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Russian language. Main features of conversational style

The conversational style (RS) is contrasted with all other styles (bookish) for the following reasons:

The main function of RS is communicative (communication function), while the functions of book styles are informative and influencing.

The main form of existence of the RS is oral (in book styles it is written).

The main type of communication in RS is interpersonal (person - personality), in books - group (oratory, lecture, scientific report) and mass (print, radio, television).

The main type of speech in RS is dialogue or polylogue, in books it is monologue.

RS is implemented in a situation of informal communication, and it is assumed that the participants in the dialogue know each other and are usually socially equal (youth, simple people and so on.). Hence - ease of communication, greater freedom in behavior, in expressing thoughts and feelings. Most often, MS is implemented in everyday communication, these are dialogues between family members, friends, acquaintances, colleagues, study buddies, etc. In this case, topics of an everyday and non-professional, non-official nature are discussed mainly. Book styles are implemented in formal conditions and serve verbal communication on almost any topic.

Main characteristics conversational style:

spontaneity, i.e. unprepared speech, lack of preliminary selection of linguistic means;

automaticity of speech, i.e. the use of established verbal formulas characteristic of certain situations ( Good afternoon! How are you doing? Are you going out?);

expressiveness (special expressiveness) of speech, which is achieved by using reduced words ( go crazy, go crazy, go crazy), emotionally expressive vocabulary ( big guy, kikimora, loafer), suffix formations ( daughter, grandma, cute);

the ordinariness of the content;

basically dialogical form.

The formation of speech in a conversational style is also influenced by extra-linguistic factors: the emotional state of the speakers, their age (cf. the speech of adults among themselves and their conversation with small children), the relationships of the participants in the dialogue, their family and other connections, etc.

Linguistic features of conversational style

The conversational style forms its own system and has features that distinguish it from book styles at all levels of language.

On phonetic level, MS is characterized by an incomplete style of pronunciation (fast pace, reduction of vowels up to the disappearance of syllables: San Sanych, Glebych etc.), colloquial stress options are acceptable ( cottage cheese, cooking, gave etc.), freer intonation, unfinished statements, pauses for thinking, etc.

Vocabulary MS is heterogeneous and differs in the degree of literature and emotional-expressive characteristics:

Neutral vocabulary from everyday speech: hand, leg, father, mother, brother, run, look, hear and under.

Colloquial vocabulary (the main stylistic device) - words that give speech an informal character, but at the same time are devoid of rudeness: spinner, superlative, warrior, know-it-all, go home, fool, antediluvian, prevaricate.

Evaluative vocabulary in the composition of colloquial words, which expresses a playful, humorous-ironic, ironic, affectionate, dismissive emotional assessment: grandma, daughter, kids, baby, little boy; poems, scribblings, hackwork, inveterate.

In dictionaries, colloquial words are listed with the mark “colloquial.” and additional marks “joking,” “ironic,” “disdainful,” “affectionate.”

The emotionality of a large number of colloquial words is associated with their figurative meaning : kennel(about a cramped, dark, dirty room), tower(about a tall man) stick(intrusively pester with something) and so on.

Due to the fact that the boundaries between colloquial and colloquial vocabulary are often fluid, as evidenced by the double mark “colloquial-simple.” in dictionaries, RS includes crudely expressive colloquial words, the expressiveness of which allows you to “close your eyes” to their rudeness: belly, big guy, whine, hag, kikimora, freckled, loafer, shabby, hang around, squish and under. They briefly and accurately express an attitude towards a person, an object, a phenomenon, and often contain an additional semantic connotation that is not found in a neutral word, cf.: “he is sleeping” and “he is sleeping.” The word “sleeping” expresses condemnation of a person: someone is sleeping when they should be going somewhere or doing something.

Similar vocabulary may be listed in explanatory dictionaries under the main heading “simple.” additional marks “fam.”, “branch.”, “with a hint of disdain,” “joking.”, for example: clunker - simple. joking (Dictionary by D.N. Ushakov).

On phraseological level, the colloquial style is characterized by the use of proverbs and sayings from folk speech: even stand, even fall; sit in a puddle; break into pieces; turn up your nose; hunting is worse than bondage and under.

Derivational The level of conversational style is characterized by:

1) colloquial suffixes

For nouns: -un, -un(ya): talker, talker; chatterbox, chatterbox;

Sh(a): cashier, doctor, elevator operator;

Yag(a): poor fellow, handsome, mongrel, hard worker;

Their(s): janitor, doctor, cook;

K(a): buckwheat, semolina, overnight, candle,

including abbreviated words with -к(а): soda, e-reader, dryer, locker room, record book;hitchhiker, "Literature";

N(i), -rel(i): running, fussing, bickering, cooking, hustle;

Yatin(a): nonsense, dead meat, vulgarity;

For verbs: -icha (t), -nicha (t): to be sarcastic, to be nice, to be greedy;

Well: say, spin, grab;

2) prefix-suffixal verbal formations of conversational type:

run around, chat, sit up;

talk, shout, look;

get sick, daydream, play out;

3) suffixes subjective assessment:

magnifying: house, beard, hands;

diminutives: house, beard, cunning, quietly, quietly;

diminutives: daughter, daughter, son, little son; Sun, honey;

dismissive: little thing, little house, old man, buffoonery, hillbilly, beard;

4) half names ( Vanka, Lenka), caressing ( Mashenka, Sashok) and babbling names ( Niki – Nikolay, Zizi – Suzanne).

5) doubling words to enhance expression: big-big, black-black;

6) formation of adjectives with evaluative meaning: big-eyed, skinny.

IN morphology :

the predominance of verbs over nouns (verbal nature of speech), the predominant activity of verbs of motion ( jump, gallop), actions ( take, give, go) and states ( hurt, cry); Wed in the NS and ODS the most common verbs are obligatory ( must, obliges) and linking verbs ( is, constitutes);

high percentage of personal use ( me, you, he, we, you, They) and index ( that, this, this etc.) pronouns;

presence of interjections ( ah, oh, uh, oh etc.) and particles ( here, well, she- that, He de he said they say saw);

presence of verbal interjections ( jump, skok, bang, grab);

widespread use of possessive adjectives ( Petya's sister, Fedorova wife);

colloquial case forms nouns: genitive case singular on -y ( from the forest, from home), prepositional singular case in -у ( at the airport, on vacation), nominative plural in -a ( bunker, year, inspector, anchor, huntsman);

participles are rare and short forms adjectives, no gerunds are used.

On syntactic level:

simple sentences, participial and participial phrases are not used, complex sentences are not used, except for subordinate clauses with a conjunction word which;

free word order in a sentence: I was at the market yesterday;

omission of words (ellipsis), especially in dialogue:

Have you been to the store? - I'm going to college. Are you home?

lexical repetitions: I tell him and tell him, but he doesn’t listen;

syntactic repetitions (identically constructed sentences): I went to him, I told him...;

speech figures like “Well done!”, “What a scoundrel you are!”, “What kind of idiot!”, “Wow!”;

designs like " Do you have what to write? (i.e. pencil, pen); " Give me how to hide! (i.e. blanket, rug, sheet);

“non-smooth” phrases, i.e. sentences without clear boundaries, which are obtained as a result of the interpenetration of two sentences: In the fall such storms begin, there, at sea...;

frequent restructuring of structures during the dialogue, amendments, repetitions, clarifications;

rhetorical questions: Will he listen to me?

interrogative, exclamatory and incentive sentences;

in “non-smooth” phrases, the nominative topic is used, when the first part of the sentence contains a noun in the nominative case, and the second contains information about it, while both parts are grammatically independent: Grandma - she will talk to everyone. Flowers, they are never superfluous.

Non-verbal means of communication play a major role in the implementation of MS - gesture and facial expressions, which can accompany the speaker’s words, indicating the shape, size and other characteristics of the subject of speech: I bought this round one(gesture) hat, but can also act at the place of a pause, as an independent means of communication, in the function of individual lines of dialogue, as an answer to a question, a request: nod your head with the meaning “yes”, shrug your shoulders - express bewilderment.

Signs of a conversational style of speech: the presence of address, common colloquial words and jargon, the use of incomplete sentences, phraseological units, dialectisms, particles, repetitions, inconsistent phrases:

Kostya! How can?! Again the backpack is on the floor in the middle of the corridor!

Yesterday I bought myself a new mouse, a new keyboard, and webcams mall I didn't like it. There's something strange there... I'll look at it in another store this week. In the meantime, I’ll “get by” without a camera.

Apparently, the neighbor drank away his salary again. Look, the neighbor has been nagging him since yesterday.

And where did our Maxim go?

Ira! Ira! Wait for us on the corner, we'll be there in a minute! Yes, soon, soon, wait!

He said that we would all go to the cinema together on Saturday, but now he has backed down. Laziness, they say, has overcome. If only I could scrape together some money, let's go eat some ice cream. It's the weekend after all...

But I don’t love him, I don’t love him, that’s all! And I will never love you. And what is my fault?

Apparently, a series about fairies on TV has begun. This one is yours, Winx. I look: at least one girl is playing on the playground in the yard. They were just there, but now they’re not. It was as if a cow had licked them all with its tongue.

Serving for direct communication between people. Its main function is communicative (information exchange). The conversational style is presented not only in but also in the written form - in the form of letters, notes. But this style is mainly used in oral speech- dialogues, polylogues.

It is characterized by ease, unpreparedness of speech (lack of thinking over the proposal before speaking and preliminary selection of the necessary language material), informality, spontaneity of communication, mandatory transmission of the author’s attitude to the interlocutor or the subject of speech, economy of speech effort (“Mash”, “Sash”, “San”) Sanych" and others). Context plays a big role in conversational style certain situation and the use of non-verbal means (reaction of the interlocutor, gestures, facial expressions).

Lexical characteristics of conversational style

Linguistic differences include the use of non-lexical means (stress, intonation, rate of speech, rhythm, pauses, etc.). TO linguistic features colloquial style also includes the frequent use of colloquial, colloquial and slang words (for example, “start” (start), “today” (now), etc.), words with a figurative meaning (for example, “window” - meaning “break” "). Colloquial is distinguished by the fact that very often words in it not only name objects, their characteristics, actions, but also give them an assessment: “dodgy”, “well done”, “careless”, “clever”, “cheerful”, “cheerful”.

The conversational style is also characterized by the use of words with magnifying or diminutive suffixes (“spoon”, “little book”, “bread”, “seagull”, “pretty”, “huge”, “little red”), phraseological phrases (“got up in the morning ", "rushed as fast as he could"). Speech often includes particles, interjections, and addresses (“Masha, go get some bread!”, “Oh, my goodness, who came to us!”).

Conversational style: syntax features

The syntax of this style is characterized by the use of simple sentences (most often compound and non-union sentences), (in dialogue), the widespread use of exclamatory and interrogative sentences, the absence of participles and participial phrases in sentences, the use of words-sentences (negative, affirmative, incentive, etc.). This style is characterized by interruptions in speech, which can be caused by for various reasons(by the speaker’s excitement, searching the right word, unexpected jumping from one thought to another).

The use of additional constructions that break the main sentence and introduce into it certain information, clarifications, comments, amendments, and explanations also characterizes the conversational style.

IN colloquial speech may occur and in which the parts are interconnected by lexical-syntactic units: the first part contains evaluative words (“clever”, “well done”, “stupid”, etc.), and the second part substantiates this evaluation, for example: “Well done , that helped! " or “Fool Mishka for listening to you!”

Conversational style

Colloquial speech- a functional style of speech, which serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

Peculiarities

The usual form of implementation of the conversational style is dialogue; this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no preliminary selection of language material.

In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

The conversational style is characterized by emotionality, imagery, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery it doesn’t seem strange to say: “Please, with bran, one.”

The relaxed atmosphere of communication leads to greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are used more widely ( be silly, talkative, talkative, giggle, cackle), vernacular ( neigh, weakling, awsome, disheveled), slang ( parents - ancestors, iron, world).

In a conversational style of speech, especially at a fast pace, a smaller reduction of vowels is possible, up to their complete elimination and simplification of consonant groups. Word-formation features: suffixes of subjective evaluation are widely used. To enhance expressiveness, doubling words is used.

Limited: abstract vocabulary, foreign words, book words.

As an example, we can cite the statement of one of the characters in A. P. Chekhov’s story “Revenge”:

Open it, damn it! How long will I have to remain frozen in this through wind? If you knew that it was twenty degrees below zero in your corridor, you wouldn’t have made me wait so long! Or maybe you don't have a heart?

This short passage reflects the following features of the colloquial style: - interrogative and exclamatory sentences, - interjection of the colloquial style "damn it", - personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons, verbs in the same form.

Another example is an excerpt from a letter from A. S. Pushkin to his wife, N. N. Pushkina, dated August 3, 1834:

It's a shame, lady. You are angry with me, not deciding who is to blame, me or the post office, and you leave me for two weeks without news of yourself and the children. I was so embarrassed that I didn't know what to think. Your letter reassured me, but did not console me. The description of your trip to Kaluga, no matter how funny it may be, is not funny to me at all. What kind of desire is there to drag yourself to a nasty little provincial town to see bad actors playing a bad old opera badly?<…>I asked you not to travel around Kaluga, yes, apparently, that’s your nature.

In this passage, the following linguistic features of a colloquial style appeared: - the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary: wife, to hang around, bad, to drive around, what kind of hunt, the union yes in the meaning of 'but', the particles are not at all, the introductory word is visible, - the word with evaluative word-formation suffix gorodishko, - inversion of word order in some sentences, - lexical repetition of the word nasty, - appeal, - presence interrogative sentence, - use of personal pronouns 1st and 2nd person singular, - use of verbs in the present tense, - use of a form absent in the language plural the words Kaluga (to drive around Kaluga) to designate all the small provincial towns.

Lexical means

Colloquial words and phraseological units: vymahal (grown), electric train (electric train), vocabulary with an emotionally expressive coloring (class), diminutive suffixes (gray). suffixes of subjective assessment: hard worker, hard worker, hostel, secretary, director, handy. Substantivization, use of contraction words - deletion, record book; truncation - comp.

Peculiarities

The style in which each of us expresses our thoughts, emotions and feelings is conversational. It is characterized by the absence of language selection. This is due to the fact that most people “speak first and think later.”

At the same time, the conversational style always contains shades of the speaker’s personality - it allows for slang, jargon, and other things that are not inherent in such strict styles as business or scientific.

Example speech, small text:

Have you tried it? - I glanced at the cheese. - Dad said it was delicious.
- Of course, it’s delicious, since he devoured it yesterday on both cheeks!
- But now you don’t hamster like you’re in last time“You’re having lunch,” I laughed.

It stands out brightly slang expressions, inapplicable nowhere more than in everyday dialogue.

It should be taken into account that the conversational style is largely influenced by extra-linguistic factors: facial expressions and gestures, as well as the surrounding environment, etc. are of significant importance.

Signs of conversational style:

simplicity;
specifics;
saturation with emotions, sometimes excessively, expression;
imagery.

Examples of conversational style texts can be obtained by simply recording an everyday conversation, for example, between neighbors or a buyer and seller in a bakery.

The influence of a relaxed communication environment

The more relaxed the atmosphere, the greater the freedom of speech. She becomes more emotional, and colloquial expressions are widely used.

Simplification of word forms, loss of vowels, doubling of words, and the use of suffixes of subjective evaluation are not uncommon for this style - the first two signs are especially intensified when the rate of speech accelerates.

A. P. Chekhov, "Revenge"

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov illustrates well the features of the style under consideration in his work “Revenge” - this is a clear example of a conversational style of speech. A small text of a monologue can already say a lot on this topic.

The character in the story begins to speak expressively: “Open it, damn it!” Please note that no other style allows swearing. His next sentence is no less revealing: “How long will I have to freeze in this through wind?” Its construction is abrupt, the manner of conveying information is simple and unpretentious. This is a conversational style of speech. It was not for nothing that examples of texts from literature began with Chekhov’s “Revenge”.

Features of conversational style

"Revenge" shows character traits conversational style:

preference for interrogative and exclamatory sentences before narrative ones;
use of interjections;
personal pronouns and verbs are reduced to the first or second person form.

Letter from A. S. Pushkin to his wife

The letter that Alexander Sergeevich wrote on August 3, 1834 to his wife, Natalya, is also a short text of a colloquial style of speech (examples are divided into sentences for consideration in greater detail).

The famous poet begins it with these words: “Shame on you, wife.” This appeal is obvious and is used in everyday life. Sentences: “What kind of desire is there to drag yourself to a nasty provincial town to see bad actors playing a bad old opera badly?” and: “I asked you not to drive around Kaluga, yes, apparently, you have such a nature,” - contain all the elements of a conversational style of speech, such as:

evaluative derivational suffixes (gorodishko);
inversion of word order in sentences;
the use of a plural form for a word that, in fact, according to the rules of the Russian language, does not contain it (Kaluga - according to Kaluga);
most verbs are used in the present tense.

Lexical means

The conversational style of speech (short text examples will be discussed later in the article) uses the following lexical means:

phraseological units;
diminutive suffixes;
expressive-emotional coloring of vocabulary;
words-contractions and truncations;
suffixes of subjective evaluation.

Standard designs and typed forms

IN Everyday life Spontaneous, unprepared speech predominates - people are used to expressing themselves without caring about word forms and without thinking about them. Therefore, often, and even often, you can hear standard constructions, certain stereotypes for each specific daily situation. If we consider a short text of a colloquial style of speech, examples from the store will be as follows: “Three hundred grams of cookies... Weigh it by ten. Please give me a package of butter.” From public transport: “Are you getting off at the next one? I need to go to the Airships stop, where should I get off? Will you take me to Tractors?”

Forms of etiquette are also required. After all, if the speech is unprepared and less formal, this does not mean that it is rude and extremely impolite.

“Hello, good afternoon, how are you, what’s new,” these are still well-established constructions that do not lose relevance in conversations. An example of a conversational style of speech - a small text-dialogue between comrades who have just met - will contain these expressions in 99% of cases.

Individuality

For the same reason of spontaneity described in the previous paragraph, speech acquires individuality and originality. Thus, even there are countless stereotypical forms and designs, and in different times one or another comes into fashion in certain circles or, on the contrary, goes out of it, becomes obsolete, then, however, sometimes returns. But the informal communication setting does not set formal boundaries - people can use or not use familiar and established expressions as they choose. Untyped means are what convey the nature of the speaker’s speech.

"Dragon Chronicles"

Yulia Galanina in her “Chronicles of Dragons” boasts unique atmosphere, because she used a conversational style not only in the dialogues, but throughout the book. Here are short examples of texts:

“And as always, I need more than everyone else. Besides me, not a single fool climbed the fence.”
“And dragons are dangerous things. And harmful, and nasty, and frankly selfish, and also a dragon!”

Phonetics

The linguistic means that are used at the phonetic level of the language in a conversational style include two main features:

Simplification, truncation, compression, that is, an incomplete type of pronunciation. This is not a necessary property that a conversational style of speech can have. Examples of texts (5th grade, by the way, in some regions study this book as part of the school curriculum) - "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" and other parts of this series. The vernacular trait is clearly expressed in the character Hagrid. Quote from "...Prisoner of Azkaban": "First of all, this morning... he resigned from his position. I can’t, I say, risk it if... well, this happens again." Unfortunately, Russian translators did not fully convey all simplified word forms, in original text this is more evident, but in this quote it is already possible to distinguish “grit,” which means “says.”
Intonation is a purely individual feature that emotionally colors any, even stereotypical, construction. An example of a conversational style of speech is a short text from the story “A Hypothetical Case” by the author O’Henry: “Will you be Mr. Phineas K. Gooch?” said the visitor, and the tone of his voice and intonation contained at once a question, a statement and a condemnation.

Vocabulary and phraseology

Linguistic means related to the lexical and phraseological level:

The percentage of speech is clearly dominated by neutral, specific, commonly used vocabulary, also called interstyle. It is the basis of the language. Neutral vocabulary and therefore has no emotional and/or expressive overtones. This is what makes her universal option for use in any style: both colloquial and business, scientific, journalistic. Examples of conversational style texts that contain neutral vocabulary (essentially the author’s language literary texts, except, perhaps, for fairy tales and similar genres, for the most part only contains inter-style words) - this is “Chameleon” by Anton Pavlovich Chekhov and “Teddy” by Yuri Pavlovich Kazakov.
Neutral colloquial vocabulary. It includes words like “doctor’s wife”, “understand” and others.
Terminology: socio-political and general scientific, nomenclature.
Emotional-evaluative colloquial vocabulary. It can carry a negative or positive assessment. All words from it are divided into three groups, of which: 1) the assessment is included in the very meaning of the word; 2) in a figurative sense; 3) the word contains subjective evaluative suffixes. The epithet “expressive” is also applicable to this vocabulary.
Standardized figurative means. These include metaphors, phraseological units, hyperboles and litotes. “We drink from the cup of existence with our eyes closed” (M. Yu. Lermontov). This is an artistic metaphor, while colloquial ones have a shade of the same vernacular. An example of a colloquial style of speech, text-dialogue: “- What is he? - And he, as usual, says, let’s break through! - Who else would I worry about, but this one will really break through. - Otherwise! He’s as cunning as a fox! He’ll fool anyone !"
Professionalisms and jargons. It is worth considering that each example of a piece of spoken language in fact often contains most of the devices given here: it cannot illustrate only one property. Thus, the above dialogue, in addition to the metaphor “cunning as a fox,” also has the jargon “will deceive.”

Morphology

The nominative case is most common.
Personal and demonstrative pronouns predominate, as well as adverbs and particles.
The participle is rarely used, the gerund is almost never used.
The boundaries of temporary forms are blurred. This means that they are freely changed and used for purposes other than their intended meaning.
There are verbal interjections.

An example of a conversational style is a small dialogue text that illustratively illustrates the morphological linguistic level of the topic under consideration:

“He went there,” Petya waved his hand.
- Where is this - there? - I asked him.
- Well, there’s a store there. Products. Mom asked me to be stingy, so I decided to run away quickly.
“That’s how the skunk ran away?” “That’s exactly what happened.”

Syntax

In conversational style, simple sentences are more often used than compound or complex sentences. Their construction is characterized by a certain “stringing” on top of each other, the specificity of the transmitted information.
Often found, in particular, they lack the main members.
The structure is nonlinear, sometimes fragmentary. Interruptions in intonation and phrases rearranged on the fly are the consequences of spontaneity of speech. The conversational style fully allows for the active use of connecting structures, expressed in introductory words and all kinds of particles.
Interjective phrases as one of the ways to express thoughts in a conversational style.
Free word order - in this case, the important is usually expressed first (however, this is not a prerequisite).

Literary and colloquial speech

Conversational speech in its primordial manifestation is oral. IN works of art she needs special means imitation. The author himself may write in a speech close to conversational, but more often he uses it in conversations between characters. Thus, each hero acquires individuality.

A short text of conversational style of speech (examples from " Heart of a Dog"Bulgakova): "Indecent apartment. But how good. Why the hell did he need me? Will he really let him live? What an eccentric. But if he only blinked an eye, he would have such a dog that he would gasp.”

We have fully considered the colloquial style of speech and examples of texts. 5th grade school curriculum involves the study of functional styles of speech, but colloquial is the style that is encountered constantly, every day, both in works of art and in environment(primarily in her).

In order to display the colloquial style of speech, examples of texts from literature have already been given above. Simply demonstrative sentences were placed equally with them.

Newspaper style

Where else can we use a conversational style of speech? Examples of texts from newspapers are a much more controversial issue. In journalism there are indeed features characteristic of him. Newspapers from the “closer to the people” series are completely dotted with stereotypical phrases from everyday life. But still, the newspaper style can only be called conversational to the fullest extent. If the conversational style of speech is considered, short examples of texts are often taken from works of fiction.