completely devoted to practicing grammar or conversation. I guarantee training to level C1. I regularly do internships in Serbia, at the University of Belgrade. There is an international certificate of passing the Serbian language exam at level C1. 4 years teaching experience.
Classes in the Russian language and Russian as a foreign language - teaching experience in Chinese, Korean, Serbian, Indonesian audiences...

There are several types of rules:

I. spelling adverbial suffixes;

II. spelling adverbs with a hyphen;

III. combined and separate writing of adverbs.

I. Spelling of adverbial suffixes:

1) at the end of adverbs formed from full adjectives is written:

- suffix -O – after hard consonants, for example: long - debt O;

- suffix -e – after soft consonants; For example: external - external e.

2) at the end of adverbs after sibilants under the accent it is written -o: generally O? ; without accent – ​​-е : sing-h e.

Exception: more.

3) at the end of adverbs formed from short adjectives with the help of prefixes from- (is-), do-, s- (co-), it is written -a; For example : occasionally A, dry A, reference A ; using the prefixes in-, for-, on-, written -o ; For example: right O, directed O, simple O.

4) adverbs with the prefix po- at the end have -y; For example: for a long time, because, to the extent.

5) at the end of adverbs (and particles), after sibilants it is written ь. For example: gallop, I mean, hear, see, backhand.

Exceptions: I can’t bear to get married.

II. Spelling adverbs with a hyphen:

1) adverbs formed from full adjectives and pronouns-adjectives in a prefix-suffix way, with prefix And suffixes -oom, -emu, -i. For example: other - in a different way, real - for real, human - in a human way, English - in English, fox - in a fox way.

By analogy with words in English, French, German, Russian an adverb is written with a hyphen in Latin;

2) adverbs formed from ordinal numbers in a prefix-suffix way, with the prefix v- (vo-) And suffix - them (s); For example: first? firstly, secondly? Secondly.

3) term on-mountain;

4) adverbs with some prefix And postfixes -either, -either, -yet ; For example: somehow, for some reason, well, someday, somewhere, after all.

5) adverbs formed by repetition:

- the same word; For example: barely, just a little, just about;

- the same root, complicated by prefixes and suffixes; For example: visible and invisible, little by little, just, after all, a long time ago, willy-nilly;

- synonyms; For example: out of the blue, in good health, at the very least, unexpectedly.

Note!

a) Adverbs with the prefix po- are written together, formed:

- from possessive pronouns with final -mu; For example: because, why, therefore, therefore.

- in the prefix-suffixal way from full adjectives with the suffix -o. For example: monthly - monthly, ten - ten days, lowercase - line by line.

b) Written separately:

- adverbial combinations made up of repeated nouns with a preposition between them. For example: side by side, side to side, honor by honor.

Exception: exactly, crosswise;

- non-prepositional combinations consisting of repeated nouns (the second is in the instrumental case). For example: rank by rank, honor by honor;

- combinations with words of the same root (adverb + verb), in which the first is an adverb in -mya. For example: swarming, roaring roaringly.

V) Do not confuse adverbs (written with a hyphen) with homonymous combinations of prepositions with adjectives and adjective pronouns (written separately). In order to differentiate them, use the following rule: an adjective and an adjective pronoun can be removed from a sentence; with an adverb this operation is impossible.

For example: Trains run on the same schedule (Trains run on schedule). - Everything is still the same with us ( still cannot be withdrawn ); Events developed according to a different option (Events developed according to an option). - He did everything differently ( cannot be taken away by anyone else ).

III. Integrated and separate writing of adverbs

The combined and separate writing of adverbs and adverbial combinations is largely determined by tradition, as well as by what part of speech the adverb and adverbial combination are formed from.

1. Adverbs formed from other adverbs:

1) adverbs are written together , formed by combining prefixes with adverbs. For example: it is forbidden? absolutely, always? forever, tomorrow? the day after tomorrow, outside? outside.

2) written separately combinations of prepositions with unchangeable words used in the meaning of nouns. For example: nullify, pass the exam well, go with a bang.

In this case, after the preposition, you can put a case question of the noun. Pass the exam for (What? )Fine.

Compare: The next day we hit the road(tomorrow is an adverb meaning “the next day”, the question is asked about the word in its entirety: set off on the road (when?) – the next day) – Departure postponed until tomorrow(for tomorrow – a prepositional combination meaning “for tomorrow”, the question is asked after the preposition for: departure was postponed until (what day?) tomorrow).

2. Adverbs formed from numerals:

1) written together adverbs formed by combining “prefix in, na- + collective numeral in -e”; For example: twice, in two.

2) written separately combinations:

a) “preposition po + collective numeral in -e”; For example: twos, threes;

b) “preposition + collective numeral in -yh(s)” (note that the adverbs firstly, secondly, thirdly, etc. are written with a hyphen!); For example: for two, for three, for six.

3) written separately prepositional combinations formed by repeating the same numeral (including the collective) with a preposition between the numerals; For example: one on one, two on two;

4) adverbs and adverbial combinations with root one are written together and separately:

a) written separately combinations – alone, one at a time;

b) written together adverbs at the same time, one by one. For example: scatter individually, act together.

But written separately combinations where behind , By are prepositions . For example: to give one's life for one word; put them in solitary confinement - solitary confinement.

3. Adverbs formed from pronouns:

1) written together adverbs (including pronominal adverbs) arising from the combination “preposition + pronoun”. For example: therefore, then, at all, with might and main, completely, in a draw, and not at all.

But written separately combination of a preposition with a pronoun; For example: at all times on this matter.

2) always written separately combinations: from this, at the same time, behind this, for what, to what, to that, for nothing, for nothing, for nothing, in any way, in both.

Pay attention to the writing of phraseological units: at any cost, as if nothing had happened.

4. Adverbs formed from adjectives:

1) written together adverbs formed from adjectives in a prefix-suffix way; For example: new - again, left - on the left, lowercase - line by line.

2) written together adverbs arising from the combination “preposition + full adjective in case form.” For example: manually, idle, recklessly, directly, often.

Exceptions: to the side, to the world, to the back;

3) written separately adverbs arising from the combination “preposition + full adjective in case form”, if the preposition ends with a consonant and the adjective begins with a vowel. For example: openly.

Note!

Written separately a combination of a preposition with a full adjective (in this case the adjective can be removed from the sentence or phrase; the question is posed after the preposition).

Compare: speak (how?) directly(adverb) – go out onto (what?) straight street; go outside(“preposition + adjective”).

5.Adverbs formed from a noun with prepositions

The spelling of adverbs and adverbial combinations that arose from the combinations “preposition + noun in a certain case” is largely determined by tradition.

At the same time, the combined and separate writing of adverbs and adverbial combinations depends on:

1) from the type of noun to which the adverb goes:

a) usually written together adverbs containing nominal forms that are not used in modern Russian. For example: plenty, locked up, early, in trouble, in reality.

Exceptions: fully armed, loudly, bluntly, to the point, etc.;

b) usually written together adverbs, if a definition cannot be inserted between the prefix-prefix and the noun from which the adverb is formed without changing the meaning, or if after the preposition a case question cannot be posed to the noun. For example: run skipping, refuse flatly, talk vying with each other.

Exceptions: made conscientiously, to match someone;

c) usually written together adverbs formed from prepositional-case forms, if in the modern Russian language there is a homonymous combination of a noun with a preposition (in a different meaning). For example: put your cap on one side(the cap is on the head, not on the side!) – the horse fell on its side.

Exceptions: work hard(adverb) – don't count on fame read poetry from memory(adverb) – just don’t rely on memory(noun with preposition);

d) usually written together adverbs formed from nouns with spatial and temporal meaning – top, bottom, front, back, height, depth, distance, width, century, beginning, etc.

Look up, remember forever, look back, think first.

Are written separately homonymous forms of a noun with a preposition: the noun in this case is used in its direct meaning and has a dependent adjective or noun.

Compare: Think first, answer later(adverb) – Three hours have passed since the meeting began(noun with preposition); He looked up(adverb) – He climbed to the top of the stairs(noun with preposition).

Note!

Remember the separate writing: for ever, for ever, from everlasting(i.e. for a long time, since time immemorial), forever and ever, forever and ever.

Remember the continuous spelling: top to bottom, top to bottom, bottom to top.

2) depending on the type of preposition:

a) usually written together adverbs with prepositions:

- TO: in a row, by the way, up, down;

Exceptions: to the point (to the point to say), in a hurry, not in a hurry.

- ABOUT : on the ground, sideways (in the meaning of “next to” - sit by the side; but: hit the side of the boat);

- FROM (IS) : from within, from afar, from time immemorial, from ancient times;

- FROM: partly, from birth in the sense of “never” (he never ate such dishes, but: from birth in the sense of “from birth” - he is ten years old);

b) usually written separately adverbial expressions with prepositions:

- WITHOUT: to no avail, without asking, without restraint, without a twinge of conscience;

- BEFORE: until I drop, until I die, until I die (tired), until I’m full (full);

Exceptions: to the top (loaded), to the bottom (sank), to the ground (burned out).

- C (CO): out of the blue, out of a pantalyk, out of a run, out of a swing, out of evil, out of excess, out of fright;

Exceptions: foolishly, too, shoulder (hit), immediately, akin, half asleep, wide awake, early in the morning, in a row, in front, behind, below, above;

- FROM UNDER: from under the bushel, from under the armpits, from under the nose;

Exceptions: from under the brows, on the sly, from below.

- BEHIND : abroad, abroad, behind the eyes, beyond midnight;

Exceptions : married, married, friend.

- UNDER: to match, under the nose, under the arm, under the bushel, under the bushel;

Exceptions : sometimes (“sometimes”), in a row.

c) written separately adverbs with the preposition in, if the original noun begins with a vowel; For example: point blank, around, in general (but: in general).

G) adverbial expressions with prepositions in, on, by are written:

- apart , if the noun still retains the ability to change by case. Compare: done conscientiously - act according to conscience, put in a dead end - find yourself in a dead end.

Exceptions: inside out(although there is from the inside out), one by one(although eating alone ), instantly(although there is for a moment), hastily(although there is no rush);

- apart, if the noun ends in -ah(s). For example: in the dark, in the hearts, on errands, in joy.

Exceptions: in the dark, in a hurry, in a hurry, in the heat of the moment (nouns without in are no longer used);

- apart, if an adjective can be placed between the preposition in, on, by and a noun, the pronoun and meaning of the noun will not change; For example: for a moment - for one moment, at a gallop - at full gallop.

- together, if the noun is no longer used separately from in, on, by. For example: on an empty stomach, in person, finally, down the drain, in the dark, in a hurry, in a hurry, in the heat of the moment.

- together, if an adjective or pronoun cannot be inserted between in, on, by and a noun (without changing the meaning of the noun). For example: for the future, to the full, flatly, in a low voice, tightly.

The writing of adverbs and adverbial combinations in many cases is determined by tradition. Therefore, if you have difficulty, you should turn to spelling dictionaries.

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Write with two NNs:

Glass nn oh, tin nn oh, wood nn oh, nameless nn oh, I wish nn oh, sacred nn oh, slow down nn oh, unseen nn oh, unheard of nn oh, unexpectedly nn oh, bad luck nn oh, no way nn oh, desperate nn oh, okay nn oh, wow nn oh, check nn oh, jama nn oh, homemade nn oh yeah nn oh, I've decided nn oh, kuple nn oh, kazyo nn oh, captivity nn oh, broche nn oh, just nn oh, offend nn oh, I'm embarrassed nn oh, execution nn oh, come on nn wow, I'll win nn oh, I'm born nn oh, pecked, awake nn oh, more nn oh, okay nn y.

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Spelling adverbs

Vowels A And O at the end of adverbs

Adverbs with prefixes in-, for-, on-, have a letter at the end O, and adverbs of the same origin with prefixes to-, from-, from- have a letter at the end A. For example: to the right, before dark, firmly; enough, occasionally, again.

Such adverbs are formed from adjectives in a prefix-suffix way, and they must be distinguished from adverbs that have the same prefixes, but formed in a suffix way: orally O(oral), verbatim O(verbatim), correct O(serviceable).

Adverbs of hissing

At the end of adverbs after sibilants it is written b.

For example: backhand, wide open, away. Exceptions: already, married, unbearable.

In total, there are 9 adverbs for this rule in the Russian language.: wide open, completely, completely, away, unbearably, backhanded, backwards, galloping, exactly. You can just learn these words. But if some new word with a hiss at the end is added, it will have to be written according to the given rule.

Not And neither in pronominal negative adverbs

In negative adverbs it is written under stress Not, without accent - neither, in both cases these are prefixes and they are written together: nowhere, nowhere, no place, nowhere, no time, never, nowhere, nowhere, no way, not at all, no matter, no reason (aimless); also not at all, not at all.

For example: once do trifles - never" did not bother with trifles; in summer not"where was playing - children nowhere" didn't play; not"where wait for news - not at all "yes" no news came. See also Using the particle NOT and Using the particle NI

Letters n and nn in adverbs

Continuous writing of adverbs

1. Adverbs formed by combining prepositions with an adverb are written together, for example: completely, forever, through, the day before yesterday, from the outside, hardly, the day after tomorrow.

Note 1. Separately written combinations of prepositions with unchangeable words, used in these cases in the meaning of nouns, should be distinguished from such adverbs. Wed: For tomorrow the patient felt better (felt when?, in the meaning of the adverb). - The meeting is scheduled for tomorrow(scheduled for what time? when?, in the meaning of a noun).

2. Adverbs formed by combining the prepositions in and on with collective numerals are written together, for example: doubled, tripled, quadrupled, in two (but: in twos), in three (but: in threes, Also one by one).

3. Adverbs formed by combining prepositions with short adjectives are written together, for example: to the left, for a long time, tightly, red-hot, for a long time, to the right, for a long time, in vain, nearby.

Note. There is a difference between the continuous spelling of some adverbs of this type and the separate spelling of prepositional-nominal combinations. Wed: To the people a lot happens here every day. - He doesn't come here a lot months (presence of a controlled word).

4. Adverbs formed by combining prepositions with full adjectives and pronouns, for example: close (to approach), scattered (to rush), manually (to do), blindly (to wander), in the dark (to play), outright (to be dismissed), to a draw (to play), with all might (to swing), recklessly, at random, probably for the first time.

Note. Adverbs of this type are written separately, composed of the preposition in and an adjective starting with a vowel, for example: in the open, in general.

5. Adverbs formed by combining prepositions with nouns are written together, for example: forward, sideways, sometimes, in person, backwards, in starts, at random, in addition, on the contrary, involuntarily, soft-boiled, squatted.

Adverbs of this type include:

a) Words with different adverbial meanings, containing such nouns or such nominal forms that in modern literary language not used: close, in plenty, in pursuit, to pieces, on loan, in return, locked up, in starts, passionately, at random, at random, crookedly, for rent, inside, inside, personally, back home, waddle, racing, in front, alternately, mixed up, swimming, waddle, in a hurry, at a glance, half-hungry, at a loss, half-awake, waddle, by surprise, apart, seriously, at a gallop, casually, soft-boiled, old-fashioned, on the sly, in a hurry, at exorbitant prices, alien, completely, married (from the old form of wine. fall.), familiar, from within, from time immemorial , confession, from under the brows, on the sly, from time immemorial, ucnolu, from time immemorial, askew, in defiance, backwards, bitterly, topsy-turvy, backwards, to the ground, by heart, obliquely, obliquely, at random, backhand, race, in defiance, contrary, contrary, on the spot, straight, in great demand , out, out of the blue, wide open, on guard, on an empty stomach, at random, on the run, on the alert, in reality, unknowingly, by chance, unbearably, at random, to the ground, rightly so, behind, by hearsay, at a distance, across, in half, in the afternoon, foolishly, behind, outside, early , sleepy, sleepy, too much, etc..

b) Words with different adverbial meanings, if between the preposition (prefix) and the noun from which the adverb is formed, a defining adjective, pronoun, numeral cannot be inserted without changing the meaning, or if a case question cannot be posed to the noun: in addition, wade, fly in, to your heart's content, to your heart's content (eat), puff (smoke), completely (to be exhausted), together, instantly, saddle (wear a coat), at a loss, again, truly, around, after, at odds, at the bend, right up, just in time (suit), on time (to arrive), subsequently, half, really, has the right (to do so), for future use, at random, at random, at random, at odds, at random, at stretch, hardly, quickly, out loud, dry, secretly, openly, for nothing, married, at once, in a row, by the way, on one side (put on a hat), towards, protruded, right through, out, out, out, out, out, at attention, head on (break), out of spite, by heart (learn), inside out, the day before, finally, on the contrary, flatly, vying with each other, at the ready, half, vying with each other, intercepting, ostentatiously, finally, for example, for hire, all the way through, right through, wide open, chanting, along with, forcefully, to the death (stand; but: not for life, but for death), at random, in the morning (return), frankly, unbearably, sideways (to live), from time to time, partly, sideways, in a row, sometimes, involuntarily, one by one, in the morning, sideways, too, shoulder-to-shoulder (cut), at once, from time to time, in a row.

Note 1. Many of these words, depending on the context (the presence of explanatory words) and meaning, act as a combination of a preposition with a noun and are written separately. Wed: wade - enter a ford; to be truly (really) happy - to believe in the truth; has the right to act this way - not to doubt the right to do so; break completely - put on the head; act secretly (secretly) - keep secret (secret); learn by heart - give as a gift; to do out of spite - to complain about evil and injustice; speak stretched (stretching out words) - give the boots to stretch (cf.: in a repeated stretch), lean to one side - turn on the side (cf.: on the right side), sideways - from side to side; live side by side - live side by side; stand to death - go to death; return the next morning (in the morning) - move to the morning; not to see from birth - thirty years old; too much - more than three meters; contrary to someone else's opinion - getting into a cut on the arm.

c) Words with spatial and temporal meaning, containing the nouns top, bottom, before, back, height, distance, century, beginning, despite the possibility of placing a defining word in front of some of them: up, up, up, to the top, up, above; down, below, down, to the bottom, below; forward, ahead; back; up; into the distance, away, from a distance; forever, forever, forever, forever, forever; at first, at first; but if there are explanatory words for the corresponding nouns, the specified words are written separately, for example: to the top of the mountain, to the heights of heaven, to the distance of the steppes, to the blue distance, forever and ever, at the beginning of life, from the beginning of the school year.

Note 1. The possibility of inserting a defining word (cf.: up - to the very top) does not indicate their separate spelling. These words are written separately only if there is an explanatory word for the specified nouns in the sentence itself or according to the meaning of the context, for example: to the bottom of the dress, into the depths of the ocean, into the foggy distance, at the beginning of autumn, forever and ever, forever and ever, repeat the lesson from the beginning (i.e. “from the beginning”, not “from the beginning”). Wed: Science is studied from the beginning, friendship is cherished from the beginning(proverb). But: We need to start all over again(meaning “again, again, once again”).

Note 2. Many of the words given in this paragraph can be used as prepositions with a controlled noun, and in these cases the continuous spelling is preserved, for example: There was a light visible at the bottom of the door(i.e. the light came from under the door, and did not illuminate the bottom of the door). There was a date at the top of the letter.(the meaning of the adverbial preposition is perceived, and not the objective meaning of “top of the letter”). Wed. Also: to be at the top of bliss, to feel at the top of well-being(with a figurative meaning of the word above), stop in the middle of the road, etc.

6. Many adverbs of a professional nature are written together and conversational style with the prefix v- and the final syllable -ku, for example: catching up, tightening, rolling, wrapping, wrapping, scurrying, waddling, waddling, overturning, racing, interspersed, mixed up, sideways, tucked in, nailed down, tucked in, squinted, squeezing, squeezing, squeezing in, squeezing in, tucked in, tucked in, tucked in , cover, biting, skipping, squeezing, skipping, squatting, squatting, squeezing, squeezing, squeezing, squeezing, sipping, crunching, squinting, squatting, scattering, waddling, swaying, squeezing, swaying, spinning, squeezing.

Written separately: in ridicule, in installments; Also a curiosity(of another formation) and various combinations in which the noun begins with a vowel (tight, etc.).

Hyphenated spelling of adverbs

1. Adverbs with a prefix ending in -oo, -emu, -ki, -ni, -i are written with a hyphen, for example: work in a new way, let it be your way, advise in a friendly way, speak French, to be cunning like a fox; apparently in an empty way, as before, and also in Latin.

Note 1. The prefix will be written together if the adverb includes short adjective na y (for a long time, little by little), with the suffix -enku, -onku (little by little, little by little) or comparative degree (more, more often).

Note 2. In adverbs with the prefix po-, formed from compound adjectives with hyphenated spelling, the hyphen is written only after the prefix, for example: in the social democratic way, in the non-commissioned officer way.

Try not to confuse an adverb and an adjective. Compare: dressed for autumn. By autumn ice walking is dangerous.

2. Adverbs in -ih, -ih with the prefix v- (vo-), formed from ordinal numbers, are written with a hyphen, for example : firstly, fourthly, seventhly, lastly(the last spelling is similar to the previous ones).

3. Indefinite adverbs with particles -that, -either, -something, -are written with a hyphen, for example: sometime, from somewhere, somehow, somewhere, after all.

4. Adverbs formed by repetition of the same word or the same stem, as well as a combination of two synonymous or related words are written with a hyphen.

Here are the most full list of these words:

inside out,full,light-light,dearly,willy-nilly,very very,just,at the very least,more or less,a long time ago,exactly the same,barely,barely,criss-cross,I'll say hello,after all,a little,tightly,little by little,not today, tomorrow,sewn-covered,from the bay,quietly and quietly

5. A technical term is written with a hyphen. on-mountain.

Separate writing of adverbial combinations

1. Adverbial expressions consisting of two repeated nouns with a preposition between them are written separately: side by side, eye to eye(by analogy: one on one).

2. Adverb expressions with an intensifying meaning, formed by a combination of two identical nouns, of which one is in the nominative case, the other in the instrumental, are written separately, for example: business is business, honor is honor, eccentric is eccentric.

3. Combinations of nouns with prepositions used in adverbial meanings are written separately:

• without: without knowledge, without asking, without beating around the bush, without looking back, without refusal, without enlightenment, without waking up, indiscriminately, without asking, to no avail, without restraint, without silence, without fatigue;
• V: into the smoke, into the gloss, into the insole (drunk), into the selection, into the bargain, into the pool, into the old days, into the joint, into the dead end, into the dead end;
• before: to the bitter end, to the point of failure, to the point of failure, to death, to the point of falling;
• behind: after midnight;
• on the: on the run, on the fly, in sight, on the fly, at a gallop, on the move; by weight, by sight, by taste, by eye, by eye, by sin, by wonder, by envy, by touch, by rarity, by glory, by laughter;
• from: from strength (three kilograms, etc.);
• By: the old fashioned way;
• under: to match, to the bias, to the tips, to the noise;
• With: with the knowledge, with the wind, with a swoop, with a swoop, with a pantalyk (go astray), with a running start, with acceleration, with a swing, on the move.

Adverbial combinations of the prepositions in and on with the nouns in are also written. plural, indicating location, time, state (physical and mental): in the heads, in the legs, in days, in joys, in trots, in demolitions, on the clock (to stand).

Combinations of the preposition on with unchangeable parts of speech (particles, interjections) are written separately if they act as adverbs: at random, to no (reduce to nothing), to hurray, to fufu.

4. Adverb combinations consisting of the preposition v and nouns starting with a vowel are written separately: in exchange, to the hilt, to the girth, point-blank, alone, openly.

5. Combinations of nouns with various prepositions used separately as adverbs are written separately if the noun retains at least some of its meanings case forms.

For example: in mockery, with mockery; abroad, abroad, from abroad (but: trade with abroad - from the noun abroad), to home, at home; on all fours, on all fours; squatting, squatting; on tiptoe, on tiptoe; on the heels, on the heels; on bail, on bail; from memory, from memory; on hand, not from hand; conscientiously, according to conscience; under the armpit, under the armpit, under the armpits, under the armpits, from under the armpits (but: armpits); under a bushel, under a bushel.

The same if the noun is used in a figurative meaning, for example: scream in your hearts (in anger), scold behind your eyes (in absentia).

6. Combinations of negations not and nor with prepositional forms of nouns are written separately, for example : not in moderation, not to the credit, beyond strength, not to taste, not good, not for an iota, not for a penny, not in a hurry.

In cases of difficulties in spelling adverbs formed by combining a preposition with nouns, you should contact spelling dictionary.

In the “Spelling by Rules” course you will find interactive exercises on spelling adverbs. >>>

“Combined and separate writing of prefixes in adverbs” is a very important topic school subject"Russian language". Thanks to its study, not only a child, but also an adult will be able to understand why some words are spelled one way and not another.

In addition, having studied this topic in detail, people are able to learn to distinguish an adverb from nominal parts of speech (for example, nouns, adjectives, numerals, etc.) combined with a preposition. This will allow them to correctly write not only the adverb itself, but also other words, and also more accurately understand their meaning.

basic information

The combined and separate spelling of prefixes in adverbs is determined different ways. It should be especially noted that, compared to other parts of speech, such cases are the most difficult and raise a lot of questions during their writing (especially among schoolchildren).

Many adverbs are exceptions to the current rules of the Russian language. Therefore, most teachers encourage you to memorize them or simply memorize them.

Adverb spelling rules

What is an adverb? Any teacher will say that this is an independent word that denotes a sign of an action or an object. What questions does she answer? Words of this class can be identified by asking them the following questions: “Where?”, “How?”, “Where?”, “Why?”, “When?”, “Why?” and where?".

To write an adverb correctly, you should know all its spelling rules. At the same time, in school curriculum a lot of time is devoted to the following topics: staging soft sign(“b”) after hissing words at the end of the word (jump up, completely, wide open, married, already, unbearably), as well as the letter “o” (hot, fresh, naked).

In addition, it is very important to know in what cases the part of speech in question should be written with a hyphen (comradely, new, wolfish, in my opinion, still, apparently, empty). However, schoolchildren spend the longest time studying the combined and separate spelling of prefixes in adverbs. This is due to the fact that such a topic is more difficult to understand and requires memorizing many words that have been excluded from the general rules.

In what cases should words be written together?

The adverb prefixes, the table of which is presented in this article, can be different (for example, na-, s-, v-, po- and others). To understand how such words are written (combined or separately), one must determine from which original part of speech they were formed. To do this, you need to refer to the basic rules of spelling adverbs in the Russian language.

So, the mentioned part of speech is written together if it was:

• Formed by combining prepositions such as “on” and “in” with Let’s give a few examples: three times, two times, four times, five times.
• Formed by the prefix method from other adverbs. Let's give an example: on the contrary, until now, the day before yesterday, through and through.
• Formed by the suffix-prefix method from adjectives. Let's give an example: close, often hard-boiled, completely.
• Formed by the prefix method from nouns, if they do not have other explanatory words (for example, down, at the beginning, left, up, obviously, right).

It should also be noted that those adverbs that were placed in comparative degree. These words include: better, newer, worse, more beautiful, more attractive, simpler, older, faster, and so on.

Separate spelling of words (basic rules, examples of adverbs)

“Combined and separate writing of prefixes in adverbs” is a rather difficult topic to understand. However, almost everyone can know it. Moreover, it does not matter whether you are a school student or have long since graduated from a general education institution.

We talked above about the cases in which this part of speech is written together with prefixes. However, there are also rules in the Russian language that speak of separate writing of adverbs. This spelling of the part of speech in question also depends on Let's consider the basic rules right now:

• Adverbs that were formed by combining prepositions (except for “on” and “in”) with collective numerals are written separately. Let's give an example: three, two, one.
• Prepositions with adverbs are written separately if they were formed from nouns that have a vowel at the very beginning. For example: point-blank, point-blank, till you drop, all the way, etc.
• Adverbs are written separately if they were formed from a preposition combined with a collective numeral ending in -y or -i. For example: for three, for two, for six. It should be remembered that such adverbs as firstly, thirdly, secondly, fifthly, sixthly, etc., are written only with a hyphen.
• Prepositions with adverbs that were formed from adjectives with a vowel at the very beginning are written separately (for example, openly, backwards, etc.).
• Adverbs that are formed from combinations of nouns with prepositions should also be written separately. For example: (abroad, on the move, under the arms, on the fly, from under the arm).
• Adverbs that are formed from combinations of two identical nouns with prepositions are written separately. For example: side by side, in the end, face to face.

Negative adverbs

What is this part of speech? Negative adverbs are words that deny something. How are they different from other words? Such adverbs are characterized by the presence of the prefixes not- or neither-. Their correct spelling is very important. It should be noted that a large number of people have no idea about the spelling of such words.

So how are the prefixes not- and ni- written in adverbs? According to experts, under stress in such words it is written not-, and in the unstressed state - ni-. It should be especially noted that in both cases the prefixes are written together, except when they are separated by some preposition.

Examples of negative adverbs

• I have no time to do these things, since I have never dealt with them.
• In winter there was nowhere to hide, and they did not hide anywhere.
• There's no rush, we're in no hurry.

How do you spell the prefix v- with adverbs?

As mentioned above, adverbs with a prefix are written together if such words were formed by combining the preposition “in” with collective numerals. Let's give an example: double, triple. However, it should be noted that there are also words that are also written together, although they have nothing to do with the rule described above.

So why are adverbs with the prefix v- written together (examples of such words will be presented below)? According to experts, such adverbs include words formed by combining a preposition-prefix with a noun, into which it is impossible to insert a definition without changing their meaning, and also if the noun cannot be affixed with any Let us give an example: ford, in addition , fly in, to your heart's content, together, for hire, in an instant, at a cost, on time, again, at odds, right up, at the bend, subsequently, half-jokingly, half-seriously, really, half, rightly, scatteredly, for future use, at random, quickly, at odds, out loud, openly, dryly . The same applies to such prefixes as na-, for-, po, s-, etc.

Note

Speaking about the continuous spelling of an adverb with the prefix v-, it should be noted that depending on the meaning and context (that is, the presence of explanatory words), many of the above words can act as a combination of a noun with a preposition. In this case they are written separately. For example: to wade or enter a ford, act in secret or keep a secret, learn by heart or try by heart, be really happy or believe in the truth, break completely or put on your head, have the right to act this way or not doubt the right, etc.

Special information

It should also be noted that partly this category of words includes adverbs with the prefix v - of a colloquial style or of a professional nature. As a rule, such words have the final syllable -ku. They are all written together. Let's give a few examples: chasing, rolling, tightening, throwing, dashing, overlaying, overlapping, overturning, waddling, racing, mixed up, interspersed, sideways, sideways, tucked in, tucked in, tucked in, tucked in, squinted, tucked in, tucked in, tucked in, tucked in, tucked in ku, squat, squat, hop, sip, sip, squat, hop, squat, squat, squat, sip, sip, sip, crunch, squat, squint, scatter.

Hyphenation

· Adverbs formed by repeating words or stems: barely, for a long time, for a long time, firmly, after all, willy-nilly.

· If an adverb is formed from two synonyms: unexpectedly, unexpectedly, well.

· Adverbs with the prefix PO- and suffixes –OMU, -EMU, -SKI,- KI, -I: kindly, in an amicable way, in a friendly way, in a German way, like a bird.

· With prefixes VO-, V- and suffixes –ИХ, -Их : Firstly Secondly.

· With the suffixes -TO, - EITHER, - ANYBODY, the prefix SOME-: somewhere, somewhere, someday, somewhere.

Continuous writing

The combined and separate writing of adverbs causes certain difficulties. This is because although there are rules for writing, there are many exceptions to them. Therefore, there are a lot of words you just need to remember how they are written.

· If the adverb is formed from adverbial combinations: in two, on the right, end to end, on display. BUT: on the run, at a swoop, at the joint, to laugh.

· If formed by combining prepositions with adjectives, pronouns, adverbs: slowly, hard-boiled, in four, in two, with might and main, completely, everywhere, forever.

· Adverbs with the meaning of adverbs of place and time, containing nouns: top, bottom, before, back, height, depth, distance, width, century, beginning. For example: up, forward, behind, at the beginning.

· If an adverb without a prefix into which the preposition is transferred is not used: plenty, after, to pieces, completely, familiarly, from under the brows, on the sly, by the way, on one side, down the drain, on an empty stomach, by hearsay, one by one, early in the morning, half asleep, too much.

· Combination of the preposition B and nouns with a vowel: in exchange, point-blank, in an armful.

· Combinations of prepositions WITHOUT and DO with nouns: to no avail, until I drop.

· Combinations of nouns with other prepositions: on the fly, on a grand scale, abroad, at home.

· Some combinations that have a figurative meaning: fundamentally (wrong), (this is) to our advantage, (to get) into a dead end.

Separate writing

Distinguish adverbs from combinations of prepositions with nouns, ask questions, look at the meaning of words:

perform out of spite - complain about evil

stand to death - go to death

break it completely - put it on your head.

These are the rules for writing adverbs. However, there are many exceptions, words that need to be remembered.

Remember the spelling of adverbs

Continuous writing

Fording	At the same time	In reality
Up	Familiar	Unknown
Plenty	Often	By chance
Catch up	From the inside	Not for nothing
Shattered	From under his brows	Not at all
Borrow	from time immemorial	Partly
At launches	Since ancient times	Nearby
In the end	Lay down	Platoon
Briefly	Topsy-turvy	Serves it right
Overlay	untucked	Truly
Draw	At attention	For now
Truly	Ready	By hearsay
Back home	To the ground	Involuntarily
Afterwards	By heart	One by one
Racing	Light	Afternoon
Swim	Backhand	Simply
In a low voice	Flatly	Equally
Half turn	Vying with each other	To the extent
In a hurry	In defiance	In the heat of the moment
Squat	On the spot	Foolishly
Out of order	Directly	From a young age
Unwind	Chanting	I'll go blind
Taken aback	On an empty stomach	Early in the morning
Scattered	At random	Woke up
Hand to hand	Run away	Akin
Dry	On alert	Syzmala
Vyav	Frankly	Immediately
Dry	By heart	Too
Clean

Separate writing

Without knowledge	Indiscriminately	Without stopping
Carelessly	Without asking	Tirelessly
To failure	Uselessly	Side by side
Without clearance	Without restraint	As
Out of the ordinary	To death	On hand
Finally	Till I drop	At the trot
In moderation	For eyes	At a gallop
In mockery	After midnight	To the glory
In leg	From under the arms	For a laugh
In trade for	Just	Conscientiously
Hugging	At random	On guard
Just barely enough	On the run	With a bang
Skin-tight	To the side	On tiptoe
In girth	Forever and ever	On the clock
Fully armed	By weight	Out of sorts
Out loud	By the look	Not in moderation
By oneself	Taste	Unlike the example
A hundred times	By eye	Not good
Openly.	Amazingly	No rush
In revenge	The other day	Can't do it
In the armful	Rearing	Not from hand
To smithereens	Envy	Never
Retail	On the heels	On the cheap
In hearts	Wear	At the end
On time	Squatting	Under the arms
In old times	Get on track	Matched
In tune	On the fly	By the reins
In silence	For a moment	By gut
At a dead end	To the touch	According to conscience
Point blank	For memory	Out of the blue
Poste restante	Afloat	From the raid
To the bitter end	Backtrack	From a running start
To the extreme	On bail	Right off the bat
To failure	Extremely
Goodbye	To choose from