Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov is a famous Russian revolutionary and military leader, and later a statesman and party leader. He was an active participant in the Civil War and was among the first to receive the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union. By the way, Voroshilov holds the record for the length of stay in the Politburo and Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee - Kliment Efremovich worked in these posts for almost 35 years.
Historical truthKliment Voroshilov, whose biography begins on February 4, 1881, was born in the village of Verkhneye, located in the Yekaterinoslav province. Today it is the city of Lisichansk, Lugansk region. Voroshilov’s parents were trackman Efrem Andreevich and his wife, day laborer Maria Vasilievna. Clement became the third child in the family, and his childhood was far from easy. The father was often left without work, the family lived on the brink of poverty. At the age of seven, Klim Voroshilov went to work as a shepherd.
Russian Union Having matured a little, Voroshilov got a job at a mine where he collected pyrites. Hard work tempered the boy and made him strong. But Clement understood that he needed to develop, so at the age of 12 he enrolled in a zemstvo school in the village of Vasilyevka. True, the teenager studied only three classes, but this was enough to change the mine to a metallurgical plant. Having gained experience, Voroshilov became a worker at a locomotive-building enterprise in Lugansk. It was at the last plant that the guy signed up as a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party and began moving up the career ladder.
Russian newspaper A year later, Klim Voroshilov is a member of the Lugansk Bolshevik Committee; soon he already heads this organization, creates fighting squads and is delegated to Bolshevik congresses. Clement carried out underground work for nine years, right up to the Revolution, for which he was repeatedly arrested and even served prison time. During one of the interrogations, he was severely beaten, resulting in a traumatic brain injury. Because of it, Voroshilov experienced auditory hallucinations, and by the end of his life the man was completely deaf.
Portrait of Klim Voroshilov | Historical truth Like most communists in those years, Kliment had an underground surname - “Volodin”, but, unlike and, at the first opportunity he began to use his real name. By the way, Voroshilov met the leaders in 1906. The leaders made a strong impression on the young worker, and he was completely imbued with their ideas. But Lenin was not impressed with the young man, even calling him a “village” and a “balalaika.” Clement became close to Stalin during the defense of Tsaritsyn, and this epic had a decisive impact on the promotion of Voroshilov: Joseph Vissarionovich was completely convinced that he had a reliable and devoted supporter.
Joseph Stalin with Voroshilov | Pazitiff During the First World War, Kliment Efremovich managed to evade conscription and continued his work on proletarian propaganda. During the days of the October Revolution, he became a commissar of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee and, together with Felix Dzerzhinsky, organized the famous Cheka - the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission. During the Civil War, Klim Voroshilov held many positions, but one of the most significant was his appointment to the post of member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the First Cavalry Army. Since Clement took part in the creation of this military unit, which he commanded, who made a huge contribution to the victory of the Bolsheviks, success also fell on the shoulders of Voroshilov. Since then, he has been consistently ranked as an important figure in the cause of the Revolution.
Career
But today historians find confirmation that Kliment Efremovich did not possess any special talents as a commander. He was distinguished by his distrust of military specialists from the old tsarist army, of whom there were many under his command. Moreover, it is known from eyewitnesses that Voroshilov personally, in fact, did not win a single serious battle. So thanks to what he was able to make such an amazing, one might say, dizzying career and subsequently remain at the head of the military department for a little less than 15 years, longer than any of his colleagues.
Voroshilov commands the parade | Useful notes The fact is that Kliment Voroshilov, indeed, without the experience of Semyon Budyonny and the talent of Mikhail Frunze, had the ability to work in a team, rare for that time. In addition, throughout his life, the future People's Commissar showed enormous self-criticism and a complete lack of ambition. Compared to the nearby careerists, in the eyes of Lenin and especially Stalin, Voroshilov stood out sharply for the better.
With Joseph Stalin | Wikipedia In the early 20s, Clement commanded the troops of the North Caucasus Military District, then headed the Moscow District, and after the death of Frunze he became the head of the entire military department of the USSR. When the so-called Great Terror began, Voroshilov was one of those who reviewed and signed the lists of repressed persons. His signature, meaning a death sentence, documented 185 lists, therefore, by decree of Kliment Voroshilov, at least 18 thousand citizens were convicted and executed. Including by order of the People's Commissar of Defense, about 170 commanders of the Red Army were repressed.
With Semyon Budyonny | Useful notes When personal military ranks were first introduced in the Soviet Army in 1935, Voroshilov was one of the first five military commanders to be awarded the title “Marshal of the Soviet Union.” Kliment has always been an ardent supporter of Joseph Vissarionovich and even wrote a book for his 50th birthday, “Stalin and the Red Army,” in which he outlined in rather pathetic words all the achievements of “a first-class organizer and military leader.” However, it is known that Voroshilov had conflicts with the head of state, for example, over politics in China and personality. And after the war with Finland in 1940, which, although it ended in victory for the USSR, did not go as planned by the Kremlin authorities, Stalin personally removed his longtime friend and supporter from the post of People's Commissar of Defense. Instead, Klim Efremovich begins to oversee the defense industries.
Review of troops | Kommersant During World War II, Voroshilov showed great courage when he personally led Marines in bayonet attacks. But at the same time he demonstrated a disastrous inability to lead troops in new conditions, for which he lost the respect of Stalin and was removed from making important decisions. He was consistently trusted by the troops of the North-Western direction, the Leningrad Front, the Volkhov Front, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the partisan movement, but was removed from all posts and replaced by more successful military leaders, including a marshal. At the end of November 1944, Kliment Voroshilov was finally removed from the State Defense Committee, and this was the only case of exclusion during the war years.
Personal life
The family and personal life of Kliment Voroshilov occupied a special place in his heart. He met his only wife during the years of exile in Nyrob in 1909. His chosen one, Golda Davidovna Gorbman, fell in love with Klim so much that she abandoned her own family. The fact is that the girl was Jewish by nationality, but for the sake of marriage with Voroshilov she was baptized in the Orthodox Church and changed her name to Ekaterina. This act of the daughter was not approved by her parents, and all relations between them ceased.
Golda Davidovna, wife of Kliment Voroshilov | Russian newspaper By the way, Golda Davidovna was also a member of the Party, and later worked as deputy director of the V. I. Lenin Museum. It so happened that Ekaterina Voroshilova could not have children. But her husband never reproached his beloved wife. The Voroshilovs adopted an orphan boy, Peter, and after the death of Mikhail Frunze, they took his children - son Timur and daughter Tatyana - to raise them. There is information that Leonid Nesterenko, a professor at the Kharkov Polytechnic Institute, the son of Kliment’s colleague at the Lugansk Locomotive Plant, also called himself Voroshilov’s adopted son.
Peter, adopted son of Voroshilov | In his personal life, Voroshilov was a role model for many fellow citizens. He lived with his wife for almost half a century, until her death from cancer in 1959. Since the woman asked the doctors to hide the illness from her husband, the death of his beloved wife was a heavy blow for Kliment Efremovich. Historians who studied the People's Commissar's correspondence confirm that he did not have a single affair “on the side,” and Voroshilov’s wife always remained his only love.
The last years of the People's Commissar | Holocaust survivors Klim Efremovich always led a healthy lifestyle, played a lot of sports - he swam excellently, respected artistic gymnastics, and at the age of 50 he became interested in speed skating and spent every weekend at the skating rink. By the way, it was Voroshilov who actively contributed to the development of Soviet hockey and, thanks to him, domestic hockey players became one of the best athletes in the world. In the early 20s, all families of high-ranking officials lived in the Moscow Kremlin. But over time, people gradually moved to separate apartments, and only Kliment Efremovich continued to remain at his previous place of residence, leaving the Kremlin as the last of the ruling elite several years before his death.
Death
As mentioned above, Klim Voroshilov has always been a devoted supporter of Stalin. It is all the more surprising that even after his death he remained in the government, joined the group and headed the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Not everything was smooth in his work, for example, in 1957, due to Voroshilov’s fault, a major international scandal occurred. Kliment Efimovich, congratulating the Queen of Great Britain on her anniversary, addressed a telegram to the Queen of Belgium. The rumors were quite large-scale.
Portrait of Marshal Voroshilov | Komsomolskaya Pravda in Belarus However, it was in recent years that Voroshilov received his highest awards. He received the title of twice Hero of the Soviet Union and Hero of Socialist Labor. But in 1960, Clement was relieved of his post; the official reason for retirement was stated to be health. Voroshilov was replaced by the future head of the country. When Klim Efimovich died, which happened on December 2, 1969, his funeral was given an unprecedented state scale. For the first time in the last 20 years, burial took place behind the Mausoleum of V.I. Lenin.
Monument to Voroshilov in Lugansk | InfoPortal Cities and streets began to be named in honor of Voroshilov, and monuments were built. Moreover, sculptures of the People’s Commissar were erected not only in the USSR: for example, in Istanbul on Taksim Square there is a 12-meter-tall “Republic” monument. It was installed on the personal orders of Mustafa Ataturk as a sign of gratitude for the support provided by Soviet Russia in Turkey's independence. Clement is referred to there as “The First Red Officer.”
Republic Monument in Istanbul | Russian Union Also, lines of such famous Soviet songs as “March of Soviet Tankmen”, “Polyushko-Field”, “If Tomorrow is War”, “March of Budyonny” and many others are dedicated to Klim Voroshilov. In cinema, the People's Commissar was portrayed more than fifty times, and the image of Voroshilov was embodied on the screen by such Russian film stars as,. The last one was Boris Shuvalov in the 2013 series “Son of the Father of Nations.”
We will not tell his biography, since it is more or less truthfully, with greater or lesser details, set out in books of recent years:
R. Medvedev “They surrounded Stalin”, M, 1990,
F. Volkov “The Rise and Fall of Stalin”, M, 1992,
V. Rogovin “Party of the Executed”, M, 1997,
D. Volkogonov “Etudes about time”, M, 1998,
O. Souvenirov “Tragedy of the Red Army. 1937-1938“, M. 1998,
Y. Rubtsov “Marshals of Stalin”, R-on-Don, 2000, etc.
Academician of the Academy of Military Sciences of the Russian Federation, honorary academician O. F. Suvenirov and Yu. Rubtsov in the above books called Voroshilov the executioner of the Red Army.
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For most of his life, Voroshilov was in military work; moreover, from 1925, after the death of Frunze, he became People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, and from 1934 to 1940 he was People's Commissar of Defense. And before that, in February 1918, in his homeland in Lugansk, he formed a partisan detachment of 600 people. The detachment a few months later turned into the 5th Ukrainian Army, which Voroshilov commanded. Then he commanded the 10th Army, the 14th Army, and was a member of the RVS of the First Cavalry Army. In 1921-1924 he commanded the North Caucasus and Moscow military districts.
The assessment of his military activities is always negative.
The Cossack magazine “Don Wave” wrote in February 1919: “We must do justice to Voroshilov that if he is not a strategist in the generally accepted sense of the word, then, in any case, he cannot be denied the ability to resist stubbornly.”
Even earlier, A.E. Snesarev, military commander of the North Caucasus Military District and commander of the detachments defending Tsaritsyn, wrote in his memorandum addressed to the Chairman of the Supreme Military Council: “...t. Voroshilov, as a military commander, does not have the necessary qualities. He is not sufficiently imbued with the duty of service and does not adhere to the basic rules of commanding troops.”
Speaking at the Eighth Party Congress in 1919, Lenin said: “Voroshilov cited facts that indicate that there were terrible traces of partisanship... Comrade Voroshilov is to blame for the fact that he does not want to give up this old partisanship.”
In the summer of 1919, the 14th Army, commanded by Voroshilov, defended Kharkov. The army surrendered the city to Denikin's troops. The tribunal, examining the circumstances of the surrender of the city, came to the conclusion that the knowledge of the army commander did not allow him to be entrusted with even a battalion.
Chekist Zvederis - beginning. of the special department of the 1st Cavalry Army, whose path through Ukraine was called bloody and was accompanied by numerous pogroms, especially against Jews, came to the conclusion: banditry will not be eradicated in the army as long as such a person as Voroshilov exists.
An accurate description of Voroshilov was given by the first chairman of the Revolutionary Military Union and People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs L. D. Trotsky: “Voroshilov is a fiction. His authority was artificially created by totalitarian agitation. At a dizzying height, he remained what he had always been: a narrow-minded provincial without an outlook, without education, without military abilities and even without administrative abilities.”
And the results of the military service of the first red marshal are summed up in the recently extracted from the archives “Decision of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee (Protocol 36, paragraph 356) On the work of K. E. Voroshilov, April 1, 1942.”
1. War with Finland in 1939-1940. revealed great problems and backwardness in the leadership of NPOs. During this war, NPOs were unprepared to ensure the successful development of military operations. The Red Army did not have mortars and machine guns, there was no correct accounting of aircraft and tanks, there was no necessary winter clothing for the troops, the troops did not have food concentrates. It revealed the great neglect of such important NGO departments as the Main Artillery Directorate, the Combat Training Directorate, the Air Force Directorate, the low level of organization in military educational institutions, etc.
All this affected the prolongation of the war and led to unnecessary casualties. Comrade Voroshilov, being at that time the People's Commissar of Defense, was forced to admit at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks at the end of March 1940 the revealed insolvency of his leadership of the NGO.
Taking into account the state of affairs in the NGO and seeing that it was difficult for Comrade Voroshilov to cover such a big matter as the NGO, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks considered it necessary to relieve Comrade Voroshilov from the post of People's Commissar of Defense.
2. At the beginning of the war with Germany, comrade. Voroshilov was sent as commander-in-chief of the North-Western direction, whose main task was the defense of Leningrad. In his work in Leningrad, Comrade Voroshilov made serious mistakes.
In view of all this, the State Defense Committee recalled Comrade Voroshilov from Leningrad and gave him work on new military formations in the rear.
3. In view of the request of Comrade Voroshilov, he was sent in February to the Volkhov Front as a representative of Headquarters to assist the front command and stayed there for about a month. However, Comrade Voroshilov’s stay on the Volkhov Front did not give the desired results.
In view of the above, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks decides:
1. Admit that Comrade Voroshilov did not justify himself in the work entrusted to him at the front.
Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks I. Stalin.”
According to the prominent historian R. Medvedev, as a political personality, Voroshilov was significantly inferior to many of his “colleagues” in influence: he did not have the intelligence, cunning and business qualities of Mikoyan, he did not have the organizational abilities, activity and cruelty of Kaganovich, as well as the clerical efficiency and “stone ass” Molotov. Voroshilov did not know how to navigate, like Malenkov, the intricacies of apparatus intrigues; he lacked the enormous energy of Khrushchev, he did not have the theoretical knowledge and claims of Zhdanov or Voznesensky.
Such incompetence had to be worked out, and Voroshilov tried.
Already at the XIV Party Congress, in 1925, he stated: “Comrade Stalin, obviously, by nature or fate, is destined to formulate questions somewhat more successfully than any other member of the Politburo. Comrade Stalin is - I affirm this - the main member of the Politburo.”
In 1929, on the occasion of Stalin’s 50th anniversary, Voroshilov wrote an article “Stalin and the Red Army,” in which he wrote: “...In the period 1918-1920, Comrade Stalin was, perhaps, the only person whom the Central Committee threw from one battle front to another, choosing the most dangerous, most terrible places for the revolution...”
In 1935, speaking at the All-Union Congress of Stakhanovites, he called Stalin “the first marshal of the socialist revolution,” “the great marshal of victories on the fronts and the civil war and the socialist construction and strengthening of our party,” “the marshal of the communist movement of all mankind,” and even “the true marshal Communism."
In 1939, in the article “Stalin and the Construction of the Red Army,” Voroshilov writes: “Many volumes will be written about Stalin, the creator of the Red Army, its inspirer and organizer of victories, the author of the laws of strategy and tactics of the proletarian revolution.”
On Stalin’s 70th birthday in 1949, Voroshilov came to the conclusion that “the victorious Great Patriotic War will go down in history... as the triumph of the military-strategic and military genius of the great Stalin.”
Voroshilov was one of the first who began to glorify Stalin and instill his cult of personality. And when the tragic thirties approached, Voroshilov turned into a resigned and zealous executor of Stalin’s criminal policies.
He was among those who stirred up passions. Thus, at the February-March Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1937, he said: “... it is not excluded, on the contrary, even certain, and in the ranks of the army there are still many unidentified, undisclosed Japanese-German, Trotskyist-Zinovievite spies, saboteurs and terrorists "
From June 1 to June 4, 1937, at an extended meeting of the Military Council under the People's Commissar of Defense, Voroshilov made a report “On the disclosure by the NKVD of a counter-revolutionary conspiracy in the Red Army.” He stated in the report:
“The bodies of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs have uncovered in the army a long-existing, strictly clandestine counter-revolutionary fascist organization, operating with impunity, headed by people who were at the head of the army.” Voroshilov in his report called for “checking and purifying the army literally to the very
the last cracks...” This speech, like Stalin’s, was perceived by the NKVD as a direct directive for the mass purge of the army and navy.
A little over a year passed and he reported on the results of the cleaning. At a meeting of the Military Council held on November 29, 1938, Voroshilov said: “When last year a group of despicable traitors to our Motherland and the Red Army led by Tukhachevsky was discovered and destroyed by the court of the revolution, it could not have occurred to any of us, it did not occur, unfortunately that this abomination, this rot, this betrayal is so widely and deeply entrenched in the ranks of our army. Throughout 1937 and 1938, we had to mercilessly cleanse our ranks... we cleaned out more than 4 tens of thousands of people.” Such is the scale of the tragedy, such is the price of Voroshilov’s crime together with Stalin. Suffice it to say that after Tukhachevsky, all the other deputy people's commissars of defense - Egorov, Alksnis, Fedko and Orlov - were arrested and shot. Of the 837 people who were awarded personal military ranks from colonel to marshal in November 1935, 720 were repressed. Of the 16 people who received the ranks of army commanders and marshals, three survived the great purge: Voroshilov himself, Budyonny and Shaposhnikov. During the Great Patriotic War, the Red Army lost 180 senior command personnel from the division commander and above, and in several pre-war years, mainly in 1937-1938, more than 500 commanders with the rank of brigade commander to Marshal were arrested on far-fetched political charges. of which 412 were shot and 29 died in custody. But none of the prominent military leaders could be arrested without the knowledge and consent of the People's Commissar of Defense.
As you know, Ya. Gamarnik is the first deputy people's commissar of defense, beginning. Political department of the Red Army, committed suicide on the eve of his inevitable arrest. This happened on May 31, 1937 after the deputy sent to Gamarnik on behalf of Voroshilov. beginning PU Red Army Bulin and the beginning. The administration of the NGO Smorodinov announced to Gamarnik an order from the NGO to dismiss him from the Red Army. In an order dated June 12, 1937, Voroshilov called him “a traitor and a coward who was afraid to appear before the court of the Soviet people.” The People's Commissar did not indicate in the order that all the accusations were a figment of the imagination of Stalin and the NKVD investigators, that physical and moral methods of coercion were used against those arrested, cruelly extorting false confessions and testimonies.
By a Politburo resolution of April 17, 1937, Voroshilov was included in the “permanent commission,” which was entrusted with preparing for the PB, and “in case of special urgency” with resolving “issues of a secret nature.” Only the members of this commission (Stalin, Molotov, Kaganovich, Voroshilov, Yezhov) developed the strategy and tactics of the great purge and had a complete understanding of its scale. In addition, since 1926 he was a member of the Politburo.
At first, he tried to protect some of his subordinates, but after the Tukhachevsky trial, Voroshilov began, as a rule, to endorse arrest lists without objection. As Khrushchev reported at the 20th Congress, Yezhov alone sent 383 lists, including thousands of names of persons whose sentences required approval by members of the PB. Of these lists, 362 were signed by Stalin, 373 by Molotov, 195 by Voroshilov, 191 by Kaganovich, and 177 by Zhdanov.
Voroshilov took an active part in the murder of Marshal Tukhachevsky, 1st rank army commanders Yakir and Uborevich, 2nd rank army commander Kork, corps commanders Eideman, Feldman, Primakov, Putna. In April-May 1937, he sent Stalin one after another a series of notes with the following content:
“Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) comrade. Stalin
I ask you to exclude from the Military Council under the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR: M.N. Tukhachevsky, R.P. Eideman, R.V. Longva, N.A. Efimov, E.F. Appog, as expelled from the ranks of the Red Army.
Then “expelled” were replaced with “dismissed”.
In the following days, he sent the same notes to Stalin, in which he included Gorbachev, Kazansky, Kork, Kutyakov, Feldman, Lapin, Yakir, Uborevich, Germanovich, Sangursky, Oshley and others. He apparently did not care that the entire Military Council turned out to be “spy”, “fascist”.
Before making the final decision to arrest Tukhachevsky, Stalin listened to Molotov, Voroshilov and Yezhov. Voroshilov did not hide his long-standing hostility towards Tukhachevsky. Voroshilov took part in a meeting with Stalin where the indictment was considered. Voroshilov predetermined their verdict; in order No. 972 of June 7, 1937, he wrote: “...The agent of Japanese-German fascism, Trotsky, will learn this time that his faithful henchmen, the Gamarniks and Tukhachevskys, Yakirs, Urevichi and other bastards, who lackeyly served capitalism, will be wiped off the face of the earth, and their memory will be cursed and forgotten.” Voroshilov, just like Stalin and Molotov, was sent all the interrogation protocols, he took part in confrontations and, as it recently became known from V. Leskov’s book “Stalin and the Tukhachevsky Conspiracy,” he personally SHOOT Yakir. There is a start message. Directorate of Higher Educational Institutions of the Red Army A.I. Todorsky that Voroshilov, a few days after the execution, spoke about the behavior of those doomed to death before execution. This is further evidence of his participation in the execution.
The June trial of 1937, after which Tukhachevsky and others were shot on June 12, 1937, became the signal for the launch of a extermination campaign against military personnel. Just 9 days after this execution, 980 commanders and political workers were arrested, including 29 brigade commanders, 37 division commanders, 21 corps commanders, 16 regimental commissars, 17 brigade and 7 divisional commissars.
And this seemed insufficient to Voroshilov. At a special meeting of the Military Council under the People's Commissar of Defense on November 21, 1937, dedicated to the “cleansing” of the army, Voroshilov reproached the commander of the Belorussian Military District, I.P. Belov, who was later executed, that the “cleansing” in the Belorussian District was being carried out poorly.
Here are some of Voroshilov’s personal instructions on group arrests:
On May 28, 1937, the NKVD of the USSR compiled a list of employees of the Art Directorate of the Red Army, who had testimony from those arrested as participants in a military-Trotskyist conspiracy. The list contained the names of 26 commanders of the Red Army. The list contains Voroshilov’s resolution: “Comrade. Yezhov. TAKE ALL THE SCASTERS. 28. V. 1937. K. Voroshilov.”
June 5, 1937 beginning. From the special department of the GUGB NKVD, Leplevsky asks Voroshilov for consent to arrest 17 people at once - “participants in the anti-Soviet military-Trotskyist conspiracy. Resolution: “I don’t mind. KV. 15.VI. 37.”
On June 11, 1937, Leplevsky asks Voroshilov for consent to arrest the commander of the 26th Cavalry Division, Zybin. Two days later a resolution appears: “Arrest. KV. 13.VI. 37".
June 29, 1937 is already a new beginning. The special department of the GUGB Nikolaev-Zhurid applies for permission to arrest another victim. We are talking about the head of the department of military communications of the Military Transport Academy of the Red Army, military engineer 2nd rank G. E. Kuni. Resolution of the People's Commissar: “Arrest. KV. 1. VIII. 37“.
In August 1937, the following letter was sent from the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR to the NKVD of the USSR about the arrest of a number of prominent senior military officials:
“I inform you of the resolution of the People’s Commissar of Defense of the USSR based on Leplevsky’s information:
1. About the deputy. beginning political department of the KVO corps commissar Khorosh M. L.
"To arrest. K.V.“.
2. About the commander-commissar of the 1st cavalry. corps division commander Demichev.
"To arrest. K.V.“.
3. About the beginning Communications Department KVO brigade commander Ignatovich Yu. I.
"To arrest. K.V.“.
4. About the cavalry commander. corps division commander Grigoriev P.P.
"To arrest. K.V.“.
5. About the commander of the 58th SD, brigade commander G. A. Kaptsevich.
"To arrest. K.V.“.
6. About the head of the 2nd department of the headquarters of the KVO, Colonel M. M. Rodionov.
"To arrest. K.V.“.
Etc., in total this list included Voroshilov’s decisions to arrest 142 leading military officials. I tried to trace the fate of the named commanders: Khorosh and Ignatovich were shot on October 15, 1937, Rodionov on October 16, 1937, Demichev on November 19, 1937, Grigoriev on November 20, 1937, Kaptsevich on October 17, 1938.
On January 29, 1938, Nikolaev-Zhurid sent Voroshilov a request for the arrest of brigade commander Khlebnikov. Resolution of the People's Commissar: “Arrest Khlebnikov. KV. 7. II. 38“.
May 17, 1938 Deputy People's Commissar of the NKVD Frinovsky writes to Voroshilov “about the need to arrest” 15 people. Resolution of the People's Commissar: “I agree to the arrest of these persons. KV. 19. V. 38“.
Here are a few of his personal telegrams out of many hundreds of similar ones:
“Sverdlovsk. Goilita. At No. 117. Find, arrest and judge strictly." July 1, 1937 K. Voroshilov.
“Vladivostok. Kireev, Okunev. At No. 2454. Fire him, and if there are suspicions that he is involved in his wife’s affairs, arrest him. July 21, 1937 K. Voroshilov”
"Tbilisi. Kuibyshev, Anse. At No. 342. Fire. At No. 344. Judge and shoot. At No. 346. Fire. October 2, 1937 K. Voroshilov."
On a report that corps commissar N.A. Savko called the arrest of one of the military leaders a misunderstanding at a party meeting, Voroshilov wrote: “Arrest.” On October 5, 1937, he was sentenced to death.
Voroshilov has many other vile acts on his conscience: he summoned Yakir and Uborevich to Moscow for a meeting, ordering them to travel by train; on the way they were arrested in Bryansk and Smolensk, respectively; he sent Marshal Blucher to Sochi to rest at his dacha, and there he and his wife were arrested; Deputy Commander of the PriVO Troops Kutyakov I.S. resisted the NKVD agents during arrest, but having received a telegram from the People’s Commissar “I order you to surrender and go to Moscow,” Kutyakov surrendered, was arrested and shot on July 28, 1938; First Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR Fedko I.F. resisted the NKVD workers during the arrest and called Voroshilov, who offered to stop resisting and promised to look into it. Fedko was arrested and shot on February 26, 1939, etc. Stalin in a narrow circle - with Molotov and Voroshilov - discussed the results of the “investigation” in the case of Marshal Egorov. He was arrested and shot on February 23, 1939. On a letter from Army Commander 2nd Rank Dybenko, Stalin wrote: “Voroshilov.” Dybenko was shot on July 29, 1938. Etc.
The arrested commanders and their wives turned to Voroshilov, asking them to sort things out and help. On August 21, 1936, Major Kuzmichev wrote to Voroshilov, on September 26, corps commander Primakov, on June 9, 1937 - by Army Commander 1st Rank Yakir, on September 12, 1937 - by Army Commander 1st Rank I. Belov, in mid-September - by Army Commander 2nd Rank Sedyakin, on December 5, 1937 - brigade commander Kolosov, in early 1938 - Marshal Egorov, in April 1938 - division commander Kokhansky, division commissar Kropichev, in May 1939 - division commander Turzhansky, in December 1939 - Major Kulik, February 12, 1940 - corps commissar Berezkin, etc. .
On March 23, 1937, Voroshilov received a letter from the wife of the arrested commander of the troops of the Ural Military District Garkavoy, on June 3 - the wife of the arrested Yakir wrote, on September 10 - the wife of the arrested commander of the Kharkov Military District Dubovoy, on June 14, 1939 - the wife of the arrested commander of the Kyiv Military District Fedko and etc.
There is no evidence that Voroshilov responded to any of these appeals.
All this allowed the former member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, former Secretary of the Central Committee A.N. Yakovlev to give the following characterization of Voroshilov:
“Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov. With his sanction, the extermination of senior military leaders and political workers of the Red Army was organized. In the 1930s, out of 5 marshals - 3, out of 16 army commanders - 15, out of 67 corps commanders - 60, out of 199 division commanders - 136, out of 4 fleet flagships - 4, out of 6 first-rank flagships - 6, out of 15 flagships of the second rank - 9. All 17 army commissars of the first and second rank, as well as 25 of the 29 corps commissars, were shot. When Voroshilov was People's Commissar of Defense in the Red Army, over 36 thousand middle and senior commanders were repressed in 1936-1940 alone. The FSB archive revealed more than 300 sanctions from Voroshilov for the arrest of prominent army commanders. In fact, before World War II, the country’s armed forces were decapitated.” (“Krestosev”, M., 2000). The result of this is known: 27 million Soviet people died during the war.
And in conclusion, one more touch to Voroshilov’s characterization. Victoria Yanovna (Gamarnik’s daughter) recalled many years later: “Upon returning from exile, Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan helped me a lot. After exile, Anastas Ivanovich helped me and Mira (Vladimir Ieronimovna Uborevich - daughter of I. Uborevich. I.P.) with money, an apartment, care. Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, I know, warmed Yakir’s family. Not everyone, not everyone, rushed to our aid even when it became possible. At the same time, Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov refused to accept Svetlana Tukhachevskaya. I don't know why. Maybe you didn’t have the courage to look Svetlana in the eyes?”
Voroshilov - a mirror of the politics of the All-Union Communist Party of Belarus
plotsi 18.12.2010 04:08:01
Despite my relatively young age by historical standards, I would like to add that I knew, or rather, saw in 1974 close to the man whom Voroshilov in 1937 sent as an enemy of the people to the camps to certain death. But this brigade commander (last name can be specified) survived. There were purple bumps on his back, probably formed after being beaten with metal rods. The view is creepy. But, surprisingly, in public he said that our leadership had to do this, otherwise they would not have held on, built and won. I still can’t understand whether he was speaking sincerely or whether he was so scared to death. But then for the first time I understood the cost of building our communism. And this was the merit of Stalin’s sycophants like Voroshilov. And for this he and his followers must answer. And no less severe than their “troikas”.
The history of such a totalitarian superpower as the Soviet Union contains many both heroic and dark pages. This could not but leave its mark on the biographies of those who carried it out. Kliment Voroshilov is one of these individuals. He lived a long life, which was not devoid of heroism, but at the same time he had a lot of human lives on his conscience, since it was his signature that was on many execution lists.
Kliment Voroshilov: biography
One of the darkest pages of Voroshilov’s biography was his participation in 1921 in the suppression. After these events, he was appointed a member of the South-Eastern Bureau of the Party Central Committee, as well as commander of the North Caucasus Military District.
From 1924 to 1925 he was commander of the Moscow Military District troops and a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR.
Few people know that during the same period Voroshilov patronized the Bolshoi Theater and was known as a great lover of ballet.
At the post of People's Commissar of Defense
After the death of M. Frunze, Voroshilov became chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR and headed the country's naval department, and in 1934-1940 - the People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union.
In total, he spent almost 15 years in this post, which is a kind of record for the Soviet period. Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich (1881-1969) had a reputation as Stalin's most devoted supporter and provided him with effective support in the fight against Trotsky. In October 1933, he went with a government delegation to Turkey, where, together with Ataturk, he attended a military parade in Ankara.
In November 1935, by decision of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, he was awarded the newly established rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union.
After 5 years, he was removed from the post of People's Commissar, as he did not live up to Stalin's expectations during the Finnish War. However, Voroshilov was not dismissed, but was appointed to the post of head of the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union.
Participation of Kliment Voroshilov in Stalinist repressions
Death and funeral
Kliment Voroshilov, whose career growth stalled in the last decades of his life due to the infirmities of old age, died on December 2, 1969 at the age of 89. The marshal was buried in the capital, near the Kremlin wall, on Red Square. According to contemporaries, this was the first such large-scale funeral ceremony for a USSR statesman in the twenty years that passed after Zhdanov’s funeral.
Family and Children
The wife of Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich - Golda Davidovna Gorbman - was of the Jewish religion, but for the sake of the wedding with her beloved she was baptized and took the name Ekaterina. This act aroused the anger of the girl’s Jewish relatives, who even cursed her. In 1917, Ekaterina Davidovna joined the RSDLP and for many years worked as deputy director of the V. I. Lenin Museum.
It so happened that the friendly Voroshilov family did not have their own children. However, they took in the orphaned children of M.V. Frunze: Timur, who died at the front in 1942, and Tatyana. In addition, in 1918, the couple adopted a boy, Peter, who later became a famous designer and rose to the rank of lieutenant general. From him the couple had 2 grandchildren - Vladimir and Klim.
Awards
Klim Voroshilov is a recipient of almost all the highest awards of the USSR. Including, he twice received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
He has 8 Orders of Lenin and 6 Orders of the Red Banner and many other awards, including from foreign countries. In particular, the military leader is a hero of the MPR, a holder of the Grand Cross of Finland, and also an honorary citizen of the Turkish city of Izmir.
Perpetuation of memory
During his lifetime, K. E. Voroshilov became the most glorified military figure of the Civil War, in whose honor songs were composed, collective farms, ships, factories, etc. were named.
Several cities were named in his honor:
- Voroshilovgrad (Lugansk) was renamed twice and returned to its historical name only in 1990.
- Voroshilovsk (Alchevsk). In this city, the marshal began his labor and party activities in his youth.
- Voroshilov (Ussuriysk, Primorsky Territory).
- Voroshilovsk (Stavropol, from 1935 to 1943).
In addition, the Khoroshevsky district of the capital and the central district of Donetsk were named after him.
To this day, Voroshilov streets exist in dozens of cities of the former USSR. These include Goryachiy Klyuch, Togliatti, Brest, Orenburg, Penza, Ershov, Serpukhov, Korosten, Angarsk, Voronezh, Khabarovsk, Klintsy, Kemerovo, Lipetsk, Rybinsk, St. Petersburg, Simferopol, Chelyabinsk and Izhevsk. In Rostov-on-Don there is also Voroshilovsky Avenue.
The award for the most accurate shooters, approved at the end of 1932 and called the “Voroshilov Shooter,” deserves special mention. According to the recollections of people whose youth fell in the pre-war years, wearing it was prestigious, and young people were sure to be awarded such a badge.
A series of KV tanks produced at the Putilov plant were also named in honor of Klim Efremovich, and in 1941-1992 the Military Academy of the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces bore his name.
A monument to Kliment Voroshilov was erected on his grave. And in Moscow, at house number 3 on Romanov Lane, there is a memorial plaque notifying about this.
Now you know some facts of the biography of the famous Soviet military leader and party leader Klim Efremovich Voroshilov. A wonderful family man and a great patriot of his Motherland, he, nevertheless, during the years of Stalinist repressions, sent several thousand people to their deaths, most of whom were not guilty of what they were accused of and sentenced to execution.
Voroshilov in the revolution and civil war
Voroshilov was born in the village of Verkhneye, Bakhmut district, Yekaterinoslav province (now part of the city of Lisichansk, Lugansk region, Ukraine) in the family of a Russian railway worker and a day laborer. According to Soviet General Grigorenko, Voroshilov himself sometimes said that his surname had Ukrainian roots and was formerly pronounced “Voroshilo.” Voroshilov joined the Bolshevik faction Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1903. During revolutions 1905-1907 he led strikes and the creation of fighting squads, and was a delegate to the IV (1906) and V (1907) congresses of the RSDLP. He was arrested more than once and exiled to the Perm region.
After February Revolution In 1917, Voroshilov headed the Lugansk Bolshevik Committee (in March), and then the Lugansk Council (in August). He took part in important Bolshevik meetings - April conference and VI Party Congress. During the October Revolution of 1917, Voroshilov was a commissar Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee(VRK), helped F. Dzerzhinsky organize Cheka. In the spring of 1918, he tried to organize a detachment to defend Lugansk from the Germans, and then, in the Civil War, together with Stalin he defended Tsaritsyn from the Whites (1918). There a close rapprochement took place between them, which played a decisive role in Voroshilov’s subsequent career.
In October-December 1918, Voroshilov was the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR and commanded the Kharkov Military District. Then he was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 1st Cavalry Army of S. Budyonny. During the decisive events (1920) of the Soviet-Polish war, this army belonged to the Southwestern Front, of which Stalin was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council. As a political commissar, Voroshilov was responsible for the morale of the 1st Cavalry Army, recruited mainly from the peasants of southern Russia. Voroshilov’s “educational” efforts to raise the morale and spirit of the 1st Cavalry did not prevent its heavy defeat from the Poles in Battle of Komarov(1920), nor the Jewish pogroms, which were carried out regularly and with great cruelty by the cavalrymen.
Voroshilov took part in the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising of 1921.
Voroshilov in his office. Portrait by I. Brodsky, 1929
Kliment Efremovich was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party from 1921 to 1961. In November 1925, after the death of Mikhail Frunze, Voroshilov was appointed People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. He held this position until 1934. Voroshilov’s predecessor, Frunze, was installed (in January 1925) as the highest military leader of the USSR by the “troika” Zinoviev - Kamenev- Stalin, who removed Trotsky from the same position. The replacement of Frunze by Voroshilov was associated with a struggle that began within the “troika” itself. Zinoviev's ally Frunza was forced to undergo medical surgery to treat an old stomach ulcer and died on the operating table from an overdose of chloroform. Many historians believe that this operation was supposed to cover up the murder of Frunze, whose place was now taken by Stalin’s protege, Voroshilov. In 1926, Kliment Efremovich became a full member of the new highest party body - the Politburo in 1926, remaining in it until 1960.
Voroshilov and Stalin, photo 1935
In 1934, the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs was renamed the People's Commissariat of Defense. It was again headed by Voroshilov (until May 1940). In 1935 he became (together with Tukhachevsky, Budyonny, Egorov And Blucher) one of the five holders of the new title - Marshal of the Soviet Union. Voroshilov played a very prominent role in Great Terror Stalin in the 1930s, condemning, at the request of the Leader of the Peoples, many of his own military colleagues and subordinates. Voroshilov personally wrote letters to Soviet officers and diplomats who were trying to take refuge abroad (for example, the plenipotentiary representative in Romania, Mikhail Ostrovsky), convincing them to voluntarily return to the USSR and falsely assuring them that they would not be subject to any punishment. Voroshilov signed 185 Politburo hit lists, ranking “fourth in number” among Soviet leaders (after Molotov, Stalin and Kaganovich). For example, on the list of 26 commanders of the Red Army dated May 28, 1937 there is a resolution: “Comrade. Yezhov. Take all the scoundrels. 28.V.1937. K. Voroshilov."
During the Great Patriotic War, Voroshilov was (1941-1944) a member State Defense Committee(GKO). (In 1944 he was removed from there, and this turned out to be the only such precedent for the entire existence of this body.) Voroshilov commanded Soviet troops during wars with Finland(November 1939 – January 1940). His incompetence cost the Red Army about 185 thousand casualties in this war. During one of the meetings of the leaders of the USSR at Stalin’s Kuntsevo dacha, an incident occurred described in Khrushchev’s memoirs:
...After the winter of 1939-1940, there were relatively few people in the country who truly knew how the military actions against Finland proceeded and what politically led to them, what sacrifices this victory required, completely incommensurable from the point of view of our capabilities, what the real relationship was strength Stalin criticized the military departments in conversations. People's Commissariat of Defense, and especially Voroshilov. He sometimes focused everything on Voroshilov’s personality. I, like others, agreed with Stalin here, because Voroshilov was really primarily responsible for this. He served as People's Commissar of Defense for many years. “Voroshilov Riflemen” and the like appeared in the country.
Voroshilov's boast lulled the people to sleep. But others were also to blame. I remember how once, during our stay at his nearby dacha, Stalin, in the heat of anger, sharply criticized Voroshilov. He became very nervous, stood up, and attacked Voroshilov. He also boiled, blushed, stood up and, in response to Stalin’s criticism, accused him: “You are to blame for this. You destroyed the military personnel." Stalin answered him accordingly. Then Voroshilov grabbed the plate on which the boiled pig lay and hit it on the table. Before my eyes, this was the only such case...
The criticism ended with Voroshilov being relieved of his duties as People's Commissar of Defense, and Timoshenko was appointed instead. He soon became Marshal of the Soviet Union. I don’t remember now what new post was given to Voroshilov, but for a long time he was, as it were, in the position of a whipping boy...
S. Timoshenko became People's Commissar of Defense in May 1940.
As they say, Voroshilov tried to save from death thousands of Polish officers captured during Soviet-German partition of Poland(September 1939). But then he signed the order for their execution, which was carried out by Katyn massacre (1940).
Voroshilov at a meeting of communist youth, 1935
Voroshilov in the Great Patriotic War
On Tehran Conference 1943 Voroshilov became the “hero” of an awkward incident. W. Churchill There he solemnly presented Stalin with an honorary sword with an engraving on the blade “A gift from King George VI to people with hearts of steel - the citizens of Stalingrad - as a sign of respect for them by the English people.” Historian S. Sebag-Montefiore describes what happened next:
...Churchill took a step forward and handed the sword to Stalin. The Supreme Commander-in-Chief held it in his hands for a long time, then, with tears in his eyes, he brought it to his lips and kissed it. Stalin was sincerely touched by the royal gift.
“On behalf of the citizens of Stalingrad, I want to express my deep gratitude for the gift of King George VI,” he answered in a quiet, hoarse voice.
He approached Roosevelt and showed him the sword. The American read the inscription and nodded.
“Indeed, they have hearts of steel,” Roosevelt said.
Then Stalin handed the sword to Voroshilov. The marshal awkwardly accepted the gift and dropped it on the floor. A loud clang was heard. The brave cavalryman, who charged hundreds of times, waving his saber, managed to introduce an element of farce into one of the most solemn events of Stalin's career as an international leader. His angelic pink cheeks turned red and became crimson. He bent down awkwardly and picked up the sword. The Supreme, as Hugh Langi noticed, frowned in irritation, then smiled coldly. The NKVD lieutenant took away the sword, holding it in front of him with outstretched arms. (S. Sebag-Montefiore. “The Red Monarch: Stalin and the War.”)
In 1945-1947, Voroshilov led the imposition of the communist regime in Hungary.
In 1952, Voroshilov was appointed a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee (the Politburo received this new name this year). Stalin's death on March 5, 1953 led to changes in the Soviet leadership. On March 15, 1953, Voroshilov was appointed Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (i.e., the formal head of state). Khrushchev headed the CPSU, and Malenkov- Soviet government. Together with Malenkov and Khrushchev, Voroshilov prepared the arrest of Lavrentiy Beria that took place on June 26, 1953.
Voroshilov's resignation
In 1957 Voroshilov joined the so-called " anti-party group”, which challenged N. Khrushchev, but was defeated by him. Voroshilov, however, was not one of the main leaders of the “group” and escaped with less political damage than Molotov, Malenkov, and Kaganovich. He even remained for some time as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council, but on May 7, 1960 he “voluntarily” retired from this position. His place was taken by L. Brezhnev. On July 16, 1960, Voroshilov also lost his place on the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee. The political defeat of Kliment Efremovich became final when XXII Party Congress he was not even elected to the Central Committee.
However, after the fall of Khrushchev, the new Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev partially returned Voroshilov to politics. In 1966 he re-entered the CPSU Central Committee. In 1968 he was awarded the second medal of the Hero of the Soviet Union. Voroshilov died in 1969 in Moscow and was buried in the Kremlin wall.
Names in honor of Voroshilov
A series of KV tanks used in the Great Patriotic War were named in honor of Voroshilov, as well as three cities: Voroshilovgrad in Ukraine (then it was given back its historical name - Lugansk), Voroshilovsk (that was the name of Stavropol in 1935-1943) and Voroshilov in the Far East (later renamed Ussuriysk). The Moscow Academy of the General Staff also bore his name.
In 1933 Voroshilov visited Turkey and, together with Ataturk hosted a military parade in Ankara. After this, he became an honorary citizen of the Turkish city of Izmir, where a large street was named in his honor (renamed Plevna Boulevard in 1951).
Personal life of Voroshilov
Voroshilov was married to Ekaterina Voroshilova, née Golda Gorbman, a Jew from Mardarovka, Ukraine. In order to marry Kliment Efremovich, she changed her name and converted to Orthodoxy. He and Golda-Ekaterina met before the revolution, in Perm exile. They had no children. Catherine was with her husband during the defense of Tsaritsyn in 1918. There they adopted a four-year-old orphan boy named Petya. Timur and Tatyana, the children of Mikhail Frunze, who was probably killed so that Voroshilov could take the post of the highest military leader of the USSR, were also accepted into their family. During the Stalin era, the Voroshilov family lived in the Kremlin.
Voroshilov as a person
Vyacheslav Molotov wrote about the human qualities of “Klim”: “Voroshilov was just good at a certain time. He always supported the political line of the party, because he was an approachable man from the workers and knew how to speak out. Unstained, yes. And devotion to Stalin personally. His devotion turned out to be not very strong. But at that time he very actively supported Stalin, fully supported him in everything, although he was not sure about everything. This also had an effect. That's a very difficult question. This is why Stalin was a little critical and did not invite him to all our conversations. In any case, I didn’t invite you to private ones. He didn’t invite people to secret meetings, he just barged in himself. Stalin winced. Under Khrushchev, Voroshilov performed poorly.”
Leon Trotsky characterized the Red Marshal as follows: “Although Voroshilov was from the Lugansk workers, from the privileged elite, in all his habits he always resembled an owner more than a proletarian.”
Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov. Born on January 23, 1881 in the village of Verkhneye, Yekaterinoslav province (now the city of Lisichansk, Lugansk region) - died on December 2, 1969 in Moscow. Russian revolutionary, Soviet military leader, statesman and party leader, one of the first Marshals of the Soviet Union.
Participant in the Civil War. Since 1925, People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, in 1934-1940, People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. In 1953-1960 - Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of Socialist Labor. Member of the Party Central Committee in 1921-1961 and 1966-1969. Member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1924-1926). Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (1926-1952), member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee (1952-1960).
Kliment Voroshilov was born on February 4, 1881 in the village of Verkhneye, Bakhmut district, Yekaterinoslav province. Nowadays it is the city of Lisichansk, Lugansk region.
Father - Voroshilov Efrem Andreevich (1844-1907), railway worker.
Mother - Maria Vasilievna Voroshilova (nee Agafonova) (1857-1919), day laborer.
From the age of 7 he worked as a shepherd and miner.
In 1893-1895 he studied at the zemstvo school in the village of Vasilyevka (currently part of the city of Alchevsk).
Since 1896 he worked at the Yuryevsky Metallurgical Plant, and since 1903 in the city of Lugansk at the Hartmann Locomotive Plant.
During the First World War he evaded conscription.
Member of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) since 1903. Since 1904 - member of the Lugansk Bolshevik Committee. In 1905 - Chairman of the Lugansk Council, led a strike of workers and the creation of fighting squads. Delegate to the Fourth (1906) and Fifth (1907) Congresses of the RSDLP(b). Had a pseudonym "Volodin".
In 1908-1917 he conducted underground party work in Baku, Petrograd, and Tsaritsyn. He was arrested several times and served exile.
After the February Revolution of 1917 - a member of the Petrograd Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, a delegate to the Seventh (April) All-Russian Conference and the Sixth Congress of the RSDLP(b).
From March 1917 - Chairman of the Lugansk Bolshevik Committee, from August - Chairman of the Lugansk Council and City Duma (until September 1917).
In November 1917, during the days of the October Revolution, Voroshilov was a commissar of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee (for city administration). Together with him, he worked on organizing the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK). At the beginning of March 1918, Voroshilov organized the First Lugansk Socialist Detachment, which defended the city of Kharkov from German-Austrian troops.
During the Civil War - commander of the Tsaritsyn group of forces, deputy commander and member of the Military Council of the Southern Front, commander of the 10th Army (October 3 - December 18, 1918), People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR (January - June 1919), commander of the Kharkov Military District, commander 14th Army and internal Ukrainian Front. One of the organizers and member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 1st Cavalry Army, commanded by.
For military services in 1920, Voroshilov was awarded an honorary revolutionary weapon. At the VIII Congress of the RCP(b), held in March 1919, he joined the “military opposition.”
In 1921, at the head of a group of delegates to the X Congress of the RCP(b), he participated in the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising.
In 1921-1924 - member of the South-Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), commander of the troops of the North Caucasus Military District. In 1924-1925 - commander of the troops of the Moscow Military District and member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. Member of the funeral organization committee.
How well white light is arranged,
Yesterday I was noted in the order:
released five years earlier
and the signature: “Voroshilov, Georgadze.”
Klim Voroshilov in cinema (performers):
Alexey Gribov (“The Oath”, 1946, “The Fall of Berlin”, 1949, “Donetsk Miners”, 1951);
Nikolai Bogolyubov (“Lenin in 1918”, 1938, “First Cavalry”, 1941, “Parkhomenko”, 1942, “Defense of Tsaritsyn”, 1942, “The Third Strike”, “Liberation”, 1968-1972));
Yuri Tolubeev (“The Fall of Berlin”, 1st option);
Paul Edwin Roth (“The Fall of Tukhachevsky” / Der Fall Tuchatschewskij (Germany, 1968);
Daniil Sagal (“Blockade”, 1972);
Viktor Lazarev (“Duma about Kovpak”, 1973-1976; “The Underground Regional Committee is Acting”, 1978);
Igor Pushkarev (“December 20”, 1981);
Wensley Pithi (“Red Monarch” (England, 1983);
Vladimir Troshin (Oleko Dundich, 1958; “Battle for Moscow”, 1985, “Stalingrad”, “Dark Nights in Sochi”, 1989);
(“First Cavalry”, 1984, “War in the Western Direction”, 1990);
Anatoly Grachev (“Enemy of the People - Bukharin”, 1990);
(“The Feasts of Belshazzar, or Night with Stalin”, 1989);
(“Inner Circle”, 1991);
John Bowie (Stalin, 1992);
Viktor Eltsov (“Trotsky”, 1993);
Sergei Shekhovtsov (“Stalin: Inside the Terror”, England, 2003);
Yuri Oleinikov (“Stalin. Live”, 2007);
Alexander Mokhov (“The Death of Tairov (film)”, 2004, “Burnt by the Sun 2: Imminence”, 2010);
Viktor Bunakov (“And Shepilov, who joined them,” 2009; “Tukhachevsky. The Marshal’s Conspiracy,” 2010);
Valery Filonov (“Furtseva (TV series)”, 2011);
Vadim Pomerantsev (“Eye of God”, 2012);
Alexander Berda (“Chkalov”, 2012);
Vladimir Fedorov (“Stalin is with us”, 2013);
Boris Shuvalov (“Son of the Father of Nations”, 2013)
