Do you know that the words “fire” and “four” are relatives, that the word “old” used to be synonymous with the word “strong”. We remembered the 20 most ancient words in the history of mankind, whose origin can tell a lot.
1 I
The personal pronoun “I” ranks first in the Swadesh list; this lexeme is basic for most languages of the world. This word is shifter, that is, its meaning depends on the speaker. Linguists believe that the word “I” is at least 40 thousand years old.
In Russian, the word “I” goes back to Praslav. azъ with prosthetic j.
By linguistic irony, despite the fact that it is customary to say that “I am the last letter in the alphabet,” in Cyrillic the first letter “az” also denoted the personal pronoun “I.”
2 Mother
The word "mother" is found in all languages. In most of them, often not even related to each other, the sequences of sounds /ma/, /mama/ correspond to the word “mother”. So, in Chinese “mother” is māma (妈妈/媽媽), in Czech máma, in French and Persian maman, in Dari - maadar. However, sometimes such a sequence of sounds can have other meanings. So, in the Georgian language “mama” is the father, in Latin “mamma” is the breast of a woman feeding milk.
3 Man
In many languages, the same word means both a man and a person in general. So, in English language man, in French homme. The word “man” in Russian goes back to Praslav. *mǫžьščina - derivative with the suffix -in- from the adjective *mǫžьskъjь, then from the noun *mǫžь. It was probably borrowed into the Russian language through Belarusian-Ukrainian mediation from the Polish mężczyna.
The Russian “man” is related to the ancient Indo-European word mánuṣ (mánu-, mánuṣ-), which meant “man, husband.”
4 Ash
One of the most ancient words, common in all Indo European languages is the word "ash". This word is considered related to such words as “green” and “gold”. Linguists also consider the Lithuanian word “žìlas” (gray-haired) and the Latvian “zils” (blue) to be related to the word “ash”. The word “ash” is included in the list of 23 super-stable lexemes that have not changed in 15 thousand years.
5 Fire
The word “fire” is more than 15 thousand years old. In Russian it comes from praslav. *ognis. English word"fire" in turn comes from the Proto-Germanic form *petwor-, from which, among other things, the Old English form of "feower" and the English "four" are derived. Goes back to the Proto-Indo-European form *qwetwor. That is, the word “fire” and the numeral “four” are distant relatives.
6 Old
Do not consider it a tautology, but the word “old” is old. In Russian it comes from the Proto-Slavic form *starъ. Interestingly, the word "old" is cognate with the Lithuanian stóras "thick, voluminous" and the Old Icelandic word stórr "big, strong, important, courageous", as well as the Old Indo-European word sthirás, which translates as "strong, strong". That is, the word “old”, used today in the meaning of “lived, existed for a long time"Initially also correlated with the meaning of strength, reliability and strength.
7 Hand
The Russian word “hand” comes from the Proto-Slavic form *rǫka. In all Slavic languages this word is almost identical. This word is also related to the Lithuanian rankà, the Latvian roka, and the ancient Prussian ranсko. Etymologically, this word is also related by alternating with the Lithuanian renkù, rinkaũ, riñkti in the meaning “to collect” and parankà “gathering, collecting”.
8 No
The negative particle "no" also has ancient origin, it is at least 20 thousand years old. This particle is found in all Indo-European languages, in Russian it is formed from the Old Russian нѣту, the negative particle not in English is formed from the Old English *nōht, nāht (“nought, nothing”).
9 Other
The word “other” is historically related to the word “second”, this applies to all Indo-European languages. In Russian, the word “other” comes from forms related to the Old Slavic drug and the ancient Greek ἄλλος. In Czech the word druhý is translated as “second”, in Polish drugi is also “second”. The English word “other” comes from the Old English “the second” (adj.), “one of the two, other.
10 One, two, three...
The numerals one, two, three and five also have ancient origins. They are at least forty thousand years old and were used before the emergence of all the languages of the Indo-European family. A recent study by linguists from the English city of Reading found that the numeral “one” (one) is somewhat younger than “two” and “three”. The numeral “Four” (four) has undergone significant changes, so the currently used version of this numeral is significantly younger.
11 Barking
The Russian word “bark” comes from the Old Russian laıati “bark, scold”, lai “quarrel, blasphemy”. Related to Lithuanian lóti, lóju “bark”, Latvian lãt, lāju “bark, scold, slander”, Ancient Indo-European rā́уаti “barks”, Ossetian ræin “barks”, Greek. λαίειν, Latin lātrāre “bark”, lāmentum “sob, cry”.
12 Gold
The word "gold" also has ancient roots. It is at least 20 thousand years old. Common Slavic zolto came from Indo-European language meaning “yellow” (proto-Indo-European form *ghlo-).
This word is also related to the Eastern Lithuanian žеl̃tas “golden”, “golden-yellow”, the Gothic word gulþ, the Old Indo-European híraṇyam “gold”.
In addition, linguists also do not exclude the relationship of the root *ghel- with the root *ghlei-.
13 Person
The Russian (and common Slavic) word “man”, in contrast to its lexically simple equivalents in Romance and Germanic languages (homo, l "homme, hombre, uomo, man, der Mensch, etc.), is complex, bi-basic, detachable, which increases its word-formation capacity, the ability to enter into new morphological connections.Derived from the Proto-Slavic *čelověkъ, from which, among other things, came: the Old Russian form chelovѣk čelověkъ, Old Slavic chlovѣкъ (Old Greek ἄνθρωπος).
15 Apple
Linguists are unanimous that the word “apple” in Slavic languages is one of the most ancient. Exact time its origin is unknown, but it already existed during the Common Indo-European language period. According to researchers, this word was borrowed from Celtic languages. The initial sound j (yot) arose on common Slavic soil. The word "apple" in the languages of the Celtic group goes back to the proto-form ablu. In modern Russian, “apple” in its original meaning of “ball” is not used, but means the fruit of an apple tree.
16 People
The Slavic word “people” originates from the common Slavic ljudьje - “people”. Etymologically it is related to other languages Indo-European group: Old German liut (“people”) and Gothic liudan. In the Old Slavic language the word lyudin meant “free man.” The same meaning can be traced in European languages. In it liute, in Burgundian leudis “free husband (person)”, in Greek ἐλεύθερος “free (person)”.
17 God
The word “God” goes back to the common Slavic word – bogъ, which is related to the ancient Indian word – bhaga-h. In the ancient Iranian language – baga, baga (fate, fate, happiness, god). These words go back to the Indo-European form - bhag- (endowing wealth, god).
The word “God” came into modern Russian from Old Russian, where god is a borrowing from Church Slavonic. Probably, the common Slavic bogъ is of ancient Arabic origin, where baha, baga - “fate, fate”, “lord, god”, or goes back to the ancient Indian bhaga-h - “well-being, happiness”, as well as “endowing, bestowing”, bhagavant - “ blessed", "great, god".
18 Beast
The word "beast" is also found in all ancient languages. The literal meaning of the word is “wild animal.” Although this word began to be used in Rus' only from the 11th century, it is very ancient and came from Indo-European. This word is found in many ancient languages, for example in Old Prussian (swirins - “wild animal”), in Latin - ferus (wild).
19 Don't Care
The verb “to spit” is extremely stable and has existed practically unchanged for more than 15 thousand years. In Russian, the word “spit” comes from the Proto-Slavic form *pjuti, related to Lithuanian spiáuti, spiáuju, spióviau “to spit”, Latvian spl̨aũt - the same, Greek πτύω “I spit”, πτύαλον, πτύελον “saliva”. In different languages, this word has an onomatopoeic origin, with variants conveying the sound of spitting.
20 Give
The word “give” comes from the Proto-Slavic form *dā́tī; *dājātī; *dāvā́tī and goes back to Proto-Indo-European *do-. This word is cognate with Lithuanian dúoti, Greek. δίδωμι, Old Indo-European dádāti “gives”, Avestan dadāiti “gives”.
The most ancient in origin is the noun gift, formed from the verb “dati” through the suffix -r- (like a feast), which is unproductive in modern Russian.
Contemporaries of A.S. Pushkin, reading his works, perceived all the details of the text. And we, readers of the 21st century, are already missing out on a lot, not understanding, but guessing approximately. Indeed, what is a frock coat, a tavern, a tavern, a dressing gown? Who are the coachman, the yard boy, and your excellency? In each story of Pushkin's cycle there are words that are incomprehensible and unclear in their meaning. But they all designate some objects, phenomena, concepts, positions, titles of a past life. These words have fallen out of modern use. Therefore, their specific meaning remains unclear and incomprehensible to the modern reader. This explains the choice of the topic of my research, dedicated to outdated words that have passed from the modern language in Belkin’s Tales.
The life of a language is clearly manifested in constant changes in the composition of words and their meanings. And the very history of the people and the state is imprinted in the fate of individual words. The vocabulary of the Russian language contains many words that are rarely used in real speech, but are known to us from classical literary works, history textbooks and stories about the past.
Obsolete words can be divided into two groups: 1) historicisms; 2) archaisms.
Historicisms (from the Greek historia - a story about past events) are words denoting the names of such objects and phenomena that ceased to exist as a result of the development of society. Many words that name objects of a bygone way of life, old culture, things and phenomena associated with the economy of the past, old socio-political relations have become historicisms. Thus, there are many historicisms among words associated with military theme: chain mail, arquebus, visor, redoubt. Many words denoting titles, classes, positions, professions are historicisms. old Russia: tsar, boyar, equerry, footman, steward, zemstvo, serf, landowner, constable, ofenya, farrier, tinker, sawyer, lamplighter, barge hauler; phenomena of patriarchal life: corvée, quitrent, cuts, procurement; types of production activities: manufactory, horse-drawn carriage; types of disappeared technologies: tinning, mead making.
Archaisms (from the Greek archaios - ancient) are words that have fallen out of use due to their replacement with new ones, for example: cheeks - cheeks, loins - lower back, right hand - right hand, tuga - sadness, verses - poems, ramen - shoulders. All of them have synonyms in modern Russian.
Archaisms may differ from the modern synonymous word in different ways: a different lexical meaning (guest - merchant, belly - life), a different grammatical design (perform - perform, at the ball - at the ball), a different morphemic composition (friendship - friendship, fisherman - fisherman ), others phonetic features(Gishpansky - Spanish, mirror - mirror). Some words are completely outdated, but have modern synonyms: so that - so that, destruction - destruction, harm, hope - hope and firmly believe. Archaisms and historicisms are used in fiction to recreate the historical situation in the country, transfer the national and cultural traditions of the Russian people.
DICTIONARY OF OBSOLETE WORDS
From the publisher
Corvee - free forced labor dependent peasant, “Ivan Petrovich was forced to abolish corvee and establish a master who worked with his own equipment on the farm. moderate quitrent"
Quirk is an annual collection of money and food from serfs by landowners.
The housekeeper is a servant in the landowner's house, who was entrusted with the keys to the “he entrusted the management of the village to his old housekeeper, who acquired his storage of food supplies. trust in the art of storytelling. »
Second major - military rank of the 8th class in 1741-1797. “His late father, Second Major Pyotr Ivanovich Belkin, was married to the girl Pelageya Gavrilovna from the Trafilin family. »
"Shot"
A banker is a player holding a bank in card games. “The officer went out, saying that he was ready to answer for the offense, as Mr. Banker pleases.”
“The game continued for several more minutes; but feeling that the owner was
Vacancy - an unfilled position; job title. There was no time for the game, we fell behind one by one and scattered to our apartments, talking about the imminent vacancy. »
Galun is a gold braid or silver (ribbon) that was sewn on “Silvio stood up and took out of the cardboard a red cap with a gold tassel, like a uniform. galloon"
“Throw the bank” (special). - reception of a card game. “He refused for a long time, because he almost never played; Finally he ordered the cards to be brought, poured fifty chervonets onto the table and sat down to throw. »
Hussar - a military man from light cavalry units who wore a Hungarian uniform. “He once served in the hussars, and even happily.”
A footman is a servant for masters, as well as in a restaurant, hotel, etc. “The footman led me into the count’s office, and he himself went to report on me. »
A riding arena is a platform or special building for training horses and the life of an army officer is known. In the morning training, playpen; lunch at horse riding lessons. a regimental commander or in a Jewish tavern; in the evening punch and cards.
Punter - in gambling card games: playing against the bank, i.e. “If the punter happened to be shortchanged, then he immediately paid them extra by making large bets; one who bets in a gambling card game. enough, or wrote down too much. »
Lieutenant - an officer rank higher than a second lieutenant and lower than a non-commissioned officer - an officer - a junior command rank in tsarist army staff captain. Russia, in some modern foreign armies; person holding this title.
This (this, this) place. - this, this, this. “With these words he hurriedly left”
Excellency - titles of princes and counts (from places: yours, his, hers, theirs) “Oh,” I noted, “in that case, I bet that your excellency will not hit the map even at twenty paces: the pistol requires daily exercise .
Frock coat and frock coat - long men's double-breasted clothing at the waist with a turn-down "he walked forever, in a worn black frock coat"
or a stand-up collar.
Chervonets – common name foreign gold coins in pre-Petrine “For a long time he refused, because he almost never played; finally ordered
Rus'. to hand over the cards, poured fifty chervonets onto the table and sat down to throw. »
Chandal - candlestick “The officer, inflamed by the wine, the game and the laughter of his comrades, considered himself severely offended and, in a rage, grabbed a copper chandelier from the table and threw it at Silvio, who barely managed to dodge the blow. »
Eterist - in the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries: a member of the secret Greek “It is said that Silvius, during the indignation of Alexander Ypsilant, a revolutionary organization that fought for the liberation of the country from led a detachment of Eterists and was killed in battle under Turkish oppression. Skulyanami. »
"Blizzard"
Boston - card game. “neighbors constantly went to him to eat, drink, and play Boston for five kopecks with his wife”
Versta - an ancient Russian measure “The coachman decided to travel along the river, which was supposed to shorten our route to a length of 1.06 km. " three miles. »
Red tape is delaying a case or resolving an issue. “What was holding him back? Shyness, inseparable from true love, pride or the coquetry of cunning red tape?
Maid - servant to the mistress. “Three men and a maid supported the bride and were only busy
The police captain is the chief of police in the district. “After lunch, land surveyor Shmit appeared in a mustache and spurs and the police captain’s son appeared. »
Kibitka is a covered road carriage. “I turned around, left the church without any obstacles, rushed into the wagon and shouted: “Get off!”
Cornet is the lowest officer rank. “The first person he came to, the retired forty-year-old cornet Dravin, agreed willingly.”
The porch is a covered area in front of the entrance to the church. “The church was open, several sleighs stood outside the fence; people were walking around the porch. »
Signet - homemade seal on a ring or keychain. “Having sealed both letters with a Tula signet, on which were depicted
Signet - a small seal on a ring, a keychain with initials, or two flaming hearts with a decent inscription, she (Marya Gavrilovna)
some other sign. Used to seal letters, threw herself on the bed just before dawn and dozed off. »
sealing wax or wax and served as an indication of the sender.
Ensign is the most junior officer rank. “The subject she chose was a poor army ensign who was on leave in his village.”
Ulan - in the armies of some countries, a soldier, a light cavalry officer, “a boy of about sixteen who recently joined the lancers. »
wielding a spear or saber.
Shlafor - housecoat. “The old people woke up and went into the living room. , Praskovya Petrovna in a dressing gown with cotton wool. »
Grand Patience is laying out a deck of cards according to certain rules. “The old lady was sitting alone in the living room one day, playing grand solitaire.”
A cap is a pointed-shaped headdress, which in the old days was worn by men “Gavrila Gavrilovich in a cap and flannel jacket”
worn at home and often worn at night. ; sleeping cap.
"Undertaker"
Cupid is the god of love in ancient mythology, depicted as a winged “Above the gate there was a sign depicting a portly boy with a bow and arrows. Cupid with an overturned torch in his hand. »
Announce - to notify by ringing a church service. “No one noticed, the guests continued the thread, and were already announcing Vespers when they got up from the table.
Over the knee boots - boots with a wide top. ". the leg bones beat in the big boots, like pestles in mortars. »
Brigadier - in the Russian army of the 18th century. : military rank 5th class (according to the Table of “Tryukhina, brigadier and sergeant Kurilkin vaguely introduced themselves by rank); person who had this rank. his imagination."
The guard is a policeman who carried out guard duty in the booth. “Of the Russian officials there was one watchman”
Vespers is a Christian church service held in the afternoon. ". the guests continued to drink and were already announcing Vespers.”
Gaer is a common jester in folk games, clowning around and making faces in “Is the undertaker a gaer at Christmas time?”
Christmas time;
A ten-kopeck coin is a ten-kopeck coin. “The undertaker gave him a ten-kopeck piece for vodka, got dressed quickly, took a cab and went to Razgulay. »
Drogi - a cart for transporting the dead. “The last belongings of the undertaker Adrian Prokhorov were thrown into the funeral cart”
Kaftan - an old men's long-brimmed outerwear “I will not describe the Russian caftan of Adrian Prokhorov”
Icon, icon case, icon case (from Greek - box, ark) - a special decorated cabinet “Soon order was established; ark with images, cabinet with
(often folded) or glazed shelf for icons. dishes, a table, a sofa and a bed occupied certain corners in the back room.”
A mantle is a wide, long garment in the form of a cloak” “the kitchen and living room housed the owner’s wares: coffins of all colors and all sizes, as well as wardrobes with mourning ribbons, mantles and torches. »
To preach the gospel - to end, to stop preaching the gospel. “You feasted with the German all day, came back drunk, fell into bed, and slept until this hour, when they announced mass.”
Contractor is a person who is obligated under a contract to perform certain work. “But Tryukhina was dying on Razgulay, and Prokhorov was afraid that her heir, despite his promise, would not be too lazy to send for him so far away and would not make a deal with the nearest contractor. »
To rest - 1. To sleep, to fall asleep; “You deigned to sleep, and we didn’t want to wake you.”
2. Transfer. Rest.
Svetlitsa - a bright living room; front room in the house; small “The girls went to their little room. "
bright room at the top of the house.
The ax is an ancient bladed weapon - a large ax with a semicircular blade, and “Yurko again began to walk around her with an ax and in armor with a long homespun handle. »
Sermyaga is a coarse homespun undyed cloth: a caftan is made from this cloth. “Yurko began to walk around her again with an ax and in homespun armor. »
Chukhonets was the name given to Finns and Estonians until 1917. “Of the Russian officials there was one watchman, the Chukhonian Yurko, who knew how
To acquire the special favor of the owner.”
"The Station Agent"
The altar is the main elevated eastern part of the church, fenced off “He hastily entered the church: the priest was leaving the altar. »
iconostasis.
Altar - in ancient times among many peoples: a place on which sacrifices were burned and in front of which rituals associated with sacrifice were performed. Used figuratively and in comparison.
An assignation is a paper banknote issued in Russia from 1769 to “. he took them out and unwrapped several five and ten ruble
1849 , in the official language - before the introduction of credit cards; one ruble of crumpled banknotes"
in silver was equal to 3 1/3 rubles in banknotes.
The Prodigal Son is a gospel parable about the rebellious prodigal son who “They depicted the story of the prodigal son. »
he left home, squandered his share of the inheritance, after wanderings he returned with repentance to his father’s house and was forgiven.
High Nobility - according to the Table of Ranks, the title of civil ranks with “Early in the morning he came to his anteroom and asked to report to his eighth to sixth grade, as well as officers from captain to colonel, and to High Nobility”
“Taking off his wet, shaggy hat, letting go of his shawl and pulling off his overcoat,
The visiting hussar, a soldier of the highest cavalry, appeared as a young, slender hussar with a black mustache.”
Drozhki - a light, two-seater, four-wheeled open carriage with short "Suddenly a smart droshky raced in front of him"
drogues instead of springs.
Deacon - a clergyman in Orthodox Church; the church reader, the sexton extinguished the candles. »
acolyte; He also taught literacy.
An assessor is an elected representative in court to work in some “Yes, but there are few travelers: unless the assessor turns around, he has no time for another institution. dead. »
A tavern is a drinking establishment of one of the lowest categories for sale and “It used to be that he comes from the tavern, and we follow him. »
drinking alcoholic beverages.
A cap is a pointed or oval-shaped headdress. “An old man in a cap and dressing gown lets a young man go”
Lackey is a servant in a house, restaurant, hotel.
The front end of a cart, sleigh, cart; the coachman's seat in the front "the servant jumped onto the beam. »
The porch is a covered area in front of the entrance to the church. “Approaching the church, he saw that the people were already leaving, but Dunya was not there
Neither in the fence, nor on the porch. »
Passengers are a carriage with horses that change at post stations. "traveled on crossroads"
Podorozhnaya - a document giving the right to use post horses; “In five minutes - the bell! and the courier throws him a travel certificate. your travel table. »
To rest - 1. To sleep, to fall asleep; “The military footman, cleaning his boot on the last, announced that the master
2. Transfer. Rest. rests and that he doesn’t receive anyone before eleven o’clock. »
Postmaster - manager of a post office. “the caretaker asked the S*** postmaster to leave for two months”
Passes are the cost of travel on post horses. ". paid runs for two horses. »
Captain - senior chief officer rank in the cavalry “He soon learned that Captain Minsky was in St. Petersburg and lived in
Demutov tavern. »
Skufya, skufiya - 1. A youthful, monochromatic (black, purple, Minsky came out to you in a robe, in a red skufiya. “What do you need purple, etc.) hat for Orthodox priests, monks. 2. Do you need a round?” he asked.
cap, skullcap, skull cap, headdress.
A caretaker is the head of an institution. “The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the driver is stubborn and the horses are not moving - and the caretaker is to blame. »
Frock coat (frock coat) - a long men's double-breasted garment with a standing "and his long green frock coat with three medals"
collar
Taurus – a young bull “the cook kills a well-fed calf”
A tavern is a hotel with a restaurant. “He soon learned that Captain Minsky was in St. Petersburg and lived in
Demutov tavern. »
Non-commissioned officer is a junior command rank in the Tsarist Army of Russia. “I stayed in the Izmailovsky regiment, in the house of a retired non-commissioned officer. »
Courier - in the old army: a military or government courier for “In five minutes - the bell!” and the courier rushes him to deliver important, mostly secret documents. your travel table. »
The kingdom of heaven is a rhetorical wish for the deceased to have a happy fate in “It happened (the kingdom of heaven to him!) comes from a tavern, and we are beyond the afterlife. him: “Grandfather, grandfather! nuts!” - and he gives us nuts. »
Rank - a rank assigned to civil servants and military personnel according to the Table “I was in a minor rank, rode on carriages and paid rank passes associated with the provision of certain class rights and for two horses. »
benefits.
Dressing gown and shlafo - dressing gown. “An old man in a cap and dressing gown lets a young man go”
SLAFROK or dressing gown m. German. robe, sleeping clothes. Most often it serves as home clothing for nobles.
COAT - originally a “sleeping robe” (from German), and then the same as a robe. Although they didn’t go out and visit in dressing gowns, they could look very elegant, sewn for show
Coachman - coachman, driver of postal and pit horses. “The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, + the stubborn horses won’t carry -
and the caretaker is to blame. »
"Peasant Young Lady"
Blancmange - jelly made from milk with almonds and sugar. “Well, we left the table. and we sat for three hours, and the dinner was delicious: the blancmange cake was blue and striped. »
Burners is a Russian folk game in which the person standing in front catches others. “So we left the table and went into the garden to play burners, and the participants ran away from him one by one in pairs. the young master appeared here. »
House servants - servants at a manor's house, courtyard; courtyard people (in contrast to “Ivan Petrovich Berestov went out for a ride on horseback, for all the peasants who lived in the village and were engaged in farming). case, taking with him a pair of three greyhounds, a stirrup and several
Dvorovoy - related to the yard, belonging to the yard. yard boys with rattles. »
Drozhki - a light, two-seater, four-wheeled open carriage with short "Muromsky asked Berestov for a droshky, because he admitted that the drozhki had springs instead of springs. Because of the injury, he was able to get home in the evening. »
Jockey - a horse race rider; servant on horseback rides. “His grooms were dressed as jockeys.”
Zoil is a picky, unkind, unfair critic; evil “He was furious and called his zoil a bear and a provincial. »
detractor
Valet - the master's household servant, footman. “That’s right,” Alex answered,
I am the young master's valet. »
Chinese- thick fabric, originally silk, made in China, “(Lisa) sent to buy at the market thick linen, blue then cotton, made in Russia for sundresses and men's Chinese and copper buttons”
shirts , usually blue, less often red. Used in peasant life
Kniksen and Kniks - accepted in the bourgeois-noble environment for girls and “Unfortunately, instead of Lisa, old Miss Jackson came out, whitewashed, the girls bowed with a curtsey as a sign of gratitude, greeting; drawn out, with downcast eyes and a small curtsey. »
curtsy.
Livery - uniform for footmen, doormen, coachmen, decorated with “Old Berestov walked onto the porch with the help of two livery braids and sewing. lackeys of Muromsky. »
Livery – 1. Adj. to livery, which was livery. 2. Dressed in livery.
Madame - name married woman, appended to the surname; “Her agility and minute-by-minute pranks delighted her father and brought him into his mistress. Usually used in relation to a French woman, and in reference to the despair of her Madame Miss Jackson. »
– and to a Russian woman from privileged strata.
Miss is an unmarried woman in England. Her agility and minute orders delighted her father and drove her Madame Miss Jackson into despair.”
Confidant - about a woman who was especially trusted and “There she changed her clothes, absentmindedly answering questions with the eager favor of someone; darling, lover. confidante, and appeared in the living room.”
To make up - to paint, to draw with antimony, i.e. popular since ancient times “Liza, his dark-skinned Lisa, was whitened up to her ears, darkened more than time cosmetic product, composed on the basis of antimony, Miss Jackson herself. »
giving it a special shine.
Okolotok - 1. Surrounding area, surrounding villages. 2. Resident of the district, “He built a house according to his own plan, established a legal neighborhood, the surrounding area. factory, established income and began to consider himself the smartest person
3. The area of the city under the jurisdiction of the local police officer. all over the area"
4. Medical center (usually attached to a military unit).
The Guardianship Council is an institution in Russia in charge of guardianship affairs, “. the first of the landowners of his province thought of mortgaging the educational institutions and some credit transactions related to the estate in the Board of Trustees.”
pledges of estates, etc.
Plis – cotton velvet. Among the nobility it was used for “On weekdays he wears a corduroy jacket, on holidays he puts on a home suit, merchants and rich peasants sew from it an elegant frock coat from homemade cloth.”
Poltina is a silver coin equal to 50 kopecks, half a ruble. Minted with “Trofim, passing in front of Nastya, gave her small colorful bast shoes
1707 and received half a ruble from her as a reward. »
Polushka - since the 15th century, a silver coin worth half money (i.e. ¼ “I’ll sell it and squander it, and I won’t leave you a half-ruble.”
kopecks); the last silver polushkas were released into circulation in
Frock coat - long men's double-breasted clothing with a stand-up collar “On weekdays he wears a corduroy jacket, on holidays he puts on a frock coat made of homemade cloth”
The head of the table is the official who manages the table. “The neighbors agreed that he would never make the right chief executive. »
Stremyanny is a groom, a servant who takes care of his riding horse “Ivan Petrovich Berestov went out for a ride on horseback, for every master, and also a servant who accompanies the master during the hunt. case, taking with him three pairs of greyhounds, a stirrup and several yard boys with rattles. »
Tartines - a thin slice of bread spread with butter; small sandwich. “The table was set, breakfast was ready, and Miss Jackson. I cut thin tartines. »
The faucets are a wide frame made of whalebone, willow twigs or wire, “the sleeves stuck out like Madame de Pompadour’s faucets.”
worn under a skirt to add fullness; skirt on such a frame.
A courtier is a nobleman at the royal court, a courtier. “The dawn shone in the east, and the golden rows of clouds seemed to be waiting for the sun, like courtiers waiting for a sovereign. »
Chekmen - men's clothing of the Caucasian type - a cloth caftan at the waist with ruching at the back. ". he saw his neighbor, proudly sitting on horseback, wearing a checkman lined with fox fur, "
IV. Conclusion
"Dictionary outdated words"contains 108 dictionary entries, both historicisms and archaisms. It contains those words that are not currently used or are used extremely rarely in real life. literary language, also words used today, but with a different meaning from the one we give it.
The dictionary entry reveals the meaning of obsolete words, using examples from the stories of Pushkin’s cycle to show how they functioned in speech. The created dictionary, which includes both historicisms and archaisms, will help to overcome the barrier between the reader and the text, sometimes erected by outdated words that are incomprehensible or misunderstood by the reader, and to thoughtfully and meaningfully perceive the text of “Belkin’s Tales”. Some dictionary entries are accompanied by drawings that make it possible to realistically imagine the objects called by this or that word.
The remarkable poet, outstanding translator V. A. Zhukovsky wrote: “The word is not our arbitrary invention: every word that receives a place in the lexicon of a language is an event in the field of thought.”
This work will become an assistant in reading, studying, and understanding Pushkin’s cycle “Belkin’s Tales”, will broaden the reader’s horizons, help arouse interest in the history of words, and can be used in literature lessons.
Archaisms are words that, due to the emergence of new words, have fallen out of use. But their synonyms exist in modern Russian. Eg:
the right hand is the right hand, the cheeks are the cheeks, the ribs are the shoulders, the loins are the lower back, and so on.
But it is worth noting that archaisms may still differ from modern synonymous words. These differences can be in the morphemic composition (fisherman - fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning (belly - life, guest - merchant), in grammatical design (at the ball - at the ball, perform - perform) and phonetic features ( mirror - mirror, gishpansky - Spanish). Many words are completely outdated, but they still have modern synonyms. For example: destruction - death or harm, hope - hope and firmly believe, so that - so that. And in order to avoid possible mistakes in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of art It is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of outdated words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.
Historicisms are words that denote phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result of the further development of society.
Many words that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were in one way or another connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, and the socio-political system that once existed became historicisms. Many historicisms are found among words that are one way or another connected with military themes.
Eg:
Redoubt, chain mail, visor, arquebus and so on.
Most of the outdated words refer to items of clothing and household items: prosak, svetets, endova, camisole, armyak.
Also, historicisms include words that denote titles, professions, positions, classes that once existed in Rus': tsar, lackey, boyar, steward, stableman, barge hauler, tinker, and so on. Types of production activities such as horse-drawn horses and manufacturing. Phenomena of patriarchal life: procurement, rent, corvee and others. Disappeared technologies such as mead making and tinning.
Words that arose in the Soviet era. These include words such as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovets, educational program, Budenovets and many others.
Sometimes it can be very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is due both to the revival of the cultural traditions of Rus', and to the frequent use of these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works folk art. Such words include words denoting measures of length or measurements of weight, naming Christian and religious holidays, and so on and so forth.
Abiye - immediately, since, when.
Anyhow - so that, in order.
Lamb - lamb, lamb.
Az is the pronoun “I” or the name of the first letter of the alphabet.
Az, buki, vedi - the names of the first letters of the Slavic alphabet.
Aki - as, since, like, as if, as if.
Altyn is an ancient silver coin in denomination of three kopecks.
Hungry - from the word "hungry" - greedily want.
An, even - if, meanwhile, after all.
Anbar (barn) is a building for storing bread or goods.
Araka - wheat vodka
Arapchik - Dutch chervonets.
Argamak - an eastern thoroughbred horse, racer: at a wedding - a horse under saddle, not in harness
Armyak - men's outerwear made of cloth or woolen fabric.
Arshin is a Russian measure of length equal to 0.71 m; ruler, a bar of such length for measuring.
If - if, if, when.
Babka - four sheaves of oats - ears up, covered with a fifth - ears down - from the rain.
Badog - batog, stick, staff, whip.
Bazheny - beloved, from the word “bazhat” - to love, to desire, to have an inclination.
To bash - to roar, scream.
Barber - barber, hairdresser.
Stillage is the grounds, the remains from the distillation of grain wine, used for fattening livestock.
Corvée is the free forced labor of serfs who worked with their equipment on the farm of the landowner, landowner. In addition, the corvée peasants paid the landowner various taxes in kind, supplying him with hay, oats, firewood, butter, poultry, etc. For this, the landowner allocated part of the land to the peasants and allowed them to cultivate it. The corvée was 3-4, and sometimes even 6 days per day. week. The decree of Paul I (1797) on three-day corvee was of a recommendatory nature and in most cases was ignored by landowners.
Basque - beautiful, elegant.
Basok is a short form of the word "basque" - beautiful, comely, decorated.
Bastion is an earthen or stone fortification that forms a ledge on the rampart.
Basurman is a hostile and unkind name for a Mohammedan, as well as for a non-religious person in general, a foreigner.
Batalya (battle) - battle, battle.
Bahar is a talker, a talker.
To babble - to talk, chat, converse.
To be vigilant is to take care; be on guard, vigilant.
Fluency is speed.
Timelessness is a misfortune, a difficult test, time.
A steelyard is a hand scale with an unequal lever and a moving fulcrum.
Unusual - not knowing customs, everyday rules, decency.
Bela Mozhaiskaya - an ancient Russian variety of bulk apples
Belmes (Tatar “belmes”) - you don’t understand anything, you don’t understand at all.
Berdo is an accessory of the weaving mill.
Take care - be careful.
Pregnancy is a burden, heaviness, burden; armful, as much as you can hug with your hands.
Incessantly - unconditionally, undoubtedly, incessantly.
Shameless - shameless.
Becheva - a strong rope, rope; towline - the movement of a vessel with a towline, which was pulled along the shore by people or horses.
Bechet - gem ruby type
A tag is a stick or board on which signs and notes are placed with notches or paint.
Biryuk is a beast, a bear.
Broken loaves - dough for rolls whipped with cream
To hit with the forehead is to bow low; ask for something; to offer a gift, accompanying the offering with a request.
To bet is to bet on winning.
Annunciation is a Christian holiday in honor of the Virgin Mary (March 25, O.S.).
Blagoy - kind, good.
Bo - for, because.
Bobyl is a lonely, homeless, poor peasant.
Boden is a butter, a spur on the legs of a rooster.
Bozhedom is a cemetery watchman, gravedigger, caretaker, head of a home for the elderly and disabled.
Blockhead - statue, idol, block of wood.
Boris and Gleb are Christian saints, whose day was celebrated on May 2 according to Art. Art.
Bortnik is a person engaged in forest beekeeping (from the word “bort” - a hollow tree in which bees nest).
Botalo - bell, bell tongue, beat.
A bochag is a deep puddle, pothole, pit, filled with water.
Hawkmoth is a drunkard.
Brany - patterned (about fabric).
Bratina - a small bowl, goblet with a spherical body, used for drinking in a circle
Brother - brother, a vessel for beer.
Brashno - food, dish, dish, edible.
Breden, nonsense - a small seine that two people use to catch fish while wading.
Will - if, if, when, if.
Buerak is a dry ravine.
Buza - rock salt, which was given to animals.
A mace is a sign of superior authority, also a weapon (club) or knob.
Alyssum is a box, a small box made of birch bark.
Bouchenye - from the word “boil” - soak, whiten canvases.
Buyava, buyovo - cemetery, grave.
Bylitsa is a blade of grass, a stalk of grass.
Bylichka - a story about evil spirits, the reliability of which is not doubted.
Vadit - to lure, attract, accustom.
It's important - it's hard, it's hard.
Shafts are waves.
Vandysh - smelt, dried fish like ruff
Vargan (“on the mound, on the vargan”) - perhaps from “worg” - a clearing overgrown tall grass; mowed, open place in the forest.
Varyukha, Varvara - a Christian saint, whose day was celebrated on December 4 according to Art. Art.
A sergeant major is a senior non-commissioned officer in a cavalry squadron.
Vashchet is your grace.
Introduction - introduction, Christian holiday in honor of the Virgin Mary (November 21, O.S.).
Suddenly - again, again.
Vedrina - from the word “bucket” - clear, warm, dry weather (not winter).
Vedro - clear, calm weather.
Politeness - good manners, courtesy, politeness.
Vekoshniki - pies seasoned with meat and fish leftovers.
Maundy Thursday is the Thursday in the last week of Lent (before Easter).
Veres - juniper.
Veretye is a coarse hemp fabric.
Vereya (belts, rope, vereyushka) - a pole on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate.
A versten is a verst.
A spit is a rod on which meat is fried by turning it over the fire.
Nativity scene - cave; hangout; a large box with puppets controlled from below through slits in the floor of the box, in which performances on the theme of the Nativity of Christ were performed.
A top is a fishing implement made of twigs.
Vershnik - horseman; riding ahead on horseback.
Veselko is a stirrer.
Vechka is a copper pan.
Evening - last night, yesterday.
Hanged (mushrooms, meat, etc.) - dried.
Viklina - tops.
Guilt is a reason, a reason.
Vitsa, vichka - twig, twig, whip.
Vlasno - exactly, actually.
The driver is the leader of the bear.
Voight is a foreman in a rural district, an elected elder.
Wave is wool.
Vologa - meat broth, any fatty liquid food.
Portage - from the word “drag”, a path on a watershed along which cargo and boats are dragged.
Volosnik is a women's headdress, a net made of gold or silver thread with trim (usually not festive, like kika, but everyday), a type of cap.
Volotki - stems, straws, blades of grass; the upper part of the sheaf with ears.
Vorovina - shoe polish, also rope, lasso.
Voroguha, vorogusha - sorceress, fortune teller, evildoer.
Voronets is a beam in a hut that serves as a shelf.
Voronogray - fortune telling by the cries of a raven; a book describing such signs.
Votchina is the family estate of the landowner, passed on by inheritance.
In vain - in vain.
The enemy is the devil, the demon.
A temporary worker is a person who has achieved power and a high position in the state thanks to personal closeness to the monarch.
A temporary worker is a person who has achieved a high position thanks to chance.
Vskaya - in vain, in vain, in vain.
In pursuit - after.
In vain - in vain, in vain.
As a stranger - from the outside, without being in a close relationship.
Elected - elected by voting.
I will take it out - always, at all times, incessantly.
Vyray (viriy, iriy) - a wondrous, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.
Howl - meal time, also a share of food, part of a meal.
Vyalitsa is a blizzard.
Greater - greater, higher.
Gai - oak grove, grove, small deciduous forest.
Galun - gold or silver tinsel braid.
Garrison - military units located in a city or fortress.
Garchik - pot, krinka.
Gattki, gat - a flooring made of logs or brushwood on a swampy place. To shit - to spread dirt.
Gashnik - belt, belt, lace for tying pants.
Guard - selected privileged troops; military units serving as guards for sovereigns or military leaders.
Gehenna is hell.
General - a military rank of the first, second, third or fourth class according to the Table of Ranks.
Lieutenant General is a general rank of the third class, which under Catherine II corresponded to the rank of lieutenant general according to Peter the Great's Table of Ranks.
George - Christian saint George the Victorious; Yegory-Spring (April 23) and Yegoryev (Yuryev) Day (November 26, O.S.) are holidays in his honor.
To perish - to perish, to disappear.
Glazetovy - sewn from glazet (a type of brocade with gold and silver patterns woven on it).
Glezno - shin, ankle.
Goveyno - fast (Mrs. Goveyno - Assumption Fast, etc.)
To fast is to fast, to abstain from food.
Speaking is speech.
Gogol is a bird from the diving duck breed.
Godina - good clear weather, a bucket.
Suitable - to marvel, admire, stare; stare, stare; mock, ridicule.
Years go by - years live, from the word “godovat” - live.
Golbchik - golbchik, a fence in the form of a closet in a hut between the stove and the floors, a stove with steps for access to the stove and floors, and with a hole in the underground.
To be golden, to be golden - to talk noisily, shout, swear.
Golik is a broom without leaves.
Golitsy - leather mittens without wool lining.
Dutch - chervonets struck at the St. Petersburg Mint.
Golomya is the open sea.
Gol - ragamuffins, naked people, beggars.
Grief is upward.
Gorka is a graveyard, a place where church ministers lived.
Gorlatnaya hat - sewn from very thin fur taken from the neck of an animal; The shape is a tall, straight cap with a crown that flares upward.
An upper room is a room usually located on the top floor of a house.
The upper room is the clean half of the hut.
Fever, delirium tremens; fever - serious disease with high fever and chills; delirium tremens - here: a state of painful delirium with high fever or temporary insanity.
Gostika - guest.
Letter - writing; official document, a decree giving someone the right to do something.
Hryvnia - ten-kopeck piece; V Ancient Rus' monetary unit - a silver or gold bar weighing about a pound.
Grosh is an ancient coin worth two kopecks.
Grumant is the old Russian name for the Spitsbergen archipelago, discovered by our Pomors in the 15th century.
Grun, gruna - a quiet horse trot.
A bed is a pole, a pole, suspended or attached lying down, a crossbar, a perch in a hut, from wall to wall.
Guba - bay, backwater.
Governor is the ruler of a province.
Spongy cheeses - curd, whipped with sour cream.
Gudok is a three-string violin without grooves on the sides of the body. Threshing floor - room, barn for compressed bread; threshing area.
The tug is a loop that holds the shafts and the arc together.
Guzhi with garlic - boiled rolls.
Threshing floor - a place for storing bread in sheaves and threshing, a covered threshing floor.
Gunya, gunka - old, tattered clothes.
Yes, recently.
The janitor is the owner of the inn.
Brother-in-law is the husband's brother.
Maiden's room - a room in manor houses where serf courtyard girls lived and worked.
Devyatina - a period of nine days.
Deja - dough dough, kneading bowl; a tub in which bread dough is kneaded.
Actors are actors.
Business - division.
Delenka is a woman constantly busy with work and needlework.
Dennitsa - morning dawn.
Denga is an ancient coin in denomination of two half or half a kopeck; money, capital, wealth.
Gum, right hand - right, right hand.
Ten - ten times.
Divyy - wild.
An officer's diploma is a certificate of merit for an officer's rank.
Dmitry's Saturday is the day of remembrance of the dead (between October 18 and 26), established by Dmitry Donskoy in 1380 after the Battle of Kulikovo.
DNA - diseases internal organs, aching bones, hernia.
Today - now, now, today.
Dobrohot - well-wisher, patron.
Dominates - follows, should, must, decently.
To suffice is to be sufficient.
Argument - denunciation, denunciation, complaint.
Enough, enough - as much as you want, as much as you need, enough.
Boredom is an annoying request, also a boring, annoying thing.
To top up is to overcome.
Dolon - palm.
Share - plot, share, allotment, lot; fate, fate, fate.
Domovina is a coffin.
Dondezhe - until then.
The bottom is a board on which the spinner sits and into which the comb and tow are inserted.
To correct - to demand filing, debt.
Dor is rough shingles.
The roads are very fine oriental silk fabric.
Dosyulny - old, former.
Dokha - a fur coat with fur inside and outside.
A dragoon is a warrior of cavalry units operating both on horseback and on foot.
Dranitsa are thin planks chipped from wood.
Gruss is coarse sand that is used when washing unpainted floors, walls, and benches.
Drolya - dear, dear, beloved.
A friend is a wedding manager invited by the groom.
Oak - young oak, oak, shelf, staff, rod, twig.
Dubnik is an oak bark necessary for various household works, including tanning leather.
Smoky furs are bags made from steamed skins (and therefore especially soft).
Smokey smell.
Drawbar - a single shaft attached to the front axle for turning the cart when harnessed in pairs.
The sexton is the sexton's wife.
An uncle is a servant assigned to supervise a boy in noble families.
Eudokei - Christian St. Evdokia, whose day was celebrated on March 1 according to Art. Art.
When - when.
A one-child is the only son of his parents.
Eat - food.
Hedgehog - which.
Everyday - every day, every day.
Elias - olive oil, which was used in church services.
Elen is a deer.
Eliko - how much.
Christmas tree - spruce branch on the roof or above the door of the hut - a sign that there is a tavern in it.
Eloza is a fidget, a weasel, a flatterer.
Elets - different types shaped cookies.
Endova - a wide vessel with a toe for pouring liquids.
Epancha is an old long and wide cloak or blanket.
Jeremiah - Christian prophet Jeremiah, whose day was celebrated on May 1; Christian Apostle Erma, whose day was celebrated on May 31.
Ernishny - from “ernik”: small, low-growing forest, small birch bush.
Erofeich - bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.
It snarls across the belly - from the word “yarl” - to swear, to use foul language.
Eating - food, food.
Eating is food.
Nature is nature.
Etchi - yes.
Zhalnik - cemetery, graves, churchyard.
Iron - shackles, chains, shackles.
Pretense - lack of simplicity and naturalness; mannerism.
Lot - lot.
Lives - it happens.
Belly - life, property; soul; livestock
Stomachs - living creatures, prosperity, wealth.
They live - they happen.
Lived - a residential place, premises.
Fat is good, property; a good, free life.
Zhitnik - baked rye or barley bread.
Zhito - any bread in grain or standing; barley (northern), unmilled rye (southern), all spring bread (eastern).
Harvest - harvest, harvesting of grain; strip after squeezed bread.
Zhupan is an ancient half-caftan.
Grumpy - grumpy.
Jalvey, zhelv, zhol - an abscess, a tumor on the body.
Continuation
Obsolete words are a special group of words that, for one reason or another, are not used in modern speech. They are divided into two categories - historicisms and archaisms. Both of these groups are similar to each other, but still have several significant differences.
Historicisms
These include words denoting special things, positions, phenomena that have ceased to exist in modern world, but took place earlier. An example of such words is boyar, voivode, petitioner, estate. They do not have synonyms in modern language, and you can only find out their meaning from an explanatory dictionary. Basically, such outdated words refer to the description of life, culture, economy, hierarchy, military and political relations of ancient times.
So, for example, petitioning is: 1) bowing with the forehead touching the ground; or 2) written request. Stolnik is a courtier, one degree lower than a boyar, who usually served at the boyar or royal table.
Most outdated historicism words are found among names related to military themes, as well as those related to household items and clothing: chain mail, visor, redoubt, arquebus, valley, prosak, armyak, seeder, camisole.
Here are some example sentences containing obsolete words. “Petitioners came to the tsar and complained about the governors, and said that they were taking away their estates and then giving them away; the nobles, stewards and boyars’ children also complained that the governors were taking away their palace villages. Cossacks and archers also came to the tsar, bringing petitions , asked for grain and cash wages."
Currently, one of the many groups of historicisms are those that arose during the formation of the USSR: food detachment, Budyonnovets, educational program, committee of the poor, NEP, lichenets, NEPman, Makhnovist, food surplus.
Archaisms
Obsolete languages are classified into another broad group - archaisms. They, in fact, are a subgroup of historicisms - they also include words that have fallen out of use. But their main difference is that they can be replaced by synonyms, which are common words used today. Here are the cheeks, right hand, loins, verses, tightness, ramen. Accordingly, their modern analogues- cheeks, right hand, lower back, poetry, sadness, shoulders.
There are several basic differences between archaism and its synonym. They may differ:
a) lexical meaning (belly - life, guest - merchant);
b) grammatical design (at the ball - at the ball, perform - perform);
c) (fisherman - fisherman, friendship - friendship);
In order to correctly use archaism in a sentence and avoid confusion, use an explanatory dictionary or a dictionary of outdated words.
And here are examples of sentences containing archaisms: “In Moscow lived okolnichi, boyars, clerks, whom Bolotnikov threatened to turn into commoners or kill, and put nameless people in their place; industrialists and wealthy merchants also lived there, courtyards, money, whose shops “Everything was given to the poor.”
In this passage, the following words are archaisms: commoner, yard (in the sense of household), shop (trading enterprise), nameless. It is easy to notice that there are also historicisms here: okolnichy, boyar.
Outdated words perfectly convey the characteristic historicity and make the literary text colorful and bright. But for correct and appropriate use, you must always consult an explanatory dictionary so that flowery phrases do not ultimately turn into nonsense.
We often find outdated words in classical literature. Footnotes and explanations are often provided for them, since these words are not used in modern language, and many may not know their meanings.
Examples of obsolete words:
inda - even
lanita - cheeks
saryn - rabble, crowd
week - week
lazy - lazy
Obsolete words include archaisms and historicisms. These are words that are rarely used in living modern speech or are found only in literary works writers of past centuries. We will classify outdated words as passive vocabulary of the modern Russian language.
Archaisms are characterized by the fact that, as a rule, they have synonyms in modern speech.
Examples of archaisms:
hand - palm,
neck - neck;
belts - shoulders,
sail - sail,
piit - poet,
fisherman - fisherman,
lips - lips.
Historicisms, as you can guess from the name of these words, are associated with a certain era in the history of the country and are the names of those objects that have already disappeared, and the word, as a reminder to descendants, remained in the literature, archival documents or periodicals of those years.
I will give these examples of outdated words - historicisms:
kulak - a wealthy peasant in the 20-30s of the last century;
workers' faculty - workers' faculty;
worker's faculty, workers' faculty - workers' faculty students.
Among the historicisms there are many ancient names of monetary units, measures of length and weight, names of objects and clothing, etc., for example:
club, pood, verst, arshin, ten-kopeck piece, student, barge hauler, policeman, coachman, tavern, etc.
Obsolete words mean those words that, due to a time period, have fallen out of previously habitual active use, but in the passive dictionary they have been preserved and, to a greater extent, remain understandable to native speakers.
Among obsolete words, there are two types: archaisms and historicisms.
For example, lanits - cheeks in Old Russian. Hand - palm. Down - down, below. Eyes - eyes. Chelo - forehead. Or an archaic appeal - dear sir :-). Virgo is a girl. There is such a word - tuck in - tuck in / shirt /. Get excited - hang out with someone. This is folk speech, I heard the last two words from my grandmother / Smolensk region /.
To what has already been written by other authors, I can add that words used today can be considered obsolete if in former times they were used in different meanings than in the present. Such words are called semantic archaisms.
Archaisms.
Otrok is a teenage boy.
Otrokovitsa is a teenage girl.
Astrologer - astrologer.
Actor - actor.
A creature is a living being.
The shame is a spectacle.
Vulgar - ordinary.
Domovina is a coffin.
Zolotar is a jeweler.
To hope - to hope.
Dark - blind.
Crown - wreath.
Supper - dinner.
Vitia is a speaker.
This one is this one.
Rest - fall asleep.
City - city.
Arab is a black man.
Innocent - innocent.
Lamb - lamb.
The husband is a mature man.
Scoundrel - not fit for military service.
Whorehouse is a brothel.
Abode - monastery.
Historicisms.
Likbez, Berkovets, carriage, rattler, stagecoach, serf, oktyabrnok, pioneer, bast shoe, inquisition, posadnik, Komsomol, torch, archer.
The works of the classics of the 18th and 19th centuries are full of outdated words. The meaning is not always clear.
The poet Pushkin has blueberries. An obsolete word. That means a nun.
Pay at his place. The word appears in the conversation of old people rural residents. A bed for sleeping on the stove.
The obsolete word used today is now.
OBSOLETE words, or ARCHAISMS, denote objects, phenomena and concepts that have not disappeared from our modern life, but continue to exist in it, but under a different name. That is, they are denoted by modern words.
There are a lot of archaisms known. And they are listed in dictionaries.
Here in front of me is Ozhegov’s dictionary. I open the page at random and immediately come across outdated words: lanita- cheek; bastweed- peasant; word dealer used in the meaning reseller And horse trader.
I close the dictionary. What can I remember myself?
This is not difficult to do if you recall some expressions and phrases of our famous classic writers. For example, A, P, Chekhov has the following appeal: WISE secretary! That is wise.
From a poem by A.S. Everyone knows the lines of Pushkin’s Prophet:
I think that translating the highlighted obsolete words into modern language It’s not worth it, because we all know them from school.
Here are a few more outdated words: full - captivity; shelom - helmet; pawn - infantryman; tuga - melancholy, sadness; right hand - right hand; guard - watchman; finger - finger; existing - existing; thief - thief, robber, etc.
I repeat that there are a lot of archaisms, both native Russian, Old Church Slavonic, and borrowed.
It is simply impossible to list them within the framework of this project.
There are a lot of obsolete words (this is the name for words that were previously used quite actively, but now are rarely or not used at all in the meanings in which they used to be) in the Russian language. Because the process of obsolescence is constant. Such words are sometimes even divided into obsolete and obsolete.
Here are some of them:
Screen. Archaism. Many people are now thinking about screenshots, which are called screenshots for short. But it turns out that this was what small chests and stacks used to be called. For example, if Dostoevsky lived not in the 190th century, but earlier, he would have called the old woman’s casket (packing), from which Raskolnikov pulled out money and jewelry, a screen. Hide from the word.
Chernitsa. Archaism. And that was the name of the nuns. By the color of their clothes.
Belenkaya. Historicism. This substantivized adjective once meant a banknote with a face value of 25 rubles.
Zlachny. Archaic meaning. This word had the now outdated meaning of rich, fertile. From the word cereal.
Aspid is a poisonous snake, yell is to plow, namale is soap, in advance - in advance, nabolshiy is the eldest, spring is a well, finger is a finger, get out - dress up, hustochka is a handkerchief, nikoli - never, odnova - once.
Obsolete words are divided into historicisms and archaisms; we will give examples of both.
Historicisms:
district, boyar, volost, king, clerk, altyn.
Archaisms:
belly is life,
mirror - mirror,
hand - palm.
eye - eye,
cold - cold.
Read about the differences between these two groups of obsolete words here.
