Schoolchildren often receive essay writing as homework. This can be reasoning, description, and sometimes narration. This task is not difficult, but requires compliance with some rules.
Features of reasoning
Text-reasoning is one of the most difficult forms texts that schoolchildren encounter. After all, work on such an essay is based on an understanding of the cause-and-effect relationships between objects or phenomena. It has a special structure and clear shape. The reasoning uses not a plot method of construction, but a logical one (examples of narrative text and reasoning will be discussed below).
The purpose of such work is to reveal cause-and-effect relationships between objects or phenomena of the surrounding world, and to convey the author’s thoughts on a given topic. Such a text provides an assessment, justification or rejection of a particular thesis.
Text structure
The argumentative text must necessarily contain the following structural elements:
- Thesis. This is the idea that the student will reveal in his work. For example, on the Unified State Exam this is the phrase that is given directly in the task.
- Argumentation. In other words, the evidence that the student provides to support his point of view. The student can rely on both experience from his own life and opinion famous personalities.
- Conclusion. The result for which the essay was written. The student also needs to indicate that this conclusion is supported by examples.
Writing rules
What are the rules for writing an argumentative text? During lessons, teachers often draw students’ attention to the following points:
- Determining the logic of the text. The student must think logically and identify cause-and-effect relationships in his work.
- Smart introduction. It should contain several sentences that will describe existing opinions on this topic, problems and judgments. You can also quote statements famous people, however, it is better not to overdo it. The introduction should be meaningful and succinct.
- Think over theses. They should not dwell on the problem in detail, because all reasoning and explanations will be given in the text. There may be several theses, depending on the topic chosen by the student.
- Select arguments. Since several pieces of evidence are always given, you can use the following enumerations: “Firstly...”, “Secondly...”. However, if the student doubts, then other introductory words can be used: “On the one hand...”, “On the other...”.
- Write a conclusion. This sums up everything that has been said. You can use the construction “So...” or “Thus...”.
Reasoning text: example
Let's look at a short example of a text-reasoning on the topic “The Harm of Smoking.”
“Every person knows that smoking causes great harm to the body. However, not everyone adheres to this idea in practice, and in our country the number of smokers is still high.
Why do people, knowing how dangerous smoking can be, not quit this habit? The reason is probably that their awareness of the danger is not deep enough. If this very minute the doctor gave the smoker terrible diagnosis, one can assume that his desire to “smoke” would instantly disappear. Psychologists recommend that those who quit this bad habit often remember what they are turning into. internal organs as a result of smoking. On the contrary, understanding how much healthier a person will become if he overcomes himself can help to give up a cigarette.”
Features of literary text
Sometimes schoolchildren need to write a literary argumentative text. In this case, the work should contain both elements of reasoning and aspects of literary text. The latter must be remembered that such a text must contain various linguistic means - comparisons, epithets, metonymy, metaphors.
In order to write a good literary text, the author will need good imagination and literacy. You can’t do without personal ideas and baggage personal experience. If all these points are present, you can proceed to consider the following rules, adhering to which, you can write a beautiful literary text.
- The main thing is feelings. To make the text beautiful, you can turn off self-control while writing it and write the ideas that come to mind. You can do editing later.
- Observation. In order to develop this quality, you can carry a notepad and pen with you. Recorded dialogues, situations, behavior patterns in the future may be useful for working on a descriptive essay or a reasoning text.
- To gain inspiration, it is useful to visit various exhibitions, watch movies, and admire the beauty of nature. The more diverse a student’s life, the easier it is for him to write a good essay.
- Reading can also play a huge role for a student. After all, in order to create good and high-quality essays - including argumentative texts - you need to read a lot, note the style features of different writers. Many famous writers began by imitating or adding to famous works.
A narrative text is different in that it describes events or phenomena one after another. The structure of such an essay is as follows:
- Report the location of the action.
- Tell us about the main thing acting person.
- Describe the actions and the order in which they are performed.
- Indicate the completion of events.
- Draw a conclusion.
Example of a narrative essay
Consider. Reasoning can also be included in this, but they should not occupy a central place in it. The essay will tell about a fragment of the life of a fictional character - pensioner Margarita Nikolaevna.
“On the spring morning of April 25, the weather in the city... was good. Margarita Nikolaevna, a lonely pensioner who lived in one of the old houses along the street..., went out for a walk. She walked a couple of stops and turned the corner. Suddenly Margarita Nikolaevna realized that she had not met a single person on the street. She continued her way, and suddenly the figure of a man in a police uniform, scarf and cap appeared around the corner. Frightened by the lack of people on the streets, Margarita Nikolaevna began to call the policeman: “Comrade policeman! Please, explain what is happening here?” However, the guardian of the law, without turning around, walked forward.
Margarita Nikolaevna, with the last of her strength, quickened her pace and began to catch up with him. Elderly woman I was almost exhausted, but still caught up with the strange passerby. But when she turned around, her surprise knew no bounds: in a police uniform there was a huge dog, looking at the woman with intelligent eyes. “Madam, I have to inform you that this night dogs seized power in Kamensk. All people were moved to special enclosures. You were not subjected to these sanctions for your exceptionally kind attitude towards representatives of our kind throughout your life. If you want to visit any of your relatives, you need to get a special ID.”
Writing a school essay is not difficult. Sticking to simple rules, you can get a good grade at school, as well as gain the necessary experience. Knowing the necessary rules described in this article will help you cope with this task.
Based on analysis work of art or based on an analysis of personal life experience or one’s own thoughts on any current topic.
The first chapter presents general recommendations on creation original text: universal stages and rules, text structure, etc.
The second chapter is devoted to the methodology of creating texts of the main creative genres: essay, sketch, letter, association (visual, auditory, kinesthetic). The description of each genre is provided with brief algorithms that determine the order of action to achieve the desired goal. Examples of essay texts are given.
A distinctive feature of the recommendations below is their brevity and accessibility. The writer does not have to spend a lot of time studying theory, but he can easily master the basics of creating written texts, revealing his creative abilities and his individuality.
1.1. Universal stages and rules
Despite the fact that there are different ways to write an essay, and working on each genre requires its own approach, there are still some universal stages and rules for creating a text, knowledge of which greatly facilitates the creative process.
Stages:
1. Formulation / choice of topic;
2. Formulation main idea/problem that you will prove/reveal in your work;
3. Justification of the relevance of the main idea/problem;
4. Selection of arguments that confirm and illustrate the main idea/problem;
5. Determining your own position;
6. Writing a draft according to the scheme (see paragraph 1.2. "Tripartite text structure").
1.2. Three-part text structure
It is known that the composition of some genres of writing, especially creative ones, presupposes freedom (the presence of an internal logic of presentation of the material, associative connections between parts, unsubstantiated conclusions), however, upon closer examination, it can be distinguished in any text (somewhere graphically, somewhere conditionally, but in any case, according to the meaning) three main parts: introduction, main part and conclusion.
1. Introduction
Formulating the main idea, the problem that you will argue about, which you will prove
2. Main part
Proof of the main idea, reasoning on a designated problem: A) commenting on the main thought, idea, problem - a description of how the problem exists (in text or life); B) argumentation with examples (quotes from the text or brief retelling, you can give examples from personal experience); C) expression of one’s own position. P.S. If the essay is based on the work of some author, then in the main part they also indicate the author’s position in relation to the problem and express their attitude to this position (agreement/disagreement) - SM. clause 1.3. “Commenting on the author’s position.”
3. Conclusion
The general result of the reasoning: A) determination of the degree of importance of the thought/problem indicated in the introduction B) determination of prospects for its further disclosure/solution C) formulation of another problem that follows from the one being considered.
1.2.1. Introduction
Let's look at the options for INTRODUCTION using the example of an essay on the topic "What is happiness?"(based on the work of the Brazilian writer and poet P. Coelho “The Alchemist”).
A series of questions consonant with the topic (idea, problem of the text)
What is happiness? Is it possible? What do you need to do to become happy? Are there universal recipes for achieving happiness? Is the path to it long? The modern Brazilian writer P. Coelho answers these and other questions in his work.
Reasoning about the title
Happiness. It is impossible to describe the concept of “happiness”; you can only describe sensations, feelings, and states. Only a person can be happy, and this state is within his control, despite its seeming unattainability. Happinnes exists. It may be very close, and to experience it, sometimes you just need to look around and smile at the world. The world famous writer P. Coelho writes about this in his work “The Alchemist”.
Dialogue with an imaginary interlocutor on the topic (idea, problem) of the text
Dear friend, have you ever thought about what happiness is and how to find the way to it? You will answer that this is elementary: happiness is joy, laughter, pleasure, you just need to live and enjoy life. But does happiness lie only in joy and pleasure?! And is the path to it so easy? Let's try to find the answer to these questions together by turning to the work “The Alchemist” by the world famous writer P. Coelho.
A series of nominative sentences creating a figurative picture that arises by association
Happiness... Joyful emotions. Light. Warm. Falling in love... The desire to do good, to benefit the world... Such a fragile state... But at the same time so powerful, filling every cell of the body, giving strength to live. Happiness…
Quotes, proverbs, sayings, but the chosen statement must either contain the main idea of the text or serve as a way to address its issues
“Don’t chase happiness: it is always within you,” these wise words of the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras are still relevant today. The problem of happiness has probably occupied the minds of people at all times. Until now, philosophers talk about happiness, writers create works, and directors make films. And each of them answers these questions in their own way. One of the views on the problem of happiness is expressed in the famous work of the modern Brazilian writer P. Coelho “The Alchemist”.
Brief information about the writer, work
Coelho is a Brazilian writer and poet who has published a total of 16 books - novels, commentary anthologies, and collections of short stories and parables. He became famous in Russia after the publication of The Alchemist, which remained in the top ten bestsellers for a long time. In this novel, the author raises a number of the most important questions for a person, among which one of the first places belongs to the question of happiness: what is happiness and where to look for it?
Description of the impression that this work made. (Why exactly this? What caused it?)
I recently read Paulo Coelho's The Alchemist. This book did not leave me indifferent. Emotions of joy and surprise overwhelmed me immediately after I turned the last page of the novel: the answers to the most complex and critical issues: what is happiness and where to look for it? The author tells us: “The secret of happiness is to see everything that is wonderful and glorious in the world, and never forget about two drops of oil in a teaspoon.” “Sometimes you have to go around the world to realize that a treasure is buried near your own home.” These two statements changed my attitude towards my own life.
1.2.2. Main part
MAINLY should be avoided :
retelling the text;
presentation of information not directly related to the topic.
Here your task is to demonstrate your ability express thoughts logically and reasonedly . To do this you need to do the following:
1. Formulate the main idea / problem that you have taken for consideration.
2. Select arguments or fragments of text (if the essay is based on a work of fiction) that, in your opinion, confirm this idea / problem.
In the main part you should give at least two arguments (or evidence) and support each argument with at least one example taken from the text or life.
Create examples from literary texts in an essay possible in the following ways:
1) quote sentences (if they are not very long) or part of it, putting an ellipsis in place of the missing words;
2) retell sentences/text fragments in your own words.
To link the examples and the main text, you can use the following: speech cliches:
To confirm what has been said, let us turn to the text: ...
This argument can be supported by the following example:...
The validity of this conclusion can be proven using an example...
In confirmation own conclusions I'll give you an example and...
The following passage... confirms the idea that...
1.2.3. Conclusion
CONCLUSION should be:
short but capacious in content,
logically related to the previous presentation,
should not contradict in meaning the reasoning from the main part.
At the beginning of the conclusion, you can use the following introductory words: so, therefore, therefore, thus, we came to the conclusion, summing up what was said above, drawing conclusions from the above evidence etc.
The ending is the answer. Answer to the question posed at the beginning of the essay
So, happiness is not an abstract feeling. Happiness is a path that only a brave and hardworking person can follow. To be happy, you just need to go your own way, benefit people, give away the warmth of your heart. And most importantly, there is no need to look for happiness - it is always with us. It is within ourselves.
Description of the impression that this work made (what changed in the worldview? What did it teach?)
To summarize the above, I would like to note that P. Coelho’s work “The Alchemist” made a strong impression on me. I clearly realized that the meaning of life lies in creative work, love and constant self-improvement. The Alchemist doesn't give specific advice on finding happiness, but it did give me direction on where I should go.
Personal attitude to the problem being solved
So, in my opinion, happiness is a feeling of the fullness of life, its meaningfulness. Happiness is always in our soul, and it is up to us whether we will experience it, live by it, or whether we will always be dissatisfied with running after it.
A series of rhetorical questions. Open ending (letting the reader decide for themselves)
So, Coelho clearly shows that a person in search of happiness can go a long way, which will ultimately lead to the starting point. The author demonstrates only one of the ways to achieve happiness, only some of its manifestations. But what is happiness for each individual person? When should you go looking for him? How do you know that you have achieved your goal?
Quote, if it is a final judgment reflecting the idea or problem of the text
Thus, the meaning of every person’s life is to seek and find happiness. Many people search for happiness all their lives and never find it. Someone can be happy for no reason, while others need certain conditions to achieve it. The author gives us a simple answer to main question: where to look for happiness. “Sometimes you have to go around the world to realize that a treasure is buried near your own home.”
Despite all the arguments given by the author, I believe that happiness cannot be possessed all the time - it is something that constantly eludes, it is something in which it is impossible to remain constantly. We all strive to be happy, and our life is constant desire fortunately.
A striking example from my own experience, confirming the position of the writer of the essay
My grandfather, who went through the entire Great Patriotic War, loved to talk about his war years. He said that wartime people lived with deep hope of victory and looked forward to tomorrow, which could bring us victory. But still, grandfather always emphasized that it was interesting for them to live in the “here and now”; it was in every day that people looked for happy moments that gave them joy and the meaning of life. Happiness was nearby, and they knew how to see it, knowing full well that they might not have a “tomorrow.”
1.3. Commenting on the position of the author of the artistic workworks
Typically, essays created on the basis of a work of art reflect the author’s position on the problem under consideration and express a personal attitude towards this position. We offer the following types of commenting on the author's position: approval, condemnation, neutrality.
Condemnation: The author writes with pain in his heart that...; speaks bitterly about...; the author is indignant...; the author cannot put up with that...; writes with bitter irony about...; The author ends his emotional, excited reasoning with an equally alarming conclusion...
Neutrality: The author reflects on...; as if he invites the reader to dialogue...; shares his thoughts, observations...; poses an important, topical problem to readers...; tries to explain complex philosophical concepts (complex life concepts), etc.
CHAPTER 2.
Algorithms for creating textscreative genres
2.1. Essay
Essay (from Latin exaquim - weighing, English essay and French essai - essay, article, attempt, trial) - a genre characterized by a free interpretation of any problem; a prose composition of small volume and free composition, expressing individual impressions and considerations on a specific occasion and question and obviously not claiming to be a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject.
Essay specifics:
- The focus of the essay can be either a life phenomenon or an analysis of a literary, historical, aesthetic, philosophical or religious problem.
- Small volume.
- Free composition (presence of internal logic of presentation, associative connections between parts, unsubstantiated conclusions).
- Reflection of personal thoughts, impressions, associations.
- Emotional syntax (abundance of incomplete sentences, ellipses, interrogative and exclamatory constructions).
- Aphoristic and figurative speech.
Stages of writing an essay:
- Thinking about the topic, formulating the main idea/problem.
- Justification of the relevance of the problem.
- Reflection on the problem: personal impressions, associations, assessments, quotes, unusual facts, arguments for and/or against.
- Summing up the thoughts: a specific answer to the question posed in the introduction, suggestions on how to solve the problem, or leaving the question/problem open.
Essay examples:
What does it mean to love yourself?
At all times people have tried to answer eternal questions: What is the meaning of life? How to find happiness? What is love. Among them, one of the essential questions is the following: what does it mean to love yourself?
You can often hear arguments of this kind: self-love is a manifestation of selfishness. No less rare is the statement that self-love is the main condition for love for other people, i.e. A person who does not know how to love himself will not be able to treat the world and other people with love. Someone understands self-love as an opportunity to live life to the fullest, try all possible pleasures (“after all, you only live once!”), without thinking about the consequences. For some, loving yourself means taking care of yourself: your health, appearance, intellect, soul - keeping it all in a harmonious state. Any type of aggression towards oneself in this case will be understood as a manifestation of self-dislike: physical or moral self-flagellation, destruction of the body bad habits etc.
In my opinion, self-love should not be confused with selfishness. Selfishness is blind, completely unfounded self-worship, empty complacency. This is the path of destruction, although at times it will seem pleasant. Self-love is a creative path, it is awareness of yourself and all people as unique individuals, it is a lot of work on yourself. Protect yourself from physical and psychological negativity, develop your abilities, learn to understand yourself, your needs, strive to see only the good in people and situations... Self-love is like the process of caring for a plant - if we water it, fertilize the soil, send it the brightest thoughts - he will grow up healthy and strong.
Be that as it may, self-love always means putting yourself at the center of the world. It is no coincidence that the wise say: “Your life begins with yourself.” But what a person will do in this center of the world - create or destroy himself - depends only on him.
2.2. Etude
Study – a short work devoted to a particular issue.
Essay-sketch – this is a SKETCH, a description of what you see, a reasoning based on what you saw.
Specifics of the sketch:
- Descriptiveness.
- Lack of plot.
- Small volume.
- Abundance of definitions.
Stages of writing a sketch essay:
- Thinking about the topic.
- Description of the picture seen (must reflect a personal attitude to what was seen).
Examples of essay-sketch:
"Iset River"
End of spring. Evening. Embankment. Iset. So calm, quiet, slowly and softly carrying its silvery waters, drowning in the young greenery of the banks. The river of mine hometown, mysterious and wise wanderer...
The water is not transparent, but it still seems clean, full of unknown power. A fishing boat is visible in the distance. Light river waves rock her rhythmically, as if lulling a fisherman with a fishing rod. A gentle breeze rippled through the water, and the reflection of the trees swayed. A seagull flew sleepily...
The sky is clear. The bright colors of the evening dawn suddenly descended from the heavens onto the water, and it became fiery red, as if filled with the heat of the sun.
A little more, and the sun, touching the river surface with its last rays, will sink behind the spring thickets, the water in the river will darken and fall asleep. Until morning.
2.3. Diary
- a work written in the first person in the form of daily or periodic entries contemporary with the events described.
Diary - this is a reflection of the results of personal observation of outside world and introspection (expression of feelings, emotions, analysis of one’s own actions, etc.).
Types of diary:
- On behalf of the writer (author's personal diary);
- On behalf of the hero of the work.
Specifics of the diary:
- Dating.
- Subjectivity of reflection (clearly expressed personal position, evaluative judgments), emotionality.
- Free arrangement of material.
- Fragmentation (understatement of thoughts, unfinished phrases, abrupt transition from one thought to another).
- Monologue or internal dialogue.
- Features of syntax and punctuation: presence of incomplete sentences, use of ellipses.
Stages of creating an essay in the genre of diary entries:
- Formulation of the topic.
- Identifying the main idea/problem of the argument.
- Determining what feelings, emotions and thoughts will spill onto the pages of the diary.
- A description of your point of view on the designated problem, your thoughts, feelings and emotions about this.
- Breakdown into dated fragments.
Examples:
Shakespeare - poet of love
12.01.2013.
Hello, dear diary! I suddenly really wanted to tell you about my discovery. Yesterday I was given a wonderful book - a volume of sonnets by W. Shakespeare. I’m looking forward to this evening so that after the bustle of the day I can peacefully immerse myself in reading the works of the great poet.
13. 01.2013.
Yesterday all evening I could not stop reading these charming works. Dear diary, this is great! Most of all I like the translations of S. Marshak.
14.01.2013.
I read the sonnets over and over again. They are united by the image of a lyrical hero who glorifies either a strong friendship with a beautiful young man or a passionate love for a dark lady. 126 sonnets (from 1 to 126) are dedicated to a young man, 26 to a dark-skinned lady, and the last two sonnets talk about the all-conquering power of love: “Love is a beacon raised above the storm, not fading in darkness and fog...”
15.01. 2013.
More than others, I liked the sonnets dedicated to the dark lady. The author presents the ideal image of his beloved in such an original way! This is a completely ordinary woman, without much sparkle in her eyes: “her eyes don’t look like stars,” a light gait, pale skin: “the shade of these cheeks cannot be compared with a damask rose, scarlet or white,” without lush outfits, but she is still beautiful: “And yet she will hardly yield to those who have been slandered in magnificent comparisons,” says sonnet 130.Dear diary, the lyrical hero still loves the lady of his heart, even though she does not look like the ideal beauties of that time. What makes one person love another in the first place? How do we choose “our” people?
16.01.2013.
Today I turned to the sonnets about the dark lady again. At first I felt very sorry for the lyrical hero, who does not receive an answer from his beloved and suffers from the inability to show his love. But now I suddenly acutely felt that the hero is actually happy, because he can feel, he can think, he can dream, and therefore live! To be filled with the power of love (even if one-sided), to express your emotions in lyrics, in such powerful, beautiful, immortal sonnets!
2.4. Letter
Essay-letter - one of the most interesting tasks in Russian language and literature lessons. The epistolary genre allows you to get rid of strict frameworks and cliched phrases, and in return it gives you the opportunity to have plenty of imagination without leaving the topic of the essay.
Specifics of the essay-letter:
- The most important function of writing is communication and information.
- The letter reflects inner world writer.
- A letter presupposes the presence of a recipient-addressee and a sender-addressee.
- The letter takes into account the intended reactions of the addressee.
Types of letters:
- A letter to a fictitious person/real person.
- Letter to a writer (artist, composer, actor, etc.).
- A letter to the hero of the work.
- Letter from a hero.
- A letter from the author of the essay to himself.
Stages of writing a letter:
Introduction
1. Greeting the addressee, informing about his life and affairs.
2. A message to the addressee about what problem worries you now, what thought is on your mind and in connection with what? (reading a book, watching a movie, listening to a piece of music, etc.).
Main Part
4. Reasoning on the topic/problem: first name the thesis, then move on to evidence of the statement, examples that can serve as an illustration, and then draw a conclusion or indicate the complexity of the problem and the need to solve it.
5. Since you are writing a letter, you can interrupt your discussions with questions to your imaginary interlocutor. You can even assume that he will answer and agree or argue with his response.
Conclusion
6. At the end of the letter, once again express your interest in the addressee’s response and say goodbye to him.
7. Wishes. Date of. Signature.
An example of an essay in the writing genre:
Oh happiness
(based on the parable of S. Silverstein “The Generous Tree”)
Hello, my dear friend!
Today is February 19, 2013. I’m sitting in my last lesson, very tired and hungry, but I’m happy to write to you. It’s sunny and warm outside, the radiant sun is shining stubbornly like spring. And more and more I want a long-awaited, carefree summer.
How are you living, my friend? What is new in your life? Tell me!
After reading the parable, I felt tears welling up in my eyes... One apple tree loved a little boy deeply, gave him everything she could, and he loved spending time with her: “He played in its crown, climbed its branches and slept in its shadows. And the apple tree was happy.” Growing up, the boy visited his faithful friend less and less, and the purposes of his visit became more and more selfish: first he took her apples for sale, then branches to build a house, then he cut down the trunk in order to build a boat and go in search of happiness.
Dear friend, I feel so sorry for the apple tree... I know you will say that with her life she made the boy happy. But this is not so, my friend!!! The boy all the time only took from the apple tree its fruits, help, support, without giving anything in return, and all the time it was not enough for him. The boy did not feel happy and kept looking and looking for something better... And having returned to the apple tree as a very old man, he still did not understand what it was to be happy and did not even thank the apple tree for its gifts and sacrifices. And the apple tree gave him the last thing it could - the opportunity to rest on the stump that was left of it. "And the apple tree was happy"
Dear friend, I realized a very important thing: happiness lies in the selfless giving of your love, kindness, tenderness. Of course, we all count on reciprocity and expect reciprocal feelings, but nevertheless, the shortest path to happiness is to help others, to make their lives easier and more joyful. And the surest path to an unhappy existence is to become a consumer.
My dear friend, how do you like the parable? I look forward to your reaction - you will object to the author, justify the boy and scold the apple tree. But still, I’m looking forward to the answer!
Write! Kiss! I love! I miss!
Your Diana
19.02.2013
2.5. Association
Association(lat. Association- connection, relationship) - a connection that arises in the process of thinking between individual events, facts, objects or phenomena - the appearance of one element evokes the image of another associated with it.
Specifics of the association essay:
- Small volume.
- “Stream of consciousness” is a chain of associations-images that replace each other, connected to each other by subjective logic
- Fragmentation.
Visual association
Stages of writing an essay - visual association
- Observe the proposed material for some time.
- Determine your emotional reaction to what you saw.
- Determine the central image-association, the image-experience that is born when observing a work of art. What is your connection with this image? What picture does your imagination paint?
Examples of visual association:
The last push
(based on a reproduction of the painting “Storm in the Jungle” by Henri Rousseau)
Bright, flashy colors, lightning cutting the sky into pieces, streams of rain falling on the ground, a tiger preparing to jump - the dynamics of the thunderous jungle skillfully conveyed by the famous artist Henri Rousseau gave me interesting thoughts... about the last push before achieving the goal.
We tend to set different goals for ourselves, and we have the opportunity to achieve them. We achieve some goals without much difficulty, others through “blood and sweat.” What comes easily to us often does not give lasting joy, but what we work on can then delight us for a very long time. But do we always find the strength and desire to overcome obstacles on the way to the desired goal?!
Sometimes it seems to me that there is only one step left until my dream comes true, but suddenly something unpleasant happens, various events happen that push away from me what I have been striving for for so long. And I'm retreating...
This tiger in Rousseau's painting is in a similar situation - he is hungry and tired, the hunt has been long, and now there is one last jump left. And he will do it. I'm confident, even though the storm made things worse. He will jump no matter what.
Maybe we should do the same when we no longer have the strength, when it’s scary and it seems that all we can do is give up - we need to pull ourselves together, maybe get angry, and take the last step towards our goal, our dream...
Auditory association
Specificity of the text - auditory association:
- Small volume.
- Subjectivity – description of personal impressions and experiences.
- “Stream of consciousness” is a chain of associations-images, replacing each other, connected to each other by subjective logic.
- Fragmentation.
Types of texts in the genre of auditory association:
- Memory.
- Dreams.
- “Here and now” - a description of what is relevant to you in this moment, reasoning about a pressing problem.
Stages of creating a text - auditory association:
- Listen to a piece of music several times.
- Determine the emotional reaction to what you are listening to (lifts your mood, plunges you into sad thoughts, memories, makes you happy, etc.)
- Determine the central association image that is born when listening to the work.
- In any form convenient for you (letter, diary, sketch, essay), describe the feelings, emotions, thoughts associated with this image (this can be a plot narrative about something/someone specific or just an abstract reasoning about something) .
Examples of essays in the genre of auditory association:
Love
(based on listening to W.A. Mozart’s composition “Closer to the Dream”)
March. First day of spring. End of winter! Snow is melting. Streams are flowing. Snowdrops are blooming. Warm…. The days are flying by. Here comes May!
Suddenly - a small clap of thunder (violin!). It's starting to rain. The first, warm spring rain. No, it's not a gloomy cloudy day. Sun and rain! A guy and a girl, caught in a thunderstorm, run along the wet asphalt. HE takes off his jacket and tries to cover HER from the drops piercing through her. SHE runs away from him, laughing, with her arms spread wide - like a bird spreading its wings - catching every drop of rain. And the rain keeps pouring down, playing along with HER. But now SHE is already in the arms of her beloved. HE takes HER hand in his, and THEY, together, happy, dive under the “fungus” of the children’s sandbox. HE hugs HER tightly so that SHE doesn't freeze... Moment... The sky clears up. The rain is crying more quietly... Now it stops completely. The sun is coming out. Puddles sparkle. A burning kiss goodbye. SHE runs away into her entrance. "Goodbye!". "Goodbye!".
Kinesthetic association
Kinesthetic association – a feeling of being in the role of some object/living creature (car, gun, doll, eraser, pencil, cat, dog, etc.)
Stages of writing an essay - kinesthetic association:
- Choose for yourself the subject in which you will act.
- Imagine yourself in the role of this object/living creature.
- Describe your appearance.
- Describe your functions (what is the meaning of your existence?).
- Determine how important you are in a person’s life.
- Describe how you feel when the object (you) is functioning.
- Tell the person what you want to say on behalf of this item (wishes, warning, gratitude, etc.).
Examples of essays in the genre of kinesthetic association:
Confession of a laptop
Hello! I am laptop and my name isDell! I'm already four years old. I have a scratched black matte lid and a gray keyboard, on which the owner's coffee is regularly spilled. To the right of the keyboard I have two cute stickers with information about me (as if I didn't know that I unfortunately have limited memory and, fortunately, several extremely important functions!). One of the stickers has come off a little and is constantly preventing my housewives from working. I have a cool device that I’m proud of – a touch-sensitive “mouse”! So tame, smooth, just lovely! But my housewives don’t use it at all, but connect a regular one. It’s red and doesn’t suit my color at all, which really angers me! But I really like the webcam they bought especially for me. She looks good on me.
I’m already old and start making loud noises when I wake up, and my immune system has also weakened, and that’s why the housewives regularly give me lotions against viruses. But I still get sick often. Sometimes I even faint—I pass out completely. Then my mistresses begin to really panic - they are so afraid of losing me. Of course it's nice. But scary at the same time! What if they get tired of babysitting me...
Yeees. I’m so old that I’ve forgotten how to think quickly, and when I slow down, my owners’ mother swears at me, calls me “sweat” and sometimes even hits me. Although my mistresses have repeatedly told her that my “classmates” will completely destroy me, she still continues to torment me by peeking into other people’s personal lives.
I know exactly what I'm playing important role in the lives of their owners. I help them with their studies - I contact global world and display useful information, I entertain with funny moving pictures. But I always want to warn my housewives that they shouldn’t sit behind me for too long, because such a lifestyle will negatively affect their posture, vision, and the information that passes through me is not always good for them.
I am happy when my mistresses need me, but I am already many years old (by computer standards). Most of all, I am afraid that they will be completely disappointed in me, will buy themselves another laptop, and will hand me over... to be torn to pieces by their mother... Then there will be no talk of any peaceful old age - I will die quickly and suffer before my death. And to prevent this from happening, I decided to work at all costs, until my last breath - until my motherboard burns out!
How I was an eraser
Hello friends! I am an eraser. I really want to tell you about what important function I perform in a person's life. But first, I’ll just tell you a little about myself.
I was bought from a store at the end of August, before the start of school year. I am small, but very cute - in the form of a cute pink pig with cunning, narrowed eyes and a smiling... snout. My owner, a 5th grade student, is a serious person, so I had no doubt that he would choose me and not my eraser friend in the form soccer ball, who has only games on his mind. And I am very responsible and always ready to help. In general, piglets are people's best friends, after dogs, of course. Yesterday, for example, I diligently helped the owner erase a bad mark in his diary, which he received for sloppy handwriting and a considerable number of blots in the notebook. Phew...I tried so hard! I even erased the tail, and now I don’t have it crocheted, but... well, I don’t have it now. But I am almost not at all upset by this circumstance, because I know what the meaning of my life is.
My main goal in life is to make the world a cleaner place. Selflessly indulging in erasing (pencil, pen, fingerprints), I am filled with pride that there is no one else to take on this responsibility - to clean up imperfections. And I will say without modesty - I am doing an excellent job in my role.
But, despite the fact that I am not afraid of work, and I even enjoy it, I would like to ask my owner this - please, be careful, take your time when writing something in a notebook, diligently write out letters and numbers, do not take notebooks and books with dirty hands - then everyone will be better off for it: your notebooks and textbooks, teachers and parents. You yourself will feel happier and more pleasant from cleanliness, and I will feel good because... my life will extend.
Information about the author of the manual
Lantsevskaya Nadezhda Yurievna – Candidate of Cultural Studies, Associate Professor of the Department of Literature and Journalism of the Shadrinsk State Pedagogical Institute.
Goals and objectives of the lesson:
- show the value of the epistolary genre, its features, compose a questionnaire about the genre;
- enrichment vocabulary, formation of students’ speech culture;
- raising attentive careful attitude by the way; familiarization with the moral and ethical standards of human communication through writing;
- popularization of the writing genre.
Equipment:
- books in the epistolary genre (F.M. Dostoevsky “Poor People”; A.P. Chekhov “Vanka”; K. Simonov “Five Pages”; S. Yesenin “Letter to Mother”, “Letter to a Woman”, “Letter to Grandfather” ; A.S. Pushkin “Novel in Letters”), etc.;
- student essays in the epistolary genre;
- statements about writing.
During the classes
I.Teacher's opening remarks:
Composition, I think, is the most creative form of student work, and also the most universal. When creating an essay text, the student must demonstrate his reading skills, speech competence, analytical abilities and erudition.
It is no secret that many students do not cope with such work entirely satisfactorily, because they do not feel ready to adequately express themselves in words.
However, every person is capable of learning to speak and write well. The Roman politician, orator and writer Marcus Tulius Cicero said: “They become orators.” And the Russian writer A.P. Sumarokov believed that “our beautiful language is capable of everything.”
Today we will talk about one of the original genres of school essays - writing, we will get acquainted with the questionnaire of the genre, and listen to samples of essays in the form of letters.
II. Letter - special shape communication, which serves to transmit information over a distance.
1. What is a letter? Let's turn to the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova. We read:
letter – a, plural; letters - sem.
- Written text.
- Ability to write.
- This or that system of signs for transmitting speech.
- Manner of artistic representation.
(Write examples in your notebooks).
2. Types of letters.
Now let's figure out if all letters are the same? Who writes to whom? (to a friend, family, relatives, acquaintances, letter - note, president, teacher, etc.)
- personal,
- business,
- friendly,
- official,
- congratulatory,
- letter to the newspaper.
(Write in notebooks.)
3. Epistolary genre in literature.
Greek epistola - message, letter.
The epistolary genre is one of the directions fiction. In Russian literature, works in the epistolary genre are known: “Poor People” by F.M. Dostoevsky, “Vanka” by A. Chekhov, the poem “Five Pages” by K. Simonov, lyrical poems “Letter to Mother”, “Letter to a Woman”, “Letter to grandfather" by S. Yesenin, "Novel in Letters" by A.S. Pushkin.
These works are of artistic value because they reflect the time, its problems, and people's relationships.
You came across letters while studying the novel “Eugene Onegin”. (letter from Tatiana, Onegin)
Students can read these letters.
4. Genre questionnaire.
In the genre of writing, it is mono to write and school essay. Most often, essays of this type reflect students’ impressions of literary works and represent reasoning about them.
In order to be able to write essays in the genre of writing, you need to determine the questionnaire of the genre. It will include the main features of writing. (see p.50 in the book. Dorozhkina T.N. and others. “Our beautiful language is capable of everything...”; p.21 in the book. “ Best lesson letters")
5. Speech formulas of writing.
Main parts of a letter |
Speech formulas |
|
1. Place and date of writing. 2. Greeting. 3. Appeal |
Hello! Good afternoon I send you greetings! Greetings! Dear (darling, beloved, my dear)! Name and all its forms. Friend, mommy, etc. |
|
Information part |
Basic information to be presented |
I would like to inform... I would like to tell... Here's some news... There is nothing new… You ask what's new with us... |
Ending |
1. Summary phrases: please write; Gratitude; greetings and farewells; assurance of respect, friendship and love. 2. Pee. |
With (deep, sincere) respect... Respecting you... Your(s)… Always yours... Loving you... Goodbye! See you soon! Best wishes! |
III. Samples of student essays in the genre of writing.
(see student essays)
IV. ABOUT All-Russian competition"Best Writing Lesson"
(see materials from books and newspapers)
V.Lesson summary.
VI. Homework: write an essay in the genre of a letter on one of the proposed topics (a veteran, a friend, about one’s native land, etc.).
Instructions
Although letter involves free movement of thought, you need to draw up in advance. This will help you not to get confused in your own theses and not to reach a dead end in your thinking. In addition, a well-thought-out structure will make your text understandable not only to the recipient, but also to any reader.
None letter cannot do without turning to the interlocutor. You can use the image of a familiar person so as not to additionally think through his psychology when composing a letter. If you like to fantasize, you can turn to a fictional character invented by you or existing in famous works of art. Also in this task you can afford the luxury of conversation with classics of literature and painting, with great scientists of the Renaissance or with the modern ruling elite.
Afterwards, you can move directly to the topic of the letter (and therefore the topic of the essay). In a free style, tell us why the issue being addressed is important and interesting. Perhaps some circumstances make it relevant. If you were inspired by some minor episode or something you heard by chance, mention that too.
Construct all your thoughts on a given topic according to the reasoning type: first state the thesis, then move on to evidence of the statement or to pictures, examples that can serve as illustrations. In conclusion, draw a conclusion or indicate the complexity of the problem and the need to solve it (you can suggest solutions or at least outline the direction in which to move).
Since you write letter, reasoning can be interrupted by questions to an imaginary interlocutor. You can even assume that he will answer and agree or argue with his response. To add liveliness and spontaneity, you can provide the text with several lyrical digressions.
At the end of the letter, once again express your interest in the addressee's response and say goodbye to him.
It may seem that in our hectic and fast-paced age, with its by email, short messages and mobile phones, the ability to write has lost its relevance. Is it so?
Instructions
Of course, even in our time, lovers of epistolary writing have room to expand. From time to time, those of us who have decided to change jobs may need to write a resume. What can you do, willy-nilly you have to show your creative abilities.
But if a resume is a necessity, limited by formal requirements for its design, then the “accompaniment” to the resume is a kind of detailed explanatory note that can break through the impassive face of a potential employer. How to write a cover letter letter?
First of all, take the trouble to find out everyone accessible ways first and last name, as well as the position of the person to whom your resume will be sent with accompanying letter m. A personal appeal to, without a doubt, will play into the hands of you - any person
