Wound medals for young scientists. Winners of the wound competition for young scientists and for students of higher educational institutions of Russia

Questions and tasks

1. Briefly describe the features of the economy of the Central, Northern, Southern and Ostrovny subregions of the Far East.

The Far Eastern South is much more favorable for economic development than the North. About 30% of the area of ​​the entire region is home to 80% of its inhabitants. The north, on the contrary, is distinguished by its harsh nature and sparse population. The development of valuable mineral resources is the main specialization of the region, which determines its place in the Russian economy. Industrial centers, mainly associated with mining, are significantly removed from each other.

There is a great variety of soils corresponding to the types of plant zones: in the tundra - tundra gley, swamp-peat, in the forest-tundra - swampy, podzolic-peaty, in the taiga - podzolic, swamp peat, peat-gley, in the southern zones - brown and brown taiga, meadow- chernozem-like soils. Permafrost occupies up to 90% of the Far East, which complicates construction and farming.

2. Why are the leading industries of the Far East the non-ferrous metallurgy, electric power industry, fuel and food industries?

In terms of fish catch, the region ranks first among all economic regions of Russia. The main fishing for fish and sea animals is carried out in the Seas of Okhotsk, Bering and Japan. Fish production is based on active fishing in the open seas using large fishing vessels. The main commercial fish are herring, sea bass, pollock, tuna, salmon species - chum salmon, pink salmon, coho salmon, red fish, the production of which is constantly decreasing. Large fish processing centers are Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Ust-Kamchatsk, Okhotsk, Nakhodka, Yuzhno-Kurilsk, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, etc. Refrigeration plants have been built, the largest of which are located in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Crab fishing is carried out in the waters washing the southern and western parts of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. The products of the crab canning industry of the Far East are widely known both in Russia and on the world market. Fishing for marine animals is carried out: walruses, seals, and fur seals. Seaweed, shellfish, sea cucumbers, shrimp, squid and mussels are harvested.

From other sectors of the food industry in the Far East great importance has a flour milling industry developing in the Amur region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories. There are also enterprises in the dairy, cheese-making, dairy, meat, confectionery, sugar and other industries located there. However, the food industry does not meet the needs of the region. In terms of the volume of food industry products produced, the Primorsky Territory as a whole stands out, as well as the Kamchatka and Sakhalin regions and the Khabarovsk Territory.

The logging industry has formed mainly in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, as well as in the Sakhalin and Amur regions and in the south of the Sakha Republic. The largest amount of commercial timber is exported from the Amur and Kamchatka regions and the Khabarovsk Territory. In all other parts of the region, the import of commercial timber exceeds its export.

Among the branches of the wood processing industry, sawmilling has received the greatest development. The export of lumber exceeds the import in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, the Amur and Sakhalin regions. Sawmill centers are Imen, Lesozavodsk, Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Amursk, etc. In addition to sawmilling, the woodworking industry of the region is represented by furniture (Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Birobidzhan), plywood (Vladivostok, Birobidzhan), matches (Blagoveshchensk), packaging and other industries. Large centers of the woodworking industry are the cities of Blagoveshchensk, Amursk, Lesozavodsk, Dalnerechensk, Khabarovsk.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is a branch of specialization in the Far East. It is represented mainly by the mining and processing of tin, mercury, gold, polymetallic ores, tungsten, i.e. the mining industry. Non-ferrous metallurgy has the largest share in the Republic of Sakha (more than 60% of the entire industry of the republic) and the Magadan region (about 60%).

One of the leading industries in the region is the mining of both placer and ore gold. The main gold mining areas are located in the basins of the middle and upper reaches of the Zeya, Selemdzha, Burei, Argun, Iman, Upper and Lower Amur rivers, as well as in the mountains of the Aldan Highlands, Khingan and Sikhote-Alin.

An important role is played by the extraction and enrichment of tin ores, mainly in the Republic of Sakha (Deputatskoye deposit), in the Primorsky Territory (Khrustalnensky Tin Plant), Khabarovsk Territory (Solnechny Mining and Processing Plant). Tin ores are intensively mined in Dalnegorsk.

Lead-zinc ores are mined in the Tetyukhinsky district. Concentrating factories and a lead smelter were built near the mines.

Diamond mining is local in nature. The main center of this industry is the city of Mirny in the Sakha Republic. The Aikhil and Udachnoye deposits are also being developed.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking occupy fourth place in the industrial structure of the region, behind the food industry, non-ferrous metallurgy and industries of the fuel and energy complex. This industry has received the greatest development in the Khabarovsk, Primorsky territories and the Amur region. One of the largest machine-building centers is Khabarovsk.

3. Which industries in the Far East have the best development prospects? Why?

The key directions for the development of the metallurgical complex in the Far East are the creation of new metallurgical regions (South Yakutia and Trans-Baikal Territory, Khabarovsk Territory and Amur Region), as well as the expansion and modernization of existing such areas in the Irkutsk region.

The main measures of state policy for the development of the industry are assistance in creating the necessary infrastructure (primarily transport and energy) and increasing the efficiency of production, measures to expand markets for metallurgical products, including assistance in the development of hard-to-reach raw material deposits, assistance in solving social issues in regions where metallurgical enterprises are city-forming, regulation of transport and energy tariffs, stimulation of domestic demand from consumer industries (support for construction, aircraft manufacturing, automotive industry, heavy engineering and shipbuilding), as well as the creation of transport and energy infrastructure in areas of raw materials extraction, social - in cities where the city-forming enterprise is metallurgical production, the development of scientific infrastructure in the field of materials science, new technologies for the production of metals, technologies for the use of metals in various sectors of the economy and transport infrastructure to ensure the export of metals (specialized ports, terminals).

4. Do you think that the agricultural sector of the Far East can meet its needs for different types of food (milk, meat, grain, vegetables)?

The main value that can attract investors to the Far Eastern agricultural industry and provide its competitive advantages is land. In fact, the entire agricultural economy is tied to it, experts say. Therefore, the assessment of the potential of a territory begins with it. True, this is often where it ends. The uniqueness of the region is that in addition to the traditional agricultural industries in Russia, those industries that are rarely found in the country, such as the cultivation of soybeans and rice, can also develop here. In the Primorsky Territory, the Amur Region and the Jewish Autonomous Region there are large areas of rare land for the Russian Federation, suitable for the production of this product, which is now in great demand on the world market. Today, more than 60% of the soybean produced in the Russian Federation is already grown in the Far East.

Just a few years ago, the degree of attractiveness of the Far East for business was often assessed from the point of view of those unfavorable factors, which in this region, special in all respects, could be counted on a whole list.

As a rule, they recalled vast uninhabited territories, harsh climatic conditions in a significant part of it, a small population, undeveloped infrastructure, and many other significant and not so significant circumstances, which together did not paint the most rosy prospects for the arrival of big money in region. But recently the situation has begun to change little by little, the state has declared the development of the Far East a national priority...

5. In which subdistricts and subjects of the Federation of the Far East are environmental problems most acute? What causes them?

The general state of the environment in the Far East is characterized by an imbalance in environmental management in almost all regions, that is, a violation of the correspondence of the development and location of material production, population settlement and the ecological capacity of the territories.

Almost all the beaches of the Ussuri and Amur bays are polluted with heavy metals, which, in terms of their danger of impact on living organisms, are second only to pesticides, according to employees of the Institute of Marine Technology Problems, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Of the pollutants entering coastal waters, the most dangerous in terms of volume and harmfulness are oil-containing waters - losses of oil-containing products during storage in ports, wastewater from shipbuilding and ship repair plants, thermal power plants and boiler houses operating on liquid fuel. The Far Eastern ports are poorly equipped with treatment facilities, so oil leaks into the beach areas. A significant part of the solid sediment from pollution consists of hydroxides and salts of transition metals, as well as oxides of silicon, aluminum, salts of alkali and alkaline earth metals.

A lot of pollution occurs due to morally and physically outdated equipment. Currently, “about 70% of the fishing industry fleet in the Far Eastern basin is reaching its standard service life.” In the bays of the Far East there are many decommissioned and abandoned sea vessels. Large quantities of liquid and solid radioactive waste are stored in outdated and overcrowded naval bases. Conventional ships and nuclear submarines withdrawn from the fleet due to lack of funding are not disposed of.

In the Far East, virgin forests, the main wealth of the Far East, are being illegally cut down. At the same time, there is also a lot of waste from the forestry industry; for example, in the form of highly toxic phenolic compounds released by wood and entering water bodies.

Administrative and territorial composition: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Khabarovsk, Primorsky, Kamchatka territories; Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin regions; Chukotka Autonomous Okrug; Jewish Autonomous Region (Fig. 9.8).

Territory – 6169.3 thousand km 2. Population: approximately 6.27 million people.

The administrative center is Khabarovsk.

Rice. 9.8.

According to the territorial division of labor in the Far Eastern Federal District, non-ferrous metallurgy, the fishing industry, shipbuilding and ship repair, forestry and livestock are distinguished.

The meaning of the Far Eastern federal district in the Russian economy can be characterized by its economic indicators (Table 9.15).

Table 9.15

Specific gravity main economic indicators of the Far Eastern Federal District in all-Russian

Economic indicators	Specific gravity, %
The area of ​​the land
Population
Average annual number of people employed in the economy
Gross regional product
Fixed assets in economics
Mining
Manufacturing industries
Agricultural products
Construction
Commissioning of residential buildings
Retail trade turnover
Receipt of tax payments and fees into the Russian budget system
Investments in fixed capital

Table 9.16

Structure industrial production Far Eastern Federal District by type of economic activity

Types of economic activities	Share of economic activity in industrial production, %				Localization coefficient
Mining, including:
extraction of fuel and energy minerals
extraction of mineral resources, except fuel and energy
Manufacturing industries, including:
production food products, including drinks, and tobacco
textile and clothing production
production of leather, leather goods and footwear production
wood processing and production of wood products
pulp and paper production; publishing and printing activities
production of coke and petroleum products
chemical production
production of rubber and plastic products
production of other non-metallic mineral products
metallurgical production and production of finished metal products
production of machinery and equipment
production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment
production of vehicles and equipment
other production
Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water

The specialization of industrial production in the district by type of economic activity is highlighted on the basis of the localization coefficient (Table 9.16).

The Far Eastern Federal District has the largest area and the lowest population of all federal districts of the Russian Federation. It completely coincides with the territory of the Far Eastern economic region.

In terms of localization coefficient, the Far Eastern District specializes in mining, wood processing and the production of wood products, as well as in the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

According to the inter-regional division of labor in the Far East, production of non-ferrous metals, diamonds, mica, fish and seafood production, timber and pulp and paper industries, ship repair and fur fishing are distinguished. In the field of agriculture, the district specializes in growing soybeans, grains, reindeer husbandry, and beef cattle breeding. All sectors of national economic specialization are based on the use of local natural resources. The Far East plays an important role in Russia's maritime foreign trade relations.

Natural resource potential. The natural resources of the Far East are distinguished by sharp contrasts, which is due to the enormous extent of the territory from north to south. Most of it is occupied by mountains and highlands.

There are more than 20 in Kamchatka active volcanoes, many geysers. The largest of the volcanoes is Klyuchevskaya Sopka with a height of 4750 m.

Deposits of diamonds, gold, tin, mercury and tungsten have been explored in the area. There are huge fuel resources, a variety of ore raw materials and building materials.

The main tin deposits are located in the Republic of Sakha (Deputatskoye) and in the Magadan region (Nevskoye, Iltinskoye, etc.). Its largest industrial developments (Khrustalnoye, Lifutsinskoye and other deposits) are concentrated in the Primorsky Territory. There are tin deposits in the Khabarovsk Territory (Solnechnoye, Festivalnoye, Khinganskoye deposits). Impurities with tin include polymetals (lead, zinc, arsenic, silver, cadmium). The large deposit of polymetallic ores Tetyukhe is located in the Primorsky Territory. Mercury reserves have been discovered in Chukotka, in the northeastern part of Yakutia and in the Koryak Highlands. Tungsten deposits are located in the Magadan region (Ilta tin-tungsten deposit) and the Primorsky Territory (Armu-Iman region).

Iron ores are concentrated mainly in the south of the Khabarovsk Territory, in the Amur Region and the Republic of Sakha. The Garinskoye field stands out especially. The Malokhingan iron ore region is located on the territory of the Jewish Autonomous Region (Kimkan deposit). In the south of the Sakha Republic in the river basin. Aldan is located in the South Aldan iron ore region (Taiga and Pionerskoye deposits).

The region is provided with fuel and energy resources. The main coal reserves are concentrated in the Kivda-Raichikhinsky lignite region, Bureinsky, Svobodnensky, Suchansky, Suifunsky, Uglovsky regions, as well as the Lena and South Yakutsk basins. A number of deposits have been explored on the island. Sakhalin, where coal deposits are very diverse in their composition.

In the Leno-Vilyui oil and gas province, the most significant gas fields are Ust-Vilyuiskoye, Nedzhelinskoye, Sredne-Vilyuiskoye, Badaranskoye and Sobo-Khainskoye. The largest oil and gas resources are available on the island. Sakhalin. The Kolendovskoye, Tungorskoye, Okhtinskoye, Nekrasovskoye fields are exploited here, and the Sakhalin shelf is especially promising for oil and gas production.

In the Republic of Sakha there are diamond deposits, the Mir, Aikhal, Udachnaya and other kimberlite pipes have been explored. Mining was carried out using open-pit mining. Today, the ALROSA company is simultaneously building three underground mines in three deposits in Yakutia. The need for their construction arose in connection with the completion of open-pit mining. It has been proven that the remaining ore reserves will allow the deposits to be effectively used underground, which will help maintain the company and Russia’s position in the rough diamond market.

In the basins of the Vilyui and Aldan rivers there are deposits of Iceland spar and rock crystal. The largest fluorspar deposit in Russia was discovered in Primorye (village Yaroslavky). The Far East occupies an important place in the country in terms of reserves of mica - phlogopite. Its main deposits include Timptonskoye and Emeldzhanskoye.

There are chemical raw materials (table salt and sulfur) in the area. There are deposits of cement raw materials in Primorye and the Amur region, graphite deposits are located on the territory of the Jewish Autonomous Region.

The Far East has a dense river network. The largest rivers are the Lena and Amur with many tributaries. It should also be noted the rivers of the extreme northeastern part of the region, such as the Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma.

Population and labor resources. The average population density is 1.1 people per 1 km2. The most densely populated area is Primorsky Krai, the southern part of the island. Sakhalin.

The overwhelming majority of the population is Russian; Ukrainians, Jews and large group indigenous peoples: Koryaks, Itelmens, Evenks, Aleuts, Chukchi, Eskimos, etc.

For decades, the labor resources of the Far East have been formed due to the influx of qualified personnel from other regions of Russia, mainly from the European part of the country, to large construction projects.

Location and development of the main sectors of the economy. The main branch of specialization is non-ferrous metallurgy, which is represented by the mining of tin, mercury, gold, polymetals, tungsten, and arsenic. Based on the development of the Deputatskoye deposit, the Festivalny and Perevalny mines and a processing plant in the village were put into operation. Gorn. In the Primorsky Territory, a tin plant was built in Khrustalny and the Solnechny plant of the same profile in the Khabarovsk Territory.

The lead-zinc industry, concentrated in the Primorsky Territory, has developed, producing lead-zinc concentrates and lead. The Voznesenskoye and Nikolaevskoye deposits of lead-zinc ores have been developed. Tungsten is mined in the Magadan Region and Primorsky Territory.

The diamond mining industry has been developed in Yakutia, specialized mining and processing plants “Mir”, “Aikhal”, “Udachny” (AK ALROSA) have been built.

Sectors of specialization include the fishing industry. The main commercial fish are: salmon (chum salmon, pink salmon), herring, flounder, tuna, saury, mackerel, halibut, sea bass, etc. Whaling and crab fishing are developed in the area.

The main fishing and marine fishing areas are the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the Sea of ​​Japan, the Bering Sea and the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Fishing vessels also conduct production in the waters of the Indian and South Pacific oceans. Large fish processing centers are Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Ust-Kamchatsk, Nevelsk, Kholmsk, Korsakov, Yuzhno-Kurilsk, Nakhodka, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Okhotsk, etc. The fishing fleet is equipped with floating fish processing plants, whaling fleets, etc.

The area also has developed timber, pulp and paper and wood processing industries. The timber industry is mainly concentrated in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, as well as in the Amur region. Sawmill centers are located in the cities of Imans, Lssozavodsk, Blagoveshchensk, Svobodny, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Amursk, Khora, Bikin, etc. Plywood production was established in Vladivostok and Birobidzhan; furniture - in Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Birobidzhan; matches - in Blagoveshchensk; The pulp and paper industry is developed on the island. Sakhalin (Uglegorsk, Poronaysk, etc.). The Amur Pulp and Cardboard Mill was built.

Mechanical engineering has a diverse structure, but its leading industries are shipbuilding and ship repair, as well as the production of power equipment. One of the largest machine-building centers is Khabarovsk. Ship repair is developed in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, and river shipbuilding is in Blagoveshchensk. Agricultural engineering is located in the city of Svobodny (Amur Region). The Amurelectropribor plant was built in Blagoveshchensk, a tool plant and others were built in Vladivostok, the Daldizel plant operates in Khabarovsk, a lifting and transport equipment plant operates in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, and the Dalselmash plant operates in Birobidzhan.

There are ferrous metallurgy and fuel industry enterprises in the area. The leading coal mining holding company "YAKUTUGOL" is developing deposits of the South Yakut coal basin.

The leading place in agriculture is occupied by the production of grain, soybeans, and rice. Agricultural land is located mainly in the south (Amur region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, southern regions of the Sakha Republic). Livestock farming, especially reindeer husbandry, is developed in the region.

Transport and economic relations. The main role in the region is played by railway transport, with its help 80% of cargo is transported. A number of branches branch off from the Trans-Siberian Railway. One of them goes from Komsomolsk-on-Amur to Sovetskaya Gavan. The region received its second access to the Pacific coast as a result of the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM).

Export-import relations are developing thanks to maritime transport. The largest ports are Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Nagaevo (Magadan), Nakhodka, Sovetskaya Gavan, Vladivostok.

The district's highways run in the following directions: Never – Aldan – Yakutsk; Yakutsk – Magadan; Khabarovsk – Vladivostok; Khabarovsk – Birobidzhan; Kolyma Highway, etc. In intra-regional communications, especially between hard-to-reach and underdeveloped territories, the role of air transport is great.

The region exports non-ferrous metal concentrates, paper, fish, and fish products. Light industry products, food products, machinery and equipment, oil and petroleum products, and rolled ferrous metals are imported.

Intradistrict differences. Gold, tin and diamonds are mined in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The metalworking, forestry, gas, coal and fur industries are developed. Enterprises in the food and engineering industries operate in Yakutsk. A branch of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Far Eastern State University were established here.

In the Primorsky Territory, industries of specialization are the fishing industry, mechanical engineering, forestry industry, agriculture: growing soybeans, rice, vegetables, wheat; dairy farming, pig farming, poultry farming.

The Khabarovsk Territory specializes in mechanical engineering, machine tools, power engineering, and also has developed forestry, light and food industries. Agriculture is suburban in nature.

Main problems and development prospects. For the district, the main problems are the environmental and economic development of non-ferrous metallurgy as the main branch of specialization and employment of the working population.

Development prospects are associated with the formation of a special economic zone in the Magadan region. Important tasks in economics and social sphere are strengthening the energy base of the region, building gas pipelines, and creating market infrastructure.

Table 9.17

Types of economic activity of the Central Federal District, billion rubles.

Region	Mining	Manufacturing industries	Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water	Total	Specialization coefficient
Russian Federation
Central Federal District
Kursk region
Belgorod region
Bryansk region
Vladimir region
Voronezh region
Ivanovo region
Kaluga region
Kostroma region
Lipetsk region
Moscow
Moscow region
Oryol Region
Ryazan Oblast
Smolensk region
Tambov Region
Tver region
Tula region
Yaroslavl region

PAGE_BREAK-- 1.3
Population, labor force and social situation

The population of the Far East is 7.6 million people. Urban population is about 76%. The Far East is the most sparsely populated region of the country. The average density is 1.1 people per 1 km2. The population is distributed extremely unevenly throughout the region. Primorsky Krai has the highest density - 12.1 people. The southern part of Sakhalin is quite densely populated. At the same time, in the Republic of Sakha, Magadan and Kamchatka regions, the population density is only 0.3-0.8 people per 1 km2. The population has a diverse national composition. The vast majority of the population is Russian. Ukrainians, Tatars, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Jews and a large group of indigenous peoples also live here - Koryaks, Itelmens, Evenks, Aleuts, Chukchis, Eskimos

The development of the Far East during the period of industrialization and the ill-conceived national policy caused acute demographic problems. The destruction of the habitat of small peoples has brought them to the brink of extinction. Therefore, the current task is to fully promote the revival of the habitat of these peoples, create favorable social conditions for their normal life and revive traditions. As in other regions of Russia, in the Far East, in the initial period of market development, an employment problem arose and unemployed people appeared, which is primarily associated with the conversion of the defense complex. Social problems have worsened.

For decades, the labor resources of the Far East have been formed due to the influx of qualified personnel from other regions of Russia, mainly from the European part of the country, to large construction projects. IN territorially production and population gravitate towards southern, more or less favorable climatic and transport regions. Almost all enterprises of mechanical engineering, the defense complex, ferrous, oil refining, forestry and woodworking industries, railways, and large transit ports of all-Russian importance are located here. The main largest cities in the region are also concentrated here. The population in the southern territories and regions is 5 million people, or two-thirds of the total population of the Far East.

In the Far East there are favorable conditions for the development of recreational services: the development of tourism, sanatorium and resort treatment. But at present this area has not received proper development.

The Federal Target Program for the Economic and Social Development of the Far East and Transbaikalia for 1996-2005, approved on April 15, 1996 by the Government of the Russian Federation, includes measures to ensure high-income employment, retain the population, and maintain a decent standard of living, taking into account complicated living conditions. The system of regional social compensation must be improved.

The outflow of part of the population from the regions of the Far North is inevitable, but the Program provides for measures to streamline this process, which will minimize economic and psychological losses through organized assistance in resettlement mainly to the southern regions of the Far East. The natural resources of the northern territories should be developed in parallel with the creation in the southern zone of rear bases and permanent housing for those working in northern enterprises on a rotational basis.
CHAPTER 2: Structure and Placement production forces Far Eastern economic region

2.1 Territorial organization and structure of production forces of the Far Eastern economic region
The leading sectors of the market specialization of the Far Eastern region are based on the widespread use of its natural resources. The main industries with which the region acts in the inter-district division of labor are fishing, forestry and mining. Of the industries that strengthen the comprehensive development of the region, mechanical engineering and metalworking, fuel and energy management, the building materials industry, food and light industry have received significant development.

The Far East faces large and diverse tasks for its further industrial development: increasing the production of tin, tungsten and some other rare and valuable resources; strengthening the material and technical base of the fishing industry and increasing the output of its products; expansion of seaports and berths, increasing the capacity of ship repair yards; increased production of lumber, pulp, paper and cardboard; expansion and strengthening of the fuel and energy sector, food and light industry; creating the best material and living conditions for further increasing the influx of population and retaining personnel; rapid development of housing, social and cultural construction; creation of a highly efficient market economy.

The leading place among the industries of market specialization of the Far Eastern region belongs to the metallurgical complex, which includes the mining industry, as well as ferrous metallurgy.

The mining industry of the region includes the extraction of gold, diamonds, tin, tungsten, lead-zinc and other ores, the production of non-ferrous metals, as well as ferrous metallurgy.

It is obvious that the mining industry is focused on reserves of raw materials, therefore the centers of the mining industry are located near rich deposits of raw materials. The following 2 factors are also of great importance: factor natural conditions and environmental factor.

The production of non-ferrous metals has grown rapidly in the Far East, and even now it is not experiencing such a significant decline as in other industries. The main part of the country's tin is mined in the Far East; the region has a significant share in the all-Russian production of gold, silver, tungsten, lead, zinc, mercury, fluorite, bismuth and other valuable minerals.

The “Queen of the Far East” continues to be the gold mining industry, which is one of the oldest sectors of the national economy of the region. Enterprises in this industry are located throughout the Far East. It has long been carried out in the basins of the Zeya, Selemdzha, Bureya, Amgun rivers, in the mountains of the Aldan Highlands, Khingan and Sikhote-Alin. Now new areas have become gold mining areas - Kolyma-Indigirsky and Chukotka; in the first, gold mining began in the 30s, in the second - in the 60s. The Magadan region and the Republic of Sakha provide 2/3 of all gold in Russia. The oldest gold mining area is the Amur region. It was she who at one time created world fame for the Far East as the largest gold-bearing region. And today the Amur region gives the country a lot of gold. The main method of extracting gold here is the cheapest, dredging. The Kolyma-Indigirsky mining region is connected by highway with Magadan and Yakutsk, and by sea routes with the south of the Far Eastern region. The distribution of gold mining is local in nature. The boundaries of the centers are determined by the distribution areas of ore formations and placer gold of the developed deposits, the creation of common service areas and infrastructure for a certain group of mines: power plants, construction, repair, supply and trading bases, schools with boarding schools, medical institutions. This focal nature of the mining industry is, by the way, also typical for other northern regions of the Far East.

Mining and enrichment of tin ores in the Far East is also common in many places. After the war, the Khabarovsk Territory became one of the leading regions of the country in terms of tin mining. Tin ores are also mined in the west of the Jewish Autonomous Region and near Komsomolsk. But their production has reached a particularly significant scale in the south of Sikhote-Alin, in the Dalnegorsk-Kavalerovo region. A large complex of diverse mining industries has developed here. Even before the revolution, gold mining and the development of lead-zinc ores began, and after Soviet years Several tin mining and processing enterprises were built. The region has a developed transport network and uniform repair centers for mining equipment.

With the commissioning of the Plamennoe mine in the Magadan region in the Far East, a new industry appeared - mercury mining. In the 70s, new mercury deposits were discovered in the Koryak Highlands. In 1959, the Iultin mining plant in Chukotka came into operation and this marked the beginning of the tungsten industry in the Far East.

Centers for the mining industry have been created for diamond mining in the Verkhne-Vilyuisky region of Yakutia. The city of diamond miners, Mirny, has already grown here, connected by a highway to Lensk, and the Vilyuiskaya hydroelectric power station has been built. Centers for the development of diamonds are being created at the Aikhal and Udachnoye deposits, where a highway has been built.

The creation of ferrous metallurgy was of great importance for the region. Its firstborn was the Komsomolsk Metallurgical Plant (process metallurgy), which entered into operation at existing enterprises during the Great Patriotic War. The plant's capacity is systematically increasing, but the demand for metal is also growing, which is imported here from afar with high transport costs. Therefore, another conversion plant was built in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The creation of the South Yakutsk TPK also involves the development of iron ore deposits in the Aldan Highlands in order to expand ferrous metallurgy and create a full-cycle metallurgy in the Far East.

The Far Eastern seas constitute the richest base for the fishing industry. They provide 60% of fish production in Russia. The presence of rich and varied fish resources and the provision of modern fishing equipment ensure high efficiency of fisheries: the cost of raw fish here is lower than in the northern and western seas adjacent to the European macrozone.

The fishing industry of the Far East reached its greatest prosperity in the 70-80s. At that time, its share accounted for almost 1/3 of the all-Union catch of fish, sea animals and seafood. In our time, the situation has not worsened at all, now the Far Eastern seas provide about 60% of fish production in the Russian Federation, and even now, in our difficult times, canned fish, canned seafood, fresh frozen fish, salted herring are supplied from here to many parts of the country, as well as for export. Active fishing areas included the Bering and Okhotsk Seas (fish and sea animals), the Sea of ​​Japan (fish), the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and Antarctica. Crab fishing is carried out in the waters washing the southern and western parts of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. Currently, the basis of the fishing industry is active fishing in the open seas, which is occupied by a large fishing, fish processing and refrigerated transport fleet. Ocean fishing has significantly expanded the range of fish products: sea bass, hake, hake, halibut, saury, tuna, sable fish and such fairly new types of seafood as shrimp, squid, scallops, mussels.

The most important factor in the orientation of the fishing industry is raw materials, that is, the entire industry as a whole is oriented towards the coast (this applies to coastal farming).

About half of all fish production in the Far East comes from the Primorsky Territory. A special place in its fishing industry is occupied by crab canning and whaling, which has now almost completely ceased under the moratorium on the conservation of the whale population, which was signed Russian Federation. Other large fishing areas in the Far East are Kamchatka and Sakhalin (they account for 2/5 of the total catch, approximately equally). Crab fishing is carried out in the waters washing the southern and western parts of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. A crab canning production facility has been created, the products of which are in great demand on the world market.

The fishing industry of the Khabarovsk Territory is represented by 6 fish factories and 10 fish factories, in addition, about 50 fishing collective farms conduct fishing. The importance of fishing in the Magadan region has increased. Among the fishing bases, we can highlight the bases of the Vladivostok-Nakhodka and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatka complexes, which play the main role in catching and processing fish. The Amur River plays a special role in the fisheries industry of the Far East; in its waters one can find such valuable fish species as kaluga, whitefish, silver carp, and carp.

In the fishing industry, the main task is to eliminate the imbalance in the development of the fleet and its coastal base. In the future, the expansion of ocean fisheries will be accompanied by an increase in coastal fishing. Great importance is attached to measures for the protection and breeding of salmon fish. One of the promising areas is the commercial farming of scallops and other shellfish, as well as algae. The increase in fish catch will be accompanied by the processing of low-quality fish raw materials into products of increased nutritional value using new technology.

The enormous forest wealth of the Far East (about 11 billion cubic meters) led to the creation here of one of the largest logging and wood processing complexes. The factor of raw material resources plays a decisive role in the location of the timber industry, and the factor of areas of consumption of finished products plays a strong role. The location of the woodworking industry is equally influenced by two factors: raw materials and areas of consumption of finished products. The factor of raw material resources plays a decisive role in the location of the pulp and paper industry, and two factors have an equally weak impact: fuel and energy resources and areas of consumption of finished products.

The largest amount of wood - over 40% - is harvested by the Khabarovsk Territory (it produces more than 40% of lumber, 70% of plywood and more than 20% of cardboard), almost 20% by Primorye, and approximately 10% each by Sakhalin, Amur Region and Yakutia. Mainly larch, spruce, cedar and fir are cut down, and in the Amur and Ussuri regions, deciduous forests are also cut down; Small-leaved forests are used very little. Among the forest products exported from the Khabarovsk Territory, we must first of all mention standard houses, plywood, containers, parquet, pine-vitamin flour, feed yeast, ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. In the Primorsky Territory, a significant increase in timber harvesting, production of lumber, plywood, fiberboard and particle boards occurred in the 70s and 80s. Around that time, new capacities came into operation at the Iman woodworking plant, the Artyomovsky and Iman woodworking plants, and the Ussuriysk woodworking plant. Cities such as Lesozavodsk and Iman became centers of woodworking. Their products - lumber, plywood, furniture, parquet, prefabricated houses, barrels, boxes, skis, particle boards and fiberboards - are in great demand. About 2/3 of wood and its processed products are sent to other areas and for export to Japan, Australia and other countries.

Transporting Far Eastern timber to the west, through forest-rich regions of Siberia, where the cost of harvesting it is lower, is economically unprofitable (with the exception of high-value timber species that are not available in other areas of the country). The level of development of the forestry and woodworking industries does not yet fully correspond to the opportunities available here. In the logging industry, the parameters of actual deforestation are lower than the calculated cutting area (approximately 1/3), that is, there are large reserves for increasing logging. A lot of broadleaf timber remains unremoved, while coniferous species are completely removed. Conditional clear-cutting sometimes takes on an extensive scale, which adversely affects the restoration of forest resources. The noted circumstances are associated with delays in the construction of logging roads, fragmentation and insufficient production capacity of logging organizations, and a lag in the development of deep mechanical and chemical processing of wood raw materials. Available calculations show that in the Far East, for every thousand cubic meters of wood produced, much less processed forest products are produced than in a number of western regions of the country. The insufficient level of development of wood processing leads to the export of unjustifiably large amounts of roundwood to European regions, which causes high transport costs and increases the load intensity of western railway transport communications. In addition, waste from logging and wood processing is practically not used. Therefore, in the forestry, pulp and paper and woodworking industries, back in the 80s, a course was taken to organize production for the complete processing of wood. The development of chemical-mechanical and chemical processing of wood will make it possible to use forest raw materials more fully and rationally, increase the yield of the most important types of products from each cubic meter of harvested wood and increase the efficiency of the industry. Complex application wood raw materials would reduce transport costs due to the transportation of more qualified wood products, save a lot of valuable wood, and increase the efficiency of the forestry and woodworking industries. Available data show that out of 1000 cubic meters of industrial wood, 450 cubic meters are obtained. plywood and 500 cubic meters of waste, from which 320 cubic meters can be made. particle boards. These boards and plywood are enough to replace 2000 cubic meters. lumber, the production of which requires 3000 cubic meters. industrial wood. In the Far East, all the necessary conditions are available for the widespread development of mechanical and chemical processing of wood: rich forest resources, fuel and energy, good water supply, free land for industrial construction.

One of the main directions for increasing the economic efficiency of the forestry and woodworking industry of the Far East is the creation not of individual isolated, although powerful enterprises, but of large forestry complexes consisting of production facilities for timber harvesting and its consistent and deep mechanical and chemical processing.

The timber and wood processing industries are most developed in the Far East. They have received especially great development in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, in the Republic of Sakha, Amur and Sakhalin regions, from where a significant part of lumber is exported. The pulp and paper industry is developed in Southern Sakhalin, which is the leader in paper production in the entire Eastern Economic Zone. Cardboard production is located in the Khabarovsk Territory (Amursk) and Sakhalin, plywood production is located in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories. The woodworking industry is also represented by housing construction, the production of containers, furniture, plywood and hydrolysis plants, but these industries are not well developed. This hinders the further development of logging, since transportation of round timber over such long distances to the European part is ineffective, and round timber is also unprofitable for export. Therefore, in the future, constant attention will be paid to expanding highly qualified wood processing, including in the area of ​​the Baikal-Amur Mainline.

The mechanical engineering and metalworking complex includes large industrial sectors of the region. They account for 1/5 of the cost of manufactured industrial products and almost 1/3 of the industrial production personnel. Mechanical engineering itself is developed only in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories and in the Amur region; in other regions and Yakutia, repair work and the production of some spare parts for local machinery and equipment have been established.

Shipbuilding and ship repair, directly related to the fishing industry, sea and river transport, have received the greatest development. There are shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises in the sea and river ports of the region. They build small and medium-sized fishing vessels and repair large ones. The mechanical engineering industries for the production and repair of equipment for the fishing, mining and forestry industries are developing. There are enterprises of this profile in Vladivostok, Khabarovsk and some other cities.

Agricultural engineering has been created, represented by a plant (Birobidzhan), which produces a variety of equipment adapted to the peculiarities of the natural conditions of the Far East, including combine harvesters with caterpillar tracks. Numerous repair bases have been built in all major agricultural areas, some of which produce spare parts. Transport engineering is represented by numerous automobile repair enterprises and railway transport repair plants in Ussuriysk, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk and Svobodny.

Behind last years Electrical engineering, the production of power equipment, and machine tool construction received noticeable development in Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Ussuriysk, Birobidzhan and some other cities. However, a number of types of products produced here are exported to other regions, including the European part, over vast distances, which cannot be considered rational, especially since the main technological equipment for most sectors of the region’s economy is imported from other regions. The most urgent task for the Far East is a significant expansion of the repair base and the production of a number of mass-produced spare parts for the equipment used here.

The construction industry is represented by cement factories in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories and the Sakhalin region, factories of reinforced concrete structures and building parts mainly in large cities, and enterprises producing building materials. However, the scale of industry development is still insufficient. Especially important here the creation of large bases for the building materials industry is acquired in connection with the rapid pace of the housing and household construction program in order to significantly improve the life of the population of the region and consolidate the influx of new settlers.

The fuel and energy complex of the region is developing at a faster pace. The energy sector is based mainly on the use of brown and hard coals. More than half of brown coal production comes from deposits in the Primorsky Territory, a significant part from the Amur and, to a lesser extent, Sakhalin regions. The latter not only meets its needs for coal, but also exports it. The main sources of hard coal production in the region were coal mining enterprises in Primorye, Khabarovsk Territory and Magadan Region.

Nowadays, the leading place in coal mining belongs to the South Yakut coal basin, which was approached by the railway, the so-called Small BAM. The South Yakut basin of high-quality open-pit coking coal has become the core of the territorial production complex of the same name that is being formed here. The complex includes, in addition to the coal industry, the electric power industry and other industries. In the future, there is the development of large, rich iron ore deposits in the Aldan region. The combination of South Yakut coal and iron ores is the basis for the future full-cycle ferrous metallurgy. High-quality coals from the South Yakut basin (Neryungri) are exported to Japan and other countries.

In the northeast of Sakhalin - from Okha to Katangli - oil is produced. From here, through two oil pipelines, it goes to the oil refineries of Komsomolsk-on-Amur and Khabarovsk. But the amount of oil production on the island is small and does not satisfy the needs of the area. Therefore, a lot of oil and oil products are imported to the Far East from Western Siberia. The problems of oil and gas production on the shelf of Sakhalin Island are being successfully resolved. In the future, in the Far East it will be necessary to develop not only the Sakhalin shelf, but also other areas of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, in particular the shelf of the Magadan coast and the western coast of Kamchatka. Oil-bearing structures have been discovered in the Bering Sea. The shelf of the Arctic seas has a high forecast estimate of hydrocarbon reserves. For the long-term development of the region's fuel and energy economy, the development of the Leno-Vilyui gas-bearing province, the natural gas of which is already supplied to Yakutsk, is of great importance. Oil and gas-bearing Sakhalin is connected to the mainland, in addition to the existing oil pipeline, by the Okha - Komsomolsk-on-Amur gas pipeline.

The main electrical power capacities of the Far East are concentrated in the southern part of the region, where they are connected into a common energy system. Energy hubs in the northern territories operate in isolation, have lower power and supply local consumers. Among the operating power plants, hydroelectric power stations and thermal power plants predominate in the southern part of the region. The largest hydroelectric power station is Zeyskaya (1.3 million kW). The construction of the largest hydroelectric power station in the region, Bureyskaya (2 million kW), is underway. The construction of hydroelectric power station cascades in Vilyui and Kolyma continues. In the north, we have our first ATPP - Bilibinskaya, as well as the Pauzhetskaya geothermal power plant in Kamchatka. The national economy of the Far East is tasked with fully satisfying its energy needs using its own resources. continuation
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2.2 Agro-industrial complex

IN integrated development In the Far East, agriculture plays an important role. The main agricultural lands here are located in the Middle Amur region, the Ussuri region and on the Khanka Plain, accounting for 95% of the sown area of ​​the region. The entire cultivated area of ​​the Far East is almost 3 million hectares, including approximately 40% under grain crops, 35% under soybeans, 6-7% under potatoes and vegetables, and 15-20% under fodder crops.

Wheat, barley, oats and buckwheat are common among grains, but the yield of these crops still remains below the Russian average. Here little fertilizer is applied to their crops. In addition, harvesting difficulties associated with high soil and atmospheric humidity often lead to large losses of grown grain. Approximately half of the Far East's grain needs are met by imports from Siberia and Kazakhstan. Rice is grown in the Khanka lowland, but its crops are still small. Here, as well as in the Priussuri Lowland, there is a leveled topography for the creation of rice plantations, a sufficiently long and warm growing season, and fertile soils favor the expansion of rice cultivation.

The Far East is the main soybean production area. It accounts for over 90% of all our crops of this valuable crop. In the southern part of the region, potatoes and vegetables are grown everywhere; the population of the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region is fully provided with these products through local production, but in the region as a whole, the population's needs for these crops are not yet fully satisfied. The district is faced with the task of providing the population with locally produced potatoes and vegetables.

In the Far East, cattle, pigs and deer are raised. Primorsky Krai and the Amur region are distinguished for breeding cattle and pigs, and Yakutia, Magadan and Kamchatka regions, and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug for breeding deer. However, in general, livestock farming in the region is poorly developed, the number of livestock is insignificant, and its productivity is lower than the Russian average. For meat and dairy products, approximately 1/3 of the population's needs are met through local production. Most of these products are imported from Western Siberia and Kazakhstan.

The Far Eastern taiga, mainly mountainous areas, is rich in fur-bearing and other game animals. Hunting and fur farming are especially developed in the northern regions, throughout Sikhote-Alin and Sakhalin. Fur farms have been organized to breed sables, arctic foxes, silver foxes, musk deer and red deer.

Among the branches of the food industry (except for fish) in the Far East, flour milling remains of great importance, developing in the Amur region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories. It also houses butter, cheese, dairy, meat, confectionery, sugar (Ussuriysk) and other industries. However, the food industry of the region is still far from meeting the needs of its population. A significant part of the food industry products is imported from Siberia and the European part of Russia. A large oil-processing industry for processing soybeans has been created in Ussuriysk and Khabarovsk, and part of its products is exported outside the region. Various food enterprises are expanding and being built. Among them, most are meat processing plants, which will use the increased number of deer in the north of the region, and beef cattle in the south; The network of city dairies is also expanding.
2.3 Transport and economic connections

The economic development of the region depends to a great extent on the accelerated development of transport, since the sparse population requires the active functioning of intra-district connections based on the close interaction of various modes of transport.

All existing modes of transport operate in the Far Eastern region, but the main role is played by the railway. It accounts for up to 80% of transported cargo.

The beginning of active transport development of the southern part of the region is associated with the construction of highways in the 19th century. Trans-Siberian Railway. It plays a vital transit role, ensuring the transportation of goods from the countries of the Pacific coast to European countries. Recently, the Trans-Siberian Railway has acquired side lines, sometimes serving as access branches to logging bases, but in some cases having independent significance: to Sovetskaya Gavan (via Komsomolsk-on-Amur), to Nakhodka and Posiet.

The railway development of the middle zone of the Far East is connected with the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM). With the construction of this highway, Russia received a second access to the Pacific coast and the opportunity to develop various types of minerals in the BAM gravity zone. In addition to the latitudinal mainline, the BAM also includes a road from the Trans-Siberian Mainline through Tynda, Berkakit, Tommot, Yakutsk - “Small BAM”, as well as a number of lines connecting the Baikal-Amur Mainline with the Trans-Siberian Mainline. The construction of the BAM led to the creation of a number of complexes on the route and the South Yakut territorial production complex, which was especially important for the Far East region.

A significant amount of inter-district and intra-district transportation of goods in the Far Eastern region is carried out by sea. Navigation in the harsh Arctic seas is provided with the help of icebreakers. The Lena River adjoins the Northern Sea Route, forming a transport link between the railway and the sea route along the shores of the Arctic Ocean. A completely different mode of operation of maritime transport in the Pacific seas. Intra-district and international transportation is carried out almost all year round in the Sea of ​​Japan and Bering Sea. The main cargoes transported in the Far Eastern region are timber, coal, building materials, oil, fish and food products. The largest ports of these seas are Tiksi, Vanino, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Nagaevo (Magadan), Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Sovetskaya Gavan.

The area is poorly provided with roads. But in areas isolated from other transport routes, the importance of motor transport is great. For long-distance transportation there are several large highways, for example, the Never-Aldan-Yakutsk road leads from the south to the Republic of Sakha. The northernmost road runs from Yakutsk to Magadan. The Khabarovsk - Birobidzhan road and the Kolyma tract are of great transport importance. In addition to highways, in the north of the region there are many winter roads and local roads. The network of highways is more developed in the southern regions of the Far East.

The importance of air transport for the Far East is enormous, both for connections with other regions of Russia and for intra-regional transportation (especially for passenger transportation). Airplanes and helicopters provide communications with hard-to-reach areas. In the vast expanses of the northern Far East, along with other types of transport, reindeer transport is preserved.

Program measures for the development of transport infrastructure, provided for by the Federal Target Program for the Economic and Social Development of the Far East and Transbaikalia for 1996-2005, include the completion of the construction of the BAM and AYAM (Amur-Yakutsk Mainline), the reconstruction of sections of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the creation of a unified railway network of Sakhalin, the construction two bridge crossings across the Amur, expansion of transshipment capacities of 12 seaports, formation of a supporting road network (including the completion of the Chita - Khabarovsk highway), reconstruction of airports and renewal of the aircraft fleet. Transport services to the northern territories must be improved. The base port of the Lena basin will be moved to Yakutsk after the completion of the AYAM.

Analyzing the cargo flows of the Far Eastern region with other regions of the country, it should be noted that the region receives more cargo than it exports. The main volume of transportation is carried out by railways. The share of transport costs in the cost of Far Eastern products is higher than in other regions. This is due to the fact that most of the cargo is brought from afar. Exports from the Far East are dominated by fish products, timber and lumber, and non-ferrous metal ore concentrates. However, in recent years, the level of complexity of the region’s development has increased, new industrial enterprises have appeared, related and service industries and the service sector are developing, which has affected the structure of cargo turnover.

The share of the Far East in the exports of the former Soviet Union was 4.4%, but for certain product items it was much higher, this applies to the export of round timber (40%), fish (26%), canned fish (22%), cement ( more than 10%). Now the Far East exports only 4.6% of its industrial products to the foreign market, while in Russia as a whole this figure is 7.2%.

Currently, Japan is the main foreign economic partner in the Far East. A number of long-term agreements on a compensation plan were signed with this country for the development of forest resources in this region, the development of wood processing industries, the production of pulp and paper, the development coal industry, transport construction, expansion of port facilities.

Thanks to these and other agreements, the involvement of all these natural resources in economic circulation was accelerated, it was possible to create new export bases in this region, remote from the main developed areas and centers, and to strengthen its transport equipment. With the help of Japanese loans, for example, the coal deposits of Southern Yakutia (Neryungri) were developed, the BAM-Tynda-Berkakit railway was built, and special berths were built in the port of Vanino for transshipment of coal, timber, and containers. In repayment of the loans, Japan receives timber, technological chips, and Yakut coal. The issues of developing offshore oil and gas deposits of Sakhalin with the participation of foreign companies are being considered. One of these Japanese companies, Sodeko, in accordance with an agreement with the former Ministry of Foreign Trade of the USSR, has been conducting geological exploration work for oil and gas on the Sakhalin shelf since 1975. A feasibility study for the development of some explored deposits by this company is currently being developed taking into account environmental problems, the interests of the inhabitants of the island and all of Russia. There are projects for the development of other resources in the region on the same basis. So, for example, to develop the Khakanja complex ore deposit (near Okhotsk) in the Khabarovsk Territory, containing gold, silver, and manganese, a joint venture must be created with equal Russian and foreign shares in the authorized capital. Japanese firms will undoubtedly take part in the tender for the right to develop the Khakanja gold deposit.

Foreign economic relations between the Far East and China are expanding in many areas. Cross-border trade is growing rapidly, transactions and agreements are being concluded with Chinese companies to develop the natural resources of the region. For example, in the trade turnover of the Primorsky Territory, the share of China is almost 60%. Primorye exports to China mineral fertilizers, fish products, timber, etc., in return receives consumer goods and food. An agreement was reached between the authorities of the Chinese province of Heilongjiang and the Khabarovsk Territory on the protection and reproduction of fish stocks of the border rivers Ussuri and Amur. Currently, China is showing a certain interest in Russian iron ore deposits. This is explained not only by the fact that Russian ore is twice as high in quality as Chinese ore, but also by the fact that in the near future the needs of the ferrous metallurgy cannot be satisfied through its own mining. Therefore, it is very likely that Chinese capital will participate in the development of iron ore deposits in Southern Yakutia, Khabarovsk Territory and Primorye, which are located to the Chinese centers of iron production and have become closer than deposits of raw materials in Brazil and even India.

Now the foreign economic activity of the Far Eastern regions of Russia is not only a source of replenishment of financial resources, but also the most important factor influencing the socio-economic situation of the region as a whole. Due to foreign economic activity, it is possible to largely compensate for the negative consequences of remoteness from the main industrial centers countries, create additional jobs, expand markets for products, ensure market saturation with goods and uninterruptedly supply the population with food.

In economic terms, the turn of the Far Eastern economy towards neighboring countries is sometimes seen as the only possibility for the survival of individual enterprises. But the creative potential of foreign economic specialization in the conditions of the Far East is not realized. It is very likely that its importance is overly exaggerated for the country as a whole. Then the “open door” policy needs serious adjustments based on the domestic assessment of the progressiveness of foreign economic relations, not in general, but for a given stage of the country’s development and taking into account the specific forms of implementation of such activities.
CHAPTER 3: Main prospects for the development of the Far Eastern economic region

Prospects for the development of the Far East in market conditions are associated with the development of new natural resources and the further formation of the South Yakut territorial production complex.

In the future, it is also possible to create another new complex in the BAM area, the basis of which will be ferrous metallurgy based on coking coals of southern Yakutia and iron ore deposits of the same area.

The Zeysko-Svobodnensky complex will receive further development on the basis of energy, forestry and woodworking industries, mechanical engineering, tin mining and other minerals. The Zeya hydroelectric power station has already been put into operation here; the Urgal TPK will be created on the basis of the Bureyskaya hydroelectric power station and the development of coal from the Urgal deposit. The energy base of the new complex will be strengthened through the construction of a thermal power plant. Mechanical engineering branches will emerge - the production of road vehicles, and a powerful repair base will be created. The timber and wood chemical industries will begin to develop based on the use of the richest forest resources.

In the area of ​​Komsomolsk-on-Amur, it is planned to create a powerful chemical complex based on West Siberian oil, Sakhalin shelf oil, Yakut natural gas, South Yakut coal, local apatites and phosphorites of the Udsko-Selemdzhinsky region.

In the northwest of Komsomolsk-on-Amur there are large tin deposits - Burzhalskoye and Komsomolskoye, and a plant is already operating, which can be expanded in the future.

The Sovgavansky TPK is being formed on the eastern section of the BAM route. Sovetskaya Gavan will turn into a powerful transport hub of the Far East. The port is being reconstructed and a ferry service has been introduced to Sakhalin across the Tatar Strait from Vanino to Kholmsk. The ship repair and fish processing industries are growing.

In the future, it is planned to put into operation about 40 million hectares of the Siberian and Far Eastern taiga. It is planned to increase timber harvesting to 6 million cubic meters. m. (especially spruce and fir). New construction in the Far East region will require the development of a powerful construction base. The construction of a number of new cement plants and other construction industry facilities is envisaged.

Currently, the South Yakutsk TPK continues to develop: a powerful coal mine, a processing plant, and the Neryungrinskaya State District Power Plant have been built. The South Yakutsk TPK is formed on the basis of a combination of high-quality coals and iron ores. In the river basin Aldan, north of the Stanovoy Range (80-100 km) and not far from the South Yakut high-quality iron ores, is the South Yakut coal basin. The coals are of high quality and are suitable for coking. Chulmakanskoye, Neryungrinskoye and other deposits have been explored here. The thickness of the seam at the Neryungri deposit exceeds 50 m. At the Chulmakan deposit, the coal seams have a horizontal strike. A mine with a capacity of 6 million tons of coal per year was put into operation in the South Yakutsk basin.

Near the coal basin there is the Aldan iron ore basin with an iron content in the ore of up to 42%. The most studied deposits are Taezhnoe, Pionerskoye, Sivaglinskoye, whose reserves amount to 2.5 billion tons.

Magnetite quartzites have been explored in the basins of the Olekma and Chara rivers, which makes it possible to create in the future a large base for ferrous metallurgy in the Far East.

In the zone of South Yakutsk mineral complex Significant deposits of apatite, large deposits of mica, corundum, shale and other minerals have been identified.

The BAM-Tynda railway and its continuation from Tynda to Berkakit provide access to Yakut coal to the BAM and the Trans-Siberian Railway. High-quality coking coals from the South Yakutia basin, in large part, will be supplied to the southern regions of the Far East to metallurgical plants and for export to Japan. Their export to Japan will go through the major port - Vostochny.

At the same time, the development of the richest resources of the Far East requires huge capital investments. Therefore, a priority investment program for the region and attraction of foreign investment, primarily from neighboring countries - Japan, China, South Korea, are necessary. Currently, there is already a decision on joint development of oil resources of the Sakhalin shelf with Japan. An agreement was signed with China on the demarcation of the state border along the Amur River and the joint exploitation of a number of river islands. Joint ventures will be created. The Nakhodka free economic zone has been created, which is successfully developing and bringing considerable dividends to the region.

The primary economic task of the Far Eastern region is to strengthen the energy base, convert thermal power plants to more efficient gas fuel, reconstruct them and increase capacity. In the near future, this problem will be solved through the construction of a main gas pipeline from the Kovykta gas field in the Irkutsk region to the Far East and neighboring countries - China, Japan

Most promising direction The economic development of the region is the development of industry for the extraction and processing of natural raw materials through the conversion of the defense complex, the enterprises of which are oversaturated in the region. The tasks are to further develop market relations, create market infrastructure, reorient the economy to the needs of the population, develop free economic zones, solve environmental and demographic problems and expand transport and economic ties with other regions and foreign countries. The priority task in the region should be the comprehensive development of small businesses and joint ventures with joint countries.

On April 15, 1996, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the Federal Target Program for the Economic and Social Development of the Far East and Transbaikalia for 1996-2005. The government customers of the Program were the Ministry of Economy (coordinator), the Ministry of Labor, the State Committee for Industry, the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations, and the main developer was the Council for the Location of Productive Forces and Economic Cooperation (SOPSiES).

The program includes three stages, reflecting changes in priorities, internal and external conditions: first (1996-1997) - implementation of urgent measures to overcome the crisis; the second (1998-2000) - economic and social stabilization; the third (2001-2005) - concentrating efforts on the tasks of structural restructuring and ensuring sustainable development. It includes the main subprograms: a set of priority measures of state support (its implementation constitutes the content of the first stage of the Program); economic restructuring; promoting employment and population stabilization; economic cooperation with Asia-Pacific countries.

The priority measures to stabilize the socio-economic situation in the region include eliminating the energy supply deficit by increasing the supply of energy resources from Siberia and ensuring a sustainable volume of local coal production. Subsidized support for enterprises in the fuel and energy complex should be combined with a policy of curbing electricity tariffs. To reduce transport costs, especially when implementing economic relations with central regions, it is planned to expand the use of preferential tariffs for long distances and transportation in empty directions, to rationalize transport schemes for supplying the region, taking into account the possibilities of imports from Asia-Pacific countries. Measures are envisaged to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters that occurred in recent years on Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka, Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, and it is also planned to begin solving long-term tasks to create the necessary scientific and material and technical base for the prevention of natural disasters and their elimination consequences.

At the first stage, the bulk of the overdue debt was eliminated, the relationship between the federal and regional budgets was regulated, and other pressing issues of financial and economic relations were resolved.

Structural restructuring of the economy. The program systematizes forecasts for the development of economic sectors and the possibility of improving the structure of production, taking into account changes in regional, national and world markets. Although the main specialization of the Far East and Transbaikalia remains the same - mining and processing of mineral raw materials, timber and fisheries complexes - qualitative changes will occur within these industry complexes: the production of products with deep processing of natural raw materials, competitive in the domestic and foreign markets, will mainly increase.

In the mining industry, it is planned to significantly expand the raw material base for the extraction of gold, titanium, tin, and polymetals. The development of the Udokan copper ore deposit will begin, new tin, lead and zinc smelting facilities will be created and existing facilities will be reconstructed.

The main direction of development of the timber industry complex is to increase the production and export of lumber, pulp, paper, as well as other products of advanced wood processing. It is not envisaged to restore maximum logging volumes (1989 level), taking into account trends in domestic demand, changes in global conditions and the need to rationalize forest management.

The subprogram “Fisheries Complex” assumes an increase in fish catch and seafood production in 2005 - up to 3.8 million tons. Non-fishery fishing, primarily squid and other mollusks and crustaceans, should increase significantly. It is planned to allocate funds for the purchase of ships, the maintenance of a research and rescue fleet, and it is planned to reconstruct and technically re-equip manufacturing enterprises to produce products that are in steady demand.

The main change in the fuel and energy complex is the development of oil and gas fields on the shelf of the island. Sakhalin and Yakutia. In 2005, gas production will amount to 22 billion m3 (of which 10 billion m3 is for export), oil - 20.8 million tons, which will satisfy the region's needs for oil products by 50 - 60% (currently - 7 - 8%). Coal production may increase to 85 million tons, which will almost completely meet the region's needs for solid fuel. In the electric power industry, it is planned to commission the Bureyskaya HPP at full capacity and increase electricity production in 2005 to 70.7 billion kW. h.

Basic structural changes in mechanical engineering - organizing the production of equipment for industries of specialization, developing machine tool manufacturing, instrument making, and electrical engineering, mainly through the respecialization of existing defense enterprises. The Program includes conversion programs for 22 enterprises. Small enterprises for the production of high-tech products will be created, as well as factories for assembling products based on components imported from the countries of East and Southeast Asia. It is planned to produce civil aviation equipment using dual technologies.

The goal is to overcome the decline in agricultural production by improving its specialization taking into account natural conditions. It is justified to increase grain production to 3.2 million tons, soybeans to 600 thousand tons, to fully meet the macroregion's needs for potatoes and 70% for vegetables.

Program activities for the development of transport infrastructure include the completion of the construction of the BAM and AYAM (Amur-Yakutsk Mainline), the reconstruction of sections of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the creation of a unified railway network of Sakhalin, the construction of two bridge crossings across the Amur, the expansion of transshipment capacities of 12 sea ports, the formation of a supporting road network (including including the completion of the Chita - Khabarovsk highway), the reconstruction of airports and the renewal of the aircraft fleet. Transport services to the northern territories must be improved. The base port of the Lena basin will be moved to Yakutsk after the completion of the AYAM

Promotion of employment and social protection of the population. The program includes measures to ensure high-income employment, retain the population, and maintain a decent standard of living, taking into account complicated living conditions. The system of regional social compensation must be improved.

It is proposed to compensate state-owned enterprises in the form of subsidies from the federal budget, and enterprises and organizations of private and mixed forms of ownership in the form of tax benefits. . The outflow of part of the population from the regions of the Far North is inevitable, but the Program provides for measures to streamline this process, which will minimize economic and psychological losses through organized assistance in resettlement mainly to the southern regions of the Far East. The natural resources of the northern territories should be developed in parallel with the creation in the southern zone of rear bases and permanent housing for those working in northern enterprises on a rotational basis.

Intensifying economic cooperation with Asia-Pacific countries. To increase the export potential of the region, stimulate foreign investment and create favorable conditions for foreign entrepreneurs, it is planned to introduce a special export procedure for enterprises in the region, tax incentives to compensate for unfavorable business conditions, a guarantee system and risk reduction for foreign investors. This will require appropriate changes in Russian and local legislation, improvement of the mechanisms of production sharing agreements, collateral of natural resource deposits, the formation of free economic zones, etc. The question of creating an international Far Eastern Bank for Reconstruction and Development is being raised.

The priority objects for attracting foreign investment in the Far East are: development of oil and gas fields in Sakhalin and Yakutia, participation in the development of diamond deposits in Yakutia, gold in Kamchatka, tin in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, development of forest resources of the Khabarovsk Territory, fisheries resources of the eastern seas, recreational - in Kamchatka, construction of transport, warehouse and port complexes in Nakhodka, on the river. Amur and the coast of the Tatar Strait, construction of bridges across the river. Amur near Khabarovsk and Blagoveshchensk, as well as various forms of free economic zones, technology parks and technopolises.

To intensify foreign trade activities, it is necessary to legislatively resolve issues of giving a special status to border territories, using a portion of customs duties by the subjects of the Federation for their needs

The program also includes implementation mechanisms, including a management system. Ideas about the management structure changed somewhat after the Program was approved. Now its highest body is the Government Commission, formed on a parity basis from representatives of federal bodies and heads of administrations of the territories of the Far East and Transbaikalia. The main executive body will be the Program Directorate. To manage the finances of the Program, the Fund for Reconstruction and Development of the Far East and Transbaikalia will be created, the main objectives of which are the accumulation of financial resources from state federal and regional sources, attraction of private domestic and foreign capital, justification for the provision of state guarantees for the implementation of projects of paramount importance, etc. .d. The main share in the Fund's capital will be owned by the state and local governments.

Not all problems could be worked out in sufficient depth; some inconsistencies and uncertainties in quantitative estimates remained. Understanding the inevitability of such shortcomings, the developers provided a mechanism for eliminating them during implementation. For this purpose, a special section “Further development of the Program” has been introduced. continuation
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1.4 Industries of specialization. The most important industrial centers

In the structure of the economy of the Far East, the leading place belongs to industry. The contribution of the region's industry to the total volume of industrial production in Russia is 4.3%, while the mining and manufacturing industries account for 7.6% each. The share of industries in the Far Eastern economic region in industrial production

and the whole country is as follows: food industry - 8.8%; construction materials industry – 8.8%; forestry, wood – manufacturing and pulp and paper industries – 8%; electric power industry – 4.5%; mechanical engineering and metalworking - 3%; fuel industry – 2.7%; non-ferrous metallurgy – 1.6%; chemistry and petrochemistry – 1.2%; light industry – 1.2%; ferrous metallurgy – 1.1%.

In the sectoral structure of the industry of the Far East, the following sectors are distinguished (as a percentage of the total industrial output of the region):

· food industry - 25.3 (fish processing - Petropavlovsk - Kamchatsky, Ust - Kamchatsk, Okhotsk, Nakhodka, Yuzhno - Kurilsk and others, flour milling industry - Amur region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories).

· Non-ferrous metallurgy – 20.7 (Republic of Sakha, Magadan region).

· Electric power industry – 19.3 (TPPs – Neryungrinskaya, Yakutskaya, Khabarovskaya; Bilibino NPP and Pauzhetskaya geothermal power plant in Kamchatka).

· Fuel industry – 10.5 (Republic of Sakha, Khabarovsk Territory, Sakhalin and Amur regions). AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

· Mechanical engineering and metalworking – 8.5 (Khabarovsk).

· Timber, wood – manufacturing and pulp and paper industries – 5.4 (Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, Sakhalin and Amur regions).

· Construction materials industry – 4.0 (Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, Republic of Sakha).

· Flour-grinding and feed milling industry – 2.0 (Amur Region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories).

· Chemical and petrochemical – 0.7 (Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories).

· Light industry – 0.6 (Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, Amur region).

· Ferrous metallurgy - 0.5 (Khabarovsk).

· Glass and porcelain industry – 0.2

In the Far East, with its sparse population and diversity of economic areas, the importance of transport is extremely important. The role of its individual species in the south and northeast of the region is significantly different.

The southern part, including about. Sakhalin, served by railways. The Siberian Railway is the main transport artery of the region. In the northeast of the region, the main transport work is carried out by water (the role of the northern sea route is great) and road transport.

1.5 Features of the territorial structure of the region

In the Far Eastern region, according to some basic characteristics, two subdistricts are distinguished: the Far Eastern South and the Far Eastern North.

Far Eastern South

Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, Jewish Autonomous Region, Amur, Kamchatka (including Koryak Autonomous Okrug) and Sakhalin regions.

Here, on a territory constituting 30% of the area of ​​the Far Eastern region, more than 80% of its inhabitants are concentrated, 98% of fish products are produced, all smelting of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, the oil refining and oil refining industry, basic mechanical engineering, woodworking, coal mining and most of the agricultural production are concentrated. The Far Eastern South is still characterized by selective resource development. The economically more developed strip is adjacent to the Siberian Railway. Only a few centers, mainly mining, were located in the taiga regions. The large, northern part of the subdistrict's territory, almost untouched by economic activity in the recent past, began to be developed with the construction of the BAM.

Primorsky Krai

Territory - 165.9 thousand km2, population - 2194.2 thousand people, share of the urban population - 78.3%. It is located in the south of the Far East and concentrates more than a third of its population. Its central and eastern parts are occupied by the Sikhote-Alin mountain ranges. Settlement and agriculture are confined to the Ussuri and Prikhankai lowlands, as well as coastal ports, mainly in the south of the region.

The Vladivostok industrial hub includes the cities of Vladivostok, Artem, Bolshoy Kamen, and the villages of Tavrichanka, Razdolnoye, Novy. Mechanical engineering, the food industry, and the production of building materials are developed.

The Nakhodsk industrial hub includes the cities of Nakhodka and the cities of Partizansk. Ship repair and production of building materials are developed.

Khabarovsk region

Territory - 788.6 thousand km2, population - 1232.0 thousand people, share of the urban population - 80.7%. It occupies a key transport and geographical position in the region. Settlement and agriculture in the region are confined mainly to the valleys of the Amur and Ussuri rivers. A significant part of the territory, especially in the north, is occupied by mountain ranges.

Several industrial hubs and centers have developed in the region.

Khabarovsk industrial hub - Khabarovsk, the most important transport hub of the Far East. Mechanical engineering, oil refining, chemical and pharmaceutical, wood processing, light and food industries are developed.

The Komsomolsk industrial hub includes the cities of Komsomolsk-on-Amur and Amursk. There are large shipbuilding, aircraft manufacturing, oil refining, and metallurgical plants.

Jewish Autonomous Region

Territory - 36.0 thousand km2, population - 209.9 thousand people, share of the urban population - 67.6%. Engaged in the light, woodworking and food industries.

Amur region

Territory - 363.7 thousand km2, population - 1007.8 thousand people, share of the urban population - 65.2%. It is located in the southwestern part of the Far East, in the valleys of the Amur and its tributaries Zeya, Selemzha, Bureya and others. The Amur region is one of the first areas of continuous agricultural settlement in the Far East.

Kamchatka region

Territory - 472.3 thousand km2, population - 396.1 thousand people, share of the urban population - 80.8%. Located about 60 N latitude, the Kamchatka Peninsula, due to the influence of warm ocean currents, has relatively favorable climatic conditions, and due to economic relations it gravitates towards the Far Eastern South. All three are the most major cities– Petropavlovsk – Kamchatsky, Elizovo, Vilchunsk gravitate towards Avachinskaya Bay.

Sakhalin region

Territory - 87.1 thousand km2, population - 608.5 thousand people, share of the urban population - 86.8%. Regional center- Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk with enterprises in the fishing, food and light industries, mechanical engineering, and construction industries.

Far Eastern North

Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Magadan region, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

This huge subdistrict (4.3 million km2) is distinguished by its marginal location, harsh nature and sparse population. The development of valuable and scarce minerals with a high content of important components is the main specialization of the Northeast, which determines its place in the all-Russian economy. The unity of the subdistrict is determined not only by the common natural conditions of the economy, but also by the general methods of development of the territory, economic ties for individual types of fuel and raw materials.

Filling electronic version does not exempt work on paper from postage.

2. The procedure for nominating and submitting works for competitionmedals

Russian Academy of Sciences with prizes for young scientists of Russia

Scientific works (cycles of works), materials on the development or creation of instruments for scientific research, methods and technologies that contribute to in the development of scientific knowledge, distinguished by originality in the formulation and solution of scientific problems.

Works that have previously been awarded State Prizes, as well as prizes and medals of the Russian Academy of Sciences, are not accepted for RAS medals with prizes for young scientists.

Scientific works are accepted for consideration after their publication, including co-authorship with senior colleagues. Materials on the development or creation of instruments for scientific research, methods and technologies can be nominated for competition before their practical completion.

The works performed by scientific and other young employees, teachers, research interns, graduate students and doctoral students of institutions and organizations of the Russian Academy of Sciences, other research institutions, universities, enterprises and organizations of Russia under the age of 33 are nominated for RAS medals with prizes for young scientists. at the time of submission of work to the competition.

The right to nominate works for RAS medals with prizes for young scientists is granted to:

b) industrial scientific institutions and higher educational institutions of Russia;

c) scientific institutions of branch academies of the Russian Federation;

d) scientific and scientific-technical councils of various enterprises and organizations in Russia;

e) scientific councils, councils of young scientists and specialists of scientific institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences and higher educational institutions of Russia.

Scientific works, materials on the development or creation of instruments for scientific research, methods and technologies are submitted to the competition in two copies in the form of books, reprints of articles, or printed on a typewriter or printer with the necessary illustrations for the text and bibliography, as well as indicating one of the 19 areas of the competition , for which the work is being put forward.

Note. Manuscripts of dissertation works are not accepted for the competition.

For each work nominated for a RAS medal with a prize for young scientists, the following must be attached in two copies:

a) an abstract of the work (indicating its full title, surname, first name, patronymic of the authors and one of the 19 areas of the competition for which the work is nominated), signed by the authors;

b) a submission-review of the work (indicating its full title, surname, first name, patronymic of the authors and their creative contribution), signed by the management of the organization or the persons nominating it;

c) information about the authors of the work - young scientists nominated for the RAS medal with a prize for young scientists (title of the work, last name, first name, patronymic, place of work indicating departmental affiliation, position held, academic degree, year, month and birthday, home and business addresses, home and business telephone numbers, fax numbers, E-mail and Internet address);

d) electronic media with the TITUL.DOC file in WORD editor, containing the following information 1*:

1. full title of the work;

5.1.2. place of work (full name) indicating departmental affiliation;

5.1.3. position held;

5.1.4. academic degree;

5.1.6. the number and name of grants, awards, scientific internships, etc. received with the participation of the author;

5.1.7. home address;

5.1.8. business address;

5.1.9. home phone;

5.1.10. official telephone;

5.1.11. Fax;

5.1.13. Internet address;

The scientific work, together with the listed documents, must be placed in a folder with the inscription “For a medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences with a prize for young scientists of Russia.” The cover of the folder also indicates the name of the institution where the work was performed, the full title of the work, last names, first names, patronymics of the authors, and one of the 19 areas of the competition for which the work is nominated.

3. The procedure for nominating and processing works for medals

Russian Academy of Sciences with prizes for students of higher educational institutions of Russia

Thesis and scientific works of students that are distinguished by originality in the formulation and solution of scientific problems are accepted for competition for medals of the Russian Academy of Sciences with prizes for students of higher educational institutions of Russia (hereinafter referred to as RAS medals with prizes for students).

Students' scientific works are accepted after they have been sent to print for publication or have already been published, including those co-authored with senior colleagues.

The right to nominate works for RAS medals with prizes for students is granted to:

a) academicians and corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences;

b) higher educational institutions of Russia, their faculties and joint departments with the Russian Academy of Sciences;

c) councils of young scientists and specialists from higher educational institutions of Russia.

Works are submitted in two copies in the form of reprints of articles or printed on a typewriter or printer with the necessary illustrations for the text, bibliography, as well as an indication of one of the 19 areas of the competition for which the work is nominated.

For each work nominated for a RAS medal with a prize for students, the following must be attached in two copies:

a) an abstract of the work (indicating its full title, surname, first name, patronymic of the authors and one of the 19 areas of the competition for which the work is nominated), signed by the authors;

b) a submission-review of the work (indicating its full title, surname, first name, patronymic of the authors and their creative contribution), signed by the management of the organization or the persons nominating it;

c) information about the authors of the work - students nominated for the RAS medal with a prize for students (name of the work, last name, first name, patronymic, full name of the university indicating its departmental affiliation, faculty, course, year, month and birthday, home, educational or business address, home and office telephone numbers, fax, E-mail and Internet address);

d) electronic media with the file TITUL.DOC in the WORD editor containing the following information 2*;

1. full title of the work;

3. a brief summary of the work (no more than 1 page of text);

4. name of the institution where the work was performed;

5.1.1. year, month and day of his birth;

5.1.2. full name of the higher educational institution indicating its departmental affiliation, course, faculty;

5.1.4. the number and name of grants, awards, and scientific internships received with the participation of the author;

5.1.5. home address;

5.1.6. educational or business address;

5.1.7. home phone;

5.1.8. school or office phone;

5.1.9. Fax;

5.1.11. Internet address;

Scientific works, if they are not presented in Russian, must have an abstract in Russian.

The scientific work, together with the listed documents, must be placed in a folder with the inscription “For the competition for a medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences with a prize for students of higher educational institutions.” The cover of the folder indicates the name of the institution where the work was performed, the full title of the work, last names, first names, patronymics of the authors, one of the 19 areas of the competition for which the work is nominated.

Works not submitted in accordance with the established procedure will not be considered.

4. Presentation of medals and diplomas on the award of medals of the Russian Academy of Scienceswith prizes for young scientists of Russia and for students of higher educational institutions of Russia

The decision of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences to award medals of the Russian Academy of Sciences with prizes for young scientists of Russia and for students of higher educational institutions of Russia for the best scientific works, a list and annotations of awarded works are published in the “Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, in the “Izvestia of the Russian Academy of Sciences” of the corresponding series , in the journal “Bulletin of Higher School” and in the newspaper “Poisk”.

Persons awarded medals of the Russian Academy of Sciences with prizes for young scientists of Russia and for students of higher educational institutions of Russia are issued diplomas and badges of the established type.

Medals of the Russian Academy of Sciences with prizes for young scientists of Russia and for students of higher educational institutions of Russia, badges and diplomas for awarding medals are awarded at a meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences in February 2017.

Prizes for the competition laureates are paid by the Department of Accounting and Reporting of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Note. 12* Item numbers in the TITUL.DOC file are required. Each of them ends with a period, after which the contents of the corresponding paragraph follow, separated by a space. If information on one of the items is missing, then its number is followed by an empty field.

Three Tomsk residents were elected academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences and three - corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences

​B Russian Academy Sciences, elections of members of the Russian Academy of Sciences took place, and the Tomsk scientific school once again confirmed its high class. The ranks of academicians and corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences were joined by the best representatives of the Tomsk institutions of the Federal Scientific Organization of Russia, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

An extended visiting meeting of the Presidium of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences was held in Tobolsk with the participation of representatives of the SB RAS

​September 3–4, in Tobolsk, an extended on-site meeting of the Presidium of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences was held with the participation of representatives of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Department of Chemistry and Materials Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the largest chemical company SIBUR, dedicated to the 150th anniversary Periodic table chemical elements D.

Abstract management and science: philosopher Alexander Rubtsov on external management of scientists

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