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Biography
Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev (5.12.1803 – 15.07.1873) born into a noble family, on the Ovstug estate (Bryansk district, Oryol province). Tyutchev spent his childhood in Moscow. Home teachers led by a poet-translator Semyon Raich taught him Latin and ancient lyric poetry. The abilities of the future diplomat and poet are evidenced by the fact that at the age of 14 he was already a volunteer student in the verbal department of Moscow University.
After graduating from university, Tyutchev begins a diplomatic career (working for 20 years in Munich and 2 years in Turin). In 1839 he retired due to his unauthorized trip to Switzerland for marriage with Ernestina Dernberg. Tyutchev's first wife, Eleanor Petersen, died in 1838. Tyutchev returned to public service in 1845 and became senior censor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1850 F.I. Tyutchev met Elena Alexandrovna Deniseva, which became his last love, condemned by high society for the difference in position and age.
In 1858, Fyodor Ivanovich became Chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee and held this post for 15 years. For his services, Tyutchev received the high rank of Privy Councilor in 1865. He is interested in European politics, writes political articles, despite his failing health. Severe headaches and loss of freedom of movement with his left hand at the end of 1872 were a symptom of an impending stroke, from which the poet died 8 months later in Tsarskoye Selo.
The main periods of creativity of F.I. Tyutcheva
Tyutchev began writing his own poems early: the first of them ( “Dear daddy!”, “I am omnipotent and at the same time weak...”) date back to 1813-1816. The first publications are known only to a narrow circle of close people, because the poet published very little. Tyutchev wrote about 400 poems (counting variants and unfinished drafts), and his creative and life path can be divided into three periods:
- Children's and youth's creativity in the spirit of poetry of the 18th century (1810 - 1820).
- Original creativity is a synthesis of Russian odic poetry of the 18th century and the traditions of European romanticism (mid-1820s – 1840s). In 1836 in "Contemporary" A.S. Pushkin 16 and then 8 more poems by F.I. are published. Tyutchev under the title "Poems sent from Germany".
- After a 10-year period when Tyutchev wrote almost no poetry, from the 1850s to the 1870s he created many political poems and poems “for the occasion.” In 1854, his first book was published, which contained old and new poems that made up the famous "Denisevsky cycle", dedicated Elena Deniseva (“I knew the eyes, oh, those eyes!..”,” last love", "Today, friend, fifteen years have passed..." and etc.).
First acquaintance with F.I. Tyutchev at school
From studying in 6th grade short biography and several poems by the poet (mostly landscape ones) begins to comprehend the lyrics and personality of F.I. Tyutcheva. Poems “Leaves”, “Reluctantly and timidly...” allow you to feel complex transition states nature, embody the confusion of feelings in the poet’s soul. In a poem “The kite rose from the clearing...” two images are contrasted: the freedom of flight of a free bird and the earthly – “in sweat and dust” – human hypostasis. The list of additional literature for independent reading in grade 6 includes 3 more poems: “Dream at Sea”, “Spring”, “How cheerful is the roar of summer storms...”.
I love the storm in early May,
When spring, the first thunder,
As if frolicking and playing,
Rumbling in the blue sky.
These lines belong to the wonderful Russian poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, who himself treated his literary work very carelessly and did not consider himself a poet.
short biography
He was born on November 23, 1803 on the Ovstug estate, Bryansk district, Oryol province, which belonged to a wealthy old noble family. According to the tradition of its time elementary education he got home. He was very lucky - his mentor was the young but well-educated S.I. Rajic, aspiring poet and translator. Rajic encouraged his young pupil in the art of versification and helped him master Latin. Thanks to this, thirteen-year-old Fyodor made wonderful translations of Horace and became interested in writing poetry in imitation of the classics of antiquity. His successes were so brilliant that at the age of fifteen he became a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. The poet wrote all his poems exclusively in Russian, although he was fluent in several foreign languages.
In 1821, he brilliantly graduated from Moscow University, entered the service of the College of Foreign Affairs and left his homeland for 22 years. While in the diplomatic service, he lives in Germany and Italy, occasionally visiting Russia. Tyutchev always felt a spiritual connection with his homeland and hence his definition of Russia, which we proudly pronounce even now:
You can't understand Russia with your mind,
A common arshin cannot be measured
She will become special -
You can only believe in Russia.
While still studying, Fyodor Ivanovich became interested in philosophy. The philosophical theory of the Frenchman Pascal, a mathematician and philosopher, was especially close to him. At the same time, the philosophical and moral question of what a person is in infinity deeply excited him and did not leave him until the end of his life. Therefore it poetic creativity always reflects not only the soul, but also the mind. Despite the lightness of the lines, the poet’s poems penetrate deeply into the consciousness and remain there, deeply touching the most intimate feelings.
Tyutchev's poetic creativity
Tyutchev finally developed a poetic style by the 30s of the 19th century. By this time, he had already written beautiful lyrical poems “Insomnia”, “Spring Waters”, “Summer Evening”, “Vision”, “Autumn Evening”. He received a notebook of his poems, from which Alexander Sergeevich was delighted and published several in the magazine "Contemporary". This makes Tyutchev's name known to the general public and brings fame as a poet. The ability to convey the unity of the human soul with the soul of nature was manifested in such wonderful lines:
She has a soul, she has freedom,
It has love, it has language...
But increasingly, the poet turns to love lyrics, although sad and even tragic motives predominate in his poems about the most sublime human feelings. Sadness sounds in the poems of the poet, who lost his wife Eleanor, a loved one and a close person. Tragedy and pain are torn from the soul and poured out in poetic lines due to the inability to be near the woman he loves. Tyutchev’s great and true love for Elena Denisyeva, which ended in tragedy, left readers with poems amazing in the strength of their feelings and frank in their sincerity.
The executing god took everything from me:
Health, willpower, air, sleep,
He left you alone with me,
So that I can still pray to him.
Tyutchev and modernity
An amazingly accurate style of versification in conveying feelings and a surprisingly laconic syllable convey countless shades of a wide variety of feelings - to nature, to a woman, to the Motherland. An amazingly modern poet! Why is it that Tyutchev’s poems are included so rarely in reading anthologies? Why do we even stop reading poems by such poets as Tyutchev? Obviously, we are afraid, or do not want to expose the nerve of our soul...
We can't predict
How our word will respond, -
And we are given sympathy,
How grace is given to us...
Fyodor Ivanovich died in 1873 in Tsarskoye Selo.
I love the storm in early May,
When the first thunder of spring
As if frolicking and playing,
Rumbling in the blue sky.
Whose lines are these? What poet managed to overhear the play of young thunder in the May blue sky? Who caught the voice of streams in the general spring chorus of nature - these “young spring messengers”? Who managed to notice the “shiny hair of a cobweb” on the “idle furrow” of a resting field? Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev is the name of this singer of nature.
The poet lived a long and interesting life, rich in events and meetings. In 1819 he became a student at Moscow University. During these same years, his first poems appeared in print. But two years later, after completing his university course, young Tyutchev chose not a literary, but a diplomatic career. He left with the Russian mission to Munich. The poet spent almost 22 years abroad in service. There, in communication with remarkable people of that time: the poet Heine, the philosopher Schelling, Tyutchev’s philosophical worldview and his completely special attitude to nature took shape. For Tyutchev, nature has always been a source of inspiration. His best poems are poems about nature. His landscapes in verse: “How joyful is the roar of summer storms...”, “What are you bending over the waters, willow, the top of your head...”, “The clouds are melting in the sky...” and many others - rightfully included in the golden fund of Russian and world literature.
But mindless admiration of nature is alien to Tyutchev - the poet’s mind intensely searches in nature for what makes it similar to man. Tyutchev’s nature is alive: it breathes, smiles, frowns, sometimes dozes, sometimes is sad about something, complains about something. She has her own language and her own love. It is characterized by many things that are characteristic of the human soul, therefore many of Tyutchev’s poems about nature are poems about man, about his moods, worries and anxieties (“There is silence in the stuffy air...”, “The stream has thickened and is dimming...”, “ The earth still looks sad...", etc.).
For the first time, lovers of Russian poetry became acquainted with a whole cycle of Tyutchev’s poems in 1836 - then they were published by the St. Petersburg magazine Sovremennik. Pushkin, the publisher of the magazine, received Tyutchev’s poems with “amazement and delight,” and literary criticism appreciated them only 14 years later. By this time the poet was already living in Russia. After retiring, he and his family moved to St. Petersburg in 1844. A wit, well versed in issues of politics and public life, Tyutchev became the adornment of all literary salons in St. Petersburg during these years. But only a few knew about Tyutchev the poet. It was “discovered” by Nekrasov in 1850. Flipping through old issues of Sovremennik, he found Tyutchev’s poems published in it and in one of his articles gave a detailed analysis of them, ranking Tyutchev himself among the “primary poetic talents.”
Four years later, the poet’s first collection of poems was published. It contained the best landscapes in verse, and poetic reflections on the eternal problems that trouble the human mind. The clear depth of thought was harmoniously combined in them with the expressive originality of form. The poet puts his observations, thoughts and feelings into vivid, long-remembering images.
At that time, I. S. Turgenev, the inspirer and editor of Tyutchev’s first edition, wrote: “... a poet can tell himself that he has created speeches that are not destined to die.”
The first collection turned out to be small - only 119 poems, but A. Fet once said very correctly:
Muse, observing the truth,
She looks, and on the scales she has
This is a small book
There are many heavier volumes.
Connoisseurs of Tyutchev's poetry turned out to be right. The poems of this brilliant Russian lyricist have withstood the most severe test - the test of time. Tyutchev is very sincere in his poems, and therefore, a hundred years later, when reading them, you again experience that storm of moods with which the poet’s prophetic soul was full. His poems live, delight people, and bring great aesthetic pleasure to new generations of readers. L. N. Tolstoy once said to one of his contemporary: “You cannot live without Tyutchev.” These words can be repeated by anyone who cherishes Russian poetry, to whom Tyutchev’s lyrics revealed their unique charm and originality.
The main features of the poet’s lyrics are the identity of phenomena outside world and states human soul, the universal spirituality of nature. This determined not only the philosophical content, but also the artistic features of Tyutchev’s poetry. Involving images of nature for comparison with different periods human life is one of the main artistic techniques in the poet's poems. Tyutchev’s favorite technique is personification (“the shadows mixed,” “the sound fell asleep”). L. Ya. Ginzburg wrote: “The details of the picture of nature drawn by the poet are not descriptive details of the landscape, but philosophical symbols of the unity and animation of nature.”
It would be more accurate to call Tyutchev’s landscape lyrics landscape-philosophical. The image of nature and the thought of nature are fused together in it. Nature, according to Tyutchev, led a more “honest” life before and without man than after man appeared in it.
The poet discovers greatness and splendor in the surrounding world, the natural world. She is spiritualized, personifies that very “living life for which a person yearns”: “Not what you imagine, nature, // Not a cast, not a soulless face, // She has a soul, she has freedom, // In it has love, it has language... "Nature in Tyutchev's lyrics has two faces - chaotic and harmonious, and it depends on a person whether he is able to hear, see and understand this world. Striving for harmony, the human soul turns to nature as God’s creation as salvation, for it is eternal, natural, and full of spirituality.
For Tyutchev, the natural world is a living being endowed with a soul. The night wind “in a language understandable to the heart” repeats to the poet about “incomprehensible torment”; the poet has access to the “melody of sea waves” and the harmony of “spontaneous disputes.” But where is the good? In the harmony of nature or in the chaos underlying it? Tyutchev did not find an answer. His “prophetic soul” was forever beating “on the threshold of a kind of double existence.”
The poet strives for wholeness, for unity between the natural world and the human “I”. “Everything is in me, and I am in everything,” exclaims the poet. Tyutchev, like Goethe, was one of the first to raise the banner of the struggle for a holistic sense of the world. Rationalism reduced nature to a dead principle. The mystery has gone from nature, the feeling of kinship between man and elemental forces has gone from the world. Tyutchev passionately desired to merge with nature.
And when the poet manages to understand the language of nature, its soul, he achieves a feeling of connection with the whole world: “Everything is in me, and I am in everything.”
For the poet, the lushness of southern colors, the magic of mountain ranges, and “sad places” are attractive in depicting nature. Central Russia. But the poet is especially partial to the water element. Almost a third of the poems are about water, sea, ocean, fountain, rain, thunderstorm, fog, rainbow. Restlessness, the movement of water jets is akin to the nature of the human soul, living strong passions overwhelmed by lofty thoughts:
How good you are, O night sea, -
It’s radiant here, grey-dark there...
In the moonlight, as if alive,
It walks and breathes and shines...
In this excitement, in this radiance,
All as if in a dream, I stand lost -
Oh, how willingly I would be in their charm
I would drown my entire soul...
("How good are you, O night sea...")
Admiring the sea, admiring its splendor, the author emphasizes the closeness of the elemental life of the sea and the incomprehensible depths of the human soul. The comparison “as in a dream” conveys man’s admiration for the greatness of nature, life, and eternity.
Nature and man live by the same laws. As the life of nature fades, so does human life. The poem “Autumn Evening” depicts not only the “evening of the year,” but also the “meek” and therefore “bright” withering of human life:
...and on everything
That gentle smile of fading,
What in a rational being we call
Divine modesty of suffering!
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873) is one of the famous Russian poets who made a huge contribution to the development of the lyrical poetic movement.
The poet's childhood passes on the family estate of the Oryol province, where Tyutchev receives home education, studying with a hired teacher Semyon Raich, who instills in the boy a desire to study literature and foreign languages.
At the insistence of his parents, after graduating from Moscow University and defending his PhD thesis in linguistics, Tyutchev entered the diplomatic service, to which he devoted his entire life, working at the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs.
Tyutchev spends more than twenty years of his life abroad, while on diplomatic work in Germany, where he enters into his first marriage with Eleanor Peterson, who gives him three daughters. After the death of his wife, Fyodor Ivanovich marries a second marriage, where he has several more children, but has love affairs on the side, dedicating numerous poems to his beloved women.
The poet composes his first poems in his youth, imitating ancient authors. Having matured, Tyutchev reveals himself as love lyric, who used techniques inherent in European romanticism.
Returning to his homeland with his second family, Tyutchev continues to work Privy Councilor, but does not give up his poetic hobby. However, in last years his life, the poet’s creativity is aimed at creating lyrical works, but having a political overtones.
Genuine fame and recognition for the poet come already in mature age when he created numerous poems conveying landscape and philosophical lyrics, which he composes after retiring from government service and settling in the Tsarskoe Selo estate.
Tyutchev passed away after a long illness at the age of seventy in the suburbs of St. Petersburg, leaving after his death a legacy of several hundred poems, distinguished by the poet’s favorite themes in the form of images of natural phenomena in various types, and love lyrics, which demonstrates the whole gamut of emotional human experiences. Before his death, Tyutchev, by the will of fate, manages to meet Amalia Lerchenfeld, the woman who was his first love, to whom he dedicates his famous poems entitled “I Met You...”
Option 2
Fyodor Ivanovich was born on November 23, 1803 on the territory of the Ovstug estate, located in the small Oryol province.
His education began at home; his parents and experienced teachers helped him study poetry written in Ancient Rome, as well as Latin. Afterwards he was sent to the University of Moscow, where he studied at the Faculty of Literature.
In 1821, he graduated educational institution and immediately begins work as an official holding a position in the College of Foreign Affairs. As a diplomat, he is sent to work in Munich. He has been living in a foreign country for 22 years, where he met his true and only love, with whom he lived happily in a marriage in which he had three daughters.
The beginning of creativity
Tyutchev begins to create in 1810, and early period ends in ten years. This includes poems written in youth that are similar to works of the last century.
The second period begins in the 20s and ends in the 40s. He begins to use the features of European romanticism, and also turns to native Russian lyrics. Poetry at this moment acquires the features of originality and its inherent relationship to the world around it.
In 1844, the author returned to his historical homeland. There he worked as a censor for quite some time. IN free time he communicated with colleagues in the Belinsky circle, which also included Turgenev, Nekrasov and Goncharov.
Works written during this period are never published; he tries to write on political topics, so he tries not to show his work to others. And the latest collection is published, but does not gain much popularity.
The number of misfortunes suffered leads to deterioration of health and general condition, so the author dies in Tsarskoe Selo in 1873. During this time, he experienced many difficulties, which he shared with his beloved wife.
The poet’s overall lyricism includes about 400 poetic forms; there are many museums in Russia that tell about the author’s work and his difficult life, as well as the time spent abroad.
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Aeschylus was born in 525 BC. in the town of Eleusis, which is located northwest of Athens. He came from a noble family, and already at the beginning of his life he discovered dramatic traits in himself.
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