Konovalenko Anzhelika, Veide Victoria
Research work "What are volcanoes?" The work was completed by second grade students. The guys, with the help of literature and experience, answered the question - what are volcanoes?
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Municipal educational institution
"Ermakovskaya secondary general education No. 1"
What are volcanoes?
The work was carried out by: Veide Victoria, Konovalenko Azhelika
2nd grade students
Head: Vera Aleksandrovna Bulavskaya, primary school teacher
With. Ermakovskoe 2009
p.
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………3
1.1. Rationale for the topic
1.2. Goal of the work
1.3. Job Objectives
1.4. Working method
II. Main part……………………………………………………….4
2.1. What are volcanoes?
2.2. Where are the volcanoes located?
2.3. Diagram of an erupting volcano.
2.4. Shapes of volcanoes.
2.5. Classification of volcanoes by their activity.
III. Method of performing work………………………………………………………7
3.1. Volcano model (experiment).
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….9
References……………………………………………………10
INTRODUCTION
At the “Health” group we talked about the topic “Natural Hazards”. The guys listed various dangers, including the name volcanoes. We were interested to find out in more detail what they are.
Purpose of the study:find out the origin of the word volcano and the structure of a volcano.
Research objectives:
Observe a volcanic eruption on the model;
Draw conclusions.
Research methods:
Literature analysis; studying various sources; working with photographic materials and documents; selection of texts; work on the Internet.
Observation and comparison;
Consultation with the manager.
Main part
2.1. What are volcanoes
Having become acquainted with the materials of the encyclopedias “Planet Earth”, “Big Book for the Curious”, “Geography”, we discovered a lot of new and interesting things about volcanoes.
VULCANO (in Greek mythology HEPHAESTUS) god of fire and blacksmithing, patron of metallurgy. He was revered as the god of underground fire.
The word "Vulcan" comes from the name of the ancient Roman god of fire, Vulcan.
The science that studies volcanoes is volcanology.
VOLCANO is a geological formation that has arisen above a channel or crack in the earth's crust, through which a fiery liquid mass - lava, as well as gases, water vapor, and rock fragments - erupts onto the earth's surface. Their temperature can be from 50 to 1000 C.
2.2.Where are volcanoes located?
There are about one thousand three hundred active volcanoes in the world, although during the year, as a rule, only 20 - 30 eruptions occur. Most volcanoes are located near the edges of the giant plates that together make up the outer layers of the Earth.
Photo 1
2.3. Diagram of an erupting volcano
Scheme
The structure of an erupting volcano
MAGMA CHAMBER – a molten fiery liquid mass of a predominantly silicate alloy - occurs in the earth's crust or upper mantle.
VOLCANO MOUTH - a channel through which magma rises to the crater.
CRATER - a depression in the form of a bowl or funnel, formed on the top or slope of a volcano as a result of its active activity. The diameter of the crater can be from tens of meters to several kilometers, the depth - from tens to several hundred meters.
LAVA is a hot, fiery liquid or very viscous silicate mass that pours onto the earth's surface during volcanic eruptions.
Photo 2
VOLCANIC GASES AND ASH, small splashes of magma, forcefully ejected from the crater of a volcano and solidifying, form ash; gases consist of 95-98% water, as well as various impurities, dust, flakes of volcanic ash.
Photo 3
2.5. Volcano shapes
The shape of a volcano depends on the type of lava, how far it spreads, and the force of the explosion. Viscous lava is very thick; it quickly hardens around the vent, forming a steep cone. This is how conical volcanoes arise.
Photo 4
Liquid lava flows very quickly and can spread several kilometers from the crater before it begins to cool. This is how shield volcanoes are formed. They are low and flat.
Photo 5
2.6. Classification of volcanoes by their activity
Volcanoes are divided depending on the degree of volcanic activity into active, dormant and extinct.
Dormant volcanoes are considered to be inactive volcanoes where eruptions are possible.
Extinct - on which they are unlikely.
However, there is no consensus among volcanologists on how to determine active volcano. The period of volcanic activity can last from several months to several million years. Many volcanoes have exhibited volcanic activity several tens of thousands of years ago, but is currently not considered active.
METHOD OF PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK
We tried to make a model of the volcano ourselves. For this we needed soda, water, citric acid, red paint, a glass test tube, cotton wool, sand.
- We poured a teaspoon of baking soda into a test tube. They poured one third of the water into it. Shake well to mix the water and soda.[ 3 ]
Photo 7
3. A “volcano” was made from sand around the test tube, so that it reached its neck.
Photo 8
Photo 9
Thus, as a result of the experiment, we sawthe foam began to foam and erupt like lava from a volcano.
CONCLUSION
So, having become acquainted with materials about volcanoes, we learned a lot of interesting things. We know that predicting a volcanic eruption is very difficult because it happens differently every time.
In the old days, for example, this was determined by various signs, such as the appearance of new bulges on the slopes of the volcano. Nowadays, more than precise methods forecasting. Scientists can now use satellites to determine the location of “hot spots” deep within the Earth.
We learned that volcanoes bring not only destruction, but also benefit. The rocks that are formed during a volcanic eruption contain ores of valuable metals, gold and copper, and minerals such as diamonds.
Despite the constant threat of new eruptions, people from nearby villages work in the fields usingfertile volcanic ash as fertilizer.
We concluded for ourselves that volcanoes are a miracle of nature.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.John Cooper. A big book for the curious. - Moscow “ROSMEN”, 2001
2.Strawn Reid, Felisa Everett. Geography. Encyclopedia. – Moscow “ROSMEN”, 1998
3.Fiona Watt. Planet Earth. Encyclopedia of the world around us. – Moscow “ROSMEN”, 1998
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………... 3
Chapter I. What is a volcano?................................................. ......................................... 4
The concept of a volcano, their location……………………………………...….. 4
Scheme of an erupting volcano……………………………………………. 5
The eruption of Mount Vesuvius and its consequences………………………...…. 8
The influence of volcanoes on people’s lives……………………………………..……. eleven
Chapter II. Volcanoes in our lives…………………………………………………… 13
2.1. Do students 4 “G” and 4 “A” know about volcanoes and their consequences………….. 13
2.2. Designing a volcano at home………………………………. 15
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………. 17
References………………………………………………………………………………….… 18
Application
Introduction
In the “World Around” lesson we covered the topic “Archaeology, ancient excavations.” Performing individual homework, I came across information on the Internet about the excavations of the city of Pompeii. It turned out that the city was damaged by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius on August 24, 79 AD. Archaeological excavations of the city are still ongoing.
Purpose of the study: study the impact of volcanoes on people's lives.
Research objectives:
Study what a volcano is and find out where they are located;
Explore the diagram of an erupting volcano and the classification of volcanoes;
The eruption of Mount Vesuvius and its consequences;
Find out if there are any positive consequences from volcanoes;
Interview the guys to find out if they know about volcanoes and their consequences;
Create a model of a volcanic eruption based on an experiment;
An object research: volcanoes;
Item: the influence of volcanoes on people's lives;
Research hypothesis: volcanoes are dangerous phenomenon and only bring harm to people.
Research methods:
Literature analysis; studying various sources; working with photographic materials and documents; selection of texts; work on the Internet.
Experiment;
Survey, questionnaire.
ChapterI. What is a volcano?
The concept of a volcano, their location
Having become acquainted with the materials of the encyclopedias “Planet Earth”, “Big Book for the Curious”, “Geography”, we discovered a lot of new and interesting things about volcanoes.
VULCAN (in Greek mythology HEPHAESTUS) god of fire and blacksmithing, patron of metallurgy. He was revered as the god of underground fire.
The word "Vulcan" comes from the name of the ancient Roman god of fire, Vulcan.
The science that studies volcanoes is volcanology.
VOLCANO is a geological formation that has arisen above a channel or crack in the earth's crust, through which a fiery liquid mass - lava, as well as gases, water vapor, and rock fragments - erupts onto the earth's surface. Their temperature can be from 50 to 1000 C.
There are about one thousand three hundred active volcanoes in the world, although during the year, as a rule, only 20 - 30 eruptions occur. Most volcanoes are located near the edges of the giant plates that together make up the outer layers of the Earth.
Diagram of an erupting volcano
The structure of an erupting volcano
A CHAMBER OF MAGMA - a molten fiery-liquid mass of a predominantly silicate alloy - arises in the earth's crust or upper mantle.
VOLCANO MOUTH - a channel through which magma rises to the crater.
CRATER - a depression in the form of a bowl or funnel, formed on the top or slope of a volcano as a result of its active activity. The diameter of the crater can be from tens of meters to several kilometers, the depth - from tens to several hundred meters.
LAVA is a hot, fiery liquid or very viscous silicate mass that pours onto the earth's surface during volcanic eruptions.
VOLCANIC GASES AND ASH, small splashes of magma, forcefully ejected from the crater of a volcano and solidifying, form ash; gases consist of 95-98% water, as well as various impurities, dust, flakes of volcanic ash.
Volcano shapes
The shape of a volcano depends on the type of lava, how far it spreads, and the force of the explosion. Viscous lava is very thick; it quickly hardens around the vent, forming a steep cone. This is how conical volcanoes arise.
Liquid lava flows very quickly and can spread several kilometers from the crater before it begins to cool. This is how shield volcanoes are formed. They are low and flat.
Classification of volcanoes by their activity
Volcanoes are divided depending on the degree of volcanic activity into active, dormant and extinct.
Dormant volcanoes are considered to be inactive volcanoes where eruptions are possible.
Extinct - on which they are unlikely.
However, there is no consensus among volcanologists on how to define an active volcano. The period of volcanic activity can last from several months to several million years. Many volcanoes exhibited volcanic activity tens of thousands of years ago, but are not currently considered active.
The eruption of Mount Vesuvius and its consequences
Vesuvius(Italian Vesuvio) - An active volcano in southern Italy, about 15 km from Naples. Located on the shores of the Gulf of Naples in the province of Naples, Campania region. It is part of the Apennine mountain system and has an altitude of 1281 m.
Vesuvius is one of three active volcanoes in Italy - Etna is located on the island of Sicily, and Stromboli is on the Aeolian Islands. Vesuvius is the only active volcano in continental Europe and is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes.
Historical sources contain information about more than 80 significant eruptions, the most famous of which occurred on August 24, 79, when the ancient Roman cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis and the villas of Stabius were destroyed. It was described by ancient Roman authors (including Pliny the Younger) and for a long time was considered a legendary event until it was confirmed through archaeological excavations. The last historical eruption of Vesuvius occurred in 1944.
Recent excavations have shown that in the 1st millennium BC. e. there was a settlement near modern city Nola and in the 7th century BC. e. approached the mouth. A new settlement - Pompeii - was founded by the Osci in the 6th century BC. e. Their name most likely goes back to the Oscan pumpe - five, and is known from the very foundation of the city, indicating the formation of Pompeii as a result of the merger of five settlements. The division into 5 electoral districts remained in Roman times. According to another version, the name comes from the Greek pompe (triumphal procession): according to the legend about the founding of the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum by the hero Hercules, he, having defeated the giant Geryon, solemnly marched through the city.
Painting by K. Bryullov. The Last Day of Pompeii (1833)
The harbinger of the eruption was strong earthquake, which occurred on February 5, 62 AD. e. and described, in particular, in the Annals of Tacitus. The disaster caused great damage to the city; almost all buildings were damaged to one degree or another. Most of the buildings were repaired, but some remained damaged until the destruction of the city in 79.
The eruption of Vesuvius began on the afternoon of August 24, 79 and lasted about a day, as evidenced by some surviving manuscripts of Pliny the Younger's Letters. It led to the destruction of three cities - Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabiae and several small villages and villas. During the excavations, it became clear that everything in the cities was preserved as it was before the eruption. Streets, fully furnished houses, and the remains of people and animals that did not have time to escape were found under a multi-meter layer of ash. The force of the eruption was such that the ash from it even reached Egypt and Syria.
Of the 20,000 inhabitants of Pompeii, about 2,000 people died in the buildings and on the streets. Most of the residents left the city before the disaster, but the remains of the victims are also found outside the city. Therefore, the exact number of deaths is impossible to estimate.
Among those killed by the eruption was Pliny the Elder, who, out of scientific interest and out of a desire to help people suffering from the eruption, tried to approach Vesuvius on a ship and found himself in one of the centers of the disaster - at Stabia.
The architect Domenico Fontana, while laying a canal from the Sarno River in 1592, discovered part of the city wall. In 1689, during the construction of a well, the ruins of an ancient building were found containing an inscription with the word “Pompeii”. Then, however, it was believed that this was the villa of Pompey the Great.
Excavations began only in 1748 under the leadership of R. J. Alcubierre, who was sure that the city he had found was Stabiae. The main work at that time was carried out in Herculaneum; only three unconnected sites were excavated in Pompeii. Alcubierre was only interested in finds of artistic value, which he sent to the royal museum in Portici. Other finds were destroyed. This practice was stopped after protest from a number of scientists.
Under the manager F. le Vega in 1760-1804, the excavations acquired a different character. The buildings under study were no longer filled with excavated soil; it began to be transported outside the city. Opened monuments were restored, and finds that were not sent to the museum were left in place for public viewing. A plan of excursion routes was developed. In 1763, with the discovery of an inscription on the pedestal of the statue, it became clear that the city buried under the ashes was not Stabiae, but Pompeii. Excavations were especially active in 1808-1814 under Murat. Important role Caroline Bonaparte played them.
Since 1863, excavations have been led by Giuseppe Fiorelli. In 1870, he discovered that voids had formed in place of the bodies of people and animals buried under a layer of volcanic ash. By filling these voids with plaster, it was possible to reconstruct the dying poses of the victims of the eruption. Under him, excavations became systematic for the first time.
Since 1961, and especially after the 1980 earthquake, the city has been carrying out almost nothing but restoration work. Currently, about 20-23% of the territory of Pompeii has not been excavated.
The influence of volcanoes on people's lives
In order to test the research hypothesis, we analyzed the literature and identified the reasons for the danger of volcanic eruptions:
Volcanic eruptions kill many people;
Huge cities turn into piles of ash;
Contamination of drinking water, reservoirs, and rivers occurs;
Air pollution is making people sick
Air travel between cities and countries becomes difficult;
The climate is cooling, as solar radiation does not reach the earth's surface in full;
Most powerful eruptions are accompanied by earthquakes.
But, in addition to the negative impact, the literature identifies positive aspects of the influence of volcanoes on people’s lives.
Positive points:
Many peasants settle on volcanoes because the soil formed by lava or volcanic ash is very fertile;
Eruption products: pumice, obsidian, basalt are used in construction.
Near volcanoes, deposits of minerals - sulfur and diamonds - are formed. Sulfur is used to produce sulfuric acid. Sulfur is also used to produce sulfur asphalt and sulfur concrete. Diamonds have a special value. It takes a lot of effort to get them. Rough diamonds do not shine and look dull. Diamonds are made of carbon and are the hardest mineral we know.
Volcanic zones are accompanied by such unusual phenomena as thermal springs and geysers.
Thus, the research hypothesis was not confirmed. Volcanoes are indeed dangerous and when they erupt they cause great harm to people. But there are also benefits from volcanoes.
I was interested in the question: is it possible for a volcano to erupt on the territory of our Perm region? The territory of the Perm region is located on one plate in the northeast of the East European Platform. Therefore, a volcanic eruption in the Perm region cannot occur.
ChapterII. Volcanoes in our lives
2.1. Do 4G and 4A students know about volcanoes and their consequences?
After studying the literature, I learned a lot about volcanoes and I had a question: “Do the students in my class know about the effects of volcanoes?” For this purpose, a survey was conducted, the results were as follows.
A total of 18 students from grades 4 “A” and 4 “G” were interviewed.
To the first question, “What is a volcano,” 13 people wrote that it is a “mountain”; 3 people don’t know what a volcano is, 1 person thinks it’s “plate movement”, 1 person thinks it’s “rocks with lava”.
Thus, most students know what a volcano is.
Question 2: “Are volcanoes dangerous for people?” All students answered “yes” they are dangerous.
Question 3: “Do you think there is any benefit from the volcano?” 14 people answered “no benefit,” 2 people wrote that “lava makes the soil fertile,” 1 person noted “the formation of minerals,” 1 wrote that “islands appear after solidified magma.”
Thus, despite the fact that all students noted the danger of volcanoes for people, some students know that volcanoes provide benefits: minerals and fertile soil.
Question 4: “Do you think it is possible for a volcano to erupt in the Perm Territory?” 14 people answered “no”, 4 – “yes”.
Thus, not all students know that the territory of the Perm region is located on one plate in the northeast of the East European Platform. Therefore, a volcanic eruption in the Perm region cannot occur.
2.2. Designing a volcano at home
We tried to make a model of the volcano ourselves. For this we needed a model of a volcano made of cardboard and plasticine, soda, acetic acid, red paint, washing foam, and a spoon.
We poured a teaspoon of baking soda, dye and a few drops of cleaning fluid into the hole of the volcano model.
2. Then a little was poured into the hole from above acetic acid.
3. Lava poured out of the volcano. The volcanic eruption has begun.
Thus, as a result of the experiment, we saw how a volcanic eruption occurs. Anyone can do this experience at home or in class with the kids.
Conclusion
So, having become acquainted with materials about volcanoes, we learned a lot of interesting things. We know that predicting a volcanic eruption is very difficult because it happens differently every time.
In the old days, for example, this was determined by various signs, such as the appearance of new bulges on the slopes of the volcano. Nowadays, more accurate forecasting methods have been developed. Scientists can now use satellites to determine the location of “hot spots” deep within the Earth.
We learned that volcanoes bring not only destruction, but also benefit. The rocks that are formed during a volcanic eruption contain ores of valuable metals, gold and copper, and minerals such as diamonds.
Despite the constant threat of new eruptions, people in nearby villages work in the fields, using fertile volcanic ash as fertilizer.
We concluded for ourselves that volcanoes are a miracle of nature, and we built a model of a volcano.
Bibliography
1.John Cooper. A big book for the curious. - Moscow “ROSMEN”, 2001
2.Strawn Reid, Felisa Everett. Geography. Encyclopedia. – Moscow “ROSMEN”, 1998
3.Fiona Watt. Planet Earth. Encyclopedia of the world around us. – Moscow “ROSMEN”, 1998
4. Lyubka. M. Encyclopedia for children. About everything in the world. – Rostov/D: Vladis, 2013. – 272s.
Annex 1
What is a volcano?__________________________________________
Are volcanoes dangerous for people?
A) yes b) no
3. Do you think there are any benefits from volcanoes?
a) yes (write which one) _____________________________________
b) no benefit
4. Do you think it is possible for a volcano to erupt in the Perm region?
Material from the id115 LOTTO team - creative tour of preschool educational institution in Biology 2007 "Unfamiliar Biology"
Volcanologist
A volcanologist is a specialist in the field of volcanology.
Vulcanology (Latin Vulcanus - the god of fire among the ancient Romans and Logos - word, doctrine) is a science that studies the processes and causes of the formation of volcanoes, their development, the structure and composition of eruption products, changes in the nature of their activity, as well as the patterns of location of volcanoes on the surface of the Earth .
The practical goal of volcanology is to develop methods for predicting eruptions and using volcanic heat, hot water and steam for needs National economy. The beginning of a comprehensive study of volcanoes is considered to be the opening in 1842 of a special scientific institution - a volcanological observatory located on the slope of Mount Vesuvius. Then in 1911 another observatory was created on the Kilauea volcano in the Hawaiian Islands. Then observatories appeared in other seismically dangerous areas: in Indonesia and Japan.
Volcanologists are developing methods for predicting eruptions and using volcanic heat, hot water and steam for the needs of the national economy. Already Heraclitus (VI century BC) and Aristotle (IV century BC) began to study volcanoes. Their work was continued by Strabo, who described the eruption of the Caimeni volcano of Santorini - 1st century AD, and Pliny the Younger, who described the eruption of Vesuvius. - I century AD e. The beginning of a comprehensive study of volcanoes is considered to be the opening in 1842 of a special scientific institution - a volcanological observatory located on the slope of Mount Vesuvius. Then in 1911 another observatory was created on the Kilauea volcano in the Hawaiian Islands. Then observatories appeared in other seismically dangerous areas: in Indonesia and Japan. In our country, volcanology was studied by F. Yu. Levinson-Lessing, A. N. Zavaritsky, V. I. Vlodavets.
In our country there are many volcanoes in Kamchatka. Many scientists believe that there are about 150 of them, a third of which are active. One of the most ancient settlements in Kamchatka, the village of Klyuchi holds the record for the number of fire-breathing neighbors. In the surrounding area alone there are 5 active volcanoes, not counting extinct ones. The first volcanic station on the peninsula was built here.
These are volcanoes such as Klyuchevskoy, Bezymianny, Sheveluch. Sometimes they all erupt at once. Ashfall occurs here as often as snowfall. Scientists collect volcanic ash. It does not always fit into ordinary test tubes; unconventional containers have to be used.
Studying volcanoes is quite problematic. Determining the composition of ash or lava is still half the battle. The main thing is to learn to predict an eruption. But to trace the life of one volcano from beginning to end will require several thousand human generations.
Monitoring the life of volcanoes is carried out around the clock. Seismic stations record volcanic earthquakes. These are the most reliable harbingers of an upcoming eruption. In addition to scientific observations, the volcano station also brings practical benefits. When an eruption occurs, volcanologists monitor the direction of the ash plume. According to their forecasts, aviators are adjusting aircraft routes.
Specialists in volcanology are trained at the Institute of Volcanology and Geodynamics of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, at the Leningrad Mining Institute, at the Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
A source of information:
World of news - Volcanologists work around the clock. mosstroy.su/news-word/Vulkanologi-ra;
Volcanology - Wikipedia. ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanology
A terrible natural phenomenon - a volcanic eruption - inspires fear and respect for the underground power of the bowels of our planet. However, there are people who are ready to climb into the very mouth of the fiery mountain, study its toxic fumes, ashes and take samples of orange lava and seething molten stones. These are volcanologists, a special caste of geologists. Representatives of this profession are not only inspired by the romantic spirit of long-distance expeditions, but are also famous for their forecasts of large-scale volcanic disasters.
The word “volcano” itself comes from ancient Roman mythology: it was the name of the god of fire and the patron of blacksmithing. The Greeks called him Hephaestus. Yes, according to legend, it was he who gave fire to people, for which he got it from the elder gods. When modern volcanoes “give” fire, hot lava flows from their slopes, columns of black smoke and clouds of ash burst into the sky, and volcanic bombs—huge pieces of rock—fly out of the crater. But the frightening phenomena that make local residents to run and seek salvation, volcanologists are only beckoned.
Judge for yourself: to study the structure of our planet, there is no need to drill wells in this place - the Earth itself shows its fiery interior. Dressed in a fireproof silver suit, like a fireman at the source of a disaster, a volcanologist carefully approaches the lava flow with a special ladle, or even looks into the crater, lowering a probe there to take samples of molten rocks.
What do such samples give scientists? People have long noticed that at the point of contact of hot lava with cold surface rocks, accumulations of mineral ore are formed - deposits of iron, copper, zinc and other metals. Studying the composition of lava allows us to imagine the conditions on our planet during its formation, billions of years ago! Volcanologists also study extinct and destroyed ancient volcanoes - the accumulation of such knowledge is very important for geology. It helps to piece together a picture of eruptions of past and present years and predict future cataclysms.
The beginning of a comprehensive scientific study of the “fire mountains” is considered to be the opening in 1842 of a special institution - a volcanological observatory, which was built in Italy on the slope of the notorious Vesuvius volcano.
It is Vesuvius, the only active volcano in continental Europe, that is considered one of the most dangerous. More than 80 of its eruptions are documented, the most famous of which occurred on August 24, 79, when three ancient Roman cities were destroyed: Pompeii (completely covered with volcanic ash), Herculaneum (destroyed by a mudslide) and Stabia (flooded with lava). The last eruption of Mount Vesuvius occurred in 1944: one of the lava flows destroyed the cities of Massa and San Sebastiano, killing 57 people.
Nowadays, the situation in the vicinity of this mountain is constantly monitored. At the beginning of the 20th century, interest in volcanoes flared up throughout the world: in 1911, an observatory was created on the Kilauea volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, and then observatories appeared in Indonesia and Japan. Soon the entire Pacific “ring of fire” was covered by observation.
In our country, there are especially many volcanoes in Kamchatka. Klyuchevskoy, Bezymianny, Sheveluch - they are known to everyone. From time to time, these volcanoes erupt simultaneously, and ash falls more often than snow in their vicinity. In total, there are about 150 volcanoes in Kamchatka, a third of them are active, and people live in the vicinity of many of them.
The record holder for the number of fire-breathing neighbors is the village of Klyuchi; not far from it there are five active volcanoes, not counting the extinct ones. Here the first volcanic station on the peninsula was built. Nowadays, an entire Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, operates in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
The romance of long-distance expeditions and the danger of eruptions played a cruel joke on the profession of volcanologist. At the beginning of the 20th century, as soon as volcanology became fashionable, a great many amateur “scientists” appeared in the world. As soon as an eruption began somewhere, a local geology teacher (or even just tourists who happened to be nearby) immediately declared themselves “volcanologists.” Of course, for the most part, such “experts” turned out to be harmless - however, there is also a tragic case that occurred due to such impostors from science.
In early May 1902, several such "volcanologists" announced that largest city On the island of Martinique, Saint-Pierre is not in any danger, and this prevented the reasonably frightened population from evacuating. The threat was more than real, and on May 8 of the same year, the self-proclaimed “experts” burned alive in a cloud of hot ash from the Mont Pele volcano, along with 30 thousand residents of the unfortunate city.
In addition to reliable prediction of eruptions and general study the molten depths of the earth, the profession of a volcanologist also has purely practical sides. These scientists are participating in the development of methods for using steam and heat from hot springs on the slopes of the fiery mountains - for the needs, as they say, of “industry and everyday life.” And, of course, when an eruption occurs, volcanologists monitor the direction of the ash plume and, according to their forecasts, air traffic controllers adjust aircraft routes. This was the case last spring and summer, when air traffic over Europe was blocked by the Icelandic volcano with the unpronounceable name Eyjafjallajokull.
Volcanologists note that this mountain awoke unnoticed for ten years. Eyjafjallajökull entered its active phase a year ago and exploded on April 14. “Volcanoes in Iceland erupt at intervals of approximately 50-80 years,” explains Thorvolder Thordarson, an expert on Icelandic volcanoes at the UK’s University of Edinburgh. “And the increase in seismic activity over the past ten years indicates that we have most likely entered an active phase of eruptions "That's why it was so unusually quiet in the second half of the 20th century." In short, volcanologists predict new trials for Europe that will last 60 years or more, with a peak between 2030 and 2040.
The information obtained by brave researchers is also indicated in the Guinness Book of Records. For example, the highest active volcanoes are located in South America on the territory of Ecuador are Cotopaxi and Sangay, with an altitude of 5896 meters and 5410 meters above sea level, respectively. The tallest dormant volcano is Ojos del Salado in the Andean Cordillera on the border of Argentina and Chile, which rises 6880 meters above sea level.
Agafonova Alena, Terekhovich Anna
Report to the city conference "Profession Geographer"
Completed by 9a grade students
Presentation attached
Goal of the work: Get to know and study the profession of volcanologist, its features and specifics.
Tasks:
1. Study, collect and systematize material on the topic
2. Prepare a presentation of the profession.
Download:
Preview:
AOU school No. 6 of Dolgoprudny
ABSTRACT
“Profession volcanologist”
Completed by: Agafonova Alena,
Terekhovich Anna, 9a grade
Head: Isakova E.V.
Dolgoprudny 2012
About the head
Introduction
Goal of the work: Get to know and study the profession of volcanologist, its features and specifics.
Tasks:
1. Study, collect and systematize material on the topic.
2. Prepare a presentation of the profession.
Volcanologists study volcanoes. The first scientific observations of a volcanic eruption were made by the Romans Pliny the Elder and his nephew Pliny the Younger on August 24, 79. On the day of the catastrophic eruption of Vesuvius, Pliny the Elder - the head of the Roman fleet and scientist, author of 37 books of “Natural History” - tried to take out the inhabitants of the villas on ships from coast of the Gulf of Naples. Ash and pumice stones were already falling thickly on the coast. After landing, Pliny the Elder died, suffocating in a cloud of volcanic gases. Pliny the Younger later accurately described the eruption in two of his letters. In his honor, such eruptions, in which a powerful stream of volcanic gases, ash, pumice, slag and bombs hit a height of 10 km or more, are called Plinian.
The first volcanological observatory appeared on Mount Vesuvius in 1841 (Italy). At the beginning of the 20th century, volcanological observatories were created in the USA, Japan, Indonesia and other countries. Networks of volcanological observatories quickly merged into national volcanological services.
The development of domestic volcanology is associated with the development of the eastern outskirts of Russia. We remember and honor the famous explorer of Kamchatka S.P. Krasheninnikov, who described in 1755 “the fire-breathing mountains of Kamchatka and the dangers arising from them.”
The tasks of volcanology, as is known, include the study of volcanic and magmatic activity on Earth and other planets.
In Russia, in 1935, a volcanological station was opened in the village. Klyuchi, which in 1943 was transformed into the Laboratory of Volcanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, and in 1962 turned into the Institute of Volcanology of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Now it is the Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
The institute has a special ship “Vulcanologist” at its disposal.
The vessel is designed to study underwater volcanism, to study the mineral resources of the ocean floor and its geological structure.
Externally, the ship looks quite unusual: a closed forecastle, an elongated superstructure, a significant camber of the hull towards the bow with a bow inclined forward, sides sloping towards the keel. The vessel's displacement is 1120 tons, crew - 40 people. On board it is equipped with geological, hydroacoustic, gas-hydrochemical, geophysical and noise direction-finding laboratories, and a computer center.
Volcanoes are often explored from an airplane. When studying the restless Italian volcano Etna, unmanned mini-planes of the CAM type, shaped like “flying saucers,” were used to take gas samples.
Who are volcanologists?
Volcanologists are a special caste of geologists; these people, as a rule, are true fans of their work. They are ready to climb into the very mouth of the fiery mountain, study its poisonous fumes and ashes, take samples of lava. Studying volcanoes is quite difficult, they are sometimes monitored around the clock. Volcanologists also study extinct and destroyed ancient volcanoes, since this knowledge is very important for geology , as they help to piece together a picture of eruptions of past years and even predict future cataclysms. Volcanologists also participate in the development various methods using heat and steam from hot springs for agricultural needs, which is of greater practical importance. During an eruption, they monitor the direction of the ash, report the direction of the ash to the weather service and air traffic controllers. Studying active volcanoes involves great risk. After all, you have to work surrounded by hot lava, suffocating gases and hot dust, every second exposed to the danger of a volcanic explosion. To partially reduce the danger, volcanologists use special protective equipment. They wear heat-insulating clothing and shoes, which are covered with a layer of aluminum or other metal that reflects heat. They wear special protective helmets on their heads. To protect against gases, gas masks and gas masks are used. The volcanic heat burns your hands, the acid from the volcanic rocks corrodes your clothes.
Almost all books on volcanology describe the famous “drift” of two volcanologists, V.P. Popkova and I.Z. Ivanov, who were on a lava flow flowing from the Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano. These scientists floated on the lava crust for more than two kilometers, moving with the lava flow, constantly taking temperature measurements and taking gas samples. Initially they wanted to walk along the "bank of lava flow 2", but the terrain did not allow this. That's why they dared to do such an experiment. “While working, we laid asbestos sheets under our feet, and yet we often had to stand like storks on one leg,” wrote V.F. Popkov, one of the participants in this dangerous experiment, in his report.
Professionally important qualities people of this profession are: physical endurance, spatial imagination, observation, attention, logical thinking, emotional-volitional stability, good hearing.
Must know:
Geological knowledge about rocks, magmas and endogenous processes that arose in the conditions high temperatures and a wide range of pressures, as well as the processes of their formation and transformation.
The first female volcanologist
August 9, 1936 is a significant date in Russian volcanology. On this day, a woman climbed the smoking peak of the largest active volcano in Eurasia - Klyuchevsky - for the first time in the world, it was volcanologist Sofya Ivanovna Naboko. A detachment of three people managed to climb to the northwestern edge of the crater. Unique samples of fumarole gases, lava samples, sublimates were selected, fumarole temperature measurements were taken, atmospheric pressure. We measured the height of the volcano using an aneroid - 4860 m. The air temperature was minus 14 degrees Celsius. The planned work program was completed. There was every reason to rejoice. But on the way back, a tragedy almost happened: topographer A.I. Dyakonov, in euphoria from conquering the volcano, began to sing, wave his arms, could not resist on the icy slope, fell, rolled and fell into a deep crack. It’s good that he caught the walls of the crack with a tripod tied to his backpack and hung, otherwise he would have broken. He couldn't get out on his own. It was impossible to even move, because... there was a danger of the toe breaking. Sofya Ivanovna recalled that when she and A. A. Menyailov carefully crawled to the crack, they heard faint cries for help from below. It was necessary to go down to the victim, tie him to a rope and pull him up. But there was little strength. In addition, Sofya Ivanovna was in the third month of pregnancy (by the way, this child himself would later become the famous volcanologist Igor Aleksandrovich Menyailov). A. A. Menyailov had to go down the rope, which was belayed by S. I. Naboko. Imagine the state of a young woman left alone above a crack on a steep slope of a volcano! All night, with incredible difficulties, two courageous men saved their comrade and warmed him up. Fortunately, everything ended well. The detachment returned to the camp at the base of the volcano in full force and with all the selected samples. Who knows how that ascent could have ended if such a selfless and brave woman had not been part of the squad. After all, an active volcano is a force of nature. Especially such a giant as Klyuchevskoy. Many climbers - both amateurs and experienced climbers - suffered on this volcano. Sofya Ivanovna, by her own admission, withstood this peculiar baptism by a volcano with honor and passed the test of loyalty to her chosen profession.
Where and how to become a volcanologist?
Volcanology is one of the rarest specialties. Becoming a volcanologist in Russia is not easy, since there is not one educational institution, which would train specialists in this field. At Moscow University, volcanological topics are covered in the Department of Petrology of the Faculty of Geology, in the Department of Geomorphology and Paleogeography of the Faculty of Geography, and in the Department of Mechanics of the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics. Schoolchildren can begin to acquire the knowledge necessary for volcanologists at the Geological School of Moscow State University (http://geoschool.web.ru), which offers free classes twice a week, and in the open lecture hall of the Geological Faculty of Moscow State University, which began operating in October 2011.
Conclusion
What attracts people to the unusual profession of volcanologist?
In earlier times, volcanologists were usually naturalists fascinated by the grandiose views of violent volcanic eruptions. But the days of descriptive volcanology are long gone. Modern science increasingly armed with measure and number. Receives information from many sources, from people of various professions: physicists, chemists. mathematicians, geologists, mathematicians and others. It is this versatility, inherent in volcanology as a natural science, that prompts many scientists to devote their activities to the study of volcanoes and choose this profession.
Literature
K.G. Stafeev. Life of a volcano. M.: Education, 1998.
E.G. Malkhasyan., K.N. Rudich. The changing face of the Earth. M.: Nedra, 2003.
