On the topic: “Planning, organization and economics of veterinary measures for the prevention and treatment of contagious and non-contagious diseases of pigs at OJSC “Crimean breeding enterprise”, Simferopol region.”
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….……
1. general characteristics farms..……………………………………………………….......
2. Characteristics of livestock………………………………………..….
3. Characteristics of the state of veterinary medicine on the farm…….…...
4. Characteristics of the veterinary and sanitary state of the farm............
5. Cost-effectiveness preventive measures acceptance on contagious diseases of pigs......................................................................................................
6. Cost-effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive measures for non-communicable diseases of pigs……………………….........
7. Conclusions and proposals……………………………………………………….
Bibliography….……………………………………..............
Application………………..………………………………………………………..
Some zootechnical and economic indicators for livestock production for 2005 of OJSC "Crimean breeding enterprise" of the Simferopol region.
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Indicators |
Unit measurements |
Quantity |
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Cattle population at the beginning of the year, total |
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Including cows |
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Including heifers |
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Calves received per year |
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Average annual cattle population |
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Average daily increase in live weight of calves during the preventive period |
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Dead cattle, total |
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Including calves of the current year |
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Cattle killed on the farm, total, total live weight |
83/387,3 |
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Including calves of the current year, total live weight |
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Cattle sold live weight |
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Purchase price of 1 quintal live weight of cattle |
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Price per 1 kg of meat sold on the farm |
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Price per 1 kg of failure sold on the farm |
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Gross milk production for the year |
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Milk yield per 1 forage cow |
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Milk delivered to the dairy plant |
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Milk sold at retail |
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Purchasing price of 1 quintal of milk with basic fat content |
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Retail price of 1 quintal milk |
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Price 1 adult skins |
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Total number of pigs at the beginning of the year |
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Including sows |
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Including one-time sows |
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Piglets received per year, total |
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Including main sows |
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Including one-time sows |
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Number of farrowings of main sows per year |
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Average daily increase in live weight of suckling piglets |
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Average daily increase in live weight of weaned piglets |
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Average daily increase in live weight of fattening pigs |
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Gross pork production |
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Purchase price of 1 quintal live weight of pork |
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Live weight pigs sold |
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Total pigs killed on the farm |
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Including suckling piglets, their average live weight |
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Including weaned piglets, their average live weight |
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Including adults, their average live weight |
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Sold in meat farming |
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Implemented in failure economy |
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Sales price of meat on the farm per 1 kg |
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Realization price of farm failure per 1 kg |
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Total pig deaths per year |
Introduction.
OJSC "Crimean Breeding Enterprise" is located in the Simferopol region. Livestock farming specializes in the cultivation and sale of pigs of the Ukrainian Large White, Landrace and Duroc breeds, the cultivation and sale of Red Steppe cattle, the production of pork and beef. The task of this industry is to increase the production of livestock products while simultaneously reducing their costs. Ensuring the fulfillment of this task is entrusted to veterinary specialists.
Currently great importance Veterinary and sanitary, therapeutic, preventive and anti-epizootic measures carried out on the farm play a role in the development of livestock farming. The leading place is occupied by general preventive measures aimed at preventing contagious and non-contagious animal diseases.
Since the activity of the veterinary service is to increase the profitability of livestock farming, it is therefore very important to determine the economic efficiency of veterinary activities; study of economic damage caused by infectious, invasive and non-communicable animal diseases; development of cost-effective methods for disease prevention and treatment of animals.
Therefore, an economic analysis of the effectiveness of veterinary measures is mandatory in veterinary medicine, as it is the main link in reducing the costs of treatment and disease prevention and in improving the quality of products.
1. General characteristics of the farm.
The farm of Crimean Breeding Enterprise OJSC is located in the Simferopol region. The distance to Simferopol is 1 km. At a distance of 1-2 km or more there are settlements: village. Zalesye and village Fountains. The access road is paved, and the territory of the livestock complex is surrounded by a three-meter high concrete fence. There are few green spaces, since the farm is located in a rocky area. There are no processing plants in this area.
Livestock farming is represented by pig breeding and cattle breeding. The main production direction of the farm is the reproduction, cultivation and sale of live and slaughter weight animals. The farm also creates a biostorage facility for sperm doses of sires and rams and sells them to various farms and the private sector population. Carries out sperm collection from elite class boars of the Duroc, Landrace and Ukrainian large white breeds and sales of sperm doses to farms and the population for artificial insemination sows.
2. Characteristics of livestock farming.
Livestock farming at OJSC "Krymplempredpriyatie" of the Simferopol region is represented by: pig breeding and cattle breeding. The territory of the livestock complex is fenced with a three-meter high concrete fence. The number of cattle is 473 heads, and the number of pigs is 1372 heads.
At the beginning of 2005 there were:
Dairy cows – 247 heads,
Heifers – 62 heads,
Young animals up to 6 months – 58 heads,
Young animals from 6 to 18 months – 42 heads
Fattening cattle – 64 heads
Main sows - 86 heads
Single sows -147 heads
Producer boars – 9 heads
Piglets up to 2 months -227 heads
piglets 2-4 months -231 head
Fattening pigs -672 heads.
Pigs are kept in standard pigsties according to sex and age groups. Pregnant and lactating sows and breeding boars are kept in individual pens. There are also equipped summer walking areas for pigs. Watering, feeding and manure removal are done manually. Manure is transported to a manure storage facility, where it is disinfected biothermally. The floors in the stalls are wooden on a concrete base, generously covered with sawdust bedding.
The entrances to each livestock building are equipped with disinfection barriers (a box with sawdust soaked in a disinfectant solution).
The farm does not have its own feeding grounds; animal feed is purchased from other farms and arrives with invoices and a quality certificate. The type of pig feeding is concentrated; ready-made concentrated feed is purchased for various age groups.
At the entrance to the territory of the livestock complex there is a disinfection barrier and a sanitary checkpoint. The access roads are paved. Unauthorized persons are not allowed into the territory of the livestock complex. There is a smell of ammonia in the animal premises, natural supply and exhaust ventilation. Illumination is natural and with fluorescent lamps. The windows are single glazed, there is no heating system and the room temperature depends on the ambient temperature.
Also on the territory of the livestock complex there is an isolation ward and an artificial insemination point. A slaughterhouse has been equipped, which has a separate asphalt access road, is equipped with a water supply and a wastewater collection facility.
3. Characteristics of the state of veterinary medicine on the farm.
The farm is serviced by a doctor of veterinary medicine - R. R. Pavlov. Animals in personal subsidiary farms the population of nearby settlements is not served by it.
To determine the required number of veterinary specialists to fulfill the annual volume veterinary work at JSC Crimean Breeding Enterprise, carried out the conversion of the number of animals on the farm into conventional heads of cattle:
Cows: 247*1 =247
Heifers: 62*0.75=46.5
Young animals up to 6 months: 58*1.9=110.2
Young animals from 6 to 18 months: 42*0.6=25.2
Adult fattening cattle: 64*0.6=38.4
Main sows: 86*0.28=24.08
Single sows: 147*0.28=41.16
Producer boars: 9*0.28=2.52
Piglets up to 2 months: 227*0.07=15.89
Piglets 2-4 months: 231*0.07=16.17
Young animals for fattening: 672*0.05=33.6
Total ≈ 600 conventional heads of cattle.
Therefore, the required standard number of veterinary medicine specialists is: 600: 800 = 0.75
Thus, in order to provide veterinary services to the entire livestock of the farm, it is enough to have one full-time doctor of veterinary medicine, which is what is available on the farm.
The sources of financing for veterinary medicine are the funds of the enterprise itself, but the amounts of these funds that are planned do not correspond to those actually allocated. So in 2005 it was planned to allocate 12,785 hryvnia for veterinary activities, but only 8,687 hryvnia were allocated.
The veterinary service is provided with a separate room and vehicles are available. There is also special clothing, which is changed regularly and stored in a specially designated room. The material and technical base is very worn out, there is a shortage of tools and medicines. The purchase of biological products, medicines, disinfectants, and protective clothing is carried out by veterinarian economy, on the basis of an application drawn up by him earlier and agreed upon and approved by the chairman of the board of the enterprise. But often these invoice requests are not paid by the enterprise for some reason, and there is a shortage of medicines and other supplies for the veterinarian’s work. Also, part of the biological products (vaccines) comes to the farm from the regional hospital through funding from the state budget.
4. Characteristics of the veterinary and sanitary state of the farm.
The farm is doing well infectious diseases. Among the invasive diseases of pigs, ascariasis was recorded. The main reason for the spread invasive diseases is the poor veterinary and sanitary condition of livestock premises due to untimely removal of manure, non-compliance with the sanitary condition of premises and equipment, due to a shortage of detergents and disinfectants.
The farm territory is surrounded by a concrete fence, the road surface is asphalt. At the entrance there is a checkpoint equipped with a disinfection barrier. The entry of unauthorized vehicles and the passage of unauthorized persons into the farm territory is prohibited.
Veterinary and sanitary measures are carried out in accordance with the plan of anti-epizootic measures on the farm. In 2005, diagnostic studies of pigs were carried out for brucellosis, leptospirosis and ascariasis. Vaccination against erysipelas and classical swine fever, treatment (purchase) against sarcoptic mange, and deworming against ascariasis were carried out.
When planning veterinary activities, the veterinarian of the farm analyzes the results of the activities over the past year and their effectiveness. To draw up a plan, it takes into account the availability of livestock, the expected supply of animals during the year, the epizootic state of the farm and the region, identifies diseases that require diagnostic tests, preventive vaccinations, and therapeutic and prophylactic treatments; takes into account the need for biological products, chemotherapeutic agents, and disinfectants. The farm is also developing a plan for the prevention of invasive diseases of pigs (ascariasis). All plans, after development, are approved by the district inspector and agreed with the head of the farm.
Treatment of animals is carried out directly in the pens, and if necessary, sick animals are isolated in a separate room. The artificial insemination point on the farm is located in a separate building on the territory of the livestock complex. Pigs are inseminated with sperm selected “for stuffed animals” from elite boars, tested for density and mobility. The slaughterhouse is equipped and has a separate asphalt access road, a water supply and a separate wastewater collection facility. The corpses of animals on the farm are opened in the autopsy room, which is specially equipped and located in a separate room on the territory of the livestock complex. Corpse material and animal corpses are delivered in a specially equipped trailer lined with galvanized iron on the inside and destroyed in the Beccari pit.
The farm carries out preventive disinfection, disinfestation and deratization.
5. Cost-effectiveness of preventive measures for infectious diseases of pigs at OJSC “Crimean Breeding Enterprise” of the Simferopol region.
In 2005, in order to prevent infectious diseases of pigs, the following measures were taken on the farm:
1. Vaccination of pigs - against classical swine fever, against swine erysipelas.
2. Diagnostic testing of pigs for brucellosis, leptospirosis, ascariasis.
3. Therapeutic and prophylactic treatment of pigs against ascariasis.
According to available data, it is possible to calculate the avoided damage (Py) from preventive measures for infectious diseases of pigs.
Pu=M*Kz*Ku1-U, where
M – number of animals subjected to preventive treatments
Кз – morbidity rate on the farm
Кu1 – specific value of possible economic damage per living person.
U – actual damage when the disease appears, UAH.
Pu(plague) = 4266*0.8*38.24=130505.47 UAH.
Pu(erysipelas) = 2232*0.71*15.78=25006.88 UAH.
Pu(ascariasis) = 5187*0.7*0.57=2069.61 UAH.
Pu(brucellosis) = 10*0.39*20.50=79.95 UAH.
Pu(leptospirosis) = 19*0.27*17.43=89.42 UAH.
Total∑Pu = 157751.33 UAH.
Calculation of costs for anti-epizootic measures (Sv).
1. Vaccine against CSF from the LKVNIIVII strain 4266 doses*0.18 UAH=767.88 UAH
2. Vaccine against swine erysipelas strain VR-2: 2232 doses * 0.11 UAH = 245.52 UAH
3. Treatment of pigs against ascariasis:
A) Levomizol 7.5%: 482 heads processed: 130 flask * 2.44 UAH = 317.2 UAH
B) albendazole 10%: 4702 heads processed
60 packages were used * 7.8 UAH = 468 UAH
4. Antiseptic - ethyl alcohol: 47 fl. * 2.25 UAH = 105.75 UAH.
5. Disinfectants:
A) caustic soda: 200kg*2.62 UAH = 524 UAH
B) bleach: 200kg*1.68 UAH = 336.0 UAH
6. Bait for rodents “Lanirat”: 85 packages * 2.28 UAH = 193.8 UAH
Total∑Sv = 2958.15 UAH.
Calculation of the economic efficiency of anti-epizootic measures
Ev = Pu – Sv = 157751.33 UAH – 2958.15 UAH = 154793.18 UAH
Recalculation of costs per 1 hryvnia: Er = = =52.33 UAH.
Thus, for every hryvnia invested in preventive anti-epizootic measures, damage in the amount of 52.33 UAH was prevented.
6. Cost-effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic measures on non-communicable diseases of pigs at OJSC "Crimean breeding enterprise" of the Simferopol region.
For the period 2005 283 cases of gastroenteritis in weaned piglets were registered on the farm. Treatment was carried out for five days using the enzyme preparation “Bifitrilak” and intramuscular injections Pharmatil-200. All animals recovered.
Calculation of the economic efficiency of therapeutic measures for gastroenteritis in pigs.
1. Calculation of economic damage from a decrease in live weight gain of weaned piglets as a result of their illness with gastroenteritis (U).
U = Mb (Vz – Vb) * T * C, where
Mb – number of pigs with gastroenteritis, goals
Vz – productivity of healthy animals, kg
Wb – productivity of sick animals, kg
T – number of days of illness
C – product price, UAH
U = 283 (0.370 – 0.070) * 5 * 9.0 = 3820.50 UAH
2. Calculation of costs for carrying out therapeutic measures for gastroenteritis in piglets (Sv).
A) Enzyme preparation“Bifitrilak” in a dose of 0.3 g with food per head 1 time per day for 5 days
1 pack (500g) * 12.80 = 12.80 UAH
b) Farmatil-200 at a dose of 0.05 ml per 1 kg of live weight intramuscularly 1 time per day for 5 days
14 bottles * 2.93 UAH = 41.02 UAH
The total costs of treatment were: Sv = 53.82 UAH.
3. Calculation of prevented economic damage in the treatment of weaned piglets with gastroenteritis (Py2):
Pu2 = Mz Kl Ku2 + Mp Ku3 – U = 283 * 0.081 * 18.3 * 9.85 – 3820.50 = 311.50 UAH
4. Calculation of economic efficiency in the treatment of piglets with gastroenteritis (Ev):
Ev = Pu2 - Sv = 311.50 UAH – 53.82 UAH = 257.68 UAH
Conversion to 1 hryvnia of costs:
Ev per 1 UAH costs = = =4.80 UAH.
For every hryvnia invested in the treatment of piglets with gastroenteritis, damage in the amount of 4.80 UAH was prevented.
Calculation of the economic effectiveness of preventive measures for gastroenteritis in piglets.
1. Calculation of costs for carrying out preventive measures for gastroenteritis in piglets (Sv).
We used the Multivitamix premix at a dose of 1g per head once a week for 3 weeks
1 pack (0.5kg) = 3.80 UAH
In total, 3815 piglets were subjected to preventive treatment and 11.45 kg of the drug were consumed in the amount of Sv = 87.40 UAH
2. Calculation of prevented economic damage as a result of the prevention of gastroenteritis in piglets (Py1):
Pu1 = M Kz Ku1 – U, where
M – number of animals subjected to preventive treatment,
Kz – morbidity rate (Kz=0.18)
Ку1 – specific value of economic damage per animal in a given farm (Ку1===13.5)
U – actual economic damage, UAH
Pu1 = 3815 * 0.18 * 13.5 – 3820.50 = 5449.95 UAH
3. Calculation of the economic effectiveness of preventive measures for gastroenteritis in piglets (Ev):
Ev = Pu1 - Sv = 5449.95 UAH – 87.40 UAH = 5362.55 UAH
Conversion to 1 hryvnia of costs:
Ev per 1 UAH costs = = 61.35 UAH.
Thus, for every hryvnia invested in the prevention of gastroenteritis in piglets, damage in the amount of 61.35 UAH was prevented.
7. Conclusions and suggestions.
When determining the economic efficiency of treatment and preventive measures on the farm, I found that carrying out preventive measures (vaccination, diagnostic tests, disinfection, deratization) for each invested hryvnia prevents damage in the amount of 52.33 UAH, that is, these measures are effective and appropriate.
Treatment of weaned piglets with gastroenteritis prevents damage for each invested hryvnia in the amount of 4.80 UAH, and when preventing this disease, damage in the amount of 61.35 UAH is prevented for each invested hryvnia.
Thus, all activities carried out on the farm were effective.
But, despite this, the farm can be asked to allocate funds to update and accumulate the material and technical base of the farm’s veterinary service.
Bibliography:
1. Didovets S. D. Organization and planning of veterinary information. K.: Vishcha School, 1980, p.288.
2. Evtushenko A. F., Radionov M. T. Organization and economics of veterinary medicine. – K.: Aristey, 2004, p.284.
3. Kuznetsov Yu. A. Lecture and practical material, 2005-2006.
5. Nikitin I. N., Voskoboynik V. F. Organization and economics of veterinary affairs. - M.: Humanite. ed. VLADOS center, 1999, p.384.
6. Tretyakov A.D. Organization and economics of veterinary affairs. – M.: Agropromizdat, 1987, p.352.
7. Uzbechko O. D. Veterinary service of the state. – K.: Harvest, 1986, p.48.
Measures to prevent non-communicable animal diseases are currently very relevant. Veterinary statistics indicate that non-communicable diseases in a number of zones account for more than 95% of all diseases of livestock and poultry. They are registered in more than 40% of cattle (herd turnover), 45% of pigs, 27% of sheep. The incidence and mortality of young young animals is especially high.
The economic damage caused by non-contagious diseases in some farms is tens or even hundreds of times greater than losses from contagious diseases, which confirms the economic feasibility of drawing up a plan for the prevention and elimination of non-contagious animal diseases. In contrast to the plan for preventive anti-epizootic measures, the plan for the prevention of non-communicable diseases is developed on farms and only in some cases on a district scale.
When developing a plan for the prevention of non-communicable animal diseases, it is necessary to study:
state of livestock production (feed supply, conditions of keeping and care);
morbidity and mortality of animals from non-communicable diseases by analyzing primary veterinary registration documents and reporting forms;
causes of animal morbidity through feeding analysis, examinations laboratory research blood serum, feed, soil, water;
hygiene of feeding and maintenance of newborn calves;
complete feeding and maintenance of deep-pregnant cows;
When developing a plan, it is necessary to remember that to prevent and eliminate mass diseases of non-communicable etiology only with the help of some kind of effective remedy impossible. This requires a complex of economic, zootechnical, sanitary and veterinary measures aimed primarily at eliminating the causes of these diseases.
A plan for the prevention of non-communicable animal diseases usually consists of two parts: textual and practical. The text part outlines organizational, economic and zootechnical activities. In the practical part of the plan, veterinary measures are proposed.
The text part of the plan must reflect:
the need and supply of animal feed;
strict adherence to housing and feeding technology;
providing permanent staff for livestock breeders;
timely repair of premises;
construction of maternity wards;
construction of dispensaries;
construction of veterinary and sanitary facilities;
organization of summer camp keeping of animals, especially breeding stock;
protecting animals from stress;
compliance with the work schedule.
The plan should be based on comprehensive clinical and gynecological examinations of breeding stock and producers.
The plan of measures for the prevention of non-communicable animal diseases should include the following measures:
clinical examination of cattle, small cattle, pigs, horses, indicating the total number of animals according to the plan for the year, including by quarter (plan, implementation for the year);
dispensary examination of cattle, pigs, etc.;
checking the sanitary condition of livestock premises before and after wintering livestock;
control over the microclimate of livestock premises, taking into account age groups;
study of the level of metabolism in animals: cows, pigs, etc.;
checking the condition of the udder of cows and testing for subclinical mastitis;
determination of pregnancy of cows and heifers;
checking the condition of cows’ hooves and their timely treatment;
ultraviolet irradiation: calves, piglets, chickens;
use of vitamin concentrates: for calves, piglets, chickens;
research (certification) of feed: hay, haylage, silage, concentrates;
grade nutritional value diets according to laboratory studies of feed;
use of mineral and vitamin supplements (premixes): large cattle, pigs, sheep;
use of natural and artificial gastric juice piglets, calves;
use of tissue preparations (ABA, PABA) for calves, piglets, lambs, chickens.
In the developed, discussed, approved plan, those responsible for the implementation of each planned activity are identified.
Measures against infectious animal diseases (so-called anti-epizootic measures) carried out in our country are a combination of precautionary or prophylactic measures with measures to eliminate the disease if it appears.
Preventive measures. There are measures of general and specific prevention of infectious diseases.
General preventive measures consist primarily of increasing the resistance of the animal body to the effects of infectious agents. This is achieved by adequate feeding and normal conditions keeping animals and taking good care of them. The better these conditions, the stronger body animals and the more successfully it fights infection.
These same measures also include measures to protect farms and herds of animals from the introduction of pathogens of infectious diseases into them, as well as to destroy the infectious principle in the environment of the animals. external environment. A mandatory 30-day preventive quarantine has been established for animals introduced into the farm.
Specific prevention consists in the fact that vaccines and serums made against certain infectious diseases artificially increase (or create) the immunity (immunity) of animals to these particular diseases. Timely vaccinations prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases. To ensure timely detection and removal of sick animals from the herd, systematic diagnostic examinations of animals and poultry are carried out as planned.
Health measures. If infectious diseases occur among farm animals, a quarantine is imposed on the dysfunctional farm or farm, and restrictive measures are taken on the farm. At the same time, the removal of animals and the removal of products from the farm is prohibited. In case of certain diseases, it is prohibited to introduce healthy animals into such a farm. For certain diseases, quarantine is not imposed, but some restrictions are imposed regarding the export of products from a disadvantaged group of animals.
All animals on a dysfunctional farm are divided into three groups.
- Group 1 - animals that are clearly sick. They are transferred to an isolation ward until recovery, slaughter or destruction.
- Group 2 - animals suspicious for the disease, with unclear clinical signs diseases. They are kept separately until a final diagnosis is made.
- Group 3 - animals suspected of being infected. They remain in their places; They are monitored and, if necessary, their body temperature is measured.
In a dysfunctional economy they make up calendar plan carrying out health measures to ensure the elimination of emerging infectious diseases. The main attention is paid to measures to destroy the source of infection.
The source of infection is considered to be a place in the external environment in which the infectious principle, i.e., the causative agent of the disease, has been preserved. As long as the source of infection exists, as long as the accumulation of pathogens (sick animals, their corpses, contaminated objects, manure, bedding, feed, pasture areas, etc.) remains in a disadvantaged area, as long as the source of infection remains and there is a danger of new outbreaks and further spread of the disease. That is why it is important to focus on the complete isolation of the source of infection from the rest of the affected area or from the surrounding territory, to create conditions that completely exclude the possibility of the spread of infection, up to the final elimination of the infectious principle (destruction or cure of patients, destruction of corpses, infected manure and etc., disinfection skin and limbs of animals, as well as contaminated products, feed and various objects - feeders, cages, floors, walls, Vehicle etc.).
In accordance with the plan, a thorough disinfection of livestock premises with the adjacent territory is carried out (see the section Basics of veterinary disinfection), vehicles and other objects that have come into contact with sick animals or contaminated with their secretions. Infected manure is also neutralized. Susceptible animals from a troubled farm and endangered farms located near a troubled farm are vaccinated with a vaccine or serum for many diseases.
A dysfunctional farm is considered healthy only after the disease has been completely eliminated and the entire range of health measures provided for in the plan has been carried out. After this, the quarantine is lifted and the restrictive measures taken in connection with the disease are lifted.
Planning of anti-epizootic measures. All anti-epizootic measures in Russia are carried out as planned. For each infectious disease, veterinary legislation contains appropriate instructions. Such instructions outline preventive and health measures, as well as various instructions that should be followed in practical work.
The complex of preventive measures according to the plan (it is drawn up for a year and quarterly) provides for the following.
- 1. Diagnostic tests(clinical, studies with specific drugs, blood tests, etc.) depending on the need.
- 2. Preventive vaccinations (vaccination) in disadvantaged areas where there is a constant risk of disease.
When drawing up a plan of preventive measures, it is necessary to have information about the number of animals subject to diagnostic testing and vaccination.
According to the plan of health measures drawn up in the presence of infectious diseases in the areas, depending on their nature, the following is provided.
- 1. Diagnostic studies to determine the degree of ill-health of the affected animal population (tuberculosis, brucellosis, glanders, etc.) and identify patients.
- 2. Immunization of susceptible animals in unfavorable areas and in threatened farms.
- 3. Disinfection of contaminated livestock buildings with the surrounding area, other contaminated objects and disinfection of manure.
For diseases transmitted from animals to humans, they are developed together with workers medical service rules of personal prevention for persons serving sick livestock.
When eliminating certain infectious diseases (tuberculosis, brucellosis, etc.), separate action plans are drawn up for each disadvantaged farm.
Correct planning of anti-epizootic measures is possible only on the basis of a comprehensive study of the epizootic state of a dysfunctional farm over the previous few years. They find out what diseases were on the farm, how many animals were sick, the most likely source of infection, what measures were taken, etc.
Preventive and forced vaccinations. Preventative vaccinations are carried out in areas permanently (long-term) unfavorable for infectious animal diseases, as well as in prosperous farms or on forms (in populated areas), located near disadvantaged areas, when there is a threat of infection from these areas. Animals are also vaccinated in cases where they are to be driven or transported through a contaminated area by rail or road transport. This protects animals from possible infection.
To form long-lasting and stable immunity in an animal, vaccines are used - live, weakened and killed, as well as others. biological drugs. After their introduction in the animal’s body, after 10-12 days, specific antibodies are formed - substances of a protein nature that can affect microbes, creating immunity lasting from several months to a year, sometimes more.
To obtain short-term immunity during forced vaccinations of animals suspected of infection, as well as for the treatment of patients, specific (against a given disease) sera are used, obtained from animals immunized with a culture of the pathogen, or blood serum from recently recovered animals. Immunity occurs immediately, but its duration does not exceed 12-14 days.
For treatment with infectious diseases antiviruses, bacteriophages, antibiotics and various chemotherapeutic drugs are also used. At the same time, treatment is carried out aimed at strengthening the body’s defenses and eliminating the most severe symptoms diseases.
In endangered farms (located close to the problem farm), all susceptible animals suspected of infection are vaccinated with vaccines or simultaneously injected with hyperimmune serum prophylactic dose and vaccine (combination vaccinations). A quick and lasting immunity is created.
Preventative vaccinations are scheduled in advance, depending on epizootic situation in a disadvantaged household or area. They are carried out in early spring, 2-3 weeks before the start of the grazing season, or in the fall, before placing animals in stalls. It is necessary to take into account the condition and nutrition of the animals to be vaccinated, as well as the duration and intensity of immunity, especially required in the summer, when infectious diseases most often occur.
In animals after vaccination, a reaction is observed, manifested by a slight increase in body temperature or slight swelling at the site of vaccine administration. Sometimes complications are possible (if the vaccination rules specified in the instructions for the use of vaccines are not followed). In these cases, serums are used in therapeutic doses. Sick animals are isolated and clinically monitored with thermometry.
In case of zoonoses, it is necessary to follow the rules of personal prevention to avoid possible infection of people. A report on the vaccinations performed is drawn up indicating the number of animals vaccinated and biological products used, as well as the date of vaccinations.
