What is the structure of mental properties of a person. Mental properties

Difference from temperament

Manifestations of character

In the system of personality relationships, four groups of character manifestations are distinguished, forming symptom complexes:

1. a person’s attitude towards other people, towards the team, towards society: individualism; collectivism (sociability, sensitivity and responsiveness, respect for others - people and the opposite traits - isolation, callousness, rudeness, contempt for people);
2. traits that show a person’s attitude to work, to his business (hard work, a penchant for creativity, conscientiousness in work, a responsible attitude to work, initiative, perseverance and the opposite traits - laziness, a tendency to routine work, dishonesty in work, irresponsible attitude to work , passivity);
3. traits that show how a person feels about himself (feeling self-esteem, correctly understood pride and the self-criticism associated with it, modesty and its opposite traits: conceit, sometimes turning into arrogance, vanity, arrogance, touchiness, shyness, egocentrism as a tendency to consider oneself and one’s experiences at the center of events, egoism - a tendency to care primarily about one’s own personal benefit);
4. traits that characterize a person’s attitude towards things (neatness or sloppiness, careful or careless handling of things).

1) character is formed during life, and temperament arises biologically (at birth).

2) temperament is stable, character is constantly changing.

3) character depends on motives and will, temperament does not.

16. Personality- a concept developed to reflect the social nature of a person, consider him as a subject of sociocultural life, define him as a bearer of an individual principle, self-revealing in contexts social relations, communication and subject activity. By “personality” we understand: 1) the human individual as a subject of relationships and conscious activity (“person” in the broad sense of the word) or 2) a stable system of socially significant traits that characterize the individual as a member of a particular society or community. Although these two concepts - face as the integrity of a person (Latin persona) and personality as his social and psychological appearance (Latin regsonalitas) - are terminologically quite distinguishable, they are sometimes used as synonyms.

As relatively independent components of the personality structure (its substructures), we can distinguish: 1) the dynamics of its mental processes - temperament; 2) psychic abilities personality, in certain types activities - abilities; 3) personality orientation - its characteristic needs, motives, feelings, interests, assessments, likes and dislikes, ideals and worldview; 4) manifesting itself in appropriate generalized modes of behavior, orientation determines the character of the individual.

17. Stages of personality development. During infancy main role The mother plays in the child’s life, she feeds, cares, gives affection, care, as a result of which the child develops basic trust in the world. Basic trust manifests itself in ease of feeding, good sleep child, normal bowel function, the child’s ability to calmly wait for the mother (doesn’t scream or call, the child seems to be confident that the mother will come and do what is needed). The dynamics of trust development depend on the mother. A severe deficit in emotional communication with the baby leads to a sharp slowdown in the child’s mental development.

The 2nd stage of early childhood is associated with the formation of autonomy and independence, the child begins to walk, learns to control himself when performing acts of defecation; Society and parents teach the child to be neat and tidy, and begin to shame him for having “wet pants.”

At the age of 3-5 years, at the 3rd stage, the child is already convinced that he is an individual, since he runs, knows how to speak, expands the area of ​​​​mastery of the world, the child develops a sense of enterprise and initiative, which is embedded in the game. Play is very important for a child's development, i.e. forms initiative, creativity, the child masters relationships between people through play, develops his psychological capabilities: will, memory, thinking, etc. But if parents strongly suppress the child and do not pay attention to his games, then this negatively affects the child’s development and contributes to the consolidation of passivity , uncertainty, guilt.

In junior school age(4th stage) the child has already exhausted the possibilities of development within the family, and now the school introduces the child to knowledge about future activities, transmits the technological egos of culture.
If a child successfully masters knowledge and new skills, he believes in himself, is confident, and calm, but failures at school lead to the emergence, and sometimes to the consolidation, of feelings of inferiority, lack of faith in one’s abilities, despair, and loss of interest in learning.

IN adolescence(5th stage) the central form of ego-identity is formed. Rapid physiological growth puberty, concern about how he looks in front of others, the need to find his professional calling, abilities, skills - these are the questions that arise before a teenager, and these are already society’s demands on a teenager about self-determination.

At the 6th stage (youth), it becomes important for a person to search for a life partner, close cooperation with people, strengthening ties with the entire social group, a person is not afraid of depersonalization, he mixes his identity with other people, a feeling of closeness, unity, cooperation, intimacy appears with certain people. However, if the diffusion of identity extends to this age, the person becomes isolated, isolation and loneliness become entrenched.

7th – central stage – adult stage of personality development. Identity development continues throughout your life; there is influence from other people, especially children: they confirm that they need you. Positive symptoms at this stage: the individual invests himself in good, beloved work and care for children, is satisfied with himself and life.

After 50 years (8th stage), a completed form of ego-identity is created based on the entire path of personal development; a person rethinks his entire life, realizes his “I” in spiritual reflections on the years he has lived. A person must understand that his life is a unique destiny that does not need to be crossed, a person “accepts” himself and his life, realizes the need for a logical conclusion to life, shows wisdom, a detached interest in life in the face of death.

Genesis of criminal behavior- this is the origin, the history of the origin of criminal behavior. Crime is the most dangerous part of offenses, which has an acute antisocial orientation. A crime is a volitional, conscious, socially dangerous, illegal and punishable by law action.

Criminal behavior arises as a result of a complex interaction of objective and subjective factors, general and particular causes, prerequisites and conditions. At legal analysis the structures of criminal behavior in it, as is known, stand out four components: 1) object; 2) objective aspects of the crime; 3) subjective aspects of the crime; 4) the subject of the crime. Psychological analysis the formation of criminal behavior involves disclosing the origin of criminal behavior and the formation of its constituent parties. Here the questions come to the fore: why is a crime committed, what led a person to a crime, what is the internal mental content that externally manifested itself in a criminal act?

The answers to these questions cannot be simple and unambiguous.

Some claim “that crime is generated to such and such a degree by one factor, to such and such a degree by another factor, and to such and such a degree by a third.” The causes of crime are a complex phenomenon, and they require systemic analysis.

Each crime is an extremely individual and multifactorial phenomenon. To theoretically cover the genesis of criminal behavior, it is necessary to analyze the most common types of criminal behavior. Crimes can be intentional and unintentional, long-term prepared and committed spontaneously, impulsively natural for a given person and accidental. They can be committed in the sphere of economic relations, in the social and everyday sphere and in the sphere of general civil and official duties.

There are many definitions of personality in psychology. The psychological dictionary gives the following definition - personality is a relatively stable system of individual behavior, built primarily on the basis of inclusion in the social context.

Bekhterev defines personality as an independent individual with its own mental structure and individual attitude to the world around it.

Man as a subject of social relations, a bearer of social significant qualities is a person.

Personality is a specific person, in the system of his stable socially conditioned psychological characteristics, which manifest themselves in social connections and relationships.

In the concept of personality, the system of socially significant qualities of a person comes to the fore. In a person’s connections with society, his social essence. Each society creates its own standard of personality.

Personality has a multi-level organization. The highest and leading level of the psychological organization of the individual - its need-motivational sphere - is the orientation of the individual, his attitude towards society, individuals, and himself. For a person, not only his position is important, but also his ability to realize his relationships. This depends on the level of development of a person’s activity capabilities, his abilities, knowledge and skills, his emotional-volitional and intellectual qualities.

The qualities of a person are determined by the range of his practical relationships, his involvement in various spheres of social life.

A personality is characterized by a complex of stable properties, sensitivity to external influences, a stable system of motivation, attitudes, interests, the ability to interact with the environment, and moral principles of self-regulation of behavior. All these personality traits are an integration of genetic, hereditary and socio-cultural factors.

Most domestic psychologists include in the concept of personality a complex of natural properties, the psychological ambiguity of which is determined by the system of social relations in which a person is included.

A.G. Kovalev identifies the following substructures in the personality structure:

Temperament (structure of natural properties);

Orientation (system of needs, interests and ideals);

Abilities (a system of intellectual, volitional and emotional properties).

V. N. Myasishchev characterizes the unity of personality by direction, level of development, personality structure and dynamics of neuropsychic reactivity (temperament). Personality structure is a more specific characteristic of personality that includes the motivation, attitudes and tendencies of the individual.

K.K. Platonov distinguishes the following levels in the personality structure:

Socially determined features (direction, moral qualities);

Biologically determined characteristics (temperament, inclinations, instincts, simple needs);

Experience (the volume and quality of existing knowledge, skills, abilities and habits);

Individual characteristics of various mental processes.

B.G. Ananyev believes that the personality structure includes the following properties:

A certain complex of correlated properties of an individual (age-sex, neurodynamic, constitutional-biochemical);

The dynamics of psychophysiological functions and the structure of organic needs, also attributed to individual properties. The highest integration of individual properties is represented in temperament and inclinations;

Status and social functions-roles;

Motivation of behavior and value orientations;

Structure and dynamics of relationships.

From the position of A.N. Leontiev, personality and its structure are determined and characterized by a hierarchical relationship of activities. The content of activities is followed by the correlation of motives. The main thing here is the relationship between meaning-forming motives and incentive motives.

The concept of A. N. Leontyev involves a combination of analysis of the processes and functions of the individual with an analysis of the structure of the internal world of the individual, “a description of a person’s world not from the outside, but from the inside, through the prism of personal structures that mediate his worldview”

To analyze a personality, it is necessary to identify elements that would reflect its real relationship with the world, and this necessity leads to the semantic sphere as a subject of personality psychology. The basis for ideas about this area is the concept of personal meaning, introduced by A.N. Leontyev. Personal meaning acts as “a biased attitude of mental processes to the processes of the subject’s life, his consciousness to being” (Leontyev A.N.).

Summarizing the above, we can say that when studying personality, the emphasis is on properties (features) as stable components of personality.

First component structure characterizes the orientation of the individual, or a person’s selective attitude towards reality.

The orientation of the individual is the value-orientation system of the individual, the hierarchy of his basic needs, values ​​and stable motives of behavior, the main system-forming quality of the individual.

The system of value orientation of the individual is the basis of the individual’s diverse relationships to reality.

Personality orientation is a system of motivations that determines the selectivity of relationships and human activity.

The general orientation of the individual is determined by his worldview and purposefulness, giving steadfastness and firmness of character - it affects the entire appearance of a person, the entire set of characteristics of behavior and actions, habits and inclinations.

Worldview serves as the highest regulator of individual behavior. Impulse to action arising under the influence internal conditions or external circumstances, correlates with a person’s moral value views.

Second component determines the capabilities of the individual and includes the system of abilities that ensures the success of the activity.

Abilities are a set of innate and acquired properties that determine a person’s mental capabilities in various types activities.

The third component in the structure of personality is the character, or style of behavior of a person in a social environment.

Character (translated from Greek - seal, embossing, imprint) is a set of pronounced and relatively stable traits of a person that leave an imprint on his behavior and actions.

Character is a holistic formation that includes a wide variety of properties of a person’s mental make-up.

The character type is a relatively stable formation, but at the same time it is plastic. Under the influence of life circumstances, upbringing, the demands of society and a person’s demands on himself, the type of character develops and changes.

Character is a system of stable motives and methods of information that form a behavioral type of personality.

Formed in social conditions and influenced by the demands of the social environment, character in its dynamic manifestations is associated with the genetic characteristics of the individual and the type of his higher nervous activity.

Fourth component-- temperament, dynamic characteristics of human mental phenomena.

Temperament refers to the natural behavioral characteristics typical of this person and manifested in the dynamics, tone and balance of reactions to life influences.

The leading components of temperament are:

General mental activity of the individual (the individual’s desire for self-expression, effective mastery and transformation of external reality; it ranges from lethargy, inertia, contemplation to energy, swiftness of action, constant uplift);

Motor component (speed, sharpness, rhythm, strength, amplitude of muscle movements and speech features);

Emotionality (characterized by the characteristics of the emergence, course and cessation of various emotions); it primarily includes impressionability (emotional sensitivity), impulsiveness (the speed of emergence and manifestation of emotions without weighing their consequences) and emotional lability(speed of switching from one type of experience to another).

The behavior of a person is the implementation of his mental regulatory qualities in a socially significant sphere of life.

Human behavioral acts are interconnected and systemic. Activities and behavior arise on the basis of needs; their implementation begins with motivational motives. All regulatory components of human activity - cognitive, volitional and emotional - function in an inextricable unity and constitute human mental activity, the features of which act as mental properties of the individual.

Personality is a holistic mental formation, the individual elements of which are in natural relationships. Thus, the natural capabilities of an individual (the type of his higher nervous activity) naturally determine his temperament - general psychodynamic characteristics. These features serve as common mental background for the manifestation of other mental capabilities of the individual - cognitive, emotional, volitional. Mental capabilities, in turn, are associated with the orientation of the individual and his character.

Temperament, character, value orientations of an individual are all manifestations of complexes of an individual's regulatory capabilities. Personality properties make up dynamic system its functionality.

Individual mental properties of an individual, entering into systemic interaction with each other, form personality traits. The system of these mental qualities forms the structure of personality characteristics.

As relatively independent components of the personality structure (its substructures), we can distinguish: 1) the dynamics of its mental processes - temperament; 2) mental capabilities of the individual, in certain types of activities - abilities; 3) personality orientation - its characteristic needs, motives, feelings, interests, assessments, likes and dislikes, ideals and worldview; 4) manifesting itself in appropriate generalized modes of behavior, orientation determines the character of the individual.

A systematic approach to human psychology means overcoming the idea of ​​personality as a container psychological processes, states and properties. Personality is a single holistic formation, the individual elements of which are in natural relationships. Thus, the natural characteristics of an individual - the type of his higher nervous activity - naturally determines his temperament. Temperament manifests itself in all actions of an individual. The type of higher nervous activity and a person’s temperament determine to a certain extent his abilities. A person’s abilities determine the possibility of his inclusion in certain types of activities, therefore they influence the formation of the personality’s orientation. A person's orientation, ability and temperament are refracted in character traits.

Mental properties are multisystem, that is, they manifest themselves differently in various systems relationships. It is possible to highlight the properties of the individual as a subject of cognition, labor activity, communication.

Thus, in the process of cognition, the gnostic properties of the individual acquire paramount importance: sensory-perceptual, mnemonic and intellectual (cognitive). In the process of work activity, the corresponding abilities and character are of paramount importance, and in the process of communication - character and communicative properties (speech features, contact, reflexivity, suggestibility, conformity, psychological compatibility, etc.).

52. The concept of the psyche. Mental processes, properties and states.

The human psyche is the inner world of the individual, which arises in the process of human interaction with the environment outside world, in the process of actively reflecting this world.

The main functions of the human psyche are the following: regulatory, communicative, cognitive or educational

Communicative– provides the opportunity for people to communicate with each other.

Cognitive– allows a person to understand the outside world around him.

Regulatory the function ensures the regulation of all types of human activity (play, study, work), as well as all forms of his behavior.

In other words, the human psyche allows him to act as a subject of work, communication and cognition.

The physiological carrier of the human psyche is his nervous system. Psyche is a property of the brain. The connection between the center of the brain and the external environment is carried out using nerve cells and receptors.

However, mental phenomena cannot be reduced to neurophysiological processes. The mental has its own specifics. Neuro-physiological processes are the substrate, the carrier of the psyche. The relationship between the mental and the neurophysiological is the relationship between the signal as information and the signal as a carrier of information.

In modern psychological literature There are four main types of mental phenomena,these are: mental processes, mental states, mental properties and mental formations.

Mental processes– this is the main way of existence of the psyche. They provide a person’s primary reflection and awareness of the surrounding reality, are extremely plastic and dynamic, have a clear beginning, a definite course and a clearly defined end. Based on the functional need to ensure human activity, they distinguish educational,emotional And strong-willed processes.

Mental processes are those “bricks” (or elements) that make up the process of mental reflection or the process of functioning of the human psyche.

Mental conditions– this is a holistic characteristic of the mental activity of people in certain conditions, when they perform specific tasks. Each component of the psyche (cognitive, emotional, volitional) is represented differently in one state or another. “Mental state” gets its name from the leading component: cognitive state (thinking, concentration, etc.), emotional (joy, sadness, etc.), volitional (determination, perseverance, etc.). We can say that human life itself is a change from one state to another.

Mental properties– these are the most stable and constantly manifested personality traits, providing a certain qualitative and quantitative level of behavior and activity typical for a given person. Mental properties act as systemic qualities of a person; they are formed and manifest themselves in activity. Human mental properties include: focus(“What does a person want?”), capabilities(“What can a person?”), temperament and character(“How does a person manifest?”).

It is no secret that each of us has a number of individual mental properties that make our personality multifaceted and different from those around us. This is given from birth, thanks to which a person is able to regulate his own behavior and actions, based on individual abilities.

It is important to note that mental properties are understood as features that are significant and permanent in their characteristics, which are characterized by stability, manifested in a certain period of time. A striking example The following may be the reason: at this moment in time, something or maybe even someone is annoying you, in the end we can say about you that you are an irritable person, but at this very moment.

Based on this, this mental property is stable, but for a certain time. You can’t be constantly dissatisfied or irritated with something.

The structure of mental properties of personality

It is the combination of the following qualities that forms the mental structure of a person:

1. Character, personal values, temperament - these properties are inherent in every person and represent a complete dynamic, developing picture of the functional capabilities of each of us.

2. Personal properties, manifesting themselves in different forms depending on the circumstances, situation and your environment (for example, a person is capable of being a subject of cognition, communication, social activity).

3. Qualities expressed only during interactions between their own kind:

• character;
• temperament;
• direction;
• personal skills.

4. Mental makeup, which makes itself felt at the moment when you are faced with solving vital situations.

Mental properties and personality states

If mental properties are personal, constantly repeating characteristics, then states describe mental functioning based on a given point in time. They characterize the psyche based on qualities, performance, etc. They are distinguished depending on:

• emotional form (joy, despondency, etc.);
• level of mental stress;
• intensity;
• states (positive, negative);
• psychophysiological source;
• duration of the condition (permanent or temporary).

Character as a mental property of a person

Character is a set of ways of human behavior based on the life position of the individual. In addition, character is a certain feature of her psyche. It enshrines the features of her upbringing, individuality, and socialization. Some character traits that are leading determine the basic personal appearance. The main and most essential quality of character is the balance of each of its traits. In the case when such a condition is met, a person with a harmonious character is confident in his own abilities, knows how to achieve his goals, while adhering to consistency.

Abilities as a mental property of a person

Abilities determine the ability of each person to be successful in one or another field of life or activity. The main conditions for their determination are:

• the surrounding reality, the individual’s active interaction with it;
• character (the ability to be purposeful, improve oneself, developing willpower, endurance, etc.).

Thanks to abilities, a person is able to develop individual mental properties.

It is worth mentioning that inclinations are the foundation of their development. By the way, the latter are laid down at birth, that is, they are innate characteristics of each organism.

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Character (meaning) - 1. Character, mental structure, a set of mental properties. 2. Customs, common habits, way of social life ( Dictionary(1935-1940) D. N. Ushakova)

To your liking - according to your taste, I like it.

Examples

Cruel morals. Gentle disposition. Cool disposition.

Origin of the word disposition

The word “temper” comes from the previously used word “nor” - “1. custom 2. a special, personal property of a person or animal, more in a disapproving sense 3. originality, stubbornness, tenacity 4. any bad habit, custom." (Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language (1863-1866) by V.I. Dahl).

The word “strive” is no longer used, but the derivative “strive” is still used today.

Strive - persistently strive to do something (Explanatory Dictionary (1935-1940) by D. N. Ushakov).

Additionally

Do not interfere with my well-being

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Home → Personality Psychology

Mental properties of personality, mental properties of a person

As is known, the mental properties of a person are mental phenomena of a stable nature, they influence human activity and characterize the personality from the psychological and social side. In other words, these are mental properties that are realized in a certain society (social group or relationships with people). The structure of psychological phenomena consists of temperament, abilities, character and orientation.

Orientation is the most important psychological property of a person

If we talk about direction as a complex mental property, then it represents the unity of motives, goals and needs of the individual, all of which determines the nature of human activity. Mental properties of a person are formed taking into account the internal interconnected motivations of a person; they show what a particular individual strives for, why he performs certain actions, and what goals he sets. Human activity is most often defined subjectively and expresses exactly what must be satisfied. Mental properties undoubtedly determine the activities of people, this affects human relationships. Direction expresses all the abilities of the individual and directs the main personal meaning of the individual’s activity.

Human needs

Orientation determines the mental properties of a person and has its own internal structure, which includes goals, motives and needs. The latter are a person’s need, if we talk about him as a socio-biological being, for a certain material or spiritual subject. Needs must be satisfied, they encourage the individual to show the necessary activity, to carry out certain activities. According to the direction, needs as mental properties are divided into spiritual and material.

The needs of animals are mainly at the level of instincts, they are limited mainly to material or biological needs, the mental properties of a person are formed, change and multiply during his life process, this is determined by the level of production in society and social relations. In addition, even the external environment actualizes the formation of various needs at all stages of people’s life.

Needs, as a structural element of personality direction, have a number of specific features. For example, they are meaningful and specific in nature, which is associated with any activity or subject that people need. Further, awareness of the need is accompanied by a certain emotional state. Another feature of the need is the presence of a volitional component, which is focused on finding possible ways to solve the problem and satisfy the need.

A person’s mental properties, spiritual and material needs influence the formation of goals, which are aimed at achieving existing needs. In personality psychology this concept used to study intentional actions that represent specific features of human activity. In this case, goal formation is considered as the main mechanism for the formation of certain actions.

Motive also refers to the mental properties of a person and is a direct internal urge to perform a specific action in order to achieve a goal. The certain content of the motive is characterized by the objective conditions of human life. When it changes social conditions The prerequisites for the development of any motives, which appear in the form of stable and situational ones, also become different. The mental properties of a person, the direction and content of motives characterize not only the fact of the presence of a certain type of activity, but also its direct effectiveness. The influence of motive on the specifics and structure of memorization processes has been experimentally proven.

To others psychological properties Personality includes ability, temperament and character. There are 4 types of temperament:

1. Choleric temperament
2. Sanguine temperament
3. Phlegmatic temperament
4. Melancholic temperament

Character is formed on the basis of the manifestation of the temperament of the human personality in certain social conditions.

Character is (*answer*) an individual combination of stable mental characteristics of a person that determine

It's called character
(*answer*) individual combination of sustainable mental characteristics of a person, determining a typical way of behavior for a given subject in certain living conditions
social quality of an individual acquired in the process of education and self-education
a set of stable motives that guide human activity and are relatively independent of the situation
individually unique, naturally determined set of mental traits
Chronic loss of smell is called
(*answer*) anosmia
apraxia
agitation
arrhythmia
The central speech apparatus is located in
(*answer*) brain
nerve pathways
brain and spinal cord
spinal cord
The central speech apparatus consists of
(*answer*) cerebral cortex, subcortical ganglia, pathways, brainstem nuclei and nerves going to the respiratory, vocal and articulatory muscles
brain and head muscles
head, spinal cord, nerves and muscular-articulatory department
brain, spinal cord and nerves
Human thinking is qualitatively different from the thinking of animals, primarily due to the presence
(*answer*) speech
writing
brain
images
There is breadth of mind
(*answer*) ability to cover a wide range of issues in various areas of knowledge and practice
the minimum number of exercises required to generalize the solution principle
the ability to observe a strict logical order in considering a particular issue
the ability to delve into the essence, reveal the causes of phenomena, foresee the consequences
An evolutionarily fixed ready-made, stereotypical method for resolving biologically provided emergency situations is
(*answer*) affect
inferiority complex
motive
emotion
J. Sperling's experiment is also called the technique
(*answer*) partial report
full rotation
mental rotation
full report
M. Posner's experiment proves the existence
(*answer*) visual codes in short term memory
acoustic codes in long-term memory
acoustic codes in short-term memory
visual codes in long-term memory
Experiments by P.I. Zinchenko confirmed general rule:
(*answer*) what the activity is aimed at is remembered
motor memory is easier to recall
emotional memory is more stable than figurative memory
those traces of memory that were formed first fade away
Experiments conducted within the framework of the theory of levels of information processing show that words are better recognized by
(*answer*) meaning
symbolic characteristics
structural characteristics
phonetic characteristics
Sensations are called exteroceptive
(*answer*) reflecting the properties of objects in the external environment and having receptors on the surface of the body
whose receptors are located in ligaments and muscles and provide information about the movement and position of our body
having receptors inside the body
reflective properties internal environment body

Mental properties.

The highest and most stable regulators of mental activity are personality traits.

Mental properties of a person should be understood as stable formations that provide a certain qualitative and quantitative level of activity and behavior typical for a given person.

Each mental property is formed gradually in the process of reflection and is consolidated in practice. It is therefore the result of reflective and practical activity.

Mental properties do not coexist together, they are synthesized and form complex structural formations of the personality, which should include:

§ life position personality (a system of needs, interests, beliefs, ideals that determines a person’s selectivity and level of activity);

§ temperament (a system of natural personality properties - mobility, balance of behavior and activity tone - characterizing the dynamic side of behavior);

§ capabilities (a system of intellectual-volitional and emotional properties that determines the creative capabilities of the individual) and, finally,

§ character as a system of relationships and behaviors.

Rice. 1.4. Forms of manifestation of the human psyche

(L.D. Stolyarenko “Fundamentals of Psychology”)

Psyche and body

The human body is a child of nature and necessarily retains and intensively uses the physical laws of nature, i.e. the organism exists only in the natural environment, in the process of systematic exchange of products with the natural environment, and there is a deep, fundamental connection between our organic existence and nature.

All the influences of nature on our psyche can be represented in the form of certain circles of influence:

1. Cosmic life

solar system

3. Life of the Earth

4. Rhythms of nature

1. Space life. Here we are talking about some kind of isomorphism between the states of the world, the cosmos and our mental states, cosmic processes and the dynamics of our lives.

2. solar system already more directly sets the conditions of our life, determines its character and structure. And it is not surprising that we are sensitive to rhythm solar system. Corresponding scientific disciplines have long appeared that study these influences (cosmobiology, heliobiology, heliopsychology, etc.)

3. Life of the Earth. By our nature, biology, the structure of our psyche (and then consciousness), we are children of the Earth, of earthly natural conditions. And our historical existence, history in general, have as their condition a specific earthly existence, which is determined by special natural conditions our planet and its planetary life. (climate, parts of the world (habitat), conditions of production activity).

4. Natural rhythms have an impact on the human psyche. (change of seasons, time of day, meteorological changes and their rhythm).

Thus, we are talking about the natural psyche, which is in essential harmony with natural states. The development of the psyche in this sense should not run counter to natural processes and should not contradict the laws of nature.

Actually human, complexly organized the psyche can be formed and function successfully only under certain biological conditions: oxygen levels in the blood and brain cells, body temperature, metabolism, etc. Exists great amount such organic parameters, without which our psyche will not function normally.

The following features are of particular importance for mental activity: human body: age, gender, structure nervous system and brain, body type, genetic abnormalities and level of hormonal activity.

Almost any chronic illness leads to increased irritability, fatigue, and emotional instability, that is, it leads to changes in psychological tone.

Body type predetermines not only the forms of psychological diseases, but also our basic personal (characteristic) characteristics.

Recently we found out that among women in some areas corpus callosum(an important part of the brain) has more fibers than men.

This may mean that interhemispheric connections in women are more numerous and therefore they have better synthesis of information, available in both hemispheres. This fact may explain some gender differences in the psyche and behavior, including the famous female “ intuition " In addition, women have higher rates associated with linguistic functions, memory Yu, analytical skills And subtle manual manipulation, can be associated with greater relative activity in the left hemisphere of their brain.

Against, creative artistic abilities and the opportunity to confidently navigate in spatial coordinates noticeably better in men . Apparently, they owe these advantages to the right hemisphere of their brain.

Research has shown that the level of general ability The average woman is taller than the average man, but among men there are actually more often indicators that are significantly higher than the average level and much lower than it.

The dependence of the psyche on such a biological factor of the body as age, everyone knows. Agree, there is a big difference in the psyche of a baby, a young man and an old man.

Psyche is a function of the brain that consists in reflecting objective reality in ideal images, on the basis of which the vital activity of the body is regulated. Psychology studies that property of the brain, which consists in the mental reflection of material reality, as a result of which ideal images of reality are formed, necessary for regulating the interaction of the body with the environment. The content of the psyche is ideal images of objectively existing phenomena. But these images arise in different people in their own way. They depend on past experience, knowledge, needs, interests, mental state, etc. In other words, the psyche is a subjective reflection of the objective world. However, the subjective nature of a reflection does not mean that the reflection is incorrect; verification by socio-historical and personal practice provides an objective reflection of the surrounding world.

Psyche– this is a subjective reflection of objective reality in ideal images, on the basis of which human interaction with the external environment is regulated.

The psyche is inherent in humans and animals. However, the human psyche, as the highest form of psyche, is also designated by the concept of “consciousness”. But the concept of the psyche is broader than the concept of consciousness, since the psyche includes the sphere of the subconscious and superconscious (“Super Ego”). The structure of the psyche includes: mental properties, mental processes, mental qualities and mental states.

Mental properties- stable manifestations that have a genetic basis, are inherited and practically do not change during life. These include the properties of the nervous system:

strength of the nervous system - resistance of nerve cells to prolonged irritation or excitement

· mobility of nervous processes – the speed of transition of excitation to inhibition

· balance of nervous processes - the relative level of balance between the processes of excitation and inhibition

lability – flexibility of change under the influence of various stimuli

· resistance – resistance to the effects of unfavorable stimuli.

Mental processes– relatively stable formations that have a latent sensitive period of development develop and are formed under the influence of external living conditions. These include: sensation, perception, memory, thinking, imagination, representation, attention, will, emotions.

Mental qualities– relatively stable formations that arise and are formed under the influence of the educational process and life activity. The qualities of the psyche are most clearly represented in character.

Mental conditions– represent a relatively stable dynamic background of activity and mental activity.

Mental properties

Psychology studies not only individual mental processes and those peculiar combinations of them that are observed in complex human activity, but also the mental properties that characterize each human personality: its interests and inclinations, its abilities, its temperament and character.

It is impossible to find two people who are completely identical in their mental properties. Each person differs from other people in a number of features, the totality of which forms his individuality.

When we talk about the mental properties of a personality, we mean its essential, more or less stable, permanent features. Every person happens to forget something; but not for every person “forgetfulness” is characteristic feature. Every person has experienced an irritable mood at some point, but “irritability” is characteristic only of some people.

The mental properties of a person are not something that a person receives ready-made and remains unchanged until the end of his days. The mental properties of a person - his abilities, his character, his interests and inclinations - are developed and formed in the course of life. These features are more or less stable, but not immutable. There are no completely unchangeable properties in the human personality. While a person lives, he develops and, therefore, changes in one way or another.
No mental feature can be innate. A person is not born already having certain abilities or character traits. Only some anatomical and physiological features of the body, some features of the nervous system, sensory organs and - most importantly - the brain can be congenital. These anatomical and physiological characteristics that form innate differences between people are called inclinations. have the makings important in the process of forming a person’s individuality, but they never predetermine it, that is, they are not the only and main condition on which this individuality depends. Inclinations, from the point of view of the development of a person’s mental characteristics, are multi-valued, i.e., on the basis of any specific inclinations, various mental properties can be developed depending on how a person’s life proceeds.

I.P. Pavlov established that there are significant individual differences in the types of the nervous system, or, what is the same, the types of higher nervous activity. Thus, the question of natural prerequisites individual differences, the so-called “inclinations”, received in the works of I.P. Pavlova its truly scientific basis.

Various types higher nervous activity differs from each other according to the following three characteristics: 1) the strength of the basic nervous processes - excitation and inhibition; this sign characterizes the performance of cortical cells; 2) balance between excitation and inhibition; 3) the mobility of these processes, i.e. the ability to quickly replace each other. These are the basic properties of the nervous system. Different types of higher nervous activity differ from each other in different combinations of these properties.

The type of higher nervous activity is the main characteristic individual characteristics nervous system of a given person. Being an innate feature, the type of higher nervous activity does not remain unchanged. It changes under the influence of human living conditions and activities, under the influence of “constant education or training in the broadest sense of these words” (Pavlov). “And this is because,” he explained, “that next to the above-mentioned properties of the nervous system, its most important property, the highest plasticity, continuously appears.” The plasticity of the nervous system, i.e. its ability to change its properties under the influence of external conditions, is the reason that the properties of the nervous system that determine it type, - strength, balance and mobility of nervous processes do not remain unchanged throughout a person’s life.

Thus, one must distinguish congenital type higher nervous activity and the type of higher nervous activity that has developed as a result of living conditions and, first of all, upbringing.

The individuality of a person - his character, his interests and abilities - always, to one degree or another, reflects his biography, which life path which he went through. In overcoming difficulties, will and character are formed and strengthened, and corresponding interests and abilities are developed in engaging in certain activities. But since a person’s personal life path depends on the social conditions in which a person lives, then the possibility of developing certain mental properties in him depends on these social conditions. “Whether an individual like Raphael will be able to develop his talent,” wrote Marx and Engels, “depends entirely on demand, which, in turn, depends on the division of labor and on the conditions for the enlightenment of people generated by it.” Only the socialist system creates conditions for the complete and comprehensive development of the individual. And indeed, such a huge flowering of talents and talents as in the Soviet Union has never happened in any country and in any era.

Of central importance for the formation of a person’s individuality, his interests and inclinations, his character is a worldview, that is, a system of views on all the phenomena of nature and society surrounding a person. But the worldview of every individual person is a reflection in his individual consciousness of the social worldview, social ideas, theories, and views. Never before has the history of mankind seen such mass heroism, such feats of courage, such selfless love for the homeland as that of Soviet people during the days of the Great Patriotic War and on days of peaceful labor. The decisive condition for the development of all these qualities was the worldview of the Lenin-Stalin party, in the spirit of which the consciousness of advanced Soviet people grew, was educated and developed.

Human consciousness is a product of social conditions. Let us recall the words of Marx that we cited earlier. “...Consciousness from the very beginning is a social product and remains so as long as people exist at all.”

However: “There are different social ideas and theories. There are old ideas and theories that have outlived their time and serve the interests of the moribund forces of society... There are new, advanced ideas and theories that serve the interests of the advanced forces of society” (Stalin). A person’s assimilation of an advanced worldview, advanced views and ideas does not occur automatically, of course. First of all, it requires the ability to distinguish these progressive views from old, outdated views that pull a person back and prevent the full development of his personality. And besides, mere “knowledge” of advanced ideas and views is not enough. They need to be deeply “experienced” by a person, to become his beliefs, on which the motives of his actions and deeds depend.