The technologization of social work is a reflection of the civilized way of solving social problems of society and people. It is always innovative, creative in nature, being associated with the constant search for more advanced, and therefore more efficient and economical ways to use human resources, his creative potential.

The introduction of technologies for the development or restoration of a person’s creative potential in the process of social work is a strategic direction of the social work process, a rejection of the strategy in which it is considered as an object subject to alteration and re-education. This is an orientation towards his resources and the confidence that he is capable of engaging in creative life-creative activities through self-change and self-sufficiency.

Modern Russian society has a need for people capable of independent activity, social functioning, and building life circumstances, the use of accumulated experience of amateur performances, creative self-realization.

Such behavior depends on the degree of development of a person’s ability to consciously build his life strategy, to creatively act to transform himself and the world around him. It is this behavior that characterizes him as a subject of his own life, ready to make decisions and bear responsibility for them.

Innovation activity is a defining trend modern development society.

Factors determining the development of innovative activity: low satisfaction with the quality and results of socio-economic processes, awareness of the urgent need for innovation in social practice.

Research shows that up to 90% of organizations in the social sphere in Russia are engaged in the search for new approaches, means and forms of activity.

There are many definitions of the term “innovation” in the scientific literature, but they all agree on one thing: innovation is the introduction, implementation of something new.

Innovation in a broad sense refers to the profitable use of innovations in the form of new technologies, types of products and services, organizational, technical and socio-economic solutions of a production, financial, commercial, administrative or other nature.

The concept of "innovation" is interpreted as innovation (from English, innovation – “introduction of innovations”, “introduction of innovations”). Innovation is a purposeful process of making changes to a certain social structure, a phenomenon leading to the emergence of new stable elements.

Innovation means a new order, new custom, new method, invention, new phenomenon.

From the moment an innovation is accepted for dissemination, it acquires a new quality - it becomes an innovation (innovation). In everyday practice, as a rule, the concepts “innovation”, “innovation”, “innovation”, “innovation” are identified.

Innovations have certain properties that are considered as their main characteristics.

The first characteristic of innovation is its novelty: the presence in the essence of innovation of new conceptual ideas, approaches to the development of processes, as well as forms and methods of their organization.

Novelty is an indispensable property and independent value of any innovation that distinguishes it from other phenomena. Assessing the degree of novelty is a very difficult matter and requires a certain flexibility of thinking. Novelty is, in principle, always relative.

The appearance of absolute novelty is a rare phenomenon. There are several types of novelty: absolute (fixed in the absence of analogues to a given innovation), relative (it identifies local novelty, i.e. an innovation that has already been used somewhere, but is used for the first time in a given structure), private (involves updating one of elements of activity), conditional (the innovation is not new in itself, but when mastered by another person, in other conditions it gives positive results).

Another characteristic of innovation is its compatibility with the traditional (existing) state. An innovation is easier to accept and implement if it is compatible with existing values, traditions, creative experience in a certain system, as well as existing working conditions (material, personnel, organizational, etc.).

In addition, innovation has the following characteristics: ease of testing And communication skills. Simplicity of testing is the ability to test an innovation (try it in practice and evaluate its effectiveness) in parts and elements for a deeper understanding of the essence of the innovation. The communicative ability of an innovation is the possibility of its promotion and dissemination through various communication channels, including informal ones (oral, visual information).

The following are defined types of innovation – social And economic.

The basis for classifying innovations can be the scale of transformations, the innovative potential of an innovation, the relationship of innovations to predecessors, etc.

Social innovations are divided into economic (new material incentives, indicators, remuneration systems), organizational and managerial (new organizational structures, forms of labor organization, development of decisions, control over their implementation), social and managerial, i.e. targeted changes in intra-collective relations (election of leaders, new forms of publicity, creation of new public bodies), legal (mainly acting as changes in labor and economic legislation).

Types of innovation by scale of transformation– private (single), not related to each other, modular, a complex of particulars, relating, for example, to one group of subjects, one age group; systemic, covering all social institutions. Systemic innovations should include those that involve rethinking the main purpose of a certain type of social institution, the principles of social activity, the promotion of new ideas and priority directions in development.

Let's consider classifications according to the innovative potential of innovations. Innovative potential of innovation– these are the capabilities (internal resources) of the innovation itself, which determine the degree of improvement, the qualitative growth of the object of innovation (forms of work, any type of activity).

Based on this criterion (the presence and degree of expression of innovative potential), modification, combinatorial, and radical innovations are distinguished.

Modification innovations involve improvement, modification, modernization of something that has an analogue and prototype (programs, methods, structures, etc.).

Combinatorial innovations involve a new, constructive combination of previously known techniques that have not been used in this combination before. We are not talking about a mechanical connection of fragments of any technology, but rather a constructive connection, i.e. one in which new, previously unmanifested systemic properties appear, giving an effective positive result.

Radical innovations contain powerful innovative potential for the development of a team, however, creating them, like everything fundamentally new, is extremely difficult and they are rare.

In relation to their predecessors, innovations are divided into replacing, canceling, opening and retro innovations.

A replacement innovation is introduced in place of any specific, possibly outdated means, organizational form, or technology. Canceling innovation is the cessation of any activity, the abolition of something. Opening innovation is not comparable with its functional predecessors either in purpose, or in the method of use, or in the existing social situation. Such an innovation involves the development of a new program, a new type of social services, technology, etc. Computerization and new activity profiles are innovations that open up and create a new field of activity.

Retroinnovation is the development of something new at the moment, but once already used in social practice. This is something old, forgotten, which becomes relevant again.

The basis for classifying innovations can be very different, and there are a great many types of innovations. In practice, some are found more often, others less frequently, some types can be combined and combined in various ways.

The life cycle of an innovation is the period from the origin of an idea, the creation and dissemination of an innovation, to its use. Taking into account the sequence of work, the life cycle of an innovation is considered as an innovation process.

The form of targeted management of the innovation process and activity is the innovation project.

An innovative project is a complex system of interdependent and interconnected activities in terms of resources, deadlines and performers, aimed at achieving specific goals (tasks) in priority areas of the development of science and technology.

The innovation process is characterized by a set of scientific, technological, production, organizational, financial and commercial activities carried out in a certain sequence that lead to innovation.

At the same time, an innovation project is a set of technical, organizational, planning and financial settlement documentation necessary to achieve the goals of the project.

Taking these aspects into account, the following definition can be given: innovative project– This is an innovation developed by the initiator, formalized in the form of documentation, the purpose of which is the creation, modernization or maintenance of objects, including the organization of innovative processes in space and time.

Innovative activities in the field of social services for older people.Kurbatova I.V., mMaster of Social Work, s Deputy Director of the Autonomous Social Service Institution of the Udmurt Republic “Comprehensive Center for Social Services for the Population of the Sarapul District”.

The acceleration of the pace of development of the organization of social services for older citizens is caused, first of all, by the process of socio-demographic aging of the entire Russian society. According to sociological research, currently every fifth resident of our country has reached or exceeded retirement age. The main problems of older people most often become age-related changes in health status, low level of medical services provided, difficult financial situation, and indifferent attitude of loved ones. Due to the employment of children and the breakdown of family and kinship relationships, older people are often left alone with their unresolved problems and are forced to seek help from social service organizations.

To solve the problems of this category of citizens, social sector specialists are required to constantly search for new, better ways of social services, master social technologies and programs, and introduce them into the practice of social work with older people.

The ongoing monitoring of the quality of social services for recipients of social services makes it possible to timely identify the need of older people for any additional services ah or help. Analyzing the results of the research, three main groups of problems in the organization of social services that affect the quality of life of older people are clearly identified:

— the need to provide qualified care for categories of citizens with limited mobility;

— the need for life safety. Elderly people are people who are especially susceptible to being victims of fraud, theft, fires, etc., and also have poor health, so there is a need to improve the life safety of this category of citizens, prolong their activity and longevity;

- need for communications. One of the acute problems faced by CCSS employees when working with older people is the problem of loneliness and lack of communication. A person, even living in a family, can be lonely.

In order to meet the identified needs of older people with physical or physical disabilities mental abilities, in 2017 a social project was developed and put into operation “And old age is a joy”, which is a multifunctional personalized range of innovative technologies aimed at increasing the list of services provided and improving social services for citizens.

The project reflected 3 main blocks of innovative technologies:

1. hospital-replacement technology: "Nurse at home" , which is an alternative to placing a seriously ill or bedridden citizen in a stationary institution, when citizens with limited mobility are provided with qualified nursing services and their relatives receive counseling assistance.
2. health-saving technology: " Elderly Safety School" . Within the framework of this technology, with the help of conversations and colorful booklets, older people are informed about the most pressing problems for each age group and ways to solve them. In total, 8 information booklets were prepared and published in 4 main areas.
3. social and communication technologies:

• technology "Memory therapy" is a powerful psychological tool and consists of conversations, viewing photographs of past years, old films;
• "Club Inter-DA" where, with the help of a social worker, older people and people with disabilities get acquainted with computer equipment, mobile phones;
• technology has become very popular lately "Gardenotherapy" . Elderly people grow indoor plants and care for them. Performing the simplest procedures evokes a special emotional mood that mentally balances and calms the elderly person;
• technology "In the kingdom of Orpheus" based on the healing effects of music on psychological condition person. Elderly people not only dry out their favorite compositions, but also play musical instruments themselves;
• such technology as "Mobile Library" when social workers provide for their clients printed materials, books and read them together;
• Recently the list has expanded with such new technologies as "Hippotherapy". The uniqueness of hippotherapy lies in the harmonious combination of body-oriented and cognitive techniques to influence the patient’s psyche. Therapeutic horse riding in general has a biomechanical effect on the human body, strengthening it;
• "Art therapy" - it is a combination of psychology and creativity. Creative work calms you down, distracts you from the circle of boring thoughts, relaxes you and at the same time gives you the opportunity to concentrate and gather strength;
• "Animal Therapy". This is a type of psychotherapeutic assistance in which animals are used. Applicable not only direct contacts humans with animals, but also indirect - Withimages, images, fairy-tale characters etc. Interaction with animals relieves stress, normalizes the functioning of the nervous system and the psyche as a whole.

To study the degree of effectiveness of the implementation of innovative technologies in the activities of the department, a repeated diagnosis is carried out, where it is possible to track the percentage increase in statistical data on meeting the various needs of older citizens.

Rice. 1. Satisfying the communication needs of older people

Rice. 2. Meeting other needs to improve the quality of life of older people

As a result of innovative activities, there is also an improvement in the quality of social services, the preservation and extension of social activity and longevity of older people, an increase in client demand for social service centers for social services, an increase in the image of the organization and the status of the industry as a whole.

14.1. The essence of the concept of “innovation”. Typology of innovation

Innovation– this is an introduction, the introduction of something new. The Russian analogue of the English word innovation is the concept of “innovation”. In the “Concept of Innovation Policy of the Russian Federation for 1998–2000.” innovation (innovation) was defined as the final result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practical activities.

A derived scientific concept is innovation process– the process of creating, disseminating and using an innovation. In the Russian Sociological Encyclopedia, edited by G.V. Osipov, the innovation process is divided into the following stages: the emergence of prerequisites for innovation (the emergence of new needs, ideas, scientific discoveries, etc.); the creation of an innovation only in the organization in which it originated; distribution of innovation among a limited number of users; use of innovation; dissemination of methods for obtaining innovation to other organizations and its widespread creation until the need for it is saturated. In the textbook “Social Work” edited by N.F. Basov, the innovation process is divided into similar stages: the origin and development of innovation; mastering innovation (testing innovation); diffusion (spread of innovation); routinization (the transformation of an innovation into an integral part of the social system, into a tradition, or the innovation exhausts itself, becomes obsolete and gradually fades away). Thus, the life cycle of any innovation includes the stages: origin, development, widespread distribution, saturation of needs, loss of relevance.

The basis for classifying innovations may be different. Thus, according to the type of innovation, innovation can be divided into two main groups: technical(innovations in the field of technology, technology) and social. According to T.S. Panteleeva, social innovation is the result of the scientific development, organization and application of something new that satisfies the needs of man and society and at the same time causes social changes. Social innovations, in turn, are divided into: economic, organizational and managerial, social and managerial, legal, pedagogical. Based on the scale of transformation, social innovation can be divided into: local, structural and systemic. Depending on the depth of the changes made: radical (basic), improving and modification (private).

14.2. Features of innovation in the social sphere

According to A.E. Puzikov, the specificity of social innovations, compared to technical ones, lies in a much larger area of ​​application: they are less strictly tied to industry or regional conditions, they are required even when the changes are based on technical innovations; their advantages are not so tangible: effectiveness can only be determined, let alone calculated, rather conditionally; it is impossible to conduct a laboratory test; there is no product manufacturing stage, during which it is possible to visually bring the project to the required parameters; vagueness of the real price of innovation - costs are visible only in two main cases: when they are associated with money spent on organizing the innovation process, or involve direct payments to participants; fewer individual innovators, the prevalence of collective developments; the fate of innovations is more dependent on group and personal users - especially when innovations concern the introduction of new models of official behavior, adjustments of social guidelines and require additional study; closer connection with the public; more often there is a departure from the normative guidelines, which is fraught with aggravation of the situation in society. According to T.S. Panteleeva, one of the main features of social innovation is its remoteness in time and often the unpredictability of the result.

As a rule, the implementation of social innovations encounters obstacles. The reasons for slowing down innovation include: the following factors: psychological– due to the predominantly negative results of reforms in the social sphere, a certain prejudice has developed in the public consciousness towards social innovations at the federal level, less towards initiatives at the regional and local levels, this aggravates the fairly widespread fear of change and any changes; social- any professional, corporate groups are interested in maintaining the existing order of things, since the introduction of innovations may cause the need to retrain, improve their professional level, and entail concern for their social status; economic– concerns about the economic feasibility of innovations. An important role in overcoming these factors in the minds of the population is played by the media's explanation of the need to introduce innovations and the expected social and economic effect. The weakening of the factors inhibiting innovation in teams is facilitated by the creation of conditions for maintaining a creative atmosphere in the organization; stimulating innovative activities of young workers; regularly holding innovation competitions; material and moral support for creative workers [See. 10; With. 95–96].

14.3. Innovations in social work practice

In relation to social work Yu.V. Shepetun defines social innovation as a consciously organized innovation or something new in the practice of social work, formed at a certain stage of the development of society in accordance with changing social conditions and aimed at effective positive transformations in the social sphere.

Like any other, innovation in social work is predetermined by social needs. Elderly people in rural areas cannot always take advantage of the social support measures provided for by law due to limited access to transport and communication services, a reduction in the network of rural health care institutions, underdeveloped retail trade, and the remoteness of basic centers of social services for the population. Therefore, on the territory of the Russian Federation (Chelyabinsk, Yaroslavl, Kurgan and other regions, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug), an innovative form of social services for the population began to be introduced - a mobile social service (a team of specialists from social service institutions that provides the necessary household, medical, advisory and other services). In the Omsk region, this form of service began to be implemented in 2004. Services are opened on the basis of centers and comprehensive social service centers [See. eleven; With. 22–24].

In a number of Russian cities (Moscow, Kaliningrad, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Saratov, etc.), the following innovation has been introduced: transport services for elderly citizens and disabled people are provided through the “Social Taxi” service (on the basis of a minimum payment, elderly people and disabled people are delivered to medical and educational institutions; institutions of medical and social examination; institutions of social services for the population; railway station, bus station, airport; institutions providing personal services; institutions of culture and art, etc.). In Omsk, such a service has been operating since February 2006 on the basis of the state institution of the Omsk region “Comprehensive Center for Social Services for the Population”.

Among the innovative services, it is necessary to note the state institute of nurses - nurses from state social service centers come to bedridden patients and people in need of constant care. This new social service is already being provided to the population in the Sverdlovsk region and some other constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In 2008, the implementation of this institute began in St. Petersburg and the Omsk region.

Thus, innovation acts as an important factor in the economic, social and cultural progress of modern society, helps to increase the efficiency of social work, and improves the status of the profession in society.

Control questions

1. What is the essence of the concept of “innovation” (“innovation”)?

2. What stages can the innovation process be divided into?

3. What two main groups of innovations are distinguished according to the criterion “type of innovation”?

4. What are the features of innovation in the social sphere?

5. What innovative social work practices exist?

Seminar plan

1. Subjects of innovation activity.

2. Methods that promote the emergence of social innovation.

Guidelines

The seminar session is aimed at studying the main subjects of social innovation (innovators) and mastering the methods of developing innovations. To achieve this goal, it is necessary, firstly, to find a definition of the concept of “innovation activity” in the legislation of the Russian Federation, secondly, to identify the types of innovators (based on the classification of A.I. Prigozhin), and thirdly, to characterize the main subjects of innovation activity. Next, it is necessary to consider methods that contribute to the emergence of social innovation: brain attack, group problem solving, morphological analysis, experiment, etc. The consolidation of knowledge on the topic and the acquisition of practical skills in innovative activity will be facilitated by the independent development by students (individually or in groups of 2–5 people) of innovative projects aimed at solving pressing problems in the field of social protection of the population modern Russia. It is important to understand the basic concepts: innovation, innovation activity, innovation process, innovator, innovation project, innovation program and innovative technology of social work.

1. What types of subjects of innovation activity can be divided into?

2. Describe the main methods for developing innovations.

3. What principles underlie the method of software innovation for social systems?

4. Expand the content of the stages of evolutionary research of innovations.

5. Describe the substructures of the innovation process: activity-based, managerial, subjective, substantive, etc.

Abstract topics

1. Innovation as a special branch of knowledge.

2. Innovation as a means of improving social work practice.

3. Domestic and foreign innovative technologies of social work.

4. Federal and regional innovations in the system of social services for the population of Russia.

5. Assessing the effectiveness of innovations in the social sphere.

Main literature

1. If you need a “social taxi” // Social politics Omsk region - time of development: information. bulletin / Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Omsk Region. – Omsk: Omskblankizdat, 2007. – P. 17.

2. The main directions of the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of development of the innovation system for the period until 2010 (approved by letter of the Government of the Russian Federation dated August 5, 2005 No. 2473p - P7)

3. Fundamentals of social work: textbook. allowance / N.F. Basov, V.M. Basova, O.N. Bessonova; edited by N.F. Basova. – 3rd ed., rev. – M.: Academy, 2007. – 288 p.

4. Panteleeva, T.S. Features of innovations in the field of social work / T.S. Panteleeva // Domestic Journal of Social Work. – 2003. – No. 2. – P. 12–14.

5. Puzikov, A.E. Social innovation and social work /
A.E. Puzikov // Domestic Journal of Social Work. – 2003. – No. 2. – P. 15–24.

6. Russian Sociological Encyclopedia / Ed. ed. G.V. Osipova. – M.: NORMA-INFRA·M, 1998. – 672 p.

7. Russian Federation. Laws. On innovative activities in the Omsk region: law of the Omsk region dated July 13, 2004.
No. 527-OZ // Gazette of the Legislative Assembly of the Omsk Region. – 2004. – July. – No. 2. – Art. 2206.

8. Russian Federation. Government decree. On the Concept of Innovation Policy of the Russian Federation for 1998 – 2000: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 24, 1998 No. 832 // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 08/10/1998. – No. 32. – Art. 3886.

9. Social work with youth: textbook. allowance / Ed. N.F. Basova. – M.: Dashkov and K, 2007. – 328 p.

10. Technologies of social work: textbook. / Ed. E.I. Single. – M.: INFRA-M, 2003. – 400 p.

11. Shafigulina, V. Mobile means always nearby / V. Shafigulina // Social policy of the Omsk Irtysh region. – 2007. – No. 2. –
pp. 22–24.

12. Shepetun, Yu.V. Innovative technologies in the theory and practice of social services for the population of Russia / Yu.V. Shepetun // Domestic Journal of Social Work. – 2003. – No. 2. – P. 24–29.

additional literature

1. Kuzheva, S.N. Innovation as a means of development: textbook. allowance / S.N. Kuzheva. – Omsk: Omsk State Technical University Publishing House, 1997. – 68 p.

2. Molchanov, N.N. Innovation process: organization and marketing. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University, 1994. – 270 p.

3. Prigozhin, A.I. Innovations: incentives and obstacles (Social problems of innovation) / A.I. Prigozhin. – M.: Political literature, 1989. – 270 p.

Topic 15. Problems of scientific organization of labor
in social work

15.1. The concept of scientific organization of labor

Organized labor of people is an indispensable condition for the functioning of institutions, bodies, and social services. Labour Organization is an organizational system aimed at achieving the best labor results, as well as the process of improving its forms and methods [ibid.; With. 139]. A preliminary analysis of labor processes and the conditions for their implementation, the application of scientific achievements and best practices in the development of measures for organizing labor allows us to talk about scientific approach to the organization of work.

The American engineer Frederick W. Taylor is considered the founder of the scientific organization of labor. He developed a number of methods for the scientific organization of labor, based on the study of worker movements using timing, standardization of techniques and tools. His fundamental principles of scientific labor organization are this: If men can be scientifically selected, trained, given some incentives, and the work and the man brought together, then a total productivity greater than the contribution made by the individual labor force can be obtained. F. Taylor developed the methodological foundations for rationing labor, standardized work operations, and introduced into practice scientific approaches to the selection, placement and stimulation of workers [See. 7].

Today under scientific organization of labor is understood " labor organization, which is based on scientific achievements and best practices systematically introduced into production; NOT allows you to more effectively connect technology and people in one production process; ensures continuous increase in labor productivity, better use of human and material resources; promotes health, improves the socio-psychological climate and increases job satisfaction» .

According to experts, NOT in practice is designed to solve three main interrelated problems: economic, psychophysiological and social. The economic task of NOT is in creating conditions for the appropriate use of equipment, materials, technologies, which ensures savings in human and material resources in the process of work.

Psychophysiological task involves the creation of the most favorable working conditions that ensure the preservation physical health and safety of people, maintaining a high level of their performance.

Social task consists in the application of such methods of labor organization that influence the increase in the degree of satisfaction of people with work, the creation of conditions that ensure the growth of their professional knowledge.

The scientific organization of work is based on an intellectual creative process that allows timely and adequate response to changing external (environment) and internal (social environment of the organization) conditions. The application of scientific achievements and advanced experience makes it possible to comply with the changing level of development of technology and technology, thereby ensuring the efficiency of the organization.

Development of rational forms of division and cooperation of labor,

Improving the organization of workplaces and their maintenance,

Rationalization of techniques and methods of work,

Improving working conditions,

Improving labor standards,

Development of measures of material and moral incentives,

Strengthening labor discipline.

The greatest efficiency of the scientific organization of labor can be achieved subject to the use of a systematic integrated approach.

15.2. Principles and criteria of scientific organization of labor
in social work

Generalization of modern theory and practice in the field of scientific organization of labor allowed specialists to formulate a number of principles of scientific organization of labor: the principle of complexity, consistency, regulation, specialization and stability. Each of the principles has a certain independent meaning. At the same time, they complement each other, revealing the corresponding side of the scientific approach to the organization of labor. Therefore, the greatest effectiveness of the principles is manifested when they are used together. Each area of ​​labor organization has its own specifics and target setting for practical implementation.

Let us consider the main directions and problems of the scientific organization of labor in social work.

Development of rational forms of division and cooperation of labor. The process of division of labor represents separation various types labor and assigning them to employees. The basic principle of the division of labor is the combination of specialization of individual performers (or structural divisions) with increasing the level of their professional competence. In social work, the division of labor is carried out both vertically and horizontally. The first type allows us to distinguish levels of social work management: federal, regional, municipal, and the level of social work institutions and services. With the vertical division of labor, the principle of delimitation and consolidation of powers is applied.

The second type of division of labor is carried out both within the framework of the entire social work system (for example, gerontological centers specializing in working with elderly and elderly people function as separate independent institutions; rehabilitation centers specializing in working with persons with disabilities, minors, etc.) , and within a single institution, social service (for example, in complex centers there are three areas of activity: social services for elderly and disabled citizens, families and children, assistance to citizens in difficult life situations; a department can be distinguished in the social service center day stay, specialized department of social services, etc.). This division allows us to concentrate on solving the problems of any category of citizens, while adhering to an integrated approach. In turn, labor cooperation involves the association of employees who have general character and the content of the labor process, into structural divisions.

Improving the organization of workplaces and their maintenance. The main task of this area of ​​NOT is to create favorable conditions for high-quality and timely performance of job duties with the effective use of office equipment, working time, and the necessary physical effort. This direction of NOT in social work cannot be assessed unambiguously. Firstly, the organization of work places for social workers can only be carried out within the framework of the social service, while the majority of the working time is spent outside the walls of the latter. A social worker may have several jobs, and only one of them is a social service, the rest are the places of residence of those served. In such a situation, it is unfortunately not possible to organize a social worker’s workplace. As for the organization of workplaces for social work specialists, one of the problems here is equipping them with the necessary office equipment in sufficient quantities and organizing information support.

Rationalization of work techniques and methods in social work involves, first of all, the use of appropriate social work technologies in working with citizens, including innovative ones (for example, the use of “client service” technology), as well as new forms and methods of work (mobile social service, social taxi, provision of nurse services, etc.).

Improving working conditions involves eliminating or minimizing the impact of negative factors on employees, ensuring workplace safety, creating and maintaining conditions conducive to the formation of a favorable socio-psychological climate in the team. The factors that determine working conditions include: sanitary and hygienic, aesthetic, psychophysiological, social and psychological. The main problems in this direction of NOT in social work arise regarding the improvement of working conditions for social workers (workplace safety, negative factors, mainly psychological).

A social worker, due to the specifics of his professional activity, spends most of his working time communicating with other people, people who at this stage of life have difficulties, problems, people who, due to age, are frail and dependent, people who are maladapted. The process of communication in such conditions becomes very difficult and leaves an imprint on the personality of the social worker. In this regard, it becomes more vulnerable and susceptible to influences that cause Occupational Illness, called “emotional burnout” syndrome. This is due to the fact that in his work, a social worker, in addition to professional knowledge, abilities and skills, largely uses his personality, being a kind of “emotional donor”, ​​which refers to professional risk factors [See. 9; With. 298–304].

According to experts, the formation and development of the “emotional burnout” syndrome is influenced by several factors: personal – a social worker’s susceptibility is largely influenced by his personal qualities (character, temperament, stress resistance, etc.); role - if there is a mismatch of actions between employees, a low degree of integration of efforts, a role conflict arises, leading to the appearance of a syndrome; organizational – unclear definition of powers (rights, duties, responsibilities), insufficiently effective organization of complex work, ineffective leadership, excessive control, etc.

To eliminate the causes of the “emotional burnout” syndrome, various forms of stimulation (material and moral) can be used, providing opportunities professional growth(organization of training, advanced training, stimulation of scientific work, career advancement, etc.), a clear definition of job duties and responsibilities, their documentation, the formation of a favorable moral and psychological climate in the team, the possibility of applying a creative approach to the work performed. In addition, professional assistance for “emotional burnout” plays an important role, which should be aimed at weakening the factors that provoke the appearance of the syndrome. In relation to the social worker and other employees, it is necessary to use methods of psychological relief (trainings, conversations, etc.), as well as weakening the effect of the organizational factor.

Improving labor standards– one of the main directions of NOT. Labor standardization means designing and creating conditions in an organization under which specific work will be performed more productively. Rationing is the basis of intra-organizational planning (for example, calculations of material and financial costs (payroll) are made, the cost of additional services is determined, and the number of employees is calculated). The norms underlie the system for assessing the effectiveness of social services and determine the measure of remuneration for work. In the social work system, the following are used: a service standard, which involves, for example, establishing a relationship between an employee’s rate and the number of citizens served, the minimum number of people served in departments [See, for example, 2], etc.; the number norm, which determines the number of workers of appropriate qualifications, and the ratio norm, which determines the proportional relationship between various categories and positions of the social service; controllability standard determines the number of employees directly subordinate to the manager, etc. [See. 10; With. 184].

Development of measures of material and moral incentives. The role of moral and material incentives in social work is difficult to overestimate. Limitations in the use of various forms of material incentives are due to the fact that the remuneration of employees of the state social protection system is based on the tariff system. The tariff system is a set of standards with the help of which the state regulates the level of wages in industries depending on the qualifications, nature and working conditions of workers. The tariff system includes tariff and qualification requirements, tariff rates, tariff schedule and regional wage coefficients [See. 1; 3]. The right of social services to provide social services on the basis of full or partial payment does not fundamentally solve the problem of replenishing extra-budgetary funds, since tariffs for the provision of social services are low (which is understandable). The problem of material incentives also includes the issue of establishing the financial liability of employees in the event of damage to the citizen being served, the social service, or society as a whole as a result of unreasonable actions or inactions.

The problems of moral incentives are due, in particular, to the fact that the status of a social worker is not high enough. Many admit that the conditions and content of a social worker’s work are very difficult, but federal legislation does not provide additional guarantees for this category of workers. In order to improve the status of the social worker profession, professional skills competitions are held in the regions of the Russian Federation. Highly professional workers have the opportunity to receive the honorary title “Honored Worker of Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation” [See. 8], as well as regional or departmental awards.

Strengthening labor discipline. Discipline is a necessary condition for the most effective solution of assigned tasks. The level of labor discipline in an organization is determined by the rational organization of labor and production, the quality of standardization, forms of material and moral incentives and other production and non-production factors.

The organization of work, standards of service and remuneration for social service workers are established by their founders on a contractual basis. The main directions of scientific organization of labor are common to all industries and areas of labor application. However, we can talk about the boundaries of the application of NOTs depending on the field of activity.

Control questions

1. What is the scientific organization of labor?

2. What problems is the scientific organization of labor designed to solve?

3. List the main directions of NOT.

4. Name the principles of NOT. Reveal their contents.

5. Outline the problems of applying the scientific organization of labor in social work.

Seminar plan

1. The essence of the scientific organization of labor.

2. Main directions of scientific organization of labor in social work.

Guidelines

Studying the topic will allow you to understand the essence of the scientific organization of labor, as well as the possibility of applying its principles in social work. When independently preparing for a seminar lesson, you should pay attention to the terms “labor organization” and “scientific labor organization”. It is necessary to highlight the tasks of NOT and give their characteristics. Particular attention should be paid to studying the principles of NOT and the possibility of their application in social work. When preparing for a seminar, it is necessary to analyze the main directions of NOT in the organization.

Test questions and assignments

1. Outline the essence, objectives, principles, directions of scientific organization of work in social work.

2. What problems of labor organization in social services are most acute?

3. What is the essence of labor standardization in social work?

4. Give examples of the use of NOT in social work.

5. Analyze the nature of the organization of work in the social service at the place of internship.

Main literature

1. Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of October 12, 1994 N 66 “On the coordination of wage grades and tariff and qualification characteristics for employee positions budgetary institutions and organizations of the social protection service of the Russian Federation" / Reference legal system "Garant" (the document was not officially published).

2. Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated July 27, 1999 No. 32 “On approval of the Methodological Recommendations for organizing the activities of the state (municipal) institution “Comprehensive Center for Social Services for the Population” / Bulletin of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation. – 1999. – No. 11.

3. Decree of the Government of the Omsk Region of June 6, 2006
N 56-p “On remuneration of labor for employees of state social service institutions in the Omsk region” // Omskaya Pravda. – 2006. – No. 44 (June 16).

4. Proskurin, P.A. Scientific organization of labor (NOT) / Encyclopedic sociological dictionary. – M.: ISPI RAS, 1995. – P. 7.

5. Rofe A.I. Scientific organization of labor: textbook. allowance / A.I. Rofe. – M.: MIK, 1998.

6. Dictionary-reference book for social work / Ed. E.I. Single. – M.: Lawyer, 1997. – 424 p.

7. Taylor F.W. Scientific organization of labor / F.U. Taylor. – M., 1925.

8. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 30, 1995 N 1341 “On the establishment of honorary titles of the Russian Federation, approval of provisions on honorary titles and descriptions of the breastplate for honorary titles of the Russian Federation” // Russian newspaper. – 1996. – No. 29 (February 13).

9. Firsov, M.V. Theory of social work: textbook. allowance / M.V. Firsov, E.G. Studenova. – M.: Humanite. ed. VLADOS center, 2000. – 432 p.

10. Economics and sociology of labor: textbook. / Ed. AND I. Kibanova. – M.: INFRA-M, 2007. – 584 p.

additional literature

1. Egorshin, A.P. Personnel management: textbook. / A.P. Egorshin. – N. Novgorod: Publishing house Nizhegorod. Institute of Management and Law, 2001. – 713 p.

2. Mazmanova, B.G. Payroll management: textbook. allowance /
B.G. Mazmanova. – M.: Finance and Statistics, 2001.

3. Scientific organization of labor in the management of production teams: industry-wide scientific and methodological recommendations. – M.: Economics, 1991.

4. Organization and regulation of labor: textbook. allowance / Ed.
V.V. Adamchuk. – M.: Finstatinform, 1999.

Topic 16. Experience in technological activities
in the social work system in Russia
and abroad

16.1. The essence of social work technology
in modern Russia

Modern practice of domestic social work was formed in the conditions of modernization of Russian society in the 90s of the 20th century. The priority objects of social support have become low-income and socially vulnerable segments of the population who are faced with real threat economic and social degradation. Social programs are now more specifically focused on the development of self-help and self-sufficiency, specific consideration of the specific interests and needs of these population groups, and the personal nature of assistance. This approach receives legal support in the Russian Federation and its constituent entities in the form of federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and others. The instrument for implementing social policy is professional social work. Its content can be considered the provision of assistance to people who find themselves in a difficult life situation, through the identification of their problems, information, advisory activities, direct in-kind, financial, social and domestic assistance, pedagogical and psychological support, stimulating the own strengths of those in need, orienting them towards active participation in resolving your own problem situations.

Three levels of basic social work technologies have been formed - macro level, meso level, micro level, each of which has its own system of social work technologies.

Macrotechnologies include organizational management technologies aimed at organizing social protection institutions of various profiles at the level of regions and constituent entities of the Russian Federation; technologies of social insurance and social assistance; technologies of social and legal expertise.

Mesotechnologies: technologies for social services for the population; technologies of social and medical care; technologies of socio-psychiatric care; technologies of patronage and mediation; technologies for preventing neglect and homelessness; technologies of socio-medical examination.

Microtechnologies are consulting technologies; technologies for targeted social services; technologies for targeted consultation (helpline).

Currently, the tasks of technological activities in social work are formed in accordance with the development strategy of the Russian Federation until 2010. It involves the development of social work technologies based on competition between the state and non-state sectors while adjusting the targeted system of assistance and developing technologies aimed at stabilizing social relations.

16.2. Main directions of practical social work abroad

In the practice of most countries of the world, general social work includes three areas: social therapy at the individual, personal and family level; social work with groups; social work in the community, at the place of residence.

When talking about the individual method of social work, it should be borne in mind that it means helping individuals and families in solving psychological, interpersonal, and socioeconomic problems through personal interaction with the client. Besides, individual method found application in social work in medicine.

Innovative technologies in the system of social protection of the population of the republic

Particular attention in the industry is paid to experimental work, the result of which is the introduction of innovative high-tech technologies, the opening of experimental sites at the republican, industry and federal levels, participation in design competitions in social service institutions and social protection of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Innovative technologies are actively developed and implemented in three main areas:

in the field of social services for the population,

in the field of providing social support and social assistance to the population,

in the system of additional professional education of industry personnel.

Currently, modern social and psychological technologies are being developed, tested and implemented on the basis of 11 experimental industry sites.

One of the unique innovations that have appeared in recent years in the activities of the social protection industry has been the implementation of Republican competition social projects"Public Initiative".

The competition is a unique platform for developing mechanisms of interaction between the state, business and civil institutions, aimed at supporting socially significant innovative projects of non-profit and public organizations and the development of the non-state sector of the social sphere. It has become an important mechanism for social development, an example of the discovery of new social technologies, and the development of social partnership. The projects submitted to the competition allow solving the problems of the elderly, disabled children, orphans, families in difficult life situations, preventing drug addiction and AIDS, etc.

Involving non-governmental organizations and the business community in the field of social protection gives certain results: over 5 years - 700 projects and more than 150 million investments.

All modern innovative technologies in the field of social services are strictly differentiated, at the same time they are universal in nature, available for implementation in any type of institution and any region of the republic with any set of resources, and have a strictly defined focus on the final result.

Together with the Council of Europe, a project is being implemented on the basis of the Izgelek Rehabilitation Center for Disabled People in Naberezhnye Chelny "Model rehabilitation center" in which advanced European and Russian methods of rehabilitation of disabled people with musculoskeletal disorders will be adapted and tested . Within the framework of the project, in cooperation with social services and representatives of the business community, measures are being taken to comprehensively rehabilitate and train young disabled people in in-demand specialties with subsequent employment in city enterprises and business structures.

Rehabilitation centers use Newest technologies social rehabilitation“Montesori”, “Leongardt”, occupational therapy, art therapy, which give a good effect in the social adaptation of both adults and children. Criteria for the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures have been developed within the framework of international standards of the ADL system (aspect of activity in daily life) on a scale of functional independence.

Two technologiesin the field of rehabilitation of disabled people – “ Kinesiotherapy" and "Conductive therapy", developed on the basis of our institutions together with Kazan State Medical University, approved and recommended for implementation Federal Service for Supervision of Healthcare and Social Development in all regions of the Russian Federation.

Deserves special attention interdepartmental early intervention technologies aimed at preventing families from abandoning children with disabilities, carrying out comprehensive family rehabilitation.

Early intervention is social and psychological support for family members where a child with severe disabilities lives; where the parents are minors and do not have the skills of “mature parenting”, and therefore there is a high risk of leaving the child outside the blood family and sending him to social institutions; families where there is a risk of having a child with a disabling disease; as well as asocial families where there are cases of child neglect, family dysfunction and other reasons that have led the family to a difficult life situation.

One of the options for solving this issue is a pilot project “Deinstitutionalization of orphans with disabilities”, implemented jointly with healthcare institutions, education, and the international charitable network “Firefly” (USA), within the framework of which it is necessary to create a model for the rehabilitation of disabled children, from birth to adulthood, including the child’s family environment in the socialization process.

In 2006, a cooperation agreement was signed with the State Institute of Family and Education of the Russian Academy of Education (Moscow) on the opening of the Republican Center for Social and Psychological Assistance to the Population “Zerkalo” on the basis of the Republican Center for Social and Psychological Assistance to the Population Research laboratory for studying the problems of the modern family. In the course of joint experimental work, it is planned to develop differentiated forms of work with families, depending on the level and specificity of their problems.

At the federal level, the Turgai social shelter for children and adolescents in the Sabinsky district received the status of a supporting experimental institution in the field of social and labor rehabilitation of residents of rural shelters until 2009 with the innovative program “Formation of entrepreneurial thinking skills in residents of rural social shelters.” He became the winner among 140 Russian social institutions participating in a competition organized by the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation (previously, the “Warm House” social shelter for children and adolescents in the Drozhzhanovsky district had this status).

The industry has positive experience in implementing innovative forms of work to provide psychological assistance and support.

Thus, the technology “Local psychological and social assistance” in combination with social patronage, consisting of a team of psychologists, social workers, legal advisers, doctors and other specialists, is an analogue of emergency medical care. The technology makes it possible to quickly diagnose a client at home, provide individual consultations, provide rehabilitation and preventive assistance, and organize psycho-health activities for all family members in a short period of time.

New technologies such as:

“Socio-psychological medical examination of persons in difficult life situations” - focused on monitoring the socio-psychological status of the “at-risk” population and their social adaptation (young disabled people, people of pre-retirement and retirement age);

“Social and labor case” involves the creation of a new strategy for the barrier-free inclusion of persons without a fixed place of residence in a competitive market environment. The purpose of this technology is the adaptation and integration of marginalized groups of the population from among minor residents of shelters, labor migrants and former military personnel, former prisoners - persons without a fixed place of residence. It will help level out the dependency complex and infantilism of thinking in this category by teaching them the skills of entrepreneurial thinking and eliminating primary and secondary economic illiteracy.

Through the system distance learning, electronic libraries and a social and labor case (a set of methods for self-education in the field of economics, financial and tax reporting, electronic reference books on the Labor Code, etc.), they will be able not only to improve their economic literacy, but also to receive a document certifying their qualifications in this field sphere, and therefore increase social status.

In the field of providing social support and social assistance to the population an innovative program was introduced based on the use of information technologies in the system of targeted social protection of the population. The essence of which is the creation, maintenance and use of database of all households of the republic for all types of accruals, accounting and monitoring of social support measures.

The work began in 1998 with the formation of a base of recipients of social support measures in accordance with the Republican program of targeted social protection of the population. Currently, the data bank includes all households of the republic with information about their beneficiaries, recipients of low-income subsidies and subsidies.

The creation of a complete data bank of the population in the housing and communal services and social protection authorities, data banks from service providers (energy, gas companies) made it possible to quickly and fully move on to the monetization of benefits - both for their intended purpose and the payment of monthly cash payments, as well as subsidies for payment of housing and communal services in cash.

The uniqueness of the automated system of targeted social protection (ASP) of the population lies in the implementation of interaction with many ministries and departments, service providers at the level of application of modern information technologies.

Today, the social protection authorities of the republic use information technology to assign and pay social support measures according to the “one window” principle.

In the field of additional professional education of industry personnel developed and operational system of continuous education. Training of industry workers is carried out at various levels: pre-professional, retraining, advanced training of current industry specialists.

Pre-professional training is carried out jointly with the Kazan State Medical University and consists of organizing professional classes in the specialty “Social work” on the basis of two secondary schools in Kazan. For specialized classes, a special curriculum is developed and practical classes are organized.

The educational process uses a modular principle and a training form of presenting material, video material and multimedia. The modular training system is designed to ensure the complexity of professional training. Its implementation makes it possible to use a credit system when assessing the volume of labor costs in individual disciplines in the process of professional training of workers.

In addition, the industry has Retraining program for personnel with higher non-core education in the form of distance learning.

Training industry workers using this scheme is one of the advanced technologies of the open education system.

Distance learning allows you to provide educational services to industry workers High Quality at a time convenient for them without the need for them to travel for training.

Using modern science-based techniques, technology industry specialists solve social problems in short time with a minimum of costs and resources. At the same time, it should be noted that many serious social problems require certain financial (at Scientific research), material and technical (to equip institutions with modern high-tech equipment) and human resources (retraining of specialists).

___________________

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SOCIAL WORK

1 The concept of innovative technologies

CHAPTER 2. PRACTICE OF IMPLEMENTING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOCIAL SERVICES FOR ELDERLY CITIZENS

1 Innovations in social work with older people

2 Experience in using innovative technologies in social work with older people in Moscow 2010-11.

CHAPTER 3. MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOCIAL WORK WITH ELDERLY PEOPLE

1 Objective needs for the development of innovative technologies for social work with older people

2 Forecast of promising areas for the development of technologies for social work with older people

CONCLUSION

LIST OF SOURCES USED

INTRODUCTION

Relevance of the research topic. The transition of the Russian economy to market conditions of development has put the social sphere in a crisis situation. On the one hand, the problem is the insufficient development of the theoretical basis for the new economic conditions for this sphere, on the other hand, financing the social sphere on a residual basis under the new economic system has become unjustified, based on the growth of real needs. At the same time, social services are in demand by all citizens. Reducing the production costs of consumer goods, improving the quality and availability of social services lie in the change of technologies caused by scientific and technological progress, carried out through innovation. The course taken by the country towards innovative development of the Russian economy puts forward new tasks for the sectors of the country's social sphere. At the same time, we have two most important factors of economic growth - innovation and human capital, interrelated aspects of one strategic course.

An important task of public policy is to maintain a balance of “supply and demand” in the expanding market of goods and services. An imbalance leads to disruptions in the country's economy: inflation, devaluation, stagnation, unemployment, poverty, etc. Studying the economies of developed countries allows us to adjust Russia's social policy taking into account positive and negative trends. Thus, one of the negative foreign trends is the incorrect targeting of services provided, while a positive one is the report on the expenditure of social benefits. By incorrect targeting, the author understands the specification of the recipient of socially significant goods and services without taking into account the contribution to the national heritage of the country, the frequency of receiving government subsidies, benefits and social services. Negative, according to the author, is also the unaddressed provision of services and the provision of goods in the social sphere. Opening access to socially significant goods and services for non-residents of the country requires an increase in the social sector budget by the unplanned population size, which leads to a decrease in the quality and quantity of these goods and services for residents of the country.

The formation of a post-industrial society puts forward the task of transferring public administration to a qualitatively new level.

The constant increase in the proportion of elderly people in the entire population is becoming an influential socio-demographic trend in almost all developed countries. This process is due to two reasons. Firstly, advances in healthcare, control of a number of dangerous diseases, and increases in the level and quality of life lead to an increase in the average life expectancy of people. On the other hand, the process of a steady decline in the birth rate, below the level of simple generation replacement, a decrease in the number of children born to one woman during her entire reproductive period, leads to the fact that the level of natural mortality in our country has exceeded the birth rate. Each generation is replaced by the next generation of smaller numbers; The proportion of children and adolescents in society is steadily declining, which causes a corresponding increase in the proportion of older people.

At all times social development and dynamism social processes gave rise to differences in the values ​​and assessments of representatives of different generations. This should be seen as a natural process of changing people’s living conditions and the accompanying natural process of changing value systems. However, over the past fifteen years, Russia has gone through so many reforms that a generation gap seems inevitable. But the apparent confrontation between generations is due to the gap in the socialization process in both generations, since the dynamics of social processes turn out to be significantly higher than the speed of social-adaptive activity.

The purpose of the study is to develop theoretical aspects and practical recommendations for the formation of economic conditions for the innovative provision of social services in the Russian Federation for elderly citizens.

The following tasks were set during the study:

Determine the conditions for the innovative development of a complex of sectors of the social sphere based on ensuring a balance of supply and demand for social benefits and services;

2. analyze the structure of social services in developed countries and Russia, justify innovative approaches to providing social services to older citizens in the country based on the use of information and communication technologies;

Justify the method of personalized accounting of the population in need of specific types of social benefits and services.

The object of the study is a complex of sectors of the social sphere in Russia, including education, healthcare, social insurance and welfare.

The subject of the study is organizational, economic, managerial and financial relations that determine the innovative provision of a range of services in the social sphere of Russia.

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SOCIAL WORK

.1 Concept of innovative technologies

In accordance with international standards, innovation is defined as “the final result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced into the market, a new or improved technological process used in practical activities, or a new approach to social services.”

The term “innovation” was coined at the beginning of this century by Joseph Schumpeter, an American economist known for his work in the history of economic doctrines. He viewed innovation as an intermediary between an invention and its implementation in the economy.

The search for alternative ways to renew Russia and overcome the global economic crisis is associated by most experts with the widespread use of innovations in all spheres of life. Today, the main conditions for stabilizing the country's economy are accelerating the pace of social progress, including innovative resources for regulating the social sphere, including means of social work. The social sphere is the area of ​​life support for society, in which the state's social policy is implemented, aimed at meeting the urgent needs of the population.

As the experience of the most advanced countries shows, innovations in the social sphere may concern:

· employment, income, quality of life of the population;

· health care, motherhood and childhood, life-saving of people;

· all types and forms of education;

· culture and leisure;

· social protection;

· ensuring the rights of citizens to housing;

· public safety;

· security environment;

· postal services and other communication channels;

· work with refugees and internally displaced persons;

· public guardianship for children, old people, disabled people and low-income citizens.

New approaches to social policy are formed on the basis of innovative social doctrines that reflect the ideology of a market economy.

Despite the fact that the ideas of economic and social development based on innovation have become relevant recently, the theory of innovation has historical roots and a significant theoretical base. A feature of this theory is the variety of interpretations of the basic concepts and definitions used in it. Various approaches to the study of the phenomenon of innovation allow us to consider it comprehensively and define its conceptual apparatus.

The study of the theory of innovation must begin with a consideration of the basic concepts: “innovation”, “innovation”, “innovation”, “innovation process”, “innovation activity” and a number of others. The concepts of “novelty” and “innovation” are synonymous and are often used along with the concept of “innovation”. At the same time, some scientists note that these terms should carry different meanings and be used in different meanings.

Innovation refers to an element or combination of elements hitherto unknown in the culture or social system in question. Another variant of the semantic expression of the concept of “innovation” is the term “novation” (from Late Lat. novatio - renewal, change), which means something new that has just come into use, i.e. innovation.

The category of novelty denotes a concept that combines subjective and objective aspects of understanding and evaluating innovation and expresses the attitude of an individual or society to the result of human activity. At the same time, in relation to the creator, i.e. the creator of something new, the following types of novelty are distinguished:

· individual novelty, when the result of the activity of an individual (creator) is not new for society, but appears as such in a subjective, individual, purely psychological sense;

· local, or group, novelty, when the result of creative activity is new only for a certain group of people;

· regional novelty, when something new spreads within a particular region, country or state;

· objective, or worldwide, novelty, when the new is recognized by the entire world community.

The categories innovation and innovation are actually synonyms, derived from the concepts of “innovation”, “novation”, “novelty”. Quite often, innovation is considered as a process of change associated with the creation, recognition or implementation of new elements (or models) of material and intangible culture in a particular social system.

The category of “innovation” is a field of study in the social and humanities, which consider this phenomenon in various aspects. Thus, in economic theory, innovation is understood as the profitable use of scientific and technological achievements through the organization of the production of new use values.

From a management point of view, innovation is a powerful tool for entrepreneurial activity, a mechanism for the self-development of an enterprise. There are two types of innovations: normative (custom) and initiative (pioneer). Regulatory innovations realize existing needs; proactive innovation requires the formation of new markets.

In philosophical terms, innovation is an element of a qualitative change in a system, a transfer, and a controlled one, from one state to another (new stable elements are created in the system).

Currently, there is no generally accepted definition of innovation in the scientific literature. In the most abstract form, the definition of innovation was given by the English professor V.R. Spence. “innovation is something completely new in a specific situation that can be used when we become aware of it.”

In various scientific publications one can find many definitions of the concept “innovation”, which is due to the multidimensional perspective of its consideration. A brief overview of some definitions of this term is presented in Table. 1.1.

Table 1.1

Different approaches to defining the concept of “innovation”

Definition	Source
“Innovations are those visible means by which scientific discoveries are transformed into social or economic changes.”	Terpetsky N. Management innovations: characteristics, planning, implementation. - Vilnius, 1985. - P. 1.
“... Innovation (innovation) is more of an economic or social concept than a technical one... Thus, it turns out that the goal of an innovative solution is to increase the return on invested resources. In the refraction of modern economic thought, innovation is defined as a phenomenon lying in the sphere of demand, not supply, that is, it changes the value and utility extracted by the consumer from resources.”	Drucker P. Market: how to become a leader. Practice and principles. - M., 1992. - P. 46.
“The term innovation in organizations is understood as any purposeful, positive and progressive change in the material and intangible elements (parameters) of the organization, i.e. any change that contributes to the development, growth and increase in the efficiency of the organization”	Perlaki I. Innovations in organizations. - M., 1980. - P. 12.
“...Innovation is the generation, adoption and implementation of new ideas, processes, products and services”	Thompson V. Management innovations in the USA: problems of implementation. - M., 1986. - P. 27.
“Innovation is a purposeful change that introduces new relatively stable elements into the implementation environment (organization, settlement, society, etc.). ...Innovation is a process, that is, the transition of a certain system from one state to another”	Prigozhin A.I. Innovation: incentives and barriers. - M., 1989. - P. 29.
“Innovation”, “innovation”... is a process during which a scientific idea is brought to the stage of practical use and begins to produce an economic effect. Innovation (innovation) means the process of creating and implementing innovations.”
“Innovation (innovation) implies the development of a new product line. based on specially developed original technology that is capable of bringing to market a product that satisfies needs that are not met by the existing supply"	Valdaytsev S.V. Business assessment and innovation. - M., 1997. - P. 163.
“Innovation (innovation) usually means an object introduced into production as a result of scientific research or a discovery made, qualitatively different from its previous analogue. Innovation is characterized by a higher technological level and new consumer qualities of a product or service compared to the previous product. The concept of “innovation” applies to all innovations both in production and in organizational, financial, research, educational and other areas, to any improvements that provide cost savings or even create conditions for such savings. The innovation process covers the cycle from the emergence of an idea to its practical implementation.”	Utkin E.A., Morozova G.I., Morozova N.I. Innovative management. - M., 1996. - P. 4.
“Innovation is an innovation, an innovation applied in the field of production technology or management of any economic unit, it is an idea brought to practical application”	General management course in tables and graphs: textbook for universities / ed. prof. B.V. Prykina. - M., 1998. - P. 250.
“Innovation is any purposeful, positive change in the material and intangible elements of an organization, i.e. a change that contributes to the development and improvement of the efficiency of a given organization”	Santo B. Innovation as a means of economic development: trans. from English - M., 1990. - P. 100.
“Innovation is the creation, dissemination and application of a new means (innovation) that satisfies the needs of man and society, at the same time causing social and other changes”	Social technologies. Dictionary. - M.; Belgorod, 1995. - P. 44.
“Innovation is the total product of qualitative changes created during the implementation of an innovation (idea) and the ability to become part or the whole of a managed development process”	Puzikov A.E. Social innovations and social work / Domestic Journal of Social Work. - 2003. - No. 2. - P. 17.

Despite its abstractness, this definition includes three important points:

1. Innovation is a new phenomenon for people who have something to do with this phenomenon;

2. Innovation is a new phenomenon that we have realized;

Innovation is a new phenomenon that can be used.

Thus, innovations are improvements that provide cost savings, create conditions for increasing profits or reducing prices, and creating additional consumer demand.

Classification of innovations:

All types of innovation can be divided into the following three groups:

Product innovations:

in the product;

in services.

Social Innovation:

in markets and consumer behavior;

in the behavior of employees;

in the development of employees' personalities.

Managerial innovations:

in control technology;

in the organization of production;

in organizational management structures;

in functions and methods of management;

in control engineering.

The study of the content of innovation processes and the characteristics of venture activities allows us to come to the conclusion about the need to form special organizational and economic mechanisms to support small venture, innovative and technology-oriented firms. A situation has arisen in which an increase in funds allocated for scientific and technological activities does not lead to an adequate increase in economic potential and business efficiency. The problem can be solved by creating an infrastructure that supports innovation processes, venture activities and creates favorable conditions for the development of small forms in the scientific and technical field.

The use of the new concept of “innovation infrastructure” is due to a number of reasons. Firstly, only relatively recently has technological development reached a level at which it has become possible to really effectively form an innovation infrastructure. Secondly, an economic need arose for technology transfer, commercialization of the results of scientific and technical developments, and the creation of other mechanisms for bringing high technologies and scientific and technical products to specific consumers. Thirdly, the level of previously made theoretical developments made it possible to propose new methodological approaches to solving the problems.

Innovation infrastructure plays a special role in distributing risk between participants in the innovation process.

In order to reduce risk, it is advisable to use risk analysis methods in relation not to individual projects, but to their totality, formed according to certain criteria, i.e., a portfolio of projects. Assessing a project portfolio helps reduce uncertainty. Such an assessment allows us to reduce not only technical uncertainty, but also commercial uncertainty. High-tech projects with significant expenditures on research and development are subject to special assessment. This forces us to especially carefully look for ways to reduce development costs and production and commercialization costs, as well as carefully justify the minimum possible volumes of high-tech products.

As we move through the phases of the innovation cycle and refine the data obtained, it is necessary to again evaluate projects, their provision with available resources, and make decisions on stopping the development of individual projects and adjusting them in accordance with market requirements. Thus, in the process of assessing projects as they move through the phases of the innovation cycle, it is possible to reduce the degree of technical and commercial risk when assessing at “control points”, clarifying information and changes occurring in the market as a whole and especially in the segment at which the project is focused.

In the conditions of a transformational society, innovation infrastructure should facilitate the entry of science into the market environment and the development of entrepreneurship in the scientific and technical sphere, therefore its formation is largely determined by the state of the market infrastructure. In general, innovation infrastructure is an organizational, material, financial, credit, and information base for creating conditions conducive to the effective accumulation and distribution of funds and the provision of services for the development of innovative activities, technology transfer, and the commercialization of scientific and technical products in conditions of increased risk.

The tasks of the innovation infrastructure include:

selection of projects based on an objective examination system;

creating favorable starting conditions for the development of small innovative technology-oriented firms;

support for venture projects;

system of participation in the development of promising scientific and technical areas;

support for mechanisms of interaction with large centers (including the franchise system type).

formation of a material and technical base for the creation and development of small innovative firms, including leasing of high-tech equipment;

accumulation of financial resources, creation of innovation, investment, venture funds, innovation banks, etc.;

creation of information networks that ensure the development of small firms and the ability to connect them to international networks;

obtaining highly qualified consulting, engineering, auditing, advertising, expert services in order to create competitive high-tech products, high technologies and promote them to the market, including the global one;

development of insurance for innovative projects, state insurance of foreign investments invested in the development of innovative activities;

assistance in obtaining information about foreign partners, concluding contracts, including international ones, submitting applications to international funds and organizations, participating in international programs;

assistance in carrying out conversion;

Entrepreneurship training in science and technology.

Based on these provisions, an innovation infrastructure is being formed, consisting of the following interconnected elements:

1. Organizational structures (administration of small innovative business or committee on science and technology, unions and associations of entrepreneurs, etc.) providing support for small scientific and innovative firms. Their main functions are to develop and implement programs for the support and development of innovative activities, relevant legislative acts, and determine its place in the overall development strategy; substantiation of the need for material and financial resources, government funds necessary to implement the assigned tasks; creating a mechanism for interaction between small innovative firms and large organizations, participation in republican programs, indirect impact on innovation processes (preferential taxation, financing, lending, creation of special funds, etc.).

2. Financial and credit institutions that ensure the accumulation of resources and their distribution among subjects of innovative activity, as well as financial support for promising projects (creation of innovation, investment, venture funds, banks, etc.).

3. Insurance companies, firms that reduce losses from risky operations, as well as attract investment in the scientific and technical sphere.

4. Information networks that make it possible to determine promising directions for the development of innovative activities, technology transfer, and commercialization of the results of scientific and technical developments.

5. Service system for innovative companies providing project examination, consulting, engineering, auditing, controlling, advertising and other services.

6. Various forms of entrepreneurship education in the scientific and technical field (educational institutions, special training courses, faculties, seminars, symposiums, etc.).

The fundamental transformations taking place in Russia today affect all areas of activity. The problem of effectively using the achievements of science and technology does not disappear during the implementation of market reform. For many Russian enterprises, faced with the issue of competition and survival in market conditions, it is innovative activity and its results that are the main condition for success and efficiency. Therefore, participants in market relations, first of all, those involved in production, in order to ensure their current and future competitiveness, are obliged to independently and purposefully formulate and implement scientific and technical policy.

Innovation is the result of the innovation process. The innovation process is not just the introduction of something new, but such changes in the goals, conditions, content, means, methods, forms of organization of production and management processes that:

· have novelty;

· have the potential to increase the efficiency of these processes as a whole or some of their parts;

· are able to provide a long-term beneficial effect that justifies the expenditure of effort and money on introducing an innovation;

· coordinated with other ongoing innovations. The quality of implemented innovations significantly depends on how the innovation process is organized.

The innovation process, as a first approximation, is considered as a process of transforming inputs (resources, information, etc.) into outputs (new products, new technologies, etc.). This approach is based on the assumption that the process of innovation associated with creative activity is initially irrational and unorganized.

A generally accepted model of the innovation process is the Kline-Rosenberg chain-link model.

The chain model divides the innovation process into five stages. At the first stage, a need in a potential market is identified. The second stage begins with the invention and/or analytical design of a new process or product that is planned to satisfy the identified need. The third stage involves detailed design and testing, or the actual development of the innovation. In the fourth stage, the emerging project is redesigned and eventually enters full-scale production. The final fifth stage introduces the innovation to the market, initiating marketing and distribution activities.

The integrated model of the innovation process, which appeared in the practice of companies in the second half of the 80s, marked the transition from viewing innovation as a predominantly sequential process to understanding innovation as a parallel process, simultaneously including elements of research and development, prototype development, production, etc.

The most important features of this model were the integration of R&D with production (for example, connected computer-aided design and flexible manufacturing systems), closer cooperation with suppliers and advanced buyers, horizontal cooperation (creation of joint ventures, strategic alliances), as well as the creation of cross-functional working groups that bring together technologists, designers, marketers, economists, etc.

In Cooper's model, the innovation process is divided into a predefined series of stages, each of which includes a set of specific actions. It is important to note that the stages in this model are “cross-functional” (for example, there is no marketing or research and development stage). At the same time, each phase consists of a set of parallel activities carried out by people from different functional areas of the company, working together as a team and having their own leader.

In general, Cooper's model contains elements of innovation process management. Its disadvantages include the impossibility of returning projects to earlier stages.

Over the past 50 years, the innovation process has evolved significantly and today has a complex, multidimensional nature.

The sources of innovation at this stage can be scientific research (discovering new knowledge), market needs, existing knowledge (external to the company), knowledge gained in the process of learning from personal experience, etc. Some companies are now themselves creating demand (future needs) for their future products. The relative role of different sources of innovation differs significantly for different companies and industries, and also depends on the stages of their life cycles.

The modern innovation process has a complex, multidimensional nature. The application of one or another model of the innovation process largely depends on the system of macro- and microeconomic conditions for the business activity of specific economic agents - participants in the modern innovation process.

Currently, the project management method, the so-called Project Management, is used to make innovative decisions.

The basic principles of this method are shown in the diagram (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1 Scheme of the project management method “Project Management”

The essence of the method is to present any target change in the current system as a project - a long-term investment in real assets, the implementation of which involves the expenditure of time and money. The process of making these changes, carried out according to certain rules within a set budget and time constraints, is project management.

In Russia, this method was slightly modified and supplemented taking into account the Russian economy. In our country, it is called the program-target method of managing innovative programs.

An important feature of this type of management is the complexity of the approach to implementing the task and attracting highly qualified specialists. In this case, it should be noted the central control link. This approach allows you to get the maximum result and take into account all possible risks, as well as minimize losses.

1.2 Content of innovative technologies in social work

The technology of social work is an algorithm of activity, as a result of which a certain socially significant goal is achieved and the object of influence is transformed. Social technology is a procedural activity, characterized by a change in content, forms, and methods, which are repeated cyclically when solving each new problem in social work. The content of such a cycle (from the emergence of a problem to its solution) is a technological process, the essential characteristic of which is a stable, repeating, time-consistent change in the content of activity with a single plan. A program for solving problems that precisely prescribe how and in what sequence of operations to obtain a certain result is the basis of the technological process, its algorithm. The essential components of the technological process are operations and tools. Operations are understood as the simplest actions aimed at achieving a specific goal that cannot be broken down into simpler ones. The set of operations constitutes the procedure of the technological process. The means used to achieve the goal of influencing an individual or social community are the essence of the technological process tools. The sequence of procedures and operations prescribed by the algorithm reflects the structure and content of the technological process. In general, four stages can be distinguished in the technological process: formulation of the impact goal; development and selection of methods of influence; organization of impact; assessment and analysis of impact results.

The concept of “social technologies” as technologies in general has at least two meanings. Firstly, social technologies are, first of all, a process of targeted influence on a social object, determined by the necessity and need to obtain a given result, and in this regard, the technological effectiveness of the influence is directed by such concepts as phasing, procedurality, and operationality. On the other hand, social technologies are a specific theory, a science that studies the processes of targeted influence on social objects, developing effective ways and methods of such influence. It does not matter what is meant by a social object. It can be a social relationship, social interaction, social group, social institution, social organization, the nature of the impact, its manufacturability is determined by the system of directed impact operations, which is based on social and sociological knowledge of the object.

The concept of “social technologies” is most often interpreted as a set of techniques, methods and influences on a social object, used by social services, individual social service institutions and social workers to achieve their goals in the process of carrying out social work, solving various kinds of social problems, ensuring the effectiveness of the implementation of tasks social protection of the population.

The technological task of social work is to identify a social problem, the nature of which determines the definition of the content, tools, forms and methods of social work with this category of clients.

A social problem is understood as a complex cognitive task, the solution of which leads to significant theoretical or practical results.

The full cycle of the technological process includes the following stages and operations:

Preliminary stage. Operations of identifying, assessing and ranking problems; operations to clarify the totality of factors that caused the problem; operations to clarify the criteria for the effectiveness and efficiency of social services in solving a specific social problem.

2. Goal setting stage. The primary formulation of the target setting for the activities of specialists and organizers of social work, which expresses their plans and intentions.

Information processing stage. Collection and systematization of information, its analysis and generalization, conclusions arising from the results of analytical work are the substantive basis for clarifying goals and objectives, for developing a program of action, determining the content, organizational forms and methods of social work.

Stage of procedural and organizational work. Implementation of the impact measures planned by the program, comparison and comparison of performance results with the criteria for the success of social work.

Control and analytical stage. Analysis of the results of specialists’ activities; identifying factors that contributed to the positive resolution of social problems; identifying the reasons that prevented the successful solution of the assigned tasks, and identifying ways to eliminate these reasons in further practice.

Social work technologies can also be considered as a system of optimal ways to transform, regulate social relations and processes in the life of people, focused on social services, assistance and support for citizens in difficult life situations. Activities aimed at achieving these goals involve the implementation of various social changes related to both the consciousness of the subject and the environment of his life.

Today, world experience shows that with the help of social technologies it is possible to promptly resolve social conflicts, relieve social tension, prevent disasters, block risky situations, make and implement optimal management decisions, etc.

Social technologies are based on real experience of social work, principles and theoretical and methodological patterns discovered by social sciences - sociology, social work theory, management theory, law, social pedagogy, etc.

The practice of social work, first of all, is a joint activity of subjects and objects of social work to achieve human social well-being.

Innovative social technologies are methods and techniques of innovation aimed at creating and materializing innovations in society, implementing innovations that lead to qualitative changes in various spheres of social life, and to the rational use of material and other resources in society.

An example of innovative technologies is innovative social technologies for vocational training of the unemployed as a system for organizing their vocational training, the basis of which is the active use of scientific achievements in order to obtain a new quality of knowledge of students, its means and characteristics. In contrast to innovative, routine social technologies are characterized by methods of influencing social processes that are based on past experience, are characterized by low knowledge intensity, and do not motivate the social object, the social system, to change.

The research and development of innovative methods is carried out by innovation, and a significant place among the problems that have become the subject and object of its research is occupied by a relatively independent field of knowledge - social innovation. These are new means of regulating and developing social processes capable of meeting the complexity of the social situation, aimed at meeting the needs of man and society in conditions of high uncertainty of circumstances. Innovative social technologies today are determined by the main means of overcoming the crisis, because social support and social assistance are not only becoming widespread, but also becoming an objective necessity and priority areas of the state’s social policy.

Social work, like technically oriented engineering that is familiar to society, must necessarily include the implementation of socially innovative, creating (constructing) and improving the “mechanism” for solving social problems.

In this case, innovation is the process of creating, disseminating and using a new social technology, a practical means to meet the current needs of society as a whole and its individual representatives. Innovations in social work can be typologized according to such basic criteria as the chosen object of influence and the work methods used. Social innovation is a consciously organized innovation or a new phenomenon in the practice of social work, formed at a certain stage of the development of society in accordance with changing social conditions and with the goal of effective positive formations in the social sphere. At the same time, social innovation acts as an important factor in the economic, social and cultural progress of all modern societies, all peoples of the world; as a means of satisfying social needs; serve to improve the organization of social work; contribute to increasing the efficiency and quality of social work, increasing the status of the profession in society, and the level of its morality.

Thus, taking into account the needs of society and the directions of state policy in the social sphere (development and implementation of innovative social technologies), innovative activity is currently an integral component of the activity of a social work specialist.

The innovative activity of a social work specialist is understood as the activity of a subject in creating, developing, mastering social technologies and social programs, introducing them into the practice of social work with various categories of clients, which leads to solving their social problems and improving their social functioning. The result of the innovative activity of a social work specialist is an innovative product in the form of an innovative social technology or program. The innovative functions of a social worker should be manifested in a creative approach to social activities, in the search for new, better technologies for social services, in the generalization and implementation of best practices, in the ability to use the strengths and weaknesses of the activity. social organization. The stages of innovation activity of a social work specialist are shown schematically in the figure:

Rice. 1. Stages of innovative activity of a social work specialist

Innovative social technologies are determined as the main means of overcoming a crisis for the following reasons:

The lack of innovative social technologies for modernizing social relations inevitably leads to social disasters.

2. social support, social assistance is becoming not only widespread, but also becoming an objective necessity. In this regard, there was a need to standardize and unify social services, individual methods, forms, techniques and methods of social action.

The development of theoretical foundations and practical mechanisms of social and state regulation, new means and methods for solving social problems in conditions of alienation and disintegration of people become priority directions of social policy of any state. Like any social activities, social technologies are diverse in terms of target functions, nature of activity, specific implementation and result. As a rule, any social technology is a response to some pressing need.

Any social work technology cannot be implemented without taking into account the characteristics of both objects and subjects of activity, their condition, resources and motives. So, to solve the problems of social protection of older people, certain objective and subjective conditions and prerequisites are necessary, which determines the difference in the technology of social work with them. In one case, for example, family psychotherapy is used, in another a visit to specialized centers, in a third financial assistance is provided.

Particularly important and valuable is the differentiation of social technologies according to the main tasks, problems of social protection, differing in the ways of providing assistance to those in need. Essentially, the entire practice of social assistance is differentiated according to special models of social work, providing for various ways of providing assistance to those in need.

Management specialists distinguish technologies for searching for management strategies, personal management, social modeling and forecasting. We can distinguish information and implementation technologies, training, innovative technologies, technologies of past experience.

Information social technologies represent the optimization of the information process, its reproduction and functioning. Intellectual social technologies are aimed at developing and stimulating people’s mental activity and developing their creative abilities. Historical technologies involve understanding historical experience according to the laws of social technologization, i.e. technologization of historical knowledge as a condition for political, economic, spiritual and social diagnosis (experience of reforms). Demographic technologies study and develop methods for the mechanism of population reproduction, changes in its numbers, composition and distribution, etc. In the structure of management technologies, administrative and management technologies occupy a special place as methods of immediate (direct) operational impact to the managed object. It is clear that the latter type of technology (like many others) is closely related to the implementation of social work tasks. This kind of technology can also include psychological technologies as ways of influencing psychological processes, properties, phenomena, relationships, attitudes, character, reactions, personal will, interpersonal relationships.

The intensity of changes in modern society determines the innovative nature of interactions in the social work system. Modern society, being an independent source of innovation, is in dire need of applying innovation in theory, technology and practice. The role of innovative processes in social work especially increases in a crisis state of society.

Innovation is a purposeful change that introduces relatively stable elements - innovations - into the implementation environment. With the help of innovation processes, which consist in the recognition of an innovative idea and its subsequent implementation in the form of technology in practical activities, it is possible to achieve positive social changes in the development of society and the individual.

Since the process of development of social work in Russia is innovative both in form and content, it is necessary to highlight the conditions that contribute to the success of innovations in this area of ​​activity and leading to increased efficiency of social policy and social protection of the population. The main ones among them are the elaboration of innovation programs, indicating the stages of activity to introduce new things; continuity of the social work process at all its stages; government efforts to support innovation; availability of resources for implementing innovation; innovative attitudes of direct participants in social interactions, etc.

At the same time, it is important that innovative processes in social work are combined with sociocultural traditions of providing assistance in Russia and do not contradict the values ​​and norms of citizens and their established relationships.

A feature of interactions in social work is also their intermediary nature. It is a consequence of the integrity, borderline nature of social work in relation to related activities, and its focus on solving the problems of specific people. On the one hand, through his actions, a social worker tries to overcome the individual’s alienation from society and ensure his effective adaptation in the environment; on the other hand, he contributes to the process of humanization of society itself through participation in social policy.

Social work involves both working with the client’s problem and with various government and non-government services, institutions, organizations, and individual professionals to solve this problem. Accordingly, this activity represents not only the interests of a person, but also society, its institutions, and the professional interests of a specialist, the differences between which must be overcome. As an intermediary between a person and the state, a social worker strives to ensure the client’s connection with the systems of society and the state that can provide him with means of exiting a difficult life situation, promotes the effective and coordinated work of these systems, and tries to attract the attention of government authorities to solving pressing social problems.

As a result of establishing and maintaining the necessary contacts with other professionals, mutual exchange of information, technologies, tools, social relationships between clients and client groups, specialists and their services, individuals and the state, etc. are optimized. At the same time, researchers emphasize that in the first place in mediation The activities of a social worker should be to protect the interests and rights of the client

Thanks to the universal, innovative and intermediary nature of interactions in social work, the synthesis of its structural and procedural principles, it becomes possible to ensure the balance and dynamism of systems that carry out social changes in the interests of people.

CHAPTER 2. PRACTICE OF IMPLEMENTING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOCIAL SERVICES FOR ELDERLY CITIZENS

.1 Innovations in social work with older people

In the last decade great importance given to the study of problems of aging and old age. This is due not only to demographic and cultural-historical changes taking place throughout the world. A significant increase in the proportion of elderly and old people in the general structure of the population affects many areas of life, affecting the areas of politics, economics, medicine, and social institutions. The aging of most countries, including Russia, raises questions and raises new problems for science and practice, stimulating their development at the level of the entire society and at the level of each individual individual.

It is known that old age as an age period of human life is characterized by a wide range of individual manifestations of social, psychological and physiological characteristics for each person.

On the one hand, this range is limited by the aging processes, which are expressed in a gradual decrease in the functional capabilities of the human body: progressive weakening of health, loss of physical strength, intellectual and emotional “withdrawal” into the inner world, into experiences associated with the assessment and comprehension of the life lived. There is a change (weakening) in all mental cognitive processes and motor activity.

On the other hand, in the case of a positive passage through the previous age stages - the achievement of wisdom and a sense of satisfaction, fullness of life, fulfilled duty, the highest level of personal integration. If the main tasks of the previous life were not realized, then this range is significantly limited by a shift in one of its sides (positive) towards increased negative phenomena: disappointment in life and a feeling of the uselessness of the years lived, even to the point of despair.

Elderly people constitute a specific socio-demographic group, the number of which is constantly growing in almost all countries, which represents a stable trend in the development of human society.

Older people are naturally included in all processes of social and interpersonal interaction in society. In the social interaction of people, including the elderly, their perception of each other is carried out on a two-way basis: the elderly person’s perception of himself, and the perception of him by other people. It is known that the basis of people’s attitude towards an elderly person is the psychological mechanisms of interpersonal perception. The operation of these mechanisms largely depends on age characteristics and those who come into contact with older people.

For example, children’s perception of an elderly man or woman is characterized, as a rule, by a positive perception by children due to their perceived and recognized advantages in life experience, social status, age difference, etc. Youthful perception is no longer so unambiguous: the limitations that his age imposes on an elderly person, on the one hand, are more realized, and, on the other hand, the increased criticality of attitudes towards other people characteristic of youth manifests itself. Despite outward manifestations of respect for the elderly, boys and girls most often internally treat older people somewhat critically. Representatives of mature age are more diverse in their attitudes towards older people: from respect and everyday care through patience and forced respect to denial of their social significance. As for the relationships between older people, they are, as a rule, more polar and unambiguous: “like it - don’t like it.” Naturally, not the entire range of relationships between representatives of different age groups and older people is presented here, but only its outline is indicated.

According to other classification grounds, the perception of older people is determined, firstly, by a person’s increased bias in assessing people of the older age group due to interest in them both from the experience of the years they have lived and from comparing oneself with them in the future. This perception clearly reveals the relationship between cognitive and emotional assessments of the elderly person, which manifest themselves in the desire to reach an unambiguous conclusion about him. Naturally, this conclusion largely depends on the characteristics of the person who perceives the elderly person.

Secondly, people’s perception of an elderly person also largely depends on the nature of his perception of himself. Self-confidence, despite all the limitations of age, continued adequate self-esteem, which corresponds to age characteristics, self-esteem, social tolerance, pride in the life lived, awareness and recognition of one’s declining capabilities - all this significantly influences the perception of an elderly person by other people. And vice versa. Consequently, within such a socio-demographic group of the population, which are older people, two subgroups can be distinguished, the specifics of which determine the nature of their perception by other people.

The first group of older people can be conditionally called “socially stable”. Despite all the social, psychological and physiological problems inherent in older people, representatives of this group do not have pronounced or stable problems of interaction with society (family, comrades and friends, the social environment in general). At the everyday level, such elderly people are sometimes called “living old people.”

The second group of elderly people can be conditionally called a “socially problematic” group, whose representatives, on the contrary, have pronounced temporary, stable or growing problems of interaction with society, which make every elderly person increasingly feel a decrease in personal and social status without any -hopes for improving their lives. Elderly people belonging to this group are sometimes called “living old people” at the everyday level.

Thirdly, the perception of older people largely depends on the so-called “functional” approach, which determines the attitude towards them as people who “can” or “cannot” perform one or another function attributed to them by the person who perceives them. Naturally, working older people, or those of them who can be useful in social work, people leading an active lifestyle, are perceived differently than those who have completely retired from all affairs and withdrawn into themselves.

And finally, fourthly, based on the “halo” effect, the perception of older people by others tends to “complete” their generalized image and transfer this image to a specific elderly person. So, often, an elderly man or elderly woman those qualities and behavioral characteristics that are characteristic of old age as a whole are “attributed” without taking into account the specifics of their individual ones, personal characteristics. Here, the leading factor determining the perception of older people is the stereotypes that have developed in public opinion regarding them.

A fairly common point of view is that traits characteristic of older people are considered a deviation from a “normal” person. It is reflected (at the everyday level) in the condescending tone of discussing the actions of an elderly person (“well, whatever you want, he’s an elderly person”); in intolerance to their actions and statements (“you don’t understand anything in this life, you are behind the times; your time is in the past”). At the official level, this point of view is consolidated by identifying the socio-demographic group “older people” as a number of special groups of the population that are especially in need of social protection, support, services, etc.

Other points of view include those that assert serious differences between older and younger generations and suggest a reduction in contacts between them. Based on the theory of “liberation, or separation,” some researchers, and, consequently, a certain part of society, propose that the older generation and younger generations separate for the sake of the common interest and psychological well-being of the elderly. According to this theory, older people are alienated from those who are younger, they are freed from their usual social roles; aging is an inevitable mutual distance and separation, leading to a decrease in interaction between an older person and his environment. The process of separation can be initiated either by the older person himself or by others and persons, for example, relatives or representatives of social services.

At the official level, this point of view is reflected in the creation of specialized nursing homes or boarding schools for older people, where they, as a rule, live in isolation from other, younger generations.

Sometimes society views older people as a special minority group in the population, having a lower socioeconomic status, subject to various forms discrimination, which is the object of prejudice from other segments of the population. This attitude of public opinion gives rise to the so-called “ageism”, which is based on negative stereotypes and generalizations in views of people depending on their age. This attitude finds its expression, for example, in the refusal to hire people of pre-retirement or retirement age; in establishing the amount of pension provision, which is below the subsistence level; in the rudeness and disregard of the staff of various government organizations for the needs and demands of the elderly, in the intolerance of others towards an elderly person on the street, in transport, etc.

However, according to the activity theory, it is advisable for an older person to remain active as long as possible, even if he has stopped working. It can be replaced by new types and forms of his social participation in the affairs of society. This point of view is reflected in public opinion in the creation of public associations of older people with various activities, as well as associations of different ages in the creation of clubs for older people, in attracting them to various veteran and (or) professional organizations, etc.

However, it cannot be denied that even when implementing the concept of productive aging, older people have an attitude that is sometimes called the “life events” attitude. It manifests itself in the concentration of attention, energy, time, and consciousness in general on those matters that are most important or accessible to older people. Considering that this age is characterized by complex diseases, life events include, for example, treatment, spontaneous formation of groups in hospitals and clinics; groups whose main activity is joint visits to doctors, discussion of diagnoses, medications, consequences of treatment, etc.

Our country entered the 21st century as a democratic state with a market economy. The priority goals of social policy have been identified, which include increasing investment in human capital, increasing the educational and cultural potential of Russian society, and structural transformations in the social sphere.

Steps are being taken aimed at preserving moral values, the bearers of which are traditionally older people, strengthening the solidarity of generations, and involving older people in political, social and cultural life.

It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the demand of the population, especially elderly citizens, for social services is stable and will increase in the future. The presence of a large number of groups of elderly people with special needs (elderly disabled people, long-livers, lonely long-term ill people, elderly people in remote rural areas, etc.) leads to a change in the structure of demand for social services. In this connection, it is necessary to increase the quantitative and qualitative indicators of social services.

The scope of protecting the rights and interests of older people includes: ensuring the implementation of federal laws “On Veterans”, “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” and other regulations (taking into account the federal budget); continuation of the formation at the federal and regional levels of the regulatory legal framework for the provision of paid social services and inpatient care to the population; assistance with social work measures to protect against manifestations of physical or psychological violence; promoting equal opportunities for older women and men to receive social services; participation of social workers in the legal education of older citizens.

In the area of ​​improving the social status of older people: improving the livelihoods of older citizens, taking into account age, health status, ability to self-care, family and property status; support for feasible employment of people of retirement age, involvement in voluntary socially significant activities; organizing work to maintain the social and cultural activity of older people; creating opportunities for the development of individual abilities and the realization of creative potential in old age; use of the latest information and computer (including network) technologies for organizing leisure time, communication, satisfying cognitive needs, professional and social activities, adaptation and rehabilitation of older people; organizing clubs for older people, intensifying efforts to create trust services for older people.

In the field of relations between generations and the position of older people in the family: intensifying efforts to solve problems of mutual understanding with younger generations, preventing the consequences of conflict situations in the family, preventing abuse of older people; development and testing of innovative technologies for family care for older people in order to extend their stay at home as long as possible; assistance to families providing assistance and care for elderly relatives; socio-psychological support for older people, especially single people, a dating program for older people for the purpose of starting a family.

In the field of organizing social services for older people: improving the quality of social services at home and in inpatient settings as a factor in improving the quality of life in old age; provision of social services to older people on the basis of the implementation of the principle of an individual approach, the use of innovative technologies; development of a network of new types of social service institutions, primarily gerontological centers, small-capacity homes, temporary residence homes, gerontopsychiatric centers, mobile social services; maximum use of the capabilities of the material and technical base of inpatient institutions in order to create conditions for the participation of residents of boarding houses in social, cultural and political life; development of a range of additional paid services in the state and non-state social service sector; concentrating efforts on providing social and medical services to older people, including on the basis of hospice-type institutions, including hospices at home; interaction with public associations, charitable organizations, families and volunteers in providing social services to older people and disabled people.

In this regard, we must not forget about the level of training of social sector specialists, which involves a constant increase in intellectual and moral potential and the formation of a personal ethical position based on a deep understanding of universal human values ​​and principles of social work. Social work professionals must continually strive to improve their professional knowledge.

Significant changes are expected in the age structure of the world's population in the coming decades. By the middle of the 21st century, the share of children (0-14 years old) in the age composition of the planet's population will decrease by 1/3 and the share of those 60 years old and older will more than double. The average age of the planet's population will exceed 72 years by 2050.

One of the elements of social policy that is actively developing in modern Russia is social work with older people. In order to learn how to provide effective and qualified assistance to old people, an individualized approach to everyone is necessary. This means that knowledge of the socio-psychological characteristics of the elderly, their needs and capabilities becomes crucial for social work specialists, the result of whose work largely depends on successful mutual understanding with old people.

When organizing social work with older people, practical activities consist of three fundamental elements:

Firstly, from selection (or selection), which implies a search for the basic, important components of an elderly person’s life activity that were lost with age. Individual needs must be brought into line with reality, which will allow the individual to experience a sense of satisfaction and control over his daily life. Secondly, from optimization, which consists in the fact that an elderly person, with the assistance of a qualified social work specialist, finds new reserve opportunities for himself, changes, and improves his life in a qualitative sense. That is, it awakens interest in life. Thirdly, from compensation, consisting of the creation of additional sources, material payments that compensate for age limitations, the use of new modern devices and technologies that improve memory, compensate for hearing loss, limited movement, etc.

In science, aging is usually considered as a process consisting of three components: 1. Biological aging - increasing vulnerability of the body and increasing likelihood of death. 2. Social aging - changes in behavior, status, roles. 3. Psychological aging - choosing a method of adaptation to the aging process, new strategies for overcoming difficulties.

The problem of personality aging has been developed much less than the problem of mental aging in general, than the aging of intellect, memory, and psychomotor reactions. The question of whether a person ages with age, like the aging of an organism, remains controversial to this day. The prevailing point of view is that a person’s personality transforms and regresses as he ages. Personal aging, like the aging of the body, occurs in different ways, depending on a number of factors, both biological and socio-psychological.

Close connections have been revealed between the lifestyle and health status of older people, between aging itself and maintaining the lifestyle. Lifestyle in old age is built on habitual, repetitive actions that create a feeling of stability. Habits are manifested in attachment to certain things and objects that represent the ability to maintain the existing way of life.

Elderly people cease to perform social functions and become themselves, acquiring self-identity. In old age, the awareness of the quality of things and their significance in one’s own life gradually comes. The value of today is firmly established in the mind of an old person.

Providing social support and enhancing a sense of competent functioning are priorities when working with older people. In addition, when working with older people, social work specialists consider it desirable and necessary following conditions:

) genuine, true respect for old age;

) positive experience of living with older people;

) ability and desire to learn something from old people;

) the belief that the last years of life can be very eventful;

) patience;

) knowledge of their psychological and social characteristics;

) the ability to resist stereotypes and myths about old people;

) healthy attitudes towards one’s own old age.

Russia is a country with a complex medical and demographic situation, a high average proportion of elderly people in the population, who form a stable demand for social services. And in the foreseeable future it will increase. This is explained by the presence of groups of older people with special needs: elderly disabled people (5.3 million people), people over 70 years old (12.5 million people), centenarians (about 18 thousand people aged 100 years and older), single people long-term ill elderly people, elderly residents of remote rural areas (about 4 million people).

A decade of reforms has brought significant achievements in the field of social services for the elderly population: the right to social services in the Russian Federation is established by law, social services are developing rapidly, there are social service institutions for the population various types, financial, material, technical, and personnel support for their activities is constantly improving, the technologies used for social services are being improved, methods for individual assessment of the need for assistance and social services are gradually being introduced, and the participation of non-state structures in these activities is expanding. Today, the task of improving the quality of social services provided comes to the fore - older people should receive not the services that social services can provide them, but necessary services that strictly correspond to their individual needs.

innovative social service for the elderly

2.2 Experience in using innovative technologies in social work with older people in Moscow 2010-11.

According to the Department of Social Protection of the Population of Moscow, there are 122 social service centers (CSSC) operating in the city. About 20 years ago, at the stage of formation, the basis of such centers were several departments: urgent social services, day care, social services at home. Over the past few years, the structure of the centers has undergone a number of significant changes. Many of them have rehabilitation departments, advisory and organizational-analytical departments, assistance to families and children, etc. More than half of all existing CSCs are essentially comprehensive centers that provide the population with wide range social services of a one-time and permanent nature. And, nevertheless, the basis of their functioning is considered to be social assistance departments at home, serving the most unprotected and vulnerable groups of the population - the elderly and disabled. Main types of social services:

Providing social and medical services (obtaining coupons to see a doctor and subsidized medications, purchasing medications that are not included in the subsidized category, searching for cheap or rare medications, assistance in conducting a medical and social examination (registration of disability), accompaniment to medical institutions).

The need for certain types of social services (purchase and delivery of food, home delivery of hot meals, assistance in cleaning the apartment, calling an electrician, plumber, caring for pets and plants, paying for utilities, assistance in moving around the city, using the service "social taxi")

The need for social and legal services (consultations on legal issues, assistance in obtaining benefits and advantages established by law, free assistance from a lawyer).

Demand for socio-psychological services (general need for consultations with a psychologist on the basis of the CSO, willingness to take part in circles and clubs of the CSO, determination of the need and nature of contacts of wards with relatives: assistance when going to the dacha, trips to relatives).

The following were investigated:

Requests regarding visits from social workers (time and frequency of visits in addition to visits related to food delivery).

General indicators of the social worker’s work (frequency of food orders, advances for the purchase of food and other goods, cases of refusal of social workers to purchase and deliver certain types of food and goods).

Overall customer satisfaction with service quality. The study was conducted using a standardized interview. To carry out data collection, a questionnaire and instructions to the interviewer were developed.

Socio-demographic data made it possible to create a so-called “profile” of the respondent, that is, an average portrait of an elderly person receiving social services at home. The majority are women (82%), which corresponds to the total demographic situation in the country. The average age of a respondent receiving home care at the center is 80 years. Slightly more than half (51.9%) belong to the group from 81 to 90 years old, 5.9% are residents of the area over 91 years old.

The socio-demographic characteristics of respondents include not only gender and age, but also membership in preferential categories. 93.6% of citizens receiving home care are disabled. More than half are participants and veterans of the Great Patriotic War, 10.6% are members of their families, blockade survivors and others.

The study also examined such characteristics as the duration of home-based services for citizens. The average duration of home-based care was 5 years, the maximum was 18 years, and the minimum was 6 months. Since more than half of them are single, it can be assumed that the help of a social worker extends their lives by several years.

In addition, single people do not have additional sources of income (financial assistance from relatives), in addition to pensions and benefits, and also do not receive moral support and need communication. Often, providing support and meeting the need for communication is one of the main services provided by a social worker.

General information about services. Among the list of regularly provided services, the most in demand is assistance aimed at maintaining the life of a pensioner or disabled person: purchase and delivery of food, medicine (92%), industrial goods (85%). Among the services provided directly at home, the first place is occupied by advice on security and fraud issues (89%), the second is assistance in cleaning the apartment (70%) and in third place is assistance in cooking (34%).

The most popular services provided outside the home are payment for housing and utilities (80.5%), assistance in preparing documents, benefits and social payments (78%), delivery and processing of correspondence, assistance in hospitalization, accompaniment to medical institutions , inpatient visits (49%). As additional services, respondents would like to receive the following social assistance: comprehensive cleaning of the apartment (69%), repair of plumbing in the kitchen and bathroom (51%), minor repairs of clothes and linen (40%), hairdressing services (64% ). The vast majority (97.2%) are completely satisfied with the quality of service. This suggests that a trusting relationship has developed between social workers and wards, which is confirmed by the fact that respondents pay the social worker for a purchase only after the fact.

The need for certain types of services. A social worker monthly helps pensioners and disabled people get a voucher to see a doctor (47%) and subsidized medications (51%). Less than once a month, a quarter of those under their care receive a voucher to see a doctor (25%), 17% receive subsidized medications.

When answering questions about obtaining a coupon to see a doctor at a clinic and about receiving preferential medications with the help of a social worker, respondents were initially offered the 3 answer options described above. However, during the course of the study, an additional group of responses was formed: 16% do not leave home and, therefore, cannot use a coupon to see a doctor, so the doctor, as a rule, comes when called at home. 27% do not receive subsidized drugs because they preferred to receive monetary compensation. 27% of respondents who refused to receive subsidized medications in favor of monetary compensation buy medications at their own expense. A doctor's prescription of subsidized medications does not cover the medication needs of pensioners and disabled people and, therefore, 62% need to look for cheap or rare medications.

% of respondents noted that they need help cleaning their apartment. This need is confirmed by the respondents’ answers to the question about the services received from a social worker, when answering which 70% noted that they already receive this service. In addition, 69% would like help with comprehensive apartment cleaning. Almost a third of respondents need the presence of a social worker when working as an electrician, plumber, etc.

5% of respondents responded that social workers currently pay for their housing and utilities. Half of respondents (54%) require assistance in obtaining a subsidy. The remaining 46% do not require assistance in applying for a subsidy, since the owner of their living space is distant relatives. Elderly people are afraid of sudden death and, while still alive, register their living space in the name of relatives.

During the research, the problem of the need for home-based social service departments and the expansion of the list and forms of provision of communicative and socio-psychological services, the time, frequency and duration of their visits by social workers aroused particular interest. About half of the respondents (45%) noted that they want to spend more time with a social worker: talk, read books, newspapers, magazines, and discuss topics that interest them. The preferred time for a meeting is the first half of the day from 9.00 to 13.00 (72% of respondents).

Some pensioners and disabled people need socio-psychological and advisory assistance. A third of respondents require recommendations and consultations from a psychologist, as well as assistance in clarifying legal issues (36%).

One of the significant difficulties for older people is moving around the city. 37% of visitors to social service centers who took part in the study needed the help of a social worker to accompany them around the city (24%) and walks (28%). Half of the respondents (52%) never use “social taxi”; the other part needs this service quite rarely (39%). Only 9% of respondents often use “social taxi”. Approximately 26% of respondents receive help from relatives when the need for movement arises; 16% do not leave home for health reasons.

Respondents from home-based departments rarely want to take part in events held at the center (5%). 95% of respondents do not participate in clubs due to health reasons and old age.

To the question: “Do you go to the dacha or to visit relatives? For what period?" answers were received that no one goes to the dacha or to visit relatives in the winter, only 6% go in the summer, 9% of respondents go occasionally.

To the question: “Do you need help from a social worker in establishing contacts with relatives and friends?” the vast majority (80%) do not require such assistance. This fact is explained by the following circumstances. Firstly, among the respondents there are predominantly single and elderly citizens living alone and people with disabilities who are unable to independently ensure normal life activities and are deprived of the care, help and support of relatives, or single citizens over 80 years of age. Center specialists resolve issues related to establishing connections between registered respondents and their relatives and friends.

Currently, the search for new approaches to ensuring high quality social services, new forms of service delivery, and organization of the activities of social service institutions does not stop. Thanks to the active policy of the social protection authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of social services for the elderly population, the basis is created for proactive actions and the use of new social technologies, including those tested in the experience of other countries, in order to accelerate the development and increase the efficiency of the activities of social service institutions. The introduction of innovation is justified if it serves to achieve specific priority goals. The innovation process contributes to the achievement of practical results on such priorities as:

Respecting the rights and ensuring a safe environment for older people;

Improving the quality of life and maintaining independence in old age through the provision of social services;

Providing effective support to families providing family care to older people;

Establishing partnerships at all levels.

The development and implementation of social projects, on the one hand, stimulates the search for new methods of work, and on the other, allows one to find additional sources of financing. Project topics should reflect the most pressing issues in social work.

The federal target program “Older Generation” is one of the effective regulators of social processes in Russian society and a powerful accelerator for the introduction of new technologies. Within the framework of the program, activities are being carried out aimed at accelerating the development and consolidating positive changes in the quality of social services for older people, as well as the introduction of new social technologies in this area, including:

Improving the legal regulation of social protection of older people as recipients of social assistance and services;

Formation of a network of stationary, non-stationary and semi-stationary social service institutions for elderly citizens and the disabled;

Increasing the quality level of social services for older people, primarily through a significant improvement in the provision of social service institutions with medical and technological equipment, equipment that facilitates the care of seriously ill people, as well as vehicles for various purposes, including special vehicles for the delivery of water, food and vehicles to provide social taxi services;

Development of a network of social service institutions and services of new types (gerontological centers, low-capacity homes, temporary residence homes (departments), mobile social services);

Improving social adaptation, expanding the socio-cultural opportunities of older people, thanks to the supply of equipment for carrying out socio-cultural work, the creation of a new type of cultural institutions - center-clubs for the elderly, mobile center-clubs, etc.;

Scientific research has been carried out on current issues of population aging and its impact on social development and the situation of older people, on scientific and methodological justification and assessment of the socio-economic efficiency of the technologies used;

In general, thanks to the activities of the “Older Generation” program, the interests of older people are clearly identified as one of the main priorities of state social policy in the Russian Federation.

In Russia, the social protection authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are actively and constantly working on the development of innovative forms of social services for elderly citizens and people with disabilities: including gerontological, gerontopsychiatric, rehabilitation centers, houses of mercy, social assistance institutions for persons without a fixed place of residence and occupation, specialized departments of social -medical care at home, social and health centers, special residential buildings for single elderly people, social apartments.

Gerontological centers are a new type of social service institutions for older citizens, where geriatric care is provided to elderly citizens and centenarians. Among the new technologies that have found practical application in social work, we can highlight the inclusion in social-preventive, educational work with elderly clients of specialized programs to curb the rate of biological aging. Their main content is assistance in self-knowledge, revealing the creative potential of the individual, as well as training in the optimal use of the body's reserve capabilities.

The social protection authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have intensified their efforts to organize rehabilitation centers and departments for young disabled people. The main goals of the creation and operation of rehabilitation centers for young disabled people are the organization and conduct of social, labor, social, medical and psychological rehabilitation; accessible vocational training, including vocational guidance, vocational training, industrial adaptation and assistance in further socialization taking into account their physical and mental abilities. The social protection authorities have been tasked with providing conditions for the social integration of young mentally retarded people with disabilities into society, including through a set of measures, including not only the creation of rehabilitation centers and departments, but also providing them with social housing, as well as guaranteed support in independent living .

An increasingly important role in providing assistance to pensioners and the disabled is played by social service centers, which include a range of services provided to older citizens, a characteristic feature of which is their versatility. The centers operate gerontological departments, psychological relief rooms, helplines, self-supporting departments of social and domestic assistance, social pharmacies, libraries, laundries, shoe and clothing repair shops, household appliances, communication clubs, banks of things, rental points for medical and rehabilitation equipment are organized. , durable items, mini-bakeries, mini-poultry farms, and subsidiary farms are being created.

Emergency social assistance teams have been created in some regions of the Russian Federation. Equipment and vehicles in public and private use are involved in this work. In many regions of the Russian Federation, such a form of service as rental points for rehabilitation equipment and basic necessities has become widespread.

Considering the need to provide targeted, prompt assistance as close as possible to citizens who live in remote localities, social protection authorities are actively developing various models of mobile social services. The feasibility of this form of social service is increasingly confirmed in practice. For many veterans and disabled people, it is extremely difficult to contact medical, law enforcement and other socially significant institutions, including those providing household and commercial services to the population. Mobile social services cost people at least half as much as the prevailing rates for transport and other services in the area. In order to develop the mechanism of this social technology, within the framework of the Federal Target Program “Older Generation”, the project “Development of an urgent social assistance service on a mobile basis” was implemented. The goal of the project is to carry out experimental work to ensure accessibility for older people and disabled people to social, social, medical and other social services by organizing an emergency social assistance service on a mobile basis, operating on a planned, operational basis and in emergency cases, for distribution positive experience in Russia.

Assessing the results of the activities of mobile social services, we can conclude that the practice of providing services to the elderly population through mobile services raises questions about the need to introduce new technologies such as a dispatch service, operational information service, and remote communication.

The search for new social technologies that increase the availability of social services to the population in modern socio-economic conditions led to the idea of ​​​​creating interdepartmental centers for solving social issues under municipal governments in the form of rural mini-centers. Their main tasks include: identification and differentiated accounting of citizens and families in need of social assistance; determining the necessary forms of assistance and the frequency of its provision; providing assistance and services to these citizens and informing the population on various issues, conducting social, health, preventive and other activities with the population at their place of residence. All mini-centers in the region operate on a voluntary basis under the leadership of the heads of rural administrations. They include representatives of education, healthcare, social protection of the population, public organizations and other departments and services.

“Food security for the elderly” - a form of social support has been developed - targeted socio-economic gardens. This is the free cultivation of land by the public, and the sale of surpluses is also undertaken by social services. Another popular form of social support is home canteens. In close cooperation with health authorities and nutritionists, the nutrition of older citizens is improved and its quality is increased.

“Pre-hospital sanitary care for persons receiving services at home.” The majority of the rural population does not have the opportunity to maintain their health through sanatorium-resort treatment. Therefore, a new social direction “sanatorium at home” was born. This form of social support is based on enhanced medication, physiotherapeutic treatment and dietary nutrition. senior citizens at home. For 18-20 days, older people are under the supervision of doctors, social workers, and cultural workers. “Social and domestic issues” - in the field of home services, emergency social and domestic assistance departments have been created, when mobile teams carry out repairs of houses, outbuildings, and stoves.

Let's look at innovations in social services for pensioners using the example of the Rostokino CSC (North-Eastern Administrative District). The CSC's scope of activity is the provision of material, household and medical assistance, legal and psychological consultations, and the organization of cultural events. About 5,000 people receive various types of services annually.

In its structure, the Rostokino CSC has 17 departments of social services, 4 departments of social and medical services at home, and a department of urgent social services. Two years ago, an organizational and methodological department was opened, which provides methodological support for all our activities.

Home-based services have received the greatest development in the Center. Today, every tenth pensioner receives social assistance at home. In total - 1165 people, including 135 disabled people and WWII participants, 860 citizens living alone.

If in the first years of the Center’s existence special attention was paid to organizational issues, today the main task is to find new approaches to working with older people, improving the quality and accessibility of social services.

An important place in the Center’s activities is occupied by the development of its own methods and programs. To strengthen the targeting of social support, the mechanism for examination and registration was revised, a commission was created to determine the degree of need, and an algorithm for assessing the need for social services was developed. Now, in addition to the Center’s employees, representatives of veterans’ organizations and healthcare institutions also take part in the examination of pensioners. This excludes relatively healthy and independent older people from being served.

The Center annually updates the data bank on various categories of pensioners: singles, those living alone, citizens who have retired again, centenarians, married couples who have been married for 50 years or more. Information about citizens in need and about the provision of various types of social assistance to them is entered into a social passport and the “Targeted Social Assistance” computer program.

The main form of studying the needs of retirees is sociological research. Last year, all pensioners were monitored using a specially developed questionnaire. Based on the monitoring results, the most popular types of social services were identified and their list was significantly expanded. In addition to the guaranteed ones, more than 40 types of additional paid services are provided: washing clothes, processing personal plots, storing fuel, etc. The most labor-intensive of them are performed by units consisting of two or three social workers.

In addressing issues of improving the quality and accessibility of social services, the Center closely cooperates with the Department of Social Protection of the Population, the Pension Fund, veterans' organizations, healthcare institutions and other organizations.

Volunteers are also involved in serving the elderly. Volunteer teams have been created from students, students and active pensioners. Lonely elderly people are provided with assistance in housekeeping, chopping wood, minor repairs, etc. Retired medical workers provide their fellow residents with pre-hospital medical care at home. 93 people participate in volunteer activities, 19 of them are elderly.

Together with the industrial school, a charity event “Social hairdressing at home” was organized. Thanks to this, over 700 people received hairdressing services at their place of residence. These are war veterans, home front workers, low-income pensioners and schoolchildren.

The system of targeted social support is developing more and more extensively. Citizens in dire need are provided with financial assistance, food packages and clothing are provided, and charity dinners are organized on holidays. Every year, charitable subscriptions to the newspapers “Veteran” and “Balashovskaya Pravda” are issued. This year, more than 140 thousand rubles of sponsorship funds have been allocated to provide social assistance and conduct various events.

The CSO sees its task not only in increasing the number of citizens who received assistance, but also in increasing the volume of this assistance. These issues are being resolved with the support of various enterprises and institutions, and deputies.

One of the areas of work of the Center's branches is creating conditions for leisure for older people. Together with houses of culture and administrations, various events are held for holidays: Defenders of the Fatherland Day, Victory Day, Elderly Day, Disabled Day and others.

The Center's employees organize visits to museums, exhibitions, and viewings of charity performances for older people.

Much attention is paid to honoring centenarians and married couples who have lived a long life together. Schoolchildren are invited to congratulate the elderly. Examples of the best family traditions and life experiences instill in them a respectful attitude towards people of the older generation.

The “Recollection” club became a new non-traditional form of work. In a relaxed atmosphere, older people reminisce about memorable and exciting events in their lives. Based on the stories of pensioners, dramatizations are staged in which the veterans themselves participate, along with schoolchildren and social workers. Such creative communication improves the emotional and physical well-being of older people.

In our work, we pay great attention to raising awareness among pensioners and disabled people. The Center operates a “Communication Telephone”. Every resident of the district who calls has the opportunity to receive free consultation on issues of social services, provision of benefits and benefits, resolution of conflict situations, family relationships, etc.

In order to increase the accessibility of social services, the operation of the “Mercy” bus has been organized since January of this year. Once or twice a month, a team consisting of a psychologist, a Center lawyer, a carpenter, a hairdresser, Pension Fund specialists, FAP workers and Central District Hospital doctors go to places where they provide the necessary assistance to those in need.

The People's University "Third Age" was opened jointly with the International Academy of Sciences, which has four faculties: history, politics and law, psychology and health, culture and home economics. University teachers, scientists, writers are involved in conducting classes, church ministers and government officials are invited. Home library services are also organized for the elderly.

The participation of retirees in social and cultural life allows them to remain active for as long as possible and feel in demand.

Social work, like any other activity, needs to evaluate its effectiveness. For this purpose, criteria and indicators have been defined that are acceptable for our activities. The main criterion is the complete satisfaction of the individual needs of an individual. The efficiency assessment model includes: social (the quality and level of social services are determined), economic (the rationality of using budgetary and extra-budgetary funds is analyzed), personnel management (the level of work organization and the psychological climate in the team is determined).

A fundamentally new direction is the introduction of project culture into the activities of the Center. In 2010, work was carried out to implement three projects.

The project “Formation of a system of gerontological care and home care” is aimed at preserving and restoring the health of older people and extending their active longevity. It is included in the “Older Generation” target program.

The project was carried out on the basis of four specialized departments of social and medical services at home together with health care institutions, with the support of the administration of the North-Eastern Administrative District.

As part of the project, a gerontologist has been added to the staff of the Center, a social-gerontological office has been opened, and a rental point for technical equipment has been opened to facilitate the care of seriously ill elderly citizens. Using a specially developed questionnaire, a sociological study of the health status of older people was conducted, and visiting teams of Center specialists and doctors were organized. This made it possible to provide diagnostic examination, constant dynamic monitoring and rehabilitation of the elderly at home. Seriously ill pensioners in need of constant help and care were provided with nurse services.

The complex of rehabilitation measures included: drug treatment, physiotherapy, massage, exercise therapy, herbal medicine, diet therapy.

A School for the Elderly has been organized to help the elderly and their relatives. Discussions were held about rational nutrition, the characteristics of aging, etc. The elderly learned self-care skills, and their relatives learned the rules of caring for the elderly.

In practice, we have managed to create a single team of specialists at different levels who provide physical, psychological and spiritual rehabilitation of the elderly at home.

Based on the results of work on the project, a scientific and practical conference “Elderly person. The quality of life".

To promote folk crafts and activate the creative abilities of pensioners, the Center has implemented the “Do-it-yourself Miracles” project. A traveling exhibition of fine and applied art by area pensioners has been created, which is exhibited at various charity events. The schools held classes in knitting, embroidery, wood carving and wicker weaving clubs. The secrets of the craftsmanship of talented pensioners were adopted by schoolchildren.

In order to assess the quality of service, in September 2010, the implementation of the project “Implementation of performance monitoring in the field of home care” began. The experiment is designed for two years. A methodology was proposed, taken from the American experience. If earlier the CSC determined the results of work based on the results of the quarter, half a year, year, and determined satisfaction in general, then according to this method, customer satisfaction with the services received is determined for one specific day and taking into account the situation in which they find themselves. As part of the project, planning of social services for every day was introduced with the participation of pensioners themselves.

A review of the performance of social services in the home was carried out in May 2011 and found that in almost all cases the services provided were as planned and 97% of clients felt that the services were provided to them very well. During the first stage of the project, recommendations were prepared on the use of the proposed technology in the further work of the Center.

Thus, the introduction of new forms and methods of work helps to improve the quality of life of pensioners and reduce social tension among this category of citizens.

CHAPTER 3. MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOCIAL WORK WITH ELDERLY PEOPLE

.1 Objective needs for the development of innovative technologies for social work with older people

New technologies are revolutionizing the structure of the economy and social sphere, creating conditions for the renewal of production and economic growth on a new technical and technological basis. Investments in technology upgrades and the production of new equipment revitalize the economy and lead to its recovery.

Innovation activity is determined by specific stages that ultimately lead to technology transfer - the process of transfer-reception:

information about the achievements of fundamental science - laws, theories, discoveries;

results of applied research - applied developments, patents, licenses;

results of design and development work - innovative projects, mock-ups, technical documentation, prototypes and prototypes, know-how;

information on consumer properties, technical and economic characteristics of innovations.

Ultimately, technology transfer leads to the production of new types of goods and services. The fundamental tool in the development of innovation activity is knowledge, and the education system is becoming the most important component of the national innovation system (NIS). When forming an NIS, as justified in the work, it should be taken into account that a highly educated worker is a prerequisite for high-tech production, that is, the creation and development of high technologies. At the same time, the level of education of society has the following aspects:

) innovative technologies require highly qualified managers and specialists;

) innovation requires a special, highly organized consumer;

) innovative products need to be improved, requiring corresponding development of the population in the ability to use the latest scientific and technical achievements;

) innovative transformations require retraining of personnel in connection with the changing structure of the economy and social sphere.

Failure to meet these conditions may cause a contradiction between highly productive innovative technologies and products and a low level of personnel education, which may lead to a social “explosion,” in particular the desire to destroy technologically advanced products (goods and services). To maintain and improve the quality of labor resources, an effectively functioning labor market, education and training system are necessary. Structural unemployment places additional demands on professional training and retraining of workers. Reduced competitiveness in the labor market, due to a low level of education and professional training, loss of qualifications due to a long break in work or pre-retirement age, displaces job seekers to the secondary labor market, generates long-term unemployment. For such social groups there is a danger of professional and social degradation. The successful implementation of structural reforms and strengthening the international competitiveness of the economy is largely determined by the active state policy in the labor market, aimed at the effective use and development of human resources.

In modern conditions and in the near future, the most important factor of economic growth, the development of which has an extensive resource both in qualitative and quantitative parameters and in time, is human capital. There is a direct relationship between the level of education of personnel and the level of GDP production, with an increase in public and personal spending on education providing more than half of the growth in GDP. Thus, human capital receives not only qualitative and quantitative certainty in the form of a higher than average ability to work. On this basis, additional income is generated, which is the property of the employee, the employer and the state. The methodology for assessing human capital is complemented by the concept of monetary assessment of national wealth. This concept evaluates human, reproducible and natural (natural) capital as elements of national wealth. Calculations by World Bank experts show that the structure of national wealth is dominated by human capital, accounting for about 1/3 of its final estimate. Moreover, in developed countries it reaches % of the total national wealth. Thus, as shown in the work, the thesis is confirmed that in the 21st century the main factor of social reproduction is not the accumulation of material resources, but an increase in the level of knowledge, experience, skills, health and other characteristics of the quality of life of the population.

Innovative technologies help to more quickly identify weaknesses in the system and search for control actions. Therefore, the technological implementation of the project presented in the work consists of transferring information in various sectors of the social sphere to electronic media, united into a single network.

Social innovations, understood as consciously organized innovations or new phenomena, formed in accordance with changing social conditions and aimed at effective positive transformations, undoubtedly take place in the social sphere of modern Russian society as a whole and, in particular, in that area that affects the interests of the elderly .

3.2 Forecast of promising directions for the development of technologies for social work with older people

The relevance of the issue of innovation in the life activities of the elderly, with the participation of, among other things, social work specialists and the elderly themselves, can be proven by the very definition of innovation activity, which is understood as activity aimed at using scientific knowledge and practical experience in order to improve social services. At the same time, considering the innovation process as a whole, it should be noted that it is somewhat difficult to understand and has a certain specificity, especially when it comes to older people. In many ways, this problem can be explained psychologically.

For example, researchers have found that an individual who does not trust his abilities initially contains within himself a denial of innovation. This statement in relation to an elderly person who very often experiences health problems due to age has significant meaning.

The fruitfulness of the decision-making process is often due to the presence of deliberate plans and strategies developed by other participants in innovation, but the final decision is determined by the individual in any case independently, depending on his creative abilities and basic needs. In this case, it becomes important for a social work specialist to “reorient” the elderly person from exclusively “contemplative” activity to creative activity.

It is extremely difficult to get an elderly person to acquire new knowledge and revise values, attitudes, and expectations, which is a necessary condition for the formation of adequate innovative perception. At the same time, in this case, most likely, we are talking about a lack of proper motivation, which means that “difficult” does not mean “impossible.”

Opponents of innovations, as experts note, are more likely to be individuals with low social status (elderly Russians have never had any other status) due to the inability to receive immediate returns from participation in the process.

Resistance to innovation is also a direct consequence of the uncertainty factor (threat to a stable position within the existing social system). A very significant indicator, especially if you consider that for an elderly person in our country, pension provision is often the only basis for existence. There are no “backup” options, which means there is no point in taking risks. In fact, as many researchers note, the desire to maintain the existing state can also serve as a source of resistance to innovation.

An additional factor of resistance to innovation is the current attitudes that determine the conservative rather than the innovative nature of behavior: quite often from people who have gone through a significant life path, you can hear: “It was better before,” “There was no such disorder,” etc.

In innovation activities in relation to the elderly, it is also important to take into account that the return on investment in innovation is considered as an opportunity for a long-term delay in the return of financial (primarily) and other material resources. The delay in return depends on the type of culture in which the innovation process occurs, and in the context of culture - on the class (social stratum), education, income level, motivation to achieve and the degree of cosmopolitanism of the individuals involved in the innovation process. The more modern a society is in terms of technological potential and other characteristics listed above, the longer it can wait for the return of resources.

Our country is clearly “uncompetitive” in this regard, this is obvious. But is it worth refusing to invest “in old age” if we are talking about the spiritual, social, economic (including), political potential, and future of the country?

At the same time, taking into account the above, it is necessary to emphasize that very old age contains not only mechanisms that help slow down innovations, but also, on the contrary, stimulate their development. This is rich life experience, and competence, and knowledge of life as such, in a word, something that young people do not and cannot have.

Confirmation of what has been said is innovative activity in the interests of the elderly on the part of the state (reform pension system), society (the appearance of the Day of the Elderly in our lives), the elderly’s own initiatives (the activities of the Russian Party of Pensioners).

From this point of view, providing socio-psychological assistance to an elderly person in the process of his adaptation to the retirement period of life seems particularly important.

Data from a theoretical and practical study of the problem of social adaptation of persons who have stopped professional activity, allowed us to formulate the main provisions that should be taken into account when developing a program of socio-psychological adaptation to retirement age.

The most favorable period for adaptation to old age is the decade before retirement. It is during this period that self-educational tendencies should be encouraged and supported in people who have passed the age of 55, getting them interested in preparing for new life situations. The most active measures for socio-psychological adaptation of people of retirement age should be carried out a year or two before immediate retirement. It should not be forgotten that people who decide to stop professional work especially need it.

The problem of adaptation of persons of retirement age should be complex: professional, labor, medical, psychological, social.

It is necessary to prepare for the cessation of work gradually - quietly reduce the load, reduce working hours, increase rest time, i.e. it is necessary to create such working conditions and loads that would correspond to the functional capabilities of the body of an elderly person. As a result, adaptation occurs naturally.

An important role is played by “retraining” an elderly person for a profession that is more appropriate for his age. Knowing that in retirement a person will find something feasible and interesting to do, he will no longer be afraid of the very fact of retirement.

One of the important tasks of comprehensive pension training is the formation of a person’s conscious attitude towards his health and the need to obtain and use appropriate gerohygienic knowledge. It is necessary to provide for the development of ideas and practical skills of an active, healthy lifestyle in the aging employee.

The main indicator of adaptation to retirement is a person’s psychological readiness to change their usual living conditions. The norm of this readiness is expressed in accepting aging as a normal phenomenon, and retirement as a well-deserved rest after many years of work. Good adaptation is based on a real understanding of one’s situation, on adapting one’s lifestyle and plans to changing conditions.

In connection with the social orientation of the problem of adaptation to retirement, questions arise such as the attitude towards an aging employee from others, colleagues, and in everyday life.

At the same time, the so-called environmental therapy, which includes not only the creation of a favorable psychological microclimate, but also the preservation of appropriate activity in older people and the prevention of painful reactions, is becoming important. Rationally organized environmental therapy helps maintain mental tone, strengthen interpersonal relationships in the family, and fill life with positive emotions and meaningful content. To implement the idea of ​​activation by the environment, it can be recommended to use amateur labor and recreational leisure.

These activities will create the prerequisites for socio-psychological adaptation, the ultimate goal of which is not only peaceful living in new conditions, but also the active life of older people.

As practice shows, the effectiveness of programs for social adaptation of people who have ceased professional activities depends to a certain extent on the ability of a social work specialist to listen to an elderly person and the ability to correct his behavior, tactfully using psychotherapy techniques. The significance and specificity of psychotherapy in this case is to alleviate symptoms, accelerate adaptation to a changing situation, improve the ability to respond, and increase the elderly person’s self-esteem of his lifestyle.

On the part of a social work specialist, maximum consideration is required of the individual characteristics of aging workers, their educational level and interests, age-related changes intelligence, memory, ability to perceive new information. It is this aspect of a person’s mental life that determines his attitude towards retirement.

CONCLUSION

Let us summarize the main results of the study

Older people should be treated like any other, sufficiently differentiated, socially age group, without focusing on diseases and the need for social and medical care. Today it is necessary to move from a medicalized assessment of old age to a sociological one.

2. Russian pensioners quickly withdraw from work and social life and have low motivation to look for work and continue an active social life.

Social and professional lack of demand, loneliness and poverty contribute to the deterioration of the social condition of older people and determine the need for social services.

The institution of social services for older people that emerged at the end of the twentieth century needs transformation, which is associated with a transition from traditional forms of assistance based on “paternalistic” strategies to more modern, rehabilitative and “activating” forms of service provision.

Forms of activation of older people can be both continued employment and intergenerational interactions, teaching, participation in self-help groups, clubs/interest groups, work in teenage clubs, which will improve their social status and restore ties with society. Currently, it is necessary to redirect older people from doctors to organizers of a healthy lifestyle to prolong the active, full life that both older people and society need.

Today, an important task of social workers and social work specialists is to introduce into their practical activities both well-proven traditional technologies and innovative technological procedures. An integral element of innovative social work technologies should be their focus on the client mastering the abilities of social self-sufficiency and social self-defense.

The Institute of Social Services in modern conditions is a complex system that combines economic, social and legal institutions designed to meet the needs of clients. Currently, there is an intensive process of integration of this institution into the existing structure of all socio-economic and political relations, a certain set of formal and informal sanctions is being formed, with the help of which social control is exercised over the corresponding types of behavior of its participants. The institution of social services for older people, which emerged at the end of the 20th century, needs transformation, which is associated with a transition from traditional forms of assistance based on “paternalistic” strategies to more modern “activating” forms of service provision, allowing to increase the social status of older people and restore their connections with society on the one hand and to better quality care in the last stages of life on the other. In addition, new forms of social services are constantly emerging and developing: rehabilitation, preventive, educational, leisure and advisory areas in working with the elderly, and the availability of various services in the last stages of life (nurses, hospice at home) is increasing.

The technological process requires constant improvement (improvement) and innovation (innovation). However, innovations cannot be targeted; all fundamental changes must be comprehensive. For this purpose, the technological task of social work with older people is, first of all, to identify a social problem, the nature of which will determine the definition of content, tools, forms and methods of social work. The development and implementation of social projects, on the one hand, stimulates the search for new methods of work, and on the other hand, allows one to find additional sources of financing.

Thus, innovative social technologies are determined by the main means of overcoming the crisis: firstly, the lack of innovative social technologies for the modernization of social relations inevitably leads to social disasters; secondly, social support becomes widespread and becomes an objective necessity, in connection with which social services, methods, forms, techniques and methods of social action are standardized and unified; and also the theoretical foundations and practical mechanisms of social and state regulation, new means and methods for solving social problems are being developed.

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