What is dialogue (Greek: Διάλογος)? – In its original meaning, this word is translated as a conversation, a conversation between two people. In this case, the speech of each of its participants is called a replica. In the ordinary sense, it refers to a literary or theatrical form through which oral or written exchange is achieved in the process of conversation between two, three or more people. As for the philosophical and scientific meanings, dialogue is a specific form and organization of communication. The traditional contrast to dialogue is monologue. In addition to communication between people, it can be used both in literature and cinema, and as a transfer of philosophical ideas (Plato’s dialogues “Phaedo”, “Symposium” are suitable examples), teaching foreign languages(as exercises).
The dialogue can be equal and structured, but there is also a rather rare, but extremely entertaining variety of the so-called “interrogative” dialogue, consisting only of questions, half of which are answers. As an example:
Are you in a hurry somewhere, Styopka?
Why shouldn't I hurry?
Are you late for something?
Don't you know that I study second shift?
But isn't today Saturday, and isn't it your day off?
Do you think that our teachers are concerned about this issue?
The placement of punctuation marks in dialogue is quite simple and does not require extreme effort from the student. It’s just important to remember that significant differences occur in two cases: if there are words from the author, and if there are no words. There is also a difference when writing lines: on a new line or in a row.
Let's consider each case separately.
What are you drawing?
Does not look like it.
2). If the dialogue contains the author’s speech, his remarks are written each on a new line, then punctuation marks are placed in the same way as in direct speech (if direct speech is placed exactly after the author’s words, then it should be preceded by a colon and enclosed in quotation marks; if direct speech is placed before the words of the author, then it is placed in quotation marks and ends with a dash; if direct speech is broken by the words of the author, then after the first part a combination of a comma and a dash is placed, and the same is placed after the words of the author. The entire phrase is framed by quotation marks).
Example: 
What are you drawing? – I asked.
“It’s you,” the kid answered.
“It doesn’t look like it,” I chuckled. - Let me help.
“Let’s sit here and chat,” I suggested. “No, let’s go to the bench,” answered Peter.
As you can see, there is nothing complicated about the placement of punctuation marks in the dialogue. But if you still have questions, we can help you advisory assistance. Our portal site is always ready to help you understand and sort out any topic. With our qualified assistance the learning process becomes easier than ever. Everyone who registers on the site is given a 25-minute free trial lesson with a teacher. The introductory advantages of this step will help you in the future when choosing a suitable tariff plan and further classes with professional teachers, working for our site.
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Punctuation of dialogue
One of the four is called a dialogue possible ways inclusion of someone else's speech in the author's text. We talked about the first three ways of transmitting someone else's speech in the previous chapter of the textbook.
Someone else's sentences written in this way completely retain both form and content. Direct or indirect speech is used by the authors when it is necessary to reproduce a phrase belonging to any one character, and dialogue (from the Greek dialogos - conversation) is used in cases where it is necessary to convey several replicas of characters talking to each other.
The doctor approached the boy and said:
- Do you have anything that your father held in his hands?
- Here, - said the boy and took out a large red handkerchief from his pocket..
We will talk about punctuation in dialogical speech in the next chapter of the textbook.
- And so I go where my legs go.
- Help, a kind person, take down the bags! Someone was caroling and threw it in the middle of the road.
R- a line starting with capital letter;
R– a replica starting with a lowercase letter;
A– author’s words starting with a capital letter;
A– words of the author starting with a lowercase letter.
Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation (1956)
Punctuation
§ 195. To highlight direct speech, dashes or quotation marks are used, namely:
1. If direct speech begins with a paragraph, then a dash is placed before the beginning, for example:
- The little girl ran and shouted:
-Have you seen your mother?
2. If direct speech is in a line, without a paragraph, then quotation marks are placed before the beginning and at the end, for example:
- The little girl ran and shouted: “Have you seen your mother?”
Note. Quotations inserted in the middle of a sentence are also marked with quotation marks, but they are not preceded by a colon, for example:
- Gogol rightly said that “in Pushkin, as if in the lexicon, all the wealth, flexibility and strength of our language was contained.”
§ 196. A sentence that stands in direct speech and indicates to whom it belongs (“the words of the author”) can:
a) precede direct speech; in this case, a colon is placed after it, and after direct speech - a punctuation mark in accordance with the nature of direct speech, for example:
- He turned away and, walking away, muttered: “Still, this is completely against the rules.”
b) follow direct speech; in this case, after direct speech there is a question mark, or an exclamation mark, or an ellipsis, or a comma (the latter instead of a period), and after this sign there is a dash, for example:
- “What about Kazbich?” – I asked the staff captain impatiently.
c) break direct speech into two parts; in this case put:
after the author’s words - a period if the first part of direct speech is a complete sentence, and a comma if it is unfinished, followed by a dash; if direct speech is highlighted with quotation marks, then they are placed only before the beginning of direct speech and at the very end of it, for example:
- - Would you like to add some rum? – I told my interlocutor. – I have a white one from Tiflis; it's cold now.
- “Let’s go, it’s cold,” Makarov said and asked gloomily: “Why are you silent?”
Note 2. The rules set out in this paragraph also apply to sentences containing quotes with indications of who they belong to.
Note 3. Inner monologue(“mental speech”), which has the form of direct speech, is also enclosed in quotation marks.
§ 197. If several replicas appear on a line without indicating who they belong to, then each of them is highlighted with quotation marks and, in addition, separated from the adjacent one by a dash, for example:
- “Tell me, beauty,” I asked, “what were you doing on the roof today?” - “And I looked where the wind was blowing from.” - “Why do you need it?” - “Where the wind comes from, happiness comes from there.” - “Well, did you invite happiness with a song?” - “Where he sings, he is happy.”
12. Punctuation marks for direct speech and quotations
Punctuation
Punctuation marks for direct speech
Direct speech, i.e., the speech of another person, included in the author’s text and reproduced verbatim, is formatted in two ways.
If direct speech is included in a line (in a selection), then it is enclosed in quotation marks: « I regret that I didn't know your father “,” she said after a while. – He must have been very kind, very serious, loved you very much " Luzhin remained silent(Eb.).
If direct speech begins with a paragraph, then a dash is placed in front of it (there are no quotation marks):
Fedya and Kuzma were silent. Kuzma quietly winked at Fedya, and they went out into the street.
– This is what I came for: Have the Lyubavins come from mowing?
– Take Yasha and wait for me here. I'll pop home in a minute(Shuksh.).
Both methods of formatting direct speech can be combined if the speech of one person also includes the direct speech of another person:
– Oh, terrible fool!(Bond.).
– Did you have a dream?
– I saw it. It’s as if my father and I went to trade a horse, we both liked one horse, my father blinks at me: “Jump and ride » (Shuksh.).
If direct speech is worth before introducing it in the author's words, then after direct speech a comma and a dash are placed, and the author’s words begin with a lowercase letter: “We understand everything perfectly, Nikolai Vasilyevich,” Solodovnikov quipped to himself, sitting down on a white stool.(Shuksh.). If after direct speech there is a question mark, exclamation mark or ellipsis, then these marks are preserved and a comma is not placed; the author’s words, as in the first case, begin with a lowercase letter: “Yes, I should have said goodbye. “- he realized when the covered car was already climbing up(Shuksh.); “My blue-eyed guardian angel, why are you looking at me with such sad anxiety?” – Krymov wanted to say ironically(Bond.).
If direct speech is worth after the author's words, then these words end with a colon; punctuation marks after direct speech are preserved: I I tell him: “Don’t cry, Egor, don’t”(Spread); Philip mechanically moved the steering oar and kept thinking: “Maryushka, Marya...”(Shuksh.); I wanted to quickly get to the “office”, quickly pick up the phone, quickly hear the voice familiar to Dolin: “Is that you? It’s necessary, huh?”(Sol.).
1. If at the rupture site turns out exclamation or question mark, then it is saved, followed by a dash before the words of the author (with lowercase letters), after these words a dot and a dash are placed; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter: “Do I now give happiness to many people, as I did before? - thought Kiprensky. “Is it really only fools who try to arrange the well-being of their lives?”(Paust.); “Yes, be quiet! - the duty officer ordered. “Can you be quiet?!”(Shuksh.).
2. If at the rupture site there should be direct speech ellipses, then it is saved and a dash is placed after it; after the author’s words, a comma and a dash are placed if the second part of direct speech is not an independent sentence, or a dot and a dash if the second part of direct speech is an independent sentence; the second part of direct speech begins with a lowercase or capital letter, respectively: “Probably the landlady is having a seizure...” thought Mashenka, “or she had a quarrel with her husband...”(Ch.); “Wait...,” Lenka shouted, freeing his flaxen hair from his grandfather’s clumsy, trembling fingers, perking up a little. - As you say? Dust?"(M.G.).
3. If at the rupture site direct speech there should be no punctuation mark or there should be mid-sentence marks: comma, semicolon, colon, dash, then the author’s words are highlighted with a comma and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a lowercase letter: “You can’t understand,” I whisper, calling Ruslan into the next room and closing the door, “because we are different creatures.”(Trif.); “So, it’s wilted a little, on one side,” Asya giggled in a youthful way, wrinkles scattering across her face, “like a stale apple.”(Trif.); “Suddenly you sow,” Semyon thought, “and ordinary barley grows. Most likely this will happen."(Sol.); “Yes, something is biting badly,” said Fog, “it hurts when it’s hot.”(T.); “But how you will play,” Darwin said in response to his thoughts, “that, of course, is the question.”(Eb.).
4. If at the rupture site there should be direct speech dot, then a comma and a dash are placed before the author’s words, and a dot and a dash are placed after these words; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter: “They were disbanded before the verdict,” Dvornik said. “They will announce it tomorrow at nine o’clock in the evening.”(Trif.).
5. If the author's words break apart within the meaning of into two parts, which relate to different parts direct speech, then if other conditions are met, a colon and a dash are placed after the author’s words: “Ehma...” - hopelessly sighed Gavrila in response to a stern order And bitterly added : “My fate is lost!”(M.G.); “Don't touch the uniform! – ordered Lermontov and added , not at all angry, but even with some curiosity: “Are you going to listen to me or not?”(Paust.); “Have you ever smelled copper on your hands? – asked unexpectedly the engraver and, without waiting for an answer, winced and continued : – Poisonous, disgusting”(Paust.).
If direct speech turns out to be inside the author's words, then it is enclosed in quotation marks and preceded by a colon; direct speech begins with a capital letter. After direct speech, punctuation marks are placed as follows:
A) a comma is placed if it was necessary at the break point of the author’s introductory words: Saying, “See you soon,” she quickly left the room. ;
b) A dash is placed if there is no punctuation mark at the break in the author’s introductory words: Overcoming the awkwardness, he muttered a student witticism: “My grandmother fell ill with measles” - and wanted to give the conversation that had begun a casual lightness(Bond.);
V) A dash is placed if direct speech ends with an ellipsis, question mark or exclamation mark: The children expected him to praise them, but the grandfather, shaking his head, said: “This stone has been lying here for many years, this is where it belongs...” - and told about the feat of the three Soviet intelligence officers (Dry); Pyotr Mikhailych wanted to say: “Please don’t get involved in your own affairs!” – but remained silent(Ch.); She[dog] stops. I repeat: “What is said?” – and I keep it on the counter for a long time(Priv.);
G) if direct speech is directly included in the author’s sentence as its member, then it is enclosed in quotation marks, and punctuation marks are placed according to the terms of the author’s sentence: Having told Grichmar the phrase “There is no easy life, there is only an easy death,” Krymov caught Stishov’s restless, warning glance(Bond.).
Note. Direct speech is not highlighted in quotation marks:
A) if there is no precise indication of who it belongs to (direct speech is introduced by an impersonal or vaguely personal sentence): It’s not for nothing that they say: the master’s work is afraid(last); They said about him: strict, but fair;
b) if an introductory word is inserted into direct speech speaks indicating the source of the message: He says, I want to finish college and get a profession.; or if a direct indication of the source of the message is framed as an introductory construction: The scientist’s article, the critic reports, aroused great public interest.
If direct speech belongs to different persons, then each replica is highlighted separately in quotes:
A) replicas are separated from each other by a dash: “Is the samovar ready?” - “Not yet...” - “Why? Someone came there." – “Avdotya Gavrilovna”(M.G.);
b) if one of the remarks is accompanied by introducing author’s words, then the next one is not separated by a dash: “You’re a widow, aren’t you?” – he asked quietly. "Third year". - “How long were you married?” - “A year and five months...”(M.G.);
V) A dot and a dash are placed between replicas belonging to different persons and equipped with different author’s words: As he passed by, he said, “Don’t forget to buy tickets.” “I’ll try,” I replied.; if the first replica contains exclamation or question marks, the period is omitted: Passing by, he shouted: “Cheer up!” “I’ll try,” I replied. ;
G) A comma and a dash are placed between remarks belonging to different persons, but united by a common author’s sentence: When the clerk said: “It would be good, master, to do this and that,” “Yes, not bad,” he usually answered.(G.); if the first replica contains exclamation or question marks, the comma is omitted: When I asked, “Why do you wear a carpet on your back?” “I’m cold,” he replied.; the same with a different arrangement of parts of the author’s sentence: When I asked, “Why do you wear a carpet on your back?” - he replied: “I’m cold”(Current.).
At paragraph allocation lines of dialogue is placed before the replica dash; After the author's words preceding the dialogue, a colon or period is placed. If the author’s text contains words introducing direct speech, then a colon is placed after them; if there are no such words, then a dot is added:
Carmen took her hand away; the unfinished beat froze with a questioning ringing.
– “I’ll finish the game,” she said.
– When will you be with me(Green).
The telegraph operator, a strict, dry woman, having read the telegram, suggested :
– Make it different. You are an adult, not in kindergarten.
– Why? - asked the Weird. “I always write to her like this in letters.” This is my wife. You're probably thinking...
– You can write whatever you want in letters, but a telegram is a type of communication. This is clear text.
The weirdo rewrote(Shuksh.).
The same with a single replica:
Shatsky walked around the room.
– Stuffiness, stuffiness! - he muttered. – The evenings here cause asthma(Paust.).
His eyes are lowered to his plate. Then he raised them to Nadya, ordinary Blue eyes, smiled and said quietly:
– Excuse me. It's my fault. This is childish of me(Sol.).
Paragraph and non-paragraph (with the help of quotation marks) highlighting of direct speech is used differentially. If the text alternates between external speech (addressed to the interlocutor) and internal speech (thought to oneself), then external speech is formatted using paragraph highlighting, and internal speech is formatted using quotation marks:
– Hmmm. Well, you're right. Business cannot be exchanged for idleness. Go ahead and draw your triangles.
Nadya looked pleadingly into Ivan’s eyes. “Well, what’s so scary about that,” I wanted to tell her . - Tomorrow will be a new evening, we can go to the White Mountains. And the day after tomorrow. But it’s not my fault if I promised two weeks ago.”(Sol.).
And after my words, he smiled from ear to ear (his mouth was just from ear to ear) and joyfully agreed:
– Okay, let's go then.
“Here I’ll show you, let’s go,” - I thought to myself (Sol.).
Only the inner ( thought to myself) speech in the author’s text, outside of dialogue:
Kuzma looked where they pointed. There, on the slope of another slope, mowers walked in a chain. Behind them, the mown grass remained in even lines - beautiful. “One of them is Marya,” - Kuzma thought calmly (Shuksh.); Kuzma looked at her with joy. “What else was I, a fool, looking for?” – he thought (Shuksh.).
Punctuation marks for quotations
Quotes conclude in quotes and are formalized with punctuation marks in the same way as direct speech (see § 133–136):
A) Marcus Aurelius said: “Pain is a living idea of pain: make an effort of will to change this idea, throw it away, stop complaining, and the pain will disappear.”(Ch.); Remember the words of L.N. Tolstoy more often: “A person has only responsibilities!”; M. Aliger has the lines: “A person needs very little for happiness to grow to its full height”; L. N. Tolstoy has an interesting comparison: “Just as the eye has an eyelid, so a fool has self-confidence to protect himself from the possibility of defeat of his vanity. And both, the more they take care of themselves, the less they see - they close their eyes.” ;
b) “Whoever shoots at the past with a pistol, the future will shoot at him with a cannon,” wrote R. Gamzatov; “He is not a writer who has not added at least a little vigilance to a person’s vision,” said K. Paustovsky ;
V) “To create something,” wrote Goethe, “one must be something”; “If on Nikolai (December 19),” the book said, “the day is cold and clear, it’s a good year for the grain harvest.”(Sol.);
G) Pascal’s statement: “Whoever knows how to suggest that he is not very cunning is no longer simple” sounds aphoristic; Picasso’s words: “Art is an emanation of pain and sadness” have a deep meaning .
If the quotation is not given in full, then an omission is indicated ellipsis(at the beginning of the quote, in the middle or at the end):
A) “...If good has a reason, it is no longer good; if good has a consequence, then it is no longer good. Good is beyond effects and causes,” wrote L. N. Tolstoy in his diaries; “...The poem develops into my memories, which at least once a year (often in December) demand that I do something with them,” notes A. Akhmatova in “Prose about the Poem” ;
b) “The biography of the heroine... is written down in one of my notebooks,” writes A. Akhmatova in one of her letters from Komarov ;
V) “Goethe says somewhere that nothing significant can be created in a foreign language, but I always thought that this was not true...” wrote M. Tsvetaeva in 1926 to Rilke .
If the quotation precedes the author's text, then after the ellipsis the word is written with capital letter; if the quotation comes after the author’s words, then after the ellipsis it is used lowercase letter : “... Olesha’s books fully express his essence, be it “Envy”, or “Three Fat Men”, or polished little stories,” wrote V. Lidin; V. Lidin wrote: “...Olesha’s books fully express his essence, be it “Envy”, or “Three Fat Men”, or polished little stories” .
A quotation included in the author's proposal as a component of it is highlighted in quotation marks(but starts with a lowercase letter), punctuation marks are used only those that are dictated by the author’s sentence itself: L. N. Tolstoy’s thought “time is the relationship between the movement of one’s life and the movement of other beings,” expressed in his diaries, has a philosophical content .
If the quotation is not an independent sentence and ends with an ellipsis, then after the closing quotation marks a period is placed, referring to the entire sentence as a whole: Iskander noted that “wisdom is a mind infused with conscience...”. Wed: Academician I.P. Pavlov wrote that “an idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death; lordship is the most dangerous poison" . – Academician I.P. Pavlov wrote that “an idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death..." . – Academician I.P. Pavlov wrote: “An idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death..."(In the first and second cases, the period after the closing quotation marks refers to the entire sentence as a whole; in the third, the quotation is framed as an independent sentence that has its own final sign (ellipsis), so there is no period after the closing quotation mark.)
When abbreviating a quotation that already has ellipses that perform certain functions inherent to them, the ellipses placed by the author quoting the text, indicating the abbreviation of the quotation, are enclosed in angle brackets: In L. N. Tolstoy’s diary we read: “She cannot renounce her feelings. For her, like for all women, feeling comes first, and every change occurs, perhaps, independently of the mind, in feeling... Maybe Tanya is right that this will pass by itself little by little.” .
If the quoted text already contains a quotation, then use quotation marks different shapes- “paws” ( „“ ) and “Christmas trees” ( «» ). “Paws” (or “paws”) – internal sign; “Christmas tree” – external. For example: ““Respect for the past is the trait that distinguishes education from savagery,” Pushkin once said. Near this line, it seems, we have now stopped, realizing that we cannot retreat back, and not daring, but getting ready and getting ready to move forward, to true respect.”(Spread).
If it is necessary for the quoter to highlight individual words of the quotation, this selection is indicated in parentheses: ( emphasized by us. – N.V.); (italics are ours. – N.V.); (our detente. – Ed.). For example: “Whoever wants to study man in history must be able to analyze historical (highlighted by us. – N.V.) emotions"(Yu. Lotman).
If the quoting person inserts his own explanatory text into the quotation or expands an abbreviated word, then this explanation is enclosed in square or angle brackets: “Thank you for admiring Moore[son of M. Tsvetaeva] …” – writes M. Tsvetaeva to B. Pasternak in 1927; “I must have read the staircase!” P[that's why] h[That] Leia read. Get it from her, correct the typos,” writes M. Tsvetaeva to B. Pasternak in 1927.
References to the author and source of citation are enclosed in parentheses; The period ending the quotation is placed after the closing parenthesis. For example: “To think broadly pedagogically means to be able to see the educational meaning in any social phenomenon” (Azarov Yu. Study in order to teach // New world. 1987. No. 4. P. 242).
If a quotation ends with a question or exclamation mark, or an ellipsis, then these marks retain their place (they appear before the closing quotation mark). When listing examples, the period after the closing bracket is replaced with a semicolon: “How mysterious you are, thunderstorm!” (I. Bunin. The fields smell...); “Don't leave your loved ones. There are no former lovers in the world..." (A. Voznesensky. Poems. M., 2001. P. 5).
If an indication of the author or the cited source is placed below the quotation, in particular with epigraphs, then the parentheses are removed, as are the quotation marks in the quotation, and at the end of the quotation a sign corresponding to the given sentence is placed. For example:
White rose with black toad
I wanted to get married on earth.
S. Yesenin
You don't love me, you love mine!
F. Dostoevsky
... Why so often
I feel sorry for the whole world and I feel sorry for the person?
N. Zabolotsky
Painting teaches you to look and see...
A. Blok
Marking quotes and “alien” words with quotation marks
In quotation marks quotations (other people's speech) included in the author's text, including direct speech, are highlighted (see § 140–145).
Without quotes Poetic quotations are issued if they are given while preserving the author's stanza. The position in the text takes on the excretory function:
The twelfth - the last and short - chapter of the book begins. The twelfth hour of Alexander Blok’s short life is striking.
Only in the menacing morning fog
the clock strikes for the last time...
…The year one thousand nine hundred and twenty has arrived, the fourth year of the new October era(Eagle).
Not in quotation marks and direct speech when conveying dialogue using paragraph division (see § 138), since the position in the text takes on the excretory function.
They are highlighted with quotation marks. other people's words included in the author's text, when their belonging to another person is indicated: This happened in the spring of 1901, which Blok called "extremely important" (Eagle); Pasternak writes: “... in my individual case, life turned into artistic implementation, as it was born from fate and experience.” But what is "fate and experience" V "special case" Pasternak? This again "artistic transformation" , with whom meetings, correspondence, conversations were connected - with Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Aseev, Paolo Yashvili, Titian Tabidze(Lich.); Jordan loved Kiprensky and called him "kind soul" (Paust.); Pasternak's struggle for "unheard of simplicity" poetic language was a struggle not for its intelligibility, but for its primordiality, originality - the absence of poetic secondaryity, primitive traditionality...(Lich.).
Putting quotation marks around unusually used words
In quotation marks words that are alien to the writer’s vocabulary are highlighted: words used in an unusual (special, professional) meaning, words belonging to a special, often narrow circle of people communicating: I poked the oar, little boy "dal var" (Priv.); The grass did not wither for a long time. Only a blue haze (it’s popularly called "mga" ) covered the reaches of the Oka River and distant forests. "Mga" it thickened, then turned pale(Paust.); Sasha lives "on bread" in a bourgeois house(Boon.); A solution of calcium sulfate salts from gypsum can pass into the microscopic pores of ceramics and give "efflorescence" on the surface of the work there are whitish spots under the glaze. Ideally, only ceramics would take root on ceramics. Such "implant" would age in sync with the original(magazine).
In quotation marks foreign style words are highlighted, the ironic meaning of the word is emphasized, an indication is given of the double meaning of the word or the meaning known only to the one to whom the words are addressed: ...Many pages of an English classic novel "breaking" from the wealth of the material world and sparkle with this wealth(M. Urnov) (another style word in a scientific text); ...The mystery of this mysterious acquisition, a generous gift for "services" , serves as an example of ambiguous talk(M. Urnov) (ironic meaning of the word); As long as it's a secret, don't say anything "there" known to you "especially" (Ch.) ( there, person– the meaning of the words is known only to the addressee); I started taking exams... when "decent persons" they weren't kept(Eagle) (indication of the special, secret meaning of the word); ...And if not for this thesis, it is still unknown what the departmental "bewilderment" (Hall.) (ironic and deprecatory use of the word); And so every day from "dawn" before "dawn" . A "dawn" - this is a special article used by the guard at the guardhouse in the morning and evening(Gil.) (double meaning - generally accepted and conventional).
In quotation marks words used in a special, often conditional meaning are highlighted: After all, the zero cycle is "dust-free" cycle, it does not require numerous subcontractors and suppliers(Hall.).
Quotation marks emphasize the purely grammatical unusualness of the use of words, for example in the case when parts of speech or entire phrases that are not intended to express these functions are used as members of a sentence: "Want?" , "let it be you" sounded in my ears and produced some kind of intoxication; I didn’t see anything or anyone except Sonechka(L. T.); From his friendly "I was waiting for you" she cheered up(B.P.).
design of direct speech and dialogue in writing
Direct speech is always written with a capital letter and in quotation marks!
If the author’s words are at the beginning of a sentence, then they are separated from direct speech by a colon: Remember the words of L.N. Tolstoy more often: “A person has only responsibilities. »
If the author’s words come after direct speech, then they are separated from it by a comma (question or exclamation mark) and a dash: “The Russian language is great and powerful,” said the Russian classic.
If direct speech is broken by the words of the author, then commas (signs) and dashes are placed on both sides of the gap: “I can read,” said the boy, “and soon I will learn to write. »
If the author’s words are broken by direct speech, then a colon is placed at the beginning, a comma (sign) or a dash is placed at the end: To my question: “Is the old caretaker alive? - no one could answer.
Replies in dialogues are written on the red line with a capital letter. Instead of quotation marks, the beginning of each line is marked with a dash. The rest of the format corresponds to direct speech:
The old woman sighed and whispered quietly:
- So the German has calmed down?
“I’ve finally calmed down,” the soldier answered.
- This is good…
09.08.2010, 20:17
Lesson on the topic “Direct and indirect speech. Replacing direct speech with indirect speech."
The lesson of repetition, deepening and systematization of knowledge will have a pronounced practical orientation, since the basic theoretical principles were covered in the basic school course.
The necessary reference materials will be provided in the form of supporting diagrams with a brief explanation.
Tasks, exercises and microtexts are presented in the form of blocks. Used didactic material compiled not only on the topic being studied, but includes words and sentences on previously discussed rules and the most complex cases spellings, which are explained along the way in the lesson.
At the beginning of the lesson, the topic of the lesson and the program of work are announced. Tasks are presented using an overhead projector and separate cards or written on the board.
Reference materials have been prepared for the lesson (support tables, diagrams, information cards and dictionaries).
I. Systematization of existing knowledge on the topic under study
1) Working with graphic diagrams of recorded sentences
Students write direct speech sentences in notebooks under dictation. For self-test, diagrams of written sentences are projected on the screen.
1. A.: “P.” The hostess very often turned to Chichikov with the words: “You took very little.” (Gogol)
2. A.: “P!” She looked and exclaimed: “This is Kazbich!” (Lermontov)
3. A.: “P?” I look after him and think: “Why do such people live?” (Bitter)
4. “P” – a. “I won’t go to the theater,” Sharikov responded with hostility and crossed his mouth. (Bulgakov)
5. "P!" - A. “Nice horse you have!” - said Azamat. (Lermontov)
6. "P?" - A. “Where are you going?” - Startsev was horrified when she suddenly got up and walked towards the house. (Chekhov)
7. “P, – a, – p.” “I came to command,” Chapaev said, “and not to fuss with papers.” (Furmanov)
8. “P, – a. - P". “They oppress me, Ignatich,” she complained to me after such fruitless passages. “I was concerned.” (Solzhenitsyn)
9. “P!” - a, - p! “Zina! - Philip Philipovich shouted alarmingly, - put away the vodka, baby! (Bulgakov)
10. “P? - A. - P!" “Muzgarko, are you out of your mind? – the old man was surprised. “The convoy has disappeared!” (Mamin-Sibiryak)
11. “P, – a and a: – P?” “Fuck-fuck,” the gentleman whistled and added in a stern voice: “Take it!” Sharik, Sharik? (Bulgakov)
12. “P, – a, – p?” “Tell me, please, Erofey,” I began, “what kind of person is this Kasyan?” (Turgenev)
13. “P? – a, – p.” “Have your pains returned, my dear? – asked the haggard Philip Philipovich, “please sit down.” (Bulgakov)
14. “A.: “P. " - A. Here he was completely stupefied: “Your honor, father master, how are you? Am I standing? - and suddenly began to cry. (Dostoevsky)
15. A.: “P?” - A. To my question: “Is the old caretaker alive?” – no one could give me a satisfactory answer. (Pushkin)
Unlike direct speech itself, which necessarily contains the words of the author, dialogue can be accompanied by words
What is a type of direct speech?
A type of direct speech is dialogue (from the Greek dialogos) - a conversation between two or more persons. The statement made by each participant in the dialogue is called a replica.
· How does dialogue differ from direct speech itself?
Unlike direct speech itself, which necessarily contains the author’s words, dialogue can be accompanied by the author’s words, or it can be presented without them.
Someone else's sentences written in this way completely retain both form and content. Direct or indirect speech is used by the authors when it is necessary to reproduce a phrase belonging to any one character, and dialogue (from the Greek dialogos - conversation) is used in cases where it is necessary to convey several replicas of characters talking to each other.
The doctor approached the boy and said:
- Do you have anything that your father held in his hands?
“Here,” said the boy and took a large red handkerchief from his pocket.
(Chukovsky)
In the above text, you can easily distinguish the words of the author and the characters’ remarks: the first and last sentences represent the author’s speech, within which there are two lines belonging to different characters. But one important difference between dialogue and direct and indirect speech is that the dialogue may not contain the words of the author at all. Read the following dialogue.
- Where are you going?
- And so I go where my legs go.
- Help, good man, carry the bags! Someone was caroling and threw it in the middle of the road.
In order to remember how punctuation marks are placed when recording dialogue lines, you can compare this form of recording someone else’s speech with direct speech that is already familiar to us. The design of dialogue differs from the design of direct speech in that the remarks are not enclosed in quotation marks, but begin on a new line and with a dash. In the following examples, the same words are written in two ways. For the design of dialogue, as well as for recording direct speech, there are four rules, each of which corresponds to the diagram in the illustration.
Legend:
P – replica starting with a capital letter;
p – a replica starting with a lowercase letter;
A – author’s words starting with a capital letter;
a – words of the author starting with a lowercase letter.
Chichikov addressed him with these words:
– I would like to talk to you about a business. (Gogol)
Chichikov turned to him with the following words: “I would like to talk to you about a business.”
It wouldn’t hurt even a person far from the literary field to know how to compose a dialogue. For students, schoolchildren studying the Russian language course, and aspiring authors, this skill is simply necessary. Another situation: your child asks for help with homework. Suppose he is tasked with composing the dialogue “A Book in Our Lives” or something similar. The semantic component of the task does not cause any difficulties. But there are serious doubts about the characters’ lines, and the lines themselves were somehow not built very consistently.
In such a case, you should know how to compose a dialogue in Russian on a given topic. In this short article we will try to analyze the concept of dialogue, the basic principles of its construction and features of punctuation.
What kind of form is this?
The concept of dialogue refers to the process of mutual communication. Replies during it are interspersed with response phrases with a constant change in the roles of listener and speaker. The communicative feature of dialogue is unity in expression, perception of thoughts and reaction to them, reflected in its structure. That is, the composition of the dialogue is the interconnected remarks of the interlocutors.
Without knowing how to write dialogue, a new writer is doomed to failure. After all, this literary form is one of the most common in works of art.
When dialogue is appropriate
Each time it occurs in a specific situation, when each of the participants is alternately a listener or a speaker. Each of the dialogue lines can be considered a speech act - an action that implies a certain result.
Its main features are determined by purposefulness, moderation and adherence to certain rules. The purposefulness of speech influence refers to the hidden or explicit goals of any of the participants in the dialogue. We can talk about a message, a question, advice, an order, a command or an apology.
To achieve their own goals, the interlocutors alternately implement certain intentions, the purpose of which is to induce the other side to specific actions of a verbal nature. Inviting information is expressed either directly in the form of an imperative verb, or like: “Could you?” etc.
How to compose a dialogue. General rules
- Messages are sent in parts. First, the listener is prepared to perceive information, then it is substantiated, and then it is directly presented (in the form, for example, of advice or a request). At the same time, it is necessary to comply with the necessary etiquette standards.
- The subject of the message should correspond to the main purpose of the conversation.
- The speech of the interlocutors must be unambiguous, understandable and consistent.
In case of non-compliance with these rules, a violation of mutual understanding occurs. An example would be the speech of one of the interlocutors, which is incomprehensible to the other (with a predominance of unknown terminology or unclear articulation).
How a conversation starts
At the beginning of the dialogue, a greeting is implied and quite often the question is asked about the possibility of the conversation itself: “Can I talk to you?”, “May I distract you?” etc. Next, most often there are questions about business, health and life in general (most often this refers to informal conversations). You should use these rules if, for example, you need to compose a dialogue between friends. After this, messages about the immediate purpose of the conversation usually arrive.
The topic is subject to further development. How to create a dialogue that will look logical and natural? Its structure involves the speaker's information being presented in portions, interspersed with remarks from the interlocutor expressing his reaction. At some point, the latter may seize the initiative in the conversation.
The end of the conversation consists of final phrases of a generalizing nature and, as a rule, is accompanied by so-called etiquette phrases, followed by farewell.
Ideally, each topic of dialogue should be developed before moving on to the next. If any of the interlocutors does not support the topic, this is a sign of a lack of interest in it or in trying to end the dialogue as a whole.
About the culture of speech
When lining up speech behavior Both interlocutors are required to have understanding, a certain ability to penetrate the thoughts and mood of the other, to grasp his motives. Without all this, successful communication is impossible. The technique of conducting dialogues involves various models communication with a variety of means for expressing ideas, feelings and thoughts, as well as mastering tactical communication skills.
According to general rules, each question posed requires its own answer. An incentive response is expected in the form of a word or action. Narration involves response communication in the form of a counter-remark or focused attention.
The latter term refers to such an absence of speech when the listener, with the help of non-verbal signs (gestures, interjections, facial expressions), makes it clear that the speech is heard and understood.
Let's move on to writing
To compose a dialogue in writing, you need to know the basic rules for its proper construction. So, let's look at the basic rules by which you can compose a dialogue of 4 lines or more. Both the simplest and quite confusing with a complex plot.
Many authors use it in their works of art. Dialogue differs from direct speech in the absence of quotation marks and a new paragraph for each remark. If a remark is given in quotation marks, then most often it is implied that this is the hero’s thought. All this is written according to fairly strict rules, which are described below.
How to compose a dialogue in the Russian language in compliance with the laws of punctuation
When composing dialogue, it is very important to use punctuation marks correctly. But first, a little on the topic of terminology:
A line is a phrase spoken by the characters out loud or to themselves.
Sometimes you can do without the words of the author - usually when the conversation consists of replicas of only two people (for example, you have a task - to compose a dialogue with a friend). In this case, each statement is preceded by a dash and followed by a space. At the end of a phrase there is a period, an ellipsis, an exclamation point or a question mark.
When each remark is accompanied by the words of the author, the situation is a little more complicated: the period should be replaced with a comma (the remaining characters remain in their places), then a space, a dash and again a space should be added. After which the author’s words are given (exclusively in small letters).
More complicated options
Sometimes the author’s words can be placed before the replica. If at the very beginning of the dialogue they are not highlighted in a separate paragraph, a colon is placed after them, and the replica begins on a new line. In the same way, the next (response) replica should begin on a new line.
Composing a dialogue in Russian is not the best simple task. The most difficult case is when the author's words are placed inside a replica. This grammatical construction is most often accompanied by errors, especially among novice authors. This is due to a large number There are two main options: the sentence is broken by the words of the author, or these very words are placed between adjacent sentences.
In both cases, the beginning of the remark is exactly the same as in example with with the author’s words after it (a dash, a space, the remark itself, again a space, a dash, another space and the author’s words written in small letters). The further part is already different. If the author’s words are intended to be placed inside one whole sentence, a comma is required after these words and the further remark continues with a small letter after the dash. If it is decided to place the author’s words between two separate sentences, the first of them should end with a period. And after the obligatory dash, the next remark is written with a capital letter.
Other cases
Sometimes there is an option (rather rarely) when there are two attributive verbs in the author’s words. In the same way, they can be located before or after the replica, and everything together represents a single structure, written on a separate line. IN in this case the second part of direct speech begins with a colon and a dash.
In works of literature you can sometimes find even more complex constructions, but we won’t go into them now.
Having mastered the basic rules of construction, you can similarly, for example, compose a language, etc.
A little about the content
Let's move on from punctuation directly to the content of the dialogues. The advice of experienced writers is to minimize both lines and the words of the author. All unnecessary descriptions and phrases that do not convey any meaning should be removed. useful information, as well as unnecessary embellishments (this applies not only to dialogue). Of course, the final choice remains with the author. It is important that at the same time he does not lose his sense of proportion.
Too long continuous dialogues are highly discouraged. This unnecessarily drags out the story. After all, it is understood that the characters are having a conversation in real time, and the plot of the work as a whole must develop much faster. If a lengthy dialogue is necessary, it should be diluted with a description of emotions characters and any related actions.
Phrases that do not carry information useful for the development of the plot can clog up any dialogue. It should sound as natural as possible. Use is highly discouraged complex sentences or those expressions that colloquial speech never meet (of course, unless the author's intention suggests otherwise).
How to check yourself
The easiest way to check the naturalness of the composed lines is by reading the dialogue out loud. All the extra long pieces along with pretentious words will inevitably hurt the ear. At the same time, it is much more difficult to check their presence with your eyes. This rule The same applies to any text, not just dialogue.
Another common mistake is the excess of attributive words or the monotony of their use. If possible, you should remove as many author’s comments as possible like: he said, she answered, etc. This should definitely be done in cases where it is already clear which of the characters the line belongs to.
Attributive verbs should not be repeated, their sameness hurts the ear. Sometimes you can replace them with phrases describing the actions of the characters followed by a remark. Russian language has a huge amount synonyms of the verb said, colored in a variety of emotional shades.
Attribution should not be mixed with the main text. In the absence of an attributive (or replacing it) word, the dialogue turns into ordinary text and is formatted separately from the replica.
By adhering to the rules we have outlined, you can easily compose any dialogue.
When transmitted in writing, it requires special punctuation. It depends on the position of direct speech and the author’s words relative to each other.
The following cases are possible:
“It’s good that you came,” said the neighbor.
"I'm so glad to see you!" - said the neighbor.
“Will you come by tomorrow?” - asked the neighbor.
The neighbor said: “It’s good that you came in.”
The neighbor said: “I’m so glad to see you!”
The neighbor asked: “Will you come by tomorrow?”
Scheme:
r.a.: “P.r.”
r.a.: “P.r.!”
r.a.: “P.r.?”
“It’s good,” said the neighbor, “that you came in.”
“Olenka! - said the neighbor. - I'm so glad to see you!"
“Olenka,” the neighbor asked, “will you come in tomorrow?”
Scheme:
“P.r., - r.a., - p.r.”
"Etc.! - r.a. - Etc.!"
“P.r., - r.a., - p.r.?”
Note:
If the first part of direct speech ends with a period, question mark or exclamation mark, then the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter.
If the first part of direct speech ends with a comma, semicolon, dash, colon, ellipsis, i.e. if the sentence is not complete, then the second part begins with a lowercase (small) letter.
For example:
“Paris is the capital of France,” he corrected his younger sister. “And not Italy.”
“Paris,” he corrected his younger sister, “is the capital of France, not Italy.”
He immediately corrected his younger sister: “Paris is the capital of France, not Italy” - and left the room so as not to interfere with the girls’ communication.
Having said: “Goodbye!”, he left the room so as not to interfere with the girls’ communication.
§2. Punctuation of dialogue
Dialogues and polylogues (conversation between several persons) in fiction, journalism, or rather, in printed publications, are formatted without the use of quotation marks.
A dash is placed at the beginning of dialogue lines, for example:
“The crowd was noisy, everyone was talking loudly, shouting, cursing, but nothing really could be heard. The doctor approached a young woman holding a fat gray cat in her arms and asked:
Please, explain what is happening here? Why are there so many people, what is the reason for their excitement, and why are the city gates closed?
- The guards are not letting people out of the city...
- Why aren’t they released?
- So that they do not help those who have already left the city...
The woman dropped the fat cat. The cat plopped down like raw dough. The crowd roared."
(Yu. Olesha, Three fat men)
Individual lines can also be styled with dashes:
“When he came to his senses, it was already evening. The doctor looked around:
- What a shame! The glasses, of course, broke. When I look without glasses, I probably see as a non-nearsighted person sees if he wears glasses. It's very unpleasant."
(Yu. Olesha, Three Fat Men)
Note:
If direct speech is combined with the author’s speech, then different punctuation schemes can be used. Punctuation will vary depending on the relationship between direct speech and the author's speech. But quotes are not needed. Direct speech is separated with a dash.
1) R.a.: - P.r. For example:
Then he grumbled about the broken heels:
“I’m already short in stature, and now I’ll be an inch shorter.” Or maybe two inches, because two heels broke off? No, of course, only one inch... (Yu. Olesha, Three Fat Men)
2) - P.r., - r.a. For example:
- Guard! - the seller shouted, not hoping for anything and kicking his legs (Yu. Olesha, Three Fat Men).
3) R.a.: - P.r.! - r.a. For example:
And suddenly the guardsman with a broken nose said:
- Stop! - and raised the torch high (Y. Olesha, Three Fat Men).
4) -P.r., - r.a. - Etc. For example:
- Stop screaming! - he got angry. - Is it possible to scream so loudly! (Yu. Olesha, Three fat men)
That is, the logic of the design of direct speech and the author’s speech is preserved, but quotation marks are not used. Instead, a dash is always placed at the beginning of direct speech.
In contact with
And write direct speech with a capital letter. When direct speech ends with a question or exclamation mark, quotation marks are placed after it, and in declarative speech, quotation marks are closed and a period is placed.
Examples: Andrey said: “I will play now.”
Example. He muttered: “I’m very sleepy,” and immediately fell asleep.
Example. The captain said: “The breeze would blow now...” and fixed his gaze on the sea.
The dialogue can be formatted in one of the following ways: All lines with no original words between them are written on one line. A dash is used to separate each statement enclosed in quotation marks.
Example. They walked in silence for several minutes. Elizabeth asked, “How long will you be gone?” - "Two month". - “Will you call or write me?” - "Yes, sure!"
Each subsequent line is written on a new line, preceded by a dash. Quotes are not used in this case.
Are you cold, Ekaterina? - asked Ivan Petrovich.
Let's go to the cafe.
Formatting quotes:
The quotation is written using one of the methods of formatting direct speech.
Example. Belinsky believed: “Literature is the consciousness of the people, the flower and fruit of their spiritual life.”
Part of the quotation is not given, and its omission is indicated by an ellipsis.
Example. Goncharov wrote: “All Chatsky’s words will spread... and create a storm.”
Example. Belinsky notes that Pushkin has an amazing ability to “make the most prosaic objects poetic.”
The poetic text should be quoted without quotation marks, observing the lines and stanzas.
Sources:
- How is direct speech formed?
- Basic rules for writing dialogues
Sentences with indirect yu help to convey other people's thoughts on their own behalf. They contain the main essence of the words spoken by someone, are simpler in construction and punctuation. When replacing direct speech with indirect speech, it is important to pay attention to the purpose of conveying a thought (message, question or motivation), use appropriate means of connecting parts of a sentence, and monitor the exact forms of use of certain words.
Instructions
In our language, foreign words can be conveyed in several ways. For this purpose, direct and indirect speech are most often used. While maintaining the essence, these syntactic constructions express the content in different ways, are pronounced and written.
When conveying thoughts using direct speech, all the features of the utterance are preserved: the content remains unchanged, oral speech the intonation is preserved, which is indicated in the letter by the necessary punctuation marks. This is the most exact way transmission of other people's words.
Indirect speech, as a rule, contains the main essence of other people's thoughts; it is reported not on behalf of the author, but on behalf of the speaker without preserving intonation features. In writing, it is formatted without quotation marks as a complex sentence.
When replacing direct speech with indirect speech, follow the main rules for constructing sentences and accurately use the forms of individual words. Sentences with someone else's speech are represented by two parts: the author and transmitted speech. In sentences with direct speech, the place of the author’s words is not constant: in front, in the middle or after the statement. Indirect, as a rule, takes a position after the author's words and is a subordinate clause. To correctly complete the task of replacing such syntactic structures, proceed according to a certain order.
First, determine the boundaries of the parts of the sentence with direct speech. The author's words in a sentence with indirect speech almost always remain unchanged; they will represent the main part of the complex sentence.
Next, pay attention to the type according to the purpose of uttering the sentence that is part of direct speech (it will be a subordinate clause). If in front of you declarative sentence, then the means of communication with the main thing will be the conjunctions “what”, “as if”. For example, “Eyewitnesses stated that (as if)
