Literally translated from Greek, character means chasing, imprint. In psychology, character is understood as a set of individually unique mental properties that manifest themselves in a person under typical conditions and are expressed in his or her inherent ways of acting in such conditions.

Character is an individual combination of essential personality traits that express a person’s attitude to reality and are manifested in his command and actions.

3.4.1. Character in the structure of personality. Groups of character traits

Character is interconnected with other aspects of personality, in particular with temperament and abilities. Character, like temperament. is quite stable and little changeable. Temperament influences the form of manifestation of character, uniquely coloring certain of its traits. Thus, perseverance in a choleric person is expressed by vigorous activity, in a phlegmatic person - in concentrated thinking. The choleric person works energetically and passionately, while the phlegmatic person works methodically, slowly. On the other hand, temperament itself is restructured under the influence of character: a person with a strong character can suppress some of the negative aspects of his temperament and control its manifestations. Abilities are inextricably linked with character. High level abilities is associated with such character traits as collectivism - a feeling of an inextricable connection with the team, a desire to work for its benefit, faith in one’s strengths and capabilities, combined with constant dissatisfaction with one’s achievements, high demands on oneself, and the ability to think critically about one’s work. The flourishing of abilities is associated with the ability to persistently overcome difficulties, not to lose heart under the influence of failures, to work in an organized manner, and to show initiative. The connection between character and abilities is also expressed in the fact that the formation of such character traits as hard work, initiative, determination, organization, and perseverance occurs in the same activity of the child in which his abilities are formed. For example, in the process of labor as one of the main types of activity, on the one hand, the ability to work develops, and on the other, hard work as a character trait.

Human character is multifaceted and diverse in its manifestations. At the same time, he is complete. Integrity is achieved by the core, most stable, dominant in strength and activity traits. There are a lot of character traits (over 1.5 thousand words in Ozhegov’s Dictionary), they can be divided into several blocks or groups that reflect a person’s attitude to different aspects of life (Fig. 3.10).

Rice. 3.10. Main groups of character traits: communicative,

labor, self-esteem and strong-willed

P
first group. First of all, these are qualities in which beliefs, ideals, orientation are expressed, this is the social meaning of all other character traits. They reveal a person’s attitude towards the people around him and towards society as a whole. These features can be called communicative, These include patriotism, collectivism, kindness, sociability, sensitivity, politeness, tact, devotion, honesty, truthfulness, sincerity etc., negative - selfishness, callousness, deceit, hypocrisy...

The next group is the qualities that reflect a person’s attitude towards himself (self-respect, self-acceptance, self-blame, self-criticism, modesty, pride, selfishness...), which is expressed in self-esteem: overestimated, underestimated, adequate.

T
The third group is a person’s attitude to work, the results of his work ( hard work, initiative, perseverance, accuracy, responsibility, indifference, laziness, irresponsibility and so on.). These qualities are called business.

Sometimes psychologists identify a group of character traits that show a person’s attitude towards things, then they talk about neatness, thrift, generosity, stinginess, sloppiness, negligence, pedantry and etc.

ABOUT occupy their own place strong-willed traits. Will is called the basis of character, its backbone ( desire to achieve success, perseverance, perseverance and etc.) Will - this is a person’s ability to perform conscious actions that require overcoming external or internal difficulties.

Any volitional action has a complex internal structure.

Will is revealed not only in active actions and actions. Will also manifests itself in the ability to restrain oneself and slow down unwanted actions. Here they talk about endurance, patience, self-control.

When communicating with people, a person's character is manifested in his behavior. in the ways of responding to the actions and actions of people. The manner of communication can be more or less delicate, tactful or unceremonious, polite or rude. Character, unlike temperament, is determined not so much by the properties of the nervous system as by a person’s culture and upbringing.

There are other approaches to determining the structure of character, so within the framework of one of them, a person’s personality traits are divided into motivational and instrumental. Motivational ones encourage, direct activity, support it, and instrumental ones give it a certain style. Character can be considered one of the instrumental personal properties. It is not the content that depends on it, but the manner in which the activity is performed. True, as was said, character can also be manifested in the choice of the goal of action. However, when the goal is defined, the character acts more in its instrumental role, i.e. as a means to achieve a goal.

Let us list the main personality traits that make up a person’s character.

Firstly, these are those personality properties that determine a person’s actions in choosing goals (more or less difficult). Here, rationality, prudence, or the qualities opposite to them can appear as certain characterological traits.

Secondly, the character structure includes traits that relate to actions aimed at achieving set goals: perseverance, determination, consistency and others, as well as alternatives to them (as evidence of a lack of character). In this regard, character comes closer not only to temperament, but also to the will of a person.

Thirdly, character includes purely instrumental traits directly related to temperament: extraversion-introversion, calm-anxiety, restraint-impulsiveness, switchability-rigidity, etc. A peculiar combination of all these character traits in one person allows us to classify him as a certain type .

Psyche is a function of the brain that consists in reflecting objective reality in ideal images, on the basis of which the vital activity of the body is regulated.

Psychology studies that property of the brain, which consists in the mental reflection of material reality, as a result of which ideal images of reality are formed, necessary for regulating the interaction of the body with environment.

The content of the psyche is ideal images of objectively existing phenomena. But these images arise from different people peculiar. They depend on past experience, knowledge, needs, interests, mental state, etc. In other words, the psyche is a subjective reflection of the objective world. However, the subjective nature of a reflection does not mean that the reflection is incorrect; verification by socio-historical and personal practice provides an objective reflection of the surrounding world.

The psyche is inherent in humans and animals. However, the human psyche, as the highest form of psyche, is also designated by the concept of “consciousness”. But the concept of the psyche is broader than the concept of consciousness, since the psyche includes the sphere of the subconscious and superconscious (“Super Ego”). The structure of the psyche includes: mental properties, mental processes, mental qualities and mental states.

Mental properties- stable manifestations that have a genetic basis, are inherited and practically do not change during life. These include properties nervous system: - strength of the nervous system - stability nerve cells to prolonged irritation or excitement - mobility nervous processes- speed of transition of excitation to inhibition - balance of nervous processes - relative level of balance of processes of excitation and inhibition - lability - flexibility of change under the influence of various stimuli - resistance - resistance to the effects of unfavorable stimuli.

Mental processes- relatively stable formations that have a latent sensitive period of development develop and are formed under the influence of external living conditions.

These include:

Sensation, perception, memory, thinking, imagination, representation, attention, will, emotions.

Mental qualities- relatively stable formations that arise and are formed under the influence of the educational process and life activity. The qualities of the psyche are most clearly represented in character.

Mental conditions- represent a relatively stable dynamic background of activity and mental activity.

Mental properties.

Psychology studies not only individual mental processes and those peculiar combinations of them that are observed in complex human activity, but also the mental properties that characterize each human personality: its interests and inclinations, its abilities, its temperament and character. It is impossible to find two people who are completely identical in their mental properties. Each person differs from other people in a number of features, the totality of which forms his individuality.

When we talk about the mental properties of a personality, we mean its essential, more or less stable, permanent features. Every person happens to forget something; but “forgetfulness” is not a characteristic feature of every person. Every person has experienced an irritable mood at some point, but “irritability” is characteristic only of some people.

The mental properties of a person are not something that a person receives ready-made and remains unchanged until the end of his days. The mental properties of a person - his abilities, his character, his interests and inclinations - are developed and formed in the course of life. These features are more or less stable, but not immutable. There are no completely unchangeable properties in the human personality. As long as a person lives, he develops and therefore changes one way or another.

No mental feature can be innate. A person is not born already having certain abilities or character traits. Only some anatomical and physiological features of the body, some features of the nervous system, sensory organs and - most importantly - the brain can be congenital.

These anatomical and physiological characteristics that form innate differences between people are called inclinations. Inclinations are important in the process of forming a person’s individuality, but they never predetermine it, that is, they are not the only and main condition on which this individuality depends.

Inclinations, from a developmental point of view mental characteristics of a person are multi-valued, i.e., on the basis of any specific inclinations, various mental properties can be developed depending on how a person’s life proceeds.

I.P. Pavlov established that there are significant individual differences in the types of the nervous system, or, what is the same, the types of higher nervous activity. Thus, the question of natural prerequisites individual differences, the so-called “inclinations”, received in the works of I.P. Pavlova its truly scientific basis.

Various types higher nervous activity differ from each other according to the following three characteristics:

1) the strength of basic nervous processes - excitation and inhibition; this sign characterizes the performance of cortical cells;

2) balance between excitation and inhibition;

3) the mobility of these processes, i.e. the ability to quickly replace each other. These are the basic properties of the nervous system. Different types of higher nervous activity differ from each other in different combinations of these properties.

The type of higher nervous activity is the main characteristic of the individual characteristics of the nervous system this person. Being an innate feature, the type of higher nervous activity does not remain unchanged. It changes under the influence of human living conditions and activities, under the influence of “constant education or training in the broadest sense of these words” (Pavlov). “And this is because,” he explained, “that next to the above-mentioned properties of the nervous system, its most important property constantly appears - the highest plasticity.”

The plasticity of the nervous system, i.e. its ability to change its properties under the influence of external conditions, is the reason that the properties of the nervous system that determine it type, strength, balance and mobility of nervous processes do not remain unchanged throughout a person’s life. Thus, one must distinguish congenital type higher nervous activity and the type of higher nervous activity that has developed as a result of living conditions and, first of all, upbringing.

The individuality of a person - his character, his interests and abilities - always, to one degree or another, reflects his biography, the life path that he has passed. In overcoming difficulties, will and character are formed and strengthened, and corresponding interests and abilities are developed in engaging in certain activities.

But since a person’s personal life path depends on the social conditions in which a person lives, then the possibility of developing certain mental properties in him depends on these social conditions. “Whether an individual like Raphael will be able to develop his talent,” wrote Marx and Engels, “depends entirely on demand, which, in turn, depends on the division of labor and on the conditions for the enlightenment of people generated by it.”

Of central importance for the formation of a person’s individuality, his interests and inclinations, his character is a worldview, that is, a system of views on all the phenomena of nature and society surrounding a person. But the worldview of every individual person is a reflection in his individual consciousness of the social worldview, social ideas, theories, and views. Human consciousness is a product of social conditions. Let us recall the words of Marx that we cited earlier. “...Consciousness from the very beginning is a social product and remains so as long as people exist at all.”

A person’s assimilation of an advanced worldview, advanced views and ideas does not occur automatically, of course. First of all, it requires the ability to distinguish these progressive views from old, outdated views that pull a person back and prevent the full development of his personality. And besides, mere “knowledge” of advanced ideas and views is not enough. They need to be deeply “experienced” by a person, to become his beliefs, on which the motives of his actions and deeds depend.

Conditioned by a person’s personal life path, his beliefs, in turn, influence the course of this path, directing a person’s actions, his lifestyle and activities. IN childhood Education and training are of decisive importance for the formation of a person’s mental characteristics. As the human personality is formed, self-education, that is, a person’s conscious work on developing his worldview and his beliefs, on developing desirable mental properties and eradicating undesirable ones, becomes increasingly important. Every person is, to a large extent, the creator of his own individuality.

Mental processes.

Types of mental processes:

Cognitive

• Feeling
• Perception
• Thinking
• Consciousness
• Attention
• Memory
• Imagination
• Performance

Emotional and motivational.

• Emotions and feelings
• Conditions (mood, anxiety, etc.)
• Motivation

Personal characteristics.

• Character
• Temperament
• Motor skills
• Intelligence

Cognitive.

A person’s contact with the world determines the development of his psyche. Initial form The psyche consists of sensations - the source of all our knowledge about the world around us. The creation of a single image of a thing or phenomenon, the degree of its understanding is given by perception. Perception can be deliberate, purposeful, in order to deeply understand the object.

This process is called observation. Observation expands and details our perception of phenomena and things, and the ability to evaluate forms general idea about them. The reflection of general experience, manifested in recognition and reproduction, is called memory. The highest cognitive mental process is thinking, which is a process of reflection, a process of cognition of the world.

Thinking always begins with posing a question, with a need or need to resolve it. With the help of thinking, a person learns the general and essential characteristics of objects and phenomena, connections and relationships between them. Thinking makes it possible to foresee the course of events and the results of our own actions.

Quality, productivity thought processes ultimately depends on the knowledge a person has and the ability to master it, on the level of development and degree of perception of intelligence.

Modern psychology considers one of the most important positive qualities mind its criticality and flexibility, as well as breadth, depth and speed of thought.
TO negative properties mental activity can include uncriticality, haste, slowness and superficiality of the mind, inertia, routine and narrowness of thinking, as well as the inability to seek and find new ways.

A person thinks in concepts, judgments, conclusions that are expressed in words. Speech is a form of manifestation of thought, a means and process of communication. It is associated with mental processes. Any speech not only conveys a certain content of thought, but also, with the help of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures, expresses the feelings and attitude of the speaker to what or who is being spoken about.

An observant person can learn and understand a lot about the speaker from his speeches, because the individual characteristics of speech reflect, to a certain extent, the characteristics of the individual.
The leader must know the individual properties of the mental activity of his subordinates.

Emotionally - motivational.

Person's attitude ( subjective reactions) to phenomena and things of the real world is expressed by mental experiences (emotions).

Emotions are subjective human reactions to the influence of internal and external stimuli, manifested in the form of pleasure or displeasure, joy, fear, etc. They arise in the body as a result of subcortical excitations of the brain, formed on the basis of hereditary or acquired experience.

Emotions arose in the process of evolution as a means by which living beings determine the biological significance of the states of the body and the environment. Emotions accompany almost any manifestation of the body’s vital activity. They reflect the significance of phenomena and situations in the form of direct experience and serve as one of the main mechanisms of internal regulation. mental activity and behavior aimed at meeting current needs.

A person, relying on emotions, performs necessary actions, the expediency of which remains hidden to him. Some people and events excite him, but he remains indifferent to others. In one case, a person experiences pleasure and joy, in another, concern, anxiety, and even grief.

As a person develops, emotions lose their instinctive basis and develop into stable, more complex and higher processes - feelings.

Feelings are formed on the basis of emotions as a result of a person’s relationship to something and as a result of a systematic generalization of specific experiences. Feelings represent deep formations of an individual. They characterize the wealth or poverty of a person’s inner world, his relationships and life position.

Feelings- the result of a person’s satisfaction of certain needs and interests.

Feelings in psychology are a special type emotional experiences, having a clearly expressed objective character. They are associated with the idea of ​​some object - specific or generalized. A person’s feelings are cultural and historical in nature; sign systems (social symbolism, rites, rituals, etc.) play a significant role in their formation.

Emotions and feelings constitute the content of a person’s emotional and sensory life. This is special human mechanism, which deepens and enriches our contacts with the outside world, expands the possibilities for our improvement. The formation of a person’s feelings is the most important condition for his formation as an individual and personality. The influence of this factor on a person and his psyche, and therefore on his behavior and activities, should be taken into account.

Volitional processes.

A person not only thinks and feels, but also acts accordingly. A person realizes conscious and purposeful regulation of activity with the help of will.

Will is the conscious ability and desire of a person to perform deliberate actions aimed at achieving a consciously set goal, and to consciously regulate one’s activities, managing one’s behavior.

Will- this is the desire to choose the type of activity, to the internal efforts necessary for its implementation. Even the simplest work activity requires volitional efforts. This is the connecting link between consciousness, on the one hand, and action, on the other.

Will- this is a person’s ability to overcome obstacles and achieve a goal, this is conscious self-regulation of one’s behavior, this is a complex psychological process that causes human activity.

Will- this is, first of all, power over oneself, over one’s feelings and actions. It is necessary both when performing certain actions and to refrain from unwanted actions.

Will must accompany all types of human activity in order for them to be effective. Where human effort, mental and physical strength is required, the will necessarily comes into play. Volitional effort is a special state of mental tension in which the physical, intellectual and moral forces of a person are mobilized. Every volitional effort begins with awareness of a goal and the manifestation of a desire to achieve it.

The will of a person is manifested in actions, for the implementation of which a person consciously regulates their strength, speed and other dynamic parameters. The level of development of the will determines how adapted a person is to the activity that he performs. An act of will is characterized by the experience of “I must,” “I must,” and awareness of the value characteristics of the goal of the activity.

Will rules man. Depending on the degree of volitional effort a person expends in achieving a goal, they speak of strength and perseverance of will.

Mental states.

Classification of mental states.

Mental states, depending on the purposes of their study, are distinguished according to the following criteria:

A) predominance in mental states of the mental process that causes them

B) the type of activity in which mental states are manifested

C) the influence of mental states on activity.

Moreover, many of the conditions may be included in each of these groups.

According to the predominance of mental processes, mental states are divided into gnostic, emotional and strong-willed.

Gnostic mental states: curiosity, curiosity, surprise, amazement, bewilderment, doubt, puzzlement, daydreaming, interest, concentration, etc.

Emotional mental states: joy, grief, sadness, indignation, anger, resentment, satisfaction and dissatisfaction, cheerfulness, melancholy, doom, depression, despondency, despair, fear, timidity, horror, attraction, passion, affect, etc.

Volitional mental states: activity, passivity, decisiveness and indecisiveness, confidence and uncertainty, restraint and lack of restraint, absent-mindedness, calmness, etc.

All these states are similar to the corresponding mental processes and personality properties, which reveals one of the most important laws of psychology.

Work mental states: readiness, unpreparedness, inspiration, verve, energy, lethargy, apathy, efficiency, idleness, fatigue, patience and impatience, etc.

Educational mental states: excitement, depression, inhibition, concentration, absent-mindedness, attentiveness and inattention, interest, indifference, etc.

Sports mental states: composure, relaxation, tension, mobility, stiffness, confidence and uncertainty, vigor, lethargy, determination, responsibility, etc. In this case, all mental states are divided into:

Optimal

Stressful

Depressed

Suggested

Optimal mental states are states that are most appropriate for a particular type of activity. Each type of activity requires unique mental states for its most successful implementation. Heavy physical labor, for example, is most successfully carried out with maximum excitement, great energy, activity, mobility and agility.

On theoretical studies, on the contrary, what is needed is curiosity, inquisitiveness, concentration, perseverance, and maximum attentiveness; here increased mobility, quickness and high excitement are harmful. One and the same mental state can be best for one type of activity and harmful for another, different in its psychological structure.

Stressful (overexcited) mental states are acceptable in the form of passion, impulse, excitement in battle and emergency situations, although they are not the best in these operating conditions. Where strict calculation, intelligence, high attentiveness and greater precision of movements are required, overexcited states are certainly harmful, because they mostly lead to tension, stiffness, limited attention, and poor intelligence.

Depressive mental states are harmful in all types of activities. They are expressed in lethargy, limited mobility, poor intelligence, apathy and passivity. A depressed student is essentially incapacitated. Neither his work, nor educational, nor sports activities can be successful. In such a state, as they say, “everything falls out of hand.” He should not be allowed to be responsible and dangerous work. He can perform only light and sedentary activities that do not require high intelligence, agility, initiative and resourcefulness.

Suggestive mental states can be useful or harmful in all types of activities and behavior, depending on what is suggested by the suggestor. Suggestion is carried out with reduced awareness of the suggestor (subject to suggestion). Suggestive states are quite widespread in the process of education and upbringing, work, mass communications and other phenomena of social life.

Psychology is the science of facts, patterns and mechanisms of the psyche as an image of reality formed in the brain, on the basis and with the help of which human behavior and activity are controlled. The subject of psychology is the study of “psyche”, “mental”.

Structure modern psychology includes various branches of psychological knowledge. Of general methodological significance for all other branches of psychology are general and social psychology.

General psychology studies the basic patterns of the emergence and functioning of mental phenomena in human activity and behavior.

Social Psychology explores the mechanisms and patterns of human communication, interaction and relationships in groups of people, as well as complex group phenomena (socio-psychological climate, group values ​​and norms, group opinion, etc.).

Subject developmental psychology is the study of psychological facts, mechanisms and patterns associated with the age-related development of a person and the genesis of various mental functions.

Abstract "Structure of the human psyche", source knowledge.allbest.ru

Legal psychology [With the basics of general and social psychology] Enikeev Marat Iskhakovich

§ 1. The concept of personality. Socialization of personality. The structure of mental properties of personality

§ 1. The concept of personality. Socialization of personality. The structure of mental properties of personality

Man as a subject social relations, carrier socially significant qualities is a person.

A person is not born with ready-made abilities, character, etc. These properties are formed during life, but on a certain natural basis. Hereditary basis human body(genotype) determines its anatomical and physiological characteristics, the main qualities of the nervous system, and the dynamics of nervous processes. The natural, biological organization of man contains the possibilities of his mental development.

The formation of a person as an individual occurs only in specific social conditions.

What at first glance appears to be “natural” qualities of a person (for example, character traits) are in fact the consolidation in the individual of social requirements for his behavior.

The qualities of a person are determined by the range of his practical relationships and involvement in various spheres of social life.

In the formation of an individual as a personality, the processes of personal identification (the formation of an individual’s identification with other people and human society as a whole) and personalization (the individual’s awareness of the need for a certain representation of his personality in the life of other people, personal self-realization in a given social community) are essential.

A person interacts with other people on the basis of self-concept, personal reflection - his ideas about himself, his capabilities, his significance.

To understand a personality means to understand what life tasks and in what way it solves, what initial principles of behavior it is guided by.

The formation of an individual’s ability to function in society on the basis of his assimilation of social values ​​and methods of socially positive behavior is called specialization.

In the process of socialization, a person learns social norms, masters ways of fulfilling social roles, and skills of social behavior. Socialization is the individual’s mastery of social reality.

The sources of personal socialization are:

Experience of early childhood - the formation of mental functions and elementary forms of behavior (certain omissions in the formation of personality at an early age are difficult to compensate for in later life);

Social institutions - systems of upbringing, training and education;

Mutual influence of people in the process of communication and activity.

Socialization is not a mechanism for imposing a “ready-made” social form”, but a process of active self-construction of personality, which is stimulated by certain social conditions. Socialization gives the individual the opportunity to function as a full member of society.

The socialization of an individual is associated with the development of an adequate attitude towards social values. Fashion, tastes, and consumer orientations are changeable. People's ideological positions and the values ​​of universal human culture are more stable.

Each generation has its own problems of inclusion in life. Socialization does not mean “adjusting” new generations to previous social values ​​and traditions. The historical process would lose development if fathers succeeded in making their own likeness out of their children. Socialization is the appropriation by the younger generation of the socio-psychological mechanisms of the full functioning of a person in human society.

In archaic and totalitarian societies, socialization comes down to the unconditional reproduction by younger people of the social stereotypes of their elders. In a civilized democratic society, the principles of interaction between generations are equality and cooperation, the possibility of free development of new generations within the framework of fundamental human values.

Defects in socialization are most possible during crisis periods in an individual’s life. A special “fragility” of the psyche is inherent in adolescence. A critical turning point at this age is manifested in everything: changes in appearance, voice, new ways of interacting with the environment. Awakened sexual instincts create significant internal tension.

Excitability is increased, inhibitory processes are weakened, increased strength does not find worthy and emotionally intense use in a number of cases. As a rule, a teenager is treated like a child. Hence - teenage protest, negativism, distorted forms of self-affirmation. In some cases, seduction by street romance is also possible.

Those who claim that teenage delinquents are characterized by undeveloped interests are wrong. On the contrary, their interests have already been formed, but these are socially negative interests: early acquisition of sexual experience, sexual perversions, drug addiction, asociality.

The original type of deviant behavior is delinquent behavior - a system of minor offenses, offenses, and misdemeanors. Delinquency can be caused by pedagogical neglect, bad manners, lack of culture, as well as mental anomalies, rigidity (inflexibility) of behavior, and a tendency to affective reactions.

Delinquent behavior is largely due to unfavorable family upbringing - overprotection or extremely harsh treatment, unfavorable influence of the microenvironment. The first manifestations of delinquent behavior are truancy, fights with peers, petty hooliganism, terrorizing weak peers, blackmail, motorcycle theft, defiant behavior in public places.

If not stopped in a timely manner, these forms of pre-criminal behavior become fixed in the corresponding behavioral stereotypes; an antisocial style of behavior is formed, which under certain conditions can develop into a stable antisocial type of behavior. Rejection of basic social Values ​​is the root cause of socially maladaptive behavior.

Social maladaptation of an individual, his deviant behavior are associated with weakening of social control, neglect, and connivance with antisocial manifestations of personality in early stages its formation. External conditions, allowing the possibility of systematic uncontrolled behavior, turn into the internal inability of the individual to self-restraint.

Social disadaptation of an individual is associated in a number of cases not only with value orientation, but also with the lack of development of methods of psychological self-defense. It is a human tragedy to feel from a young age that you are a doomed loser, capable of only committing negative actions. Irreversible consequences may lead to indifference of persons whose opinion is especially important to him.

Fundamental social need of a person - the need for self-esteem, for personal recognition - must resonate in a socially positive environment. A person rejected by society resorts to deviant forms of behavior.

The individual replaces the failed general social scale of personal self-measurement with an asocial surrogate available to him. And now a physically weak guy who starts drinking and smoking begins to feel like a “real guy.” And his first successes in the “business” create for him the aura of “his guy.”

The exaggerated encouragement of the leaders flatters his painful pride. And only in this asocial subculture does the individual begin to find the meaning of his existence. The individual's motivation for deviant behavior is strengthened. Anti-normativity becomes the norm - this is the paradox of deviance.

For the formation of personality, defects in socialization at an early age, the influence of an asocial “socializer,” and the influence of asocial subcultures are especially dangerous. The greatest influence on the developing personality is exerted by the primary socializing group - family, peers, various small and primary groups.

A number of features of a socialized personality can be identified.

In critical situations, such a person retains his life strategy and remains committed to his positions and value orientations (integrity of the individual).

She prevents possible mental breakdowns in extreme situations with a system of means psychological protection(rationalization, repression, revaluation of values, etc.). The norm for an individual is to be in a state of continuous development, self-improvement and self-realization, constantly discovering new horizons for oneself, learning the “joy of tomorrow,” searching for opportunities to update one’s abilities in difficult conditions, tolerance, and the ability to take adequate action in a situation of opposition.

When making life plans, a stable personality starts from real possibilities, avoids inflated claims. A developed personality has a highly developed sense of justice, conscience and honor. She is decisive and persistent in achieving objectively significant goals, but is not rigid, that is, she is capable of correcting behavior.

She is able to respond to the complex demands of life with tactical lability, without mental breakdown. He considers himself the source of his successes and failures, and not external circumstances. In difficult living conditions, she is able to take responsibility and take justifiable risks.

Along with emotional stability, she constantly maintains emotional reactivity, high sensitivity to the beautiful and sublime, rejecting baseness and immorality. Possessing a developed sense of self-esteem, a person is self-reflective - he subjects himself to self-control based on his self-concept.

A person lives and acts on the basis of the structure that she has formed in her head under the influence of specific life conditions.

All regulatory components of human activity - cognitive, volitional and emotional processes - function in an inextricable unity and constitute human mental activity, the features of which act as mental properties of the individual.

Highlighting structural components personality, it is necessary to consider them as complexes of psychoregulatory capabilities of the individual. Personality is a holistic mental formation, the individual elements of which are in natural relationships. Thus, the natural capabilities of an individual (his type

higher nervous activity) naturally determine his temperament - general psychodynamic features.

These features serve as a general mental background for the manifestation of other mental capabilities of the individual - cognitive, emotional, volitional. Psychic abilities, in turn, are associated with the orientation of the individual, his character - generally adaptive modes of behavior.

When we give general classification mental phenomena (mental processes, mental states, mental properties of a person), we abstract, artificially differentiate, separate these phenomena. When we talk about the structure of a person’s mental properties, we integrate psychic phenomena, we personally unite them.

Personality properties make up dynamic system its functionality. Mental properties are multisystem: they manifest themselves in different ways in various systems relationships. It is possible to highlight the properties of the individual as a subject of cognition, work activity, and communication.

Individual mental properties of an individual, entering into systemic interaction with each other, form personality traits. These mental qualities of a person are traditionally divided into four groups: 1) temperament, 2) orientation, 3) ability and 4) character.

The system of these mental qualities forms the structure of the personality.

From the book Psychology author Krylov Albert Alexandrovich

Chapter 7. SOCIALIZATION OF PERSONALITY § 7.1. WHAT IS “SOCIALIZATION”? Man is a social being. From the first days of his existence, he is surrounded by his own kind. From the very beginning of his life he was included in social interactions. Man's first experience of social communication

From the book Psychological Safety: tutorial author Solomin Valery Pavlovich

Methodology for determining personality traits. It is used for examining adolescents and adults. Goal: determination of personality traits (closedness - sociability, intelligence, restraint - expressiveness, confirmation of feelings - high normative behavior,

From the book Teenager [The Difficulties of Growing Up] author Kazan Valentina

Transfer of mental states from person to person In the process of interaction, parents and adolescents are inextricably linked with each other. They manifest themselves in a joint common emotional field, in which their mental states are primarily visible. These include

From the book Personality Psychology in the works of domestic psychologists author Kulikov Lev

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Chapter 4 SOCIALIZATION OF PERSONALITY

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69. The relationship between temperament and other personality traits Temperament and relationships. The picture of human behavior within the framework of temperament can be determined by the person’s relationships, which temporarily mask or modify the natural, or, more precisely, characteristic, for a given

It is no secret that each of us has a number of individual mental properties that make our personality multifaceted and different from those around us. This is given from birth, thanks to which a person is able to regulate his own actions, based on individual abilities.

It is important to note that mental properties are understood as features that are significant and permanent in their characteristics, which are characterized by stability, manifested in a certain period of time. A striking example The following may help: this moment time, something or maybe even someone annoys you, in the end it can be said about you that you are an irritable person, but precisely at this moment. Based on this, this mental property is stable, but for a certain time. You can’t be constantly dissatisfied or irritated with something.

The structure of mental properties of personality

It is the combination of the following qualities that forms mental structure person:

1. Character, personal values ​​- these properties are inherent in every person and represent a complete dynamic, developing picture of the functional capabilities of each of us.

2. Personal properties, manifested in in different forms depending on the circumstances, situation and your environment (thus, a person is capable of being a subject of cognition, communication, social activity).

3. Qualities expressed only during interactions between their own kind:

• character;
• temperament;
• direction;
• personal skills.

4. Mental makeup, which makes itself felt at the moment when you are faced with solving vital situations.

Mental properties and personality states

If mental properties are personal, constantly repeating characteristics, then states describe mental functioning based on a given point in time. They characterize the psyche based on qualities, performance, etc. They are distinguished depending on:

• emotional form (joy, despondency, etc.);
• voltage level mental nature;
• intensity;
• states (positive, negative);
• psychophysiological source;
• duration of the condition (permanent or temporary).

Character as a mental property of a person

Character is a set of ways of human behavior based on life position personality. In addition, character is a certain feature of her psyche. It enshrines the features of her upbringing, individuality, and socialization. Some character traits that are leading determine the basic personal appearance. The main and most essential quality of character is the balance of each of its traits. In the case when such a condition is met, a person with a harmonious character is confident in his own abilities, knows how to achieve his goals, while adhering to consistency.

Abilities as a mental property of a person

The basis of personality is its structure, i.e. a relatively stable connection and interaction of all aspects of the personality as a holistic formation, in which four substructures are traditionally distinguished: mental processes, mental properties, mental states, mental formations.

1. Mental processes– these are mental phenomena that provide the individual’s primary reflection and awareness of the influences of the surrounding reality. Mental processes have a definite beginning, course and end, that is, they have certain dynamic characteristics. Based on mental processes, certain states are formed, knowledge, skills and abilities are formed. In turn, mental processes can be divided into three groups: cognitive, emotional and volitional.

TO cognitive processes include mental processes associated with the perception and processing of information: sensation, perception, attention, memory, thinking, speech, imagination, ideas. Thanks to these processes, a person receives information about the world around him and about himself. However, information or knowledge in itself does not play any role for a person if it is not significant for him. You've probably noticed that some events remain in your memory for a long time, while others you forget the next day. Other information may go completely unnoticed by you. This is due to the fact that any information may or may not have an emotional connotation, i.e. it may be significant or not significant. Therefore, along with cognitive mental processes, emotional mental processes are distinguished as independent ones.

Emotional Processes – personal significance and assessment of external and internal situations for human life in the form of experiences. These include: feelings, emotions, moods. Emotions and feelings play a big role in human life and activity. They enrich him inner world, make his perceptions bright and meaningful, encourage him to be active. Feelings represent a person’s experience of his attitude to everything that he learns and does, what happens around him. Emotion is the direct experience (flow) of some feeling. It is impossible, for example, to consider a feeling of patriotism, duty, responsibility for an assigned task as an emotion, although these feelings are manifested in mental life people as a stream of emotional experiences.

We have the right to believe that if a certain event or phenomenon evokes positive emotions in a person, then this has a beneficial effect on his activity or condition, and, conversely, negative emotions complicate activity and worsen the person’s condition. However, there are exceptions. For example, an event that causes negative emotions increases a person’s activity and stimulates him to overcome the obstacles that have arisen. Such a reaction indicates that for the formation of human behavior, not only emotional, but also volitional mental processes.

Volitional processes. Will is a person’s ability to consciously control his behavior, to mobilize all his strength to achieve his goals. The will of a person is manifested in actions (deeds) performed with a predetermined goal. Volitional mental processes They are most clearly manifested in situations related to decision-making, overcoming difficulties, managing one’s behavior, etc.

2. Mental states – holistic features of all mental processes occurring in employees at a given moment or in any period of time. A person is always in some mental state (“calm”, “excited”, “interested”, “irritated”, etc.). Mental conditions characterize the state of the psyche as a whole. Mental states include such phenomena as elation, depression, fear, cheerfulness, despondency. It should be noted that a characteristic general feature of mental states is dynamism. The exception is mental states caused by dominant personality characteristics, including pathocharacterological features. Such states can be very stable mental phenomena that characterize a person’s personality.

3. Mental formations - These are mental phenomena that are formed in the process of a person acquiring life and professional experience, the content of which includes a special combination of knowledge, skills and abilities.

No one doubts that knowledge precedes skills. But the question is: what comes first: skill or skill? was controversial and traces of these disagreements remain today.

Mental formations significantly influence the degree of socialization of a person generally. Play an important role behavioral stereotypes:

a) cultural stereotypes (how to greet others),

b) social stereotypes (the image of a representative of another social group - example: the image of a police officer);

c) evaluative stereotypes (what is good, what is bad).

4. Mental properties – stable, repeating, typical for a given person features of his mental activity. They are not only closely related to mental processes, but are also formed under the influence of their repeated repetition. Mental properties are: orientation (needs, motives, goals, beliefs, etc.), temperament, character and abilities of the individual.

The human mental world is much more diverse than can be represented schematically. However, this structure gives at least some idea of ​​the human psyche. The study of the individual psyche is of interest to us both in relation to working on oneself, one’s professional and psychological qualities, and for a better understanding of other people, the ability to find an approach to them and establish psychological contact, regardless of the person’s legal status.

In order to live, people must satisfy various needs: food, clothing, and much more.

Dominant in given time a need can suppress all others and determine the main direction of activity. For example, a person experiencing hunger or thirst cannot think about anything else but looking for means to quench his thirst or hunger. Or a person experiencing a moral need can not only ignore hunger or thirst, but sacrifice his own life.

Needs- this is the need experienced by a person in certain conditions of life and development.

A need is always associated with a person’s feeling of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. A. Maslow’s concept of human behavior motivation has become widely known.

A.S. Makarenko wrote in his “Book for Parents”: “There is no greed in human desire itself. If a person came from a smoky city to a pine forest and breathes happy full breasts, no one will ever accuse him of consuming oxygen too greedily. Greed begins where the need of one person collides with the need of another, where joy or satisfaction must be taken from a neighbor by force, cunning or theft.”