Owners of patent RU 2591543:
The invention relates to medicine, radiology diagnostics and can be used to predict the course of diseases, development pathological conditions in the hippocampal region. Using native magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion-weighted images (DWI), the absolute values of the diffusion coefficient (ADC) are determined at three points: at the level of the head, body and tail of the hippocampus. Based on these ADC indicators, the value of their trend is calculated, which is used to predict general direction ADC changes. When the value of the calculated ADC trend is more than 0.950×10 -3 mm 2 /s, a conclusion is drawn about the possibility of gliotic changes as a result of reversible vasogenic edema and reversible hypoxic conditions of hippocampal cells. If the value of the calculated ADC trend is less than 0.590×10 -3 mm 2 /s, a conclusion is drawn about the possibility of ischemia with the transition of hippocampal cells to the anaerobic oxidation pathway with the subsequent development of cytotoxic edema and cell death. If the value of the calculated ADC trend remains in the range from 0.590×10 -3 mm 2 /s to 0.950×10 -3 mm 2 /s, a conclusion is drawn about the balance of diffusion processes in the hippocampus. The method provides both an in-depth definition of existing pathological changes in the hippocampus area, as well as more accurate prediction of the dynamics of the development of these pathological changes for subsequent correction therapeutic measures. 5 ill., 2 pr.
The invention relates to medicine, namely to radiation diagnostics, and can be used for objective and reliable prediction of diseases in the hippocampal region, precise determination of the direction of development of pathological changes in this area of the brain by calculating a quantitative parameter: the trend value of ADC indicators (apparent diffusion coefficient).
Diffusion coefficient - ADC (apparent diffusion coefficient, calculated diffusion coefficient - ICD) - a quantitative characteristic of diffusion processes in tissues. This is the average value of complex diffusion processes occurring in biological structures, that is, a quantitative characteristic of water diffusion in the intracellular and extracellular spaces, taking into account various sources of intravoxel uncoordinated and multidirectional movements, such as intravascular blood flow in small vessels, movement of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles and subarachnoid spaces, etc. .d. The limits of ADC indicators are normally known; in adults they range from 0.590×10 -3 mm 2 /s to 0.950×10 -3 mm 2 /s.
Moritani T., Ekholm S., Westesson P.-L. propose to use native magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study the brain with diffusion-weighted images (DWI) and calculation of diffusion coefficients (ADC) to identify cytotoxic and vasogenic cerebral edema.
Using this method, it is proposed to analyze the signal characteristics on DWI and determine ADC in the same area. In this case, cytotoxic edema is characterized by a hyperintense signal on DWI and is accompanied by a decrease in ADC values. Vasogenic edema can manifest itself as a variety of changes in signal characteristics on DWI and be accompanied by an increase in ADC values. According to the authors, DWI is useful for understanding the MRI picture of disease variants with cytotoxic and vasogenic edema. Because DWI is more sensitive than conventional MRI in distinguishing between these pathological conditions.
The disadvantage of this method is the determination of A DC values without calculating their prognostic characteristics.
Mascalchi M., Filippi M., Floris R., et al. show high sensitivity MRI-DWI in its ability to visualize the substance of the brain. This method, along with the use of native MRI, involves the construction of images, so-called diffusion coefficient maps (ADC maps), which make it possible to more objectively assess areas of diagnostic interest by determining ADC values or conducting graphical analysis. This approach allows for quantitative and reproducible assessment of diffusion changes not only in areas of signal changes detected on native MRI, but also in areas that have normal signal on native MRI. According to this method, ADC of gray and white matter is increased in patients with neurodystrophic changes, which correlates with cognitive deficits. However, this method does not calculate hippocampal ADC, and therefore it cannot be used as a way to predict diseases in the hippocampal region.
The closest to the claimed method is the one described by A. Förster M. Griebe A. Gass R. et al. The authors compare clinical data and MRI data and suggest using the results of native MRI, DWI in the hippocampal region, and calculated diffusion coefficients (ADC) in combination to distinguish diseases in the hippocampal region. This method is carried out by determining typical visual symptoms for each type of image and for each disease, summarizing the data obtained, identifying so-called visual syndromes for the main groups of diseases in the hippocampal region. The authors believe that this approach will provide additional diagnostic information that will make clinical diagnosis more accurate and reasonable.
The disadvantage of this method is the lack of quantitative prognostic criteria for assessing ADC indicators in various pathological conditions in the hippocampal region.
The objective of the proposed method is to carry out an objective and reliable prediction of diseases in the hippocampal region, to accurately determine the direction of development of pathological changes in a given area of the brain by calculating a quantitative parameter: the trend value of ADC indicators.
The problem is solved by determining the absolute values of the diffusion coefficient (ADC) at the level of the head, body and tail of the hippocampus; based on these ADC indicators, the value of their trend is calculated, which is used to predict the general direction of changes in ADC: if the value of the calculated trend ADC is more than 0.950 ×10 -3 mm 2 /s make a conclusion about the possibility of gliotic changes as a result of reversible vasogenic edema and reverse hypoxic conditions of hippocampal cells: if the value of the calculated ADC trend is less than 0.590 × 10 -3 mm 2 /s make a conclusion about the possibility of ischemia with cell transition the hippocampus to the anaerobic oxidation pathway with the subsequent development of cytotoxic edema and cell death; while maintaining the value of the calculated ADC trend in the range from 0.590×10 -3 mm 2 /s to 0.950×10 -3 mm 2 /s, they conclude that the diffusion processes in the hippocampus are balanced.
The method is carried out as follows: a native MRI of the brain is performed according to the generally accepted scheme, obtaining a series of T1-weighted images (T1WI), T2-weighted images (T2WI) in three standard planes, diffusion-weighted images (DWI) (b 0 =1000 s/ mm 2) in the axial (transverse) plane; analyze the data obtained from MRI on T1WI, T2WI, DWI, visually determine the location of the hippocampi, and evaluate their signal characteristics. Then, for each hippocampus on both sides, the absolute values of ADC are determined in three areas: at level 1 - head (h), 2 - body (b) and 3 - tail (t). T1WI, T2WI, and DWI of the brain were obtained on a Brivo-355 MP tomograph (GE USA), 1.5 T. Determination absolute values ADC was performed using the “Viewer-Functool” image processing program of the Brivo-355 MP tomograph (Fig. 1). In Fig. Figure 1 shows the determination of absolute ADC values on both sides, in three areas at level 1 - head (h), 2 - body (b) and 3 - tail (t) of each hippocampus, where I - right hippocampus, II - left hippocampus.
Using the absolute ADC values, the ADC trend value is calculated separately for the right and left hippocampus. Why create an Excel table consisting of two columns - “x” and “y”. In the “y” column, enter the absolute values of ADC, calculated in three areas: h, b, t; in the “x” column - numbers 1, 2, 3, respectively indicating the areas h, b, t (Fig. 1). Below the table data rows, clicking the cursor activates any cell. From the standard package of statistical functions in Excel-2010, select the “TREND” function in the window that opens, in the line “ known values y", position the cursor, select the cells of the "y" column with absolute ADC values in the Excel table, after which the addresses of the data cells will appear in the "known y values" line. The cursor is moved to the line “known values of x”, the cells of the column “x” of the Excel table are selected, with the numbers 1, 2, 3, after which the addresses of the data cells will appear in the line “known values of x”. The lines “new x values” and “constant” in the TREND tab are not filled in. Click the “OK” button. The calculated ADC trend value will appear in the activated cell. Thus, the ADC trend value for each hippocampus is calculated. Based on the value of the calculated ADC trend, the direction of ADC changes in the hippocampus is predicted: if the value of the calculated ADC trend is more than 0.950×10 -3 mm 2 /s, a conclusion is made about predicting gliotic changes as a result of reversible vasogenic edema and reversible hypoxic states of hippocampal cells; when the calculated ADC trend value is less than 0.590×10 -3 mm 2 /s, a conclusion is drawn about the possibility of ischemia with the transition of hippocampal cells to the anaerobic oxidation pathway with the subsequent development of cytotoxic edema and cell death; while maintaining the value of the calculated ADC trend in the range from 0.590×10 -3 mm 2 /s to 0.950×10 -3 mm 2 /s, they conclude that the diffusion processes in the hippocampus are balanced.
Analysis of absolute ADC values with calculation of their trend allows us to objectively and accurately determine the general direction of changes in ADC values using quantitative characteristics and reliably predict the development of pathological conditions in the area of each hippocampus.
The proposed method for predicting diseases in the hippocampal region allows us to quantitatively, that is, more objectively and accurately, predict the development of pathological conditions and reliably determine their qualitative characteristics. For example, the development of dystrophic, sclerotic or ischemic changes for each specific patient, in each specific case. Thus, when the value of the calculated ADC trend is more than 0.950×10 -3 mm 2 /s, a conclusion is drawn about the possibility of gliotic changes as a result of reversible vasogenic edema and reversible hypoxic conditions of hippocampal cells; when the calculated ADC trend value is less than 0.590×10 -3 mm 2 /s, a conclusion is drawn about the possibility of ischemia with the transition of hippocampal cells to the anaerobic oxidation pathway with the subsequent development of cytotoxic edema and cell death; while maintaining the value of the calculated ADC trend in the range from 0.590×10 -3 mm 2 /s to 0.950×10 -3 mm 2 /s, they conclude that the diffusion processes in the hippocampus are balanced.
The proposed method for predicting diseases in the hippocampal area can be used by doctors in MRI rooms, radiology departments, neurology, and neurosurgery. The data obtained using this method will make it possible to objectively, accurately and reliably predict the development of diseases in the hippocampal area, select an adequate set of therapeutic and preventive measures, these data can be used to develop new technologies for diagnosing and treating diseases in the hippocampal region.
In our studies of patients (n=9) with unilateral expansion of the temporal horn of one of the lateral ventricles and a decrease in the size of the corresponding hippocampus, the average ADC value was determined: average ADC value ± standard deviation- (1.036±0.161)×10 -3 mm 2 /s (95% confidence interval: (1.142-0.930)×10 -3 mm 2 /s, compared with the average ADC value of unchanged hippocampi on the opposite side: ADC ± standard deviation - (0.974±0.135)×10 -3 mm 2 /s (95% confidence interval: (1.062-0.886)×10 -3 mm 2 /s). For objective, accurate prediction of diseases in the hippocampus area, accurate and reliable determination directions of development of pathological changes in diffusion in a given area of the brain, a quantitative indicator was calculated: the value of the calculated ADC trend.
Example 1. Patient Sh., 21 years old. Native MRI revealed an expansion of the temporal horn of the right lateral ventricle, including as a result of a decrease in the size of the hippocampus, and small-focal enhancement of the signal on T2WI in the hippocampus region on both sides. When analyzing absolute hippocampal ADC values with standard deviation, the higher mean ADC value and wider 95% confidence interval of ADC values were found to be on the right side, on the side of the smaller hippocampus. Moreover, some of the average ADC values for both the right and left hippocampus were within the normal range, and some were beyond it. This made it impossible to determine the main direction of development of diffusion changes in this area of the brain. Determining the value of the calculated ADC trend made it possible to indicate this direction and for each hippocampus to draw a conclusion about possible pathological changes or their absence:
Right hippocampus: ADC values at the level of the head, body, tail: h=1.220×10 -3 mm 2 /s; b=0.971×10 -3 mm 2 /s; t=0.838×10 -3 mm 2 /s. Average ADC value ± standard deviation: (1.01±0.19)×10 -3 mm 2 /s; 95% confidence interval ADC: (1.229-0.791)×10 -3 mm 2 /s; calculated trend value ADC=1.201×10 3 mm 2 /s.
Left hippocampus: ADC values at the level of the head, body, tail: h=0.959×10 -3 mm 2 /s; b=0.944×10 -3 mm 2 /s; t=1.030×10 -3 mm 2 /s. Average ADC value ± standard deviation: (0.978 ± 0.0459) × 10 -3 mm 2 /s; 95% confidence interval of ADC values: (1.030-0.926)×10 -3 mm 2 /s; value of the calculated trend ADC=0.942×10 -3 mm 2 /s.
The value of the calculated trend ADC=1.201×10 -3 mm 2 /s (more than 0.950×10 -3 mm 2 /s) allows us to conclude about the possibility of gliotic changes in the right hippocampus; the value of the calculated trend ADC=0.942×10 -3 mm 2 /s (ranging from 0.59×10 -3 mm 2 /s to 0.95×10 -3 mm 2 /s) allows us to conclude that diffusion processes are balanced in the left hippocampus.
Example 2. Patient K., 58 years old. Native MRI revealed subatrophic changes in the right temporal lobe and expansion of the temporal horn of the right lateral ventricle. Taking into account the standard deviation, the mean ADC values on both sides were approximately the same, but a wider 95% confidence interval of ADC values was found in the right hippocampus. Determining the value of the calculated ADC trend showed the main direction of diffusion changes in both the right hippocampus and the left hippocampus, and helped predict the development of pathological conditions in these brain regions.
Right hippocampus: ADC values at the level of the head (h), body (b), tail (t): h=1.060×10 -3 mm 2 /s; b=0.859×10 -3 mm 2 /s; t=1.03×10 -3 mm 2 /s. Average ADC value ± standard deviation: (0.983±0.108)×10 -3 mm 2 /s; 95% confidence interval: (1.106-0.860)×10 -3 mm 2 /s; value of the calculated trend ADC=0.998×10 -3 mm 2 /s.
Left hippocampus: ADC values at the level of the head (h), body (b), tail (t): h=1.010×10 -3 mm 2 /s; b=0.968×10 -3 mm 2 /s; t=0.987×10 -3 mm 2 /s. Average ADC value ± standard deviation: (0.988±0.021)×10 -3 mm 2 /s; 95% confidence interval: (1.012-0.964)×10 -3 mm 2 /s; calculated trend value ADC=1,000×10 -3 mm 2 /s.
IN in this case, the value of the calculated trend ADC 0.998×10 -3 mm 2 /s - in the right hippocampus and 1,000×10 -3 mm 2 /s - in the left hippocampus exceed 0.95×10 -3 mm 2 /s, which allows us to conclude about the possibility of gliotic changes in these areas of the brain.
Thus, as follows from examples 1 and 2, with a similar picture obtained with native MRI and DWI, analysis of absolute ADC values with determination of the value of the calculated ADC trend allows not only an in-depth study of existing pathological changes in the hippocampal area. It also makes it possible to objectively, accurately, reliably and confidently predict the direction of development of these pathological changes and, of course, adjust treatment measures accordingly.
Information sources
1. Förster A., Griebe M., Gass A., Kern R., Hennerici M.G., Szabo K. (2012) Diffusion-Weighted Imaging for the Differential Diagnosis of Disorders Affecting the Hippocampus. Cerebrovasc Dis 33:104–115.
2. Mascalchi M, Filippi M, Floris R, Fonda C, Gasparotti R, Villari N. (2005) Diffusion-weighted MR of the brain: methodology and clinical application. Radiol Med 109(3): 155-97.
3. MoritaniT., Ekholm S., Westesson P.-L. Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging of the Brain, - Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2005, 229 p.
A method for predicting diseases in the hippocampal region, including the use of native magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion-weighted images (DWI), determination of absolute values of the diffusion coefficient (ADC) at the level of the head, body and tail of the hippocampus; based on these indicators, the ADC value is calculated their trends, according to which the general direction of ADC changes is predicted: if the value of the calculated ADC trend is more than 0.950×10 -3 mm 2 /s, a conclusion is drawn about the possibility of gliotic changes as a result of reversible vasogenic edema and reversible hypoxic states of hippocampal cells; when the calculated ADC trend value is less than 0.590×10 -3 mm 2 /s, a conclusion is drawn about the possibility of ischemia with the transition of hippocampal cells to the anaerobic oxidation pathway with the subsequent development of cytotoxic edema and cell death; while maintaining the value of the calculated ADC trend in the range from 0.590×10 -3 mm 2 /s to 0.950×10 -3 mm 2 /s, they conclude that the diffusion processes in the hippocampus are balanced.
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Smaller hippocampal volume and higher velocity or shrinkage correlate with the development of dementia. For example, if Alzheimer's was the only type of dementia that significantly affected the size of the hippocampus, this could be used to make a positive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. However, numerous studies have shown that this measure often fails to detect most types of dementia. A second study found that decreased hippocampal size also correlated with frontotemporal dementia. However, scientists found a significant difference when comparing Lewy body dementia with Alzheimer's disease. Lewy dementia shows much less atrophy of the hippocampal regions of the brain, which also coincides with less significant impact on memory, especially in the early stages of Lewy dementia. Mesial sclerosis acts as a complication and is accompanied by loss of neurons. Due to head injuries, various infections, seizures, tumors, the tissue of the hippocampus begins to atrophy, which leads to the formation of scars. There is a possibility that the course of the disease will be aggravated by additional seizures. It can be either right- or left-handed. Based on structural changes, hippocampal sclerosis can be divided into two types: The main reasons include the following: You will find medications used for sclerosis, you will find treatment with folk remedies by clicking on the link. Risk factors include: Sclerosis is a very insidious disease and has different types: multiple, atherosclerosis. Reference! Since this disease is caused by epilepsy, its symptoms can be very similar to its manifestations, or to those of Alzheimer's disease. The signs of hippocampal sclerosis should be examined in more detail, but only a competent specialist can make an accurate diagnosis. Symptoms include: During the examination, the following changes can be diagnosed: In the presence of left-sided mesial sclerosis, symptoms will be more severe than with right-sided mesial sclerosis and cause more serious damage to the parasympathetic system. Seizures disrupt the overall functioning of all parts of the brain and can even cause problems with the heart and other organs. Reference! Approximately 60-70% of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy have some degree of developed sclerosis of the hippocampus. The clinical signs of the disease are very diverse, but the main ones are febrile convulsions. They can occur even before the onset of epilepsy, and this is associated with various neural disorders. In this disease, the hippocampus is destroyed unevenly, the dentate gyrus and several other areas are affected. Histology indicates neuronal death and gliosis. In adults, bilateral degenerative disorders in the brain begin. Atherosclerosis can develop for various reasons, but the consequences of the disease depend on the pathogenesis, timely diagnosis and adherence to a certain lifestyle. If the symptoms of attacks disappear, this indicates that the disease is receding. If seizures do not make themselves felt for two years, the doctor reduces the dosage of medications. Complete discontinuation of medications is prescribed only after 5 years of complete absence of symptoms. Note! The goal of conservative therapy is complete relief of the manifestations of the disease and, if possible, a complete recovery. When drug therapy does not bring results, surgery is prescribed. There are several types of surgical interventions for this disease, but the most commonly used is temporal lobotomy.
It is known that the hippocampus is associated with the consolidation of episodic memories, which are memories of events experienced by a person and the emotions associated with them. Unlike semantic memories of abstract facts and their associations, episodic memories can be represented as stories.
The hippocampus is also known to be one of the most structured and studied parts of the brain, which is why it was chosen to emulate the prosthesis. Although the exact neural algorithms are not known, they have been fully modeled. Because the hippocampus is so old, it has been greatly optimized by evolution and is essentially the same across all mammalian species. This is why it was possible to design a hippocampal prosthesis using an exhaustive study of rat hippocampus suspended in cerebrospinal fluid. What is the role of the hippocampus in the brain?
The hippocampus is an area of the brain located just under the medial temporal lobes and on either side of the brain above the ears. It is shaped like a seahorse. How does Alzheimer's disease affect the hippocampus of the brain?
Thus, the size and volume of the hippocampus is clearly affected by Alzheimer's disease.
Research has shown that hippocampal atrophy also correlates with mild cognitive impairment. In fact, the size of the hippocampus and its rate of shrinkage have been shown to predict whether MCI progresses to Alzheimer's disease or not. Might hippocampal volume differ between types of dementia?
Several studies have measured hippocampal volume and analyzed how it relates to other types of dementia. One possibility was that doctors could use the degree of atrophy in the hippocampal region to clearly determine what type of dementia was present.
One study published in the journal Neurodegenerative Diseases noted that reduced hippocampal size occurs with, among other things. Can you prevent the brain's hippocampus from shrinking?
Hippocampal plasticity (a term for the brain's ability to grow and change over time) has been demonstrated repeatedly in research. Research has shown that although the hippocampus tends to atrophy as we age, both physical exercise and cognitive stimulation (mental exercise) can slow this shrinkage and sometimes even reverse it. 
To take a closer look at this disease, we need to say a little about the disease that provokes it. Temporal lobe epilepsy is a neurological disease that is accompanied by seizures. Its focus is in the temporal lobe of the brain. Seizures can occur with or without loss of consciousness.Main reasons
Risk factors
Symptoms
Development
Measures to be taken for treatment
To stop attacks and alleviate the manifestations of temporal sclerosis, special antiepileptic drugs are usually prescribed. These are mainly anticonvulsant medications. The dosage and regimen should be selected by a specialist. You can't self-medicate because it is necessary to correlate the manifestation of attacks, their type, the properties of the prescribed medication and many other things.
Keywords
PARKINSON'S DISEASE/ PARKINSON'S DISEASE / DIFFUSION TENSOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE TOMOGRAPHY/DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING/ FRACTIONAL ANISOTROPY/FRACTIONAL ANISOTROPY/ COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS/ COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT / DEMENTIA / DEMENTIAannotation scientific article on clinical medicine, author of the scientific work - Mazurenko E.V., Ponomarev V.V., Sakovich R.A.
Diffusion tensor MRI is a new neuroimaging method that allows the assessment of microstructural disorders of the brain in vivo. To identify the role of microstructural white matter lesions in the development cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease 40 people with this disease and 30 healthy people were examined. The examination included a study of cognitive status, affective disorders and analysis of DT-MRI indicators in 36 significant areas of the brain. It was revealed that the different profiles of developing cognitive impairment due to the peculiarities of the tractographic pattern of microstructural brain damage, memory impairment is accompanied by a decrease fractional anisotropy in the left temporal lobe and an increase in the measured diffusion coefficient in the hippocampus. The role of the corpus callosum in the genesis of disorders of a number of cognitive functions (attention, memory, executive functions) has been revealed in Parkinson's disease, as well as the role of the cingulate gyrus, anterior and posterior sections of the cingulate fasciculus in the development cognitive impairment and affective disorders in the examined patients. The identified symptom of “breakage of the ascending fibers of the corpus callosum” may be a neuroimaging biomarker of developing dementia in Parkinson's disease.
Related topics scientific works on clinical medicine, author of the scientific work - Mazurenko E.V., Ponomarev V.V., Sakovich R.A.
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2012 / Biryukov A. N.
MR diffusion tensor imaging in diagnostics of cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a new neuroimaging technique capable of evaluating the microstructural brain damage in vivo. To identify the role of white-matter lesions in the cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease (PD) we examined 40 PD patients and 30 age-matched healthy controls with DTI and comprehensive cognitive evaluation. DTI parameters were analyzed in 36 regions of interests. Different profile of cognitive impairment was due to different patterns of microstructural brain alteration memory impairment associated with significantly lower fractional anisotropy in the left temporal lobe and higher apparent diffusion coefficient in the hippocampus. We have identified the role of the genu of the corpus callosum in the development of cognitive impairment in PD and revealed a number of cognitive functions that were violated in its lesion (attention, memory, executive functions), as well as the role of the cingulum and the anterior and posterior cingulum bundles in cognitive impairment and affective disorders in PD. We found the “corpus callosum fibers rupture sign”, which may be a useful biomarker of dementia in PD.
After years of debate, researchers have finally determined that persistent depression causes brain damage, and not the other way around. Previously, neurologists had suggested that brain damage was a predisposing factor for chronic depression. But a recent study sheds new light on the issue.
The study, which consisted of 9,000 individual samples, conclusively proved a cause-and-effect relationship between persistent depression and brain damage. Magnetic resonance images showed the presence of hippocampal shrinkage in 1,728 patients diagnosed with chronic depression, compared with 7,199 people who took part in the study.
Specifically, the study found that patients diagnosed with depressive disorder showed a sustained reduction in hippocampal volume (1.24%) compared to healthy controls.
What is the hippocampus?
This is a small area of the brain that is located in the medial temporal lobe. It consists of two halves, each of which is located in its own hemisphere of the brain. It is generally accepted that the main function of the hippocampus is the creation of new memories, the formation of long-term memory and spatial navigation.
The tonsils are located inside the hippocampus. This is a part of the brain that has previously been linked to depression. Previous studies suggest a direct link between decreased hippocampal size and depression. However, the sample size of previous studies was not large enough to obtain definitive results.
Hippocampus and depression
Researchers have found that, in addition to the hippocampus' importance in memory formation, it also plays a key role in regulating emotions. Professor Ian Hickey, co-author of the study and a prominent mental health campaigner, explains how the hippocampus is linked to depression. Our entire sense of self depends on understanding what place you occupy in this world. Your memory is needed for more than just knowing how to solve Sudoku, cook dinner, or remember your password. It is necessary so that we know who we are.
The professor goes on to explain the relationship between the decrease in hippocampal size and changes in the behavior of observed animals in past experiments. In many animal experiments, scientists have seen that when the hippocampus shrinks, memory doesn't just change. Behavior associated with memories changes. Thus, the decrease in size is associated with loss of function in this area of the brain.
People who suffer from depression tend to have low self-esteem. They lack confidence in managing their daily lives. Such people are also characterized by a low ego, which is explained by the individual’s negative feeling towards himself. This could potentially affect the forms of memories, how a person sees themselves in the past and thus projects themselves into the future.
What is depression?
Depression is a seemingly hopeless state where a person accepts an extremely pessimistic thought pattern as reality. The key word here is “seemingly.” Someone who is depressed usually has a low sense of self-worth and an incorrect perception of the world and their place in it.
The state of depression, according to many researchers, appears due to constant regret about one's past and fear of what may happen in the future. This is not a conscious choice of the person who decided to live in such a state. Depression is a consequence of repetitive thoughts that lead to a negative outlook on life and oneself. If left uninterrupted, this will gradually lead to even more negative thoughts. The process is like an avalanche, which becomes more powerful every minute.
The statistics regarding the shrinkage of the hippocampus are quite intriguing. One could argue that the decline in hippocampal size occurs in parallel with changes in thinking patterns. But how can a person, even with minor changes, come out of such a state without being able to use the full power of his brain?
Change the world around you
Practice shows that the path to overcoming this condition begins when a person tries to understand and accept that something in his thoughts is wrong. If he tries to avoid this state of mind, he only makes the situation worse.
A simple but effective way to get rid of depression is to be in touch with the present moment. For example, meditation and yoga in this case become an important part of everyday life.
A positive environment is also extremely important in overcoming depression. Sometimes a person simply cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel or any hope in their life. In this case, the people who surround him can help him take the first step towards recovery.
Some statistics
Depression is not a condition that can be treated with disdain. For example, from 1999 to 2010, the suicide rate in the United States alone increased by more than 25% among the population aged 35 to 64 years. In addition, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that from 2007 to 2010, almost 8% of adolescents aged 12 suffered from depression. 
Conclusion
In the past, depression was often thought of as a way of life. It was believed that people were too weak to get out of it. Some even argued that depression was a sign of mental weakness. But all these statements are far from the truth.
Whether depression is a disorder or a disease does not matter. The fact remains that it is a debilitating condition that fundamentally affects the lives of people around the world. Depression is not only a state of sadness, nor is it a sign of weakness. And she does not choose a person based on gender, race or ethnicity.
Anyone can encounter this condition. But the most important thing to remember is that a person does not choose whether to find himself in such a state or not.
