- (Mayan) Definition of the Maya, history of development, Mayan calendar Information about the definition of the Maya, history of development, Mayan calendar Contents Contents Definition Areas of residence Yucatan Peninsula Chiapas Guatemala today Mayan Calendar Correlation... ... Investor Encyclopedia
This term has other meanings, see Maya. The territory occupied by the Mayan civilization. The border of the Mayan culture is highlighted in red, the territory of the Mesoamerican civilization is highlighted in black. Maya civilization... Wikipedia
The request "Digital" is redirected here; see also other meanings. Numbers (from the Middle Latin cifra from Arabic صفر (ṣifr) “empty, zero”) a system of signs (“letters”) for writing numbers (“words”) (numeric signs). The word “digit” without specification usually means... Wikipedia
- (Maua, sets, number Mayab) the name of the population of the Yucatan Peninsula and partly other regions of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and S. El Salvador. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, there were a large number of small estates in the country of M.; Mayapan settlement, under... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
The intuitive idea of number is apparently as old as humanity itself, although it is in principle impossible to reliably trace all the early stages of its development. Before man learned to count or came up with words to mean... ... Collier's Encyclopedia
0 / 1 // 2 /// 3 //// 4 5 / 6 // 7 /// 8 //// 9 ... Wikipedia
- (Maya, sets, number Mayab) the name of the population of the Yucatan Peninsula and partly other regions of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and S. El Salvador. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, there were a large number of small estates in the country of M.; settlement of Mayapan... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
Mayan numbers Mayan mathematics basically used the base-20 number system to record numbers. Calculations were made on a special device (like an abacus), the counting units of which were cocoa beans or various... ... Wikipedia
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- All the Real Ways to Predict the Future by Maya Pilkington. Want to know what the future holds? If you have ever tried to predict your own destiny, you should know that masters always have their secrets, this applies to methods of prediction...
Since the very first examples of Mayan writing currently known date back to the end of the 3rd century AD. e., then the emergence of the number system in the Mayan civilization is attributed to the beginning of the Old Kingdom period (250 - 900 AD, or, as it is also called, the Classical period). The number system of this ancient civilization Mesoamerica (i.e. Central America) should be recognized as very highly developed: the Mayans not only used positional principle, but also introduced the concept of zero. However, their number system was not decimal, like ours, and not even sexagesimal, as, for example, in Ancient Babylon, but in decimal, and the numbers were written not horizontally, but vertically - from bottom to top. The fact that their number system was based on the number 20 is explained by the number of fingers and toes. We find confirmation of precisely this explanation for the emergence of the 20-count system in the etymological connection of the word “vinal” (as the twenty-day month was called in the Mayan language) with the words “twenty” and “man”.
The Mayans wrote down their digital signs in the form of dots and dashes (Fig. 32), and the dot always meant units of a given order, and the dash always meant fives. The special sign for the five served as the basis for classifying the counting system of the ancient Mayans into the so-called pentadecimal counting system, but one can hardly agree with this, since the fives and dashes only simplified the writing of digital signs without making any fundamental changes to the decimal counting system.
The table above is missing the twentieth digit. But this is not 20, because among the Mayans 20, just like with us 10, was no longer a number, but a composite double digit number. The twentieth digit of the ancient Mayan account was “zero”, and it was depicted in the form of a stylized shell (Fig. 33). But the first two-digit number in their 20-digit system was precisely the number 20. The Mayans depicted it by drawing a dot above the zero shell (Fig. 33) and placing it in the second row of numbers from the bottom. If the number contained at least one single unit in any of the vertical digits of the numerical position, then this shell-zero was no longer depicted (Fig. 34). If the shell was written, then this meant that the real number was formed without the participation of the units of the “shelf” on which in this case there was a sink. She said that there are simply no units of this “shelf” (on which she is located), just as there are no, for example, tens, hundreds or thousands in a number written in Arabic numerals, if there are zeros in the place allocated for them.
As you can see, numbers in the ancient Mayan number system are written in a column, with the top characters being the highest. The lowest position corresponds to the ones digit, and the “floor above” is the number of twenties. Still higher, the unit corresponds not to multiples of 400, as might be expected, but to multiples of 360. With the exception of this rank, which seems to be related to calendar considerations and the length of the year, all other higher positions correspond to powers of 20. For example, the number 6789 in the Mayan number system was written as (see Fig. 36).
Before moving on to the calendar itself, it makes sense to briefly talk about the methods of recording numbers used by the ancient Mayans. Unlike the Arabs and Europeans, the Mayans did not use a decimal, but a 20-digit number system, that is, the basis of their counting was twenty. If we group units into tens, hundreds and thousands, then among the Mayans the numbers 20, 400 (20 times 20), 8000 (20 times 400), 160,000 (20 times 8000) and so on ad infinitum had a similar meaning. The unusual nature of this system, as well as how easily the Mayans navigated it, amazed D. de Landa: “With these returns and confusing calculations, it is surprising to see the freedom with which those who know [them] count and understand.”
A major intellectual achievement of the Mayans was the independent invention of zero. For comparison, it is appropriate to recall that Europeans and Arabs adopted zero from India, but such a concept was not known in the Roman Empire. The Mayans could write numbers using two types of signs. The most common was simple form records of numbers for which only a few digits were used: a shell-shaped zero, a dot-unit, a five that looked like a horizontal line, as well as special hieroglyphs for numbers divisible by twenty without a remainder (20, 8000). Numbers from 0 to 19 were written as a combination of these signs, for example, the number 3 was written as three dots, and 19 as three lines and four dots above them. For recording large numbers The Mayans, like the Arabs, used a positional counting system, that is, whether a number belonged to a particular category of numbers (ones, twenty, four hundred, and so on) was determined by its ordinal position. But if in the system familiar to us, digits increase from right to left, then the Mayans in most cases wrote them down in a vertical column from bottom to top. Examples of positional accounts are presented in the picture below. The number 20 is written as a 1 in the twenties place (one twenty) and a 0 in the ones place. The number 806 is written as 2 in the four hundred place (two times four hundred), 0 in the twenty place and 6 in the ones place.
MIH("Zero") WINIK("Twenty") PIK("Eight thousand")
Logograms (word signs) used in Mayan hieroglyphic writing to represent certain numbers.
During the classical period for recording calendar dates For long counting, in addition to lines and dots, so-called “face signs” were sometimes used. Each number from 0 to 20 had its own special “facial” shape, represented in the form of the head of a particular deity. For example, the number 10 could be symbolized by the head of the god of death. Apparently, this suggests that the Mayans perceived numbers not as abstract units of counting, but as living beings and believed that each number had its own patron god. Ideas about the patron gods of numbers were known in Central Mexico. It should be noted that special facial signs existed for numbers from 0 to 13, the rest are a combination of the number 10 and a number that, when added to a ten, gives the corresponding number.
Like any other people, the Mayans wrote down numbers to solve a variety of problems. Numbers were used when organizing agricultural work, conducting trade, calculating tribute that arrived at the ruler’s court, and so on. One of essential functions numbers was that they were used to record the dates of the Mayan calendar.
Facial forms of numbers in the form of images of various gods
(“Introduction to Mayan hieroglyphic writing.” Talakh V.N. Kyiv, 2010).
It was probably born from observations of the human body, because people have twenty fingers on their hands and feet. In support of this assumption, it can be noted that the number 20 and the concept of “person, person” in the Mayan language of the classical period were denoted by one word Vinik. See: Houston S., Stuart. D, Taube K. The Memory of Bones: Body, Being, and Experience among the Classic Maya. – Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006. – P. 11-12.
Voss A. Astronomy and Mathematics // Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest / Ed. by N. Grube. – Köln: Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2001. – P. 131.
Landa D. Report on affairs in Yucatan. Translation from Old Spanish, introductory article and notes by Yu. V. Knorozov. – M.-L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1955. – P. 176.
The shell-shaped sign became widespread mainly in the Postclassical period, in particular it was used in the Dresden Codex. In the classics, they used to denote zero various options writing words mih("zero").
To designate some numbers in hieroglyphic writing, special logograms or word signs were used: MIH("zero"), WINIK("twenty"), PIK("eight thousand"). It has not yet been possible to find a sign for the number 400, although D. Belyaev suggests that the logogram BAK’ (“four hundred”) appears in inscriptions from Yaxchilan.
Talakh V.M. Entry... P. 32-33.
from history... One of the most important legacies of the tribe is the Mayan number system. It is known that when developing this system, the Mayans relied on natural phenomena, life cycles stars, planets and humans. Quite recently it turned out that the “cosmically” directed number system of the Mayan tribe corresponds to the binary number system we are familiar with.
The Mayan number system is a sequence based on the law with a base of 20. The series of numbers in the Mayan number system looks something like this: 20 400 8000 160000 3200000 and so on
And the Mayan system is written using three signs: a dot, denoting one, a line, denoting five units, and a shell, which symbolizes zero and completeness.
The number 20 was not chosen by chance by the tribe. It symbolizes twenty fingers on a person’s hand, ten of which stand on the ground, and the other ten stretch into space.
In order to calculate the main cycles of time, the Mayans adapted their system of calculation to earthly conditions. They modified it so that it most accurately corresponded to the Earth's year and the period of our planet's revolution around the Sun. As a result, the sequence of numbers took the following form: 20 360 7200 144000 2880000 and so on, where the basic unit was one day kin.
This sequence of numbers is consistent with a set of harmonics of light, where 144 is the harmonic of light, 72 is half a sine wave, 288 is the harmonic of polarized light. In addition, 288 is also the light harmonic of the Earth, and 144 is the harmonic of its two poles.
According to the Mayan Calendar, the modern cycle of harmonics of light began in 3113 BC. e. and ends on December 21, 2012. e.
The pattern of fractons and overtones should be remembered here, and, following the Mayan Calendar Cycle, the leap of the modern planetary system to a new octave should occur around the beginning of the next century. So, let's once again remember the basic principles of the Mayan mathematical system, which is actually a system of binary sequences. The original system represents the complete sequence of powers of the number 2, and this sequence includes the number 8, symbolizing the octaves, the number 32, symbolizing the symmetry properties of crystals, and the number 64, symbolizing the codons of DNA. The modified sequence, in turn, corresponds to the sequence of light harmonics. One can only guess how such a perfect and harmonious number system appeared on our Earth, operating with universal wave harmonics designed to control all processes and phenomena in space and time.
When quoting, I ask you to put an active link to the article.
© Arushanov Sergey Zarmailovich 2011
As an afterword, I wanted to direct readers to Nick’s article. Gorkavy about Yuri Knorozov « The tale of a Russian linguist who deciphered the writing of the Mayans"- http://nauka.izvestia.ru/discovery/article104605.html:
“In the very middle of the twentieth century, a young man named Yuri Knorozov lived in St. Petersburg. He was a linguist, a specialist in ancient languages. And his home was a small room filled with books to the very ceiling, in the famous St. Petersburg museum - Kunstkamera. Knorozov was sorting out museum exhibits that had suffered from the recent terrible war, and in his free time he studied strange drawings of the ancient Mayans. Yuri became interested in their solution after reading the work of the authoritative German researcher Paul Schellhas, who stated that the writing of the Mayans, who created an amazing thousand-year-old civilization in the equatorial jungles of America, will forever remain undeciphered . Knorozov did not agree with the German scientist. The young linguist took the problem of deciphering the Mayan writing as a personal challenge: every riddle must have an answer! Of course, one cannot capitulate to the secret of Indian hieroglyphs, but how to unravel the meaning of these strange rounded drawings? Fate smiled on the young scientist. One fine day, Yuri found, among the old books that had survived the fire of war, two very rare volumes: “The Mayan Codes,” published in Guatemala, and “Report on Affairs in Yucatan” by Diego de Landa. The history of these books goes back to a distant and dramatic past....
Thanks to the work of Yuri Knorozov, we learned the names real people who lived thousands of years ago: artists and sculptors, emperors and priests. The ancient Indians grew crops, unraveled the mysteries of the sky, and defended their hometowns from enemies (see “Science and Life” No. 10, 11, 2010). They earned their right to remain in the history of the world, and one young man who lived in a quiet museum room in St. Petersburg helped them in this millennium later.” Sunyata 686 (+) and subtraction (-). Thus, the sum, difference and product of two integers again gives integers. It consists of natural numbers(1, 2, 3), numbers of the form -n () and the number zero.
One comment: “The sacred basis of Mayan numbers was the matrix of the Universe”
Your article about the Mayan counting system is simply brilliant! How convincingly you entered the numbers “five,” and “zero,” and “twenty” into the matrix! How can you think of such a thing?! From a simple analysis of your articles on the site, it becomes clear that the sages of antiquity throughout the Earth knew about the laws of the “Invisible World” of the matrix of the Universe?! How did this knowledge come to them?! Were these cultures related to each other?!
