Home Coated tongue Presentation on the topic of infectious diseases. Presentation on biology "infectious diseases" Scientists who contributed to the study

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Presentation on the topic of infectious diseases. Presentation on biology "infectious diseases" Scientists who contributed to the study

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Infectious diseases are a group of diseases caused by the penetration of pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms into the body. pathogenic microbe caused an infectious disease, it must have virulence, that is, the ability to overcome the body’s resistance and exhibit a toxic effect. Some pathogenic agents cause poisoning of the body with exotoxins released by them in the process of vital activity (tetanus, diphtheria), others release toxins (endotoxins) during the destruction of their bodies (cholera, typhoid fever).

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One of the features of infectious diseases is the presence of an incubation period, that is, the period from the time of infection until the appearance of the first signs. The duration of this period depends on the method of infection and the type of pathogen and can last from several hours to several years (the latter is rare). The place where microorganisms enter the body is called the entry gate of infection. Each type of disease has its own entrance gate, for example, Vibrio cholera enters the body through the mouth and is not able to penetrate the skin.

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There are a large number of classifications of infectious diseases. The most widely used classification of infectious diseases by L. V. Gromashevsky: intestinal (cholera, dysentery, salmonellosis, escherichiosis); respiratory tract(flu, adenovirus infection, whooping cough, measles, chicken pox); “blood” (malaria, HIV infection); outer integument ( anthrax, tetanus); with different transmission mechanisms (enterovirus infection).

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Cholera (lat. cholera) is an acute intestinal infection. Characterized by a fecal-oral mechanism of infection, damage small intestine, watery diarrhea, vomiting, the fastest loss body fluids Distributes, as a rule, in the form of epidemics. Endemic foci are located in Africa, Latin America, India (Southeast Asia).

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Influenza is an acute infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by the influenza virus. Included in the group of acute respiratory viral infections(ARVI). Periodically spreads in the form of epidemics and pandemics. Currently, more than 2000 variants of the influenza virus have been identified, differing in their antigenic spectrum. Often the word “flu” in everyday life is also used to refer to any acute respiratory disease (ARVI), which is erroneous, since in addition to influenza, more than 200 types of other respiratory viruses (adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, respiratory principle viruses, etc.) have been described to date, causing influenza-like illnesses in humans. Presumably, the name of the disease comes from the Russian word “wheezing” - the sounds made by patients.

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Measles is an acute infectious viral disease with high level susceptibility, which is characterized high temperature(up to 40.5 °C), inflammation of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract, conjunctivitis and a characteristic maculopapular rash of the skin, general intoxication.

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Malaria - “bad air”, formerly known as “swamp fever”) - a group of infectious diseases transmitted to humans by the bites of mosquitoes “malarial mosquitoes”) and accompanied by fever, chills, enlarged spleen, enlarged liver, anemia, characterized by a chronic relapsing course .

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Quarantine is a set of measures to stop the spread of infection, this includes isolating previously ill people, disinfecting the place of residence, identifying those in contact with patients, etc., and preventing infections. Preventing infections is as important as fighting them. After all, even simply washing your hands on time after visiting the restroom or upon returning from the street can save you from a number of intestinal infectious diseases. For example, the same typhoid fever. Of course you can use disinfectants for "risk surfaces". But in any case, this does not provide a 100% guarantee for a sufficiently long period. It is also worth paying attention to the fact that the source of infections can be anything, from the railings on the stairs and the buttons in the elevator, to the banknotes that we respect so much, which have passed through many hands. To prevent ordinary vegetables from becoming a source of dangerous microbes or even helminths, they should be washed especially thoroughly. In some cases, even a weak solution of potassium permanganate.

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In addition, infection prevention can be expressed in the fight against such dangerous carriers of infectious diseases as rodents and cockroaches. Why modern industry produces quite a lot of both effective and not so effective products. The hated ticks and mosquitoes can also become carriers of infections. Moreover, it can be either encephalitis and malaria, or AIDS, which is transmitted by mosquitoes along with the blood of its carrier. In order to get rid of ticks, special ointments and gels applied to the skin are widely used. And in order to get rid of mosquitoes, you can use widely used fumigators and even more advanced acoustic repellers.

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Infectious diseases are a group of diseases caused by specific pathogens: pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoan fungi, which, penetrating the human body (sometimes with food), come into contact with the cells and tissues of the body. At the same time, the people leading healthy image life, are less susceptible to infectious diseases, and tolerate diseases more easily.

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Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms. There are many forms of bacteria, but the most common are: cocci, bacilli, spirillum. The ability of bacteria to cause infectious diseases due to their ability to form toxins in the body (biologically active substances, capable of disrupting the life of living organisms).

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Mushrooms are microscopic - they resemble both plants and animals. Some microscopic fungi cause fungal diseases skin.

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The simplest microorganisms are a wide variety of single-celled organisms. Diseases caused by protozoa include, for example, amoebic dysentery, allergies, sleeping sickness and trichomoniasis.

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Depending on the place of introduction of the pathogen into the body and the mechanism of its entry, infectious diseases are divided into: - intestinal infections (typhoid fever, dysentery, polio, cholera, botulism, salmonellosis); - respiratory tract infections (chicken pox, influenza, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, rubella, smallpox, scarlet fever); - blood infections (epidemic relapsing fever, typhus, tick-borne encephalitis, mosquito encephalitis, tularemia, plague); - infections of the external integument ( viral hepatitis B, HIV infection, gonorrhea, erysipelas, syphilis, trachoma, rabies, tetanus).

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The direct cause of an infectious disease is the introduction of pathogenic pathogens into the human body and their interaction with the cells and tissues of the body. Sometimes the occurrence of an infectious disease can be caused by the ingestion of toxins from pathogens into the body (mainly through food).

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Infectious diseases are characterized by following periods development: - incubation (hidden); - initial; - period of main manifestations of the disease; - period of extinction of symptoms of the disease (recovery).

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Let us consider in more detail the course of diseases in different periods. Incubation period Initial period- Period of main manifestations. Period of extinction - Recovery

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The incubation period extends from the moment of infection until the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease and lasts from several hours ( food poisoning) up to several years (with rabies).

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The initial period manifests itself in malaise (chills, fever, nausea, headache), lasts several days and is not indicative of any specific disease.

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The period of main manifestations is called so because specific symptoms of this disease. This period ends with recovery, if the body copes with the infectious agents, or with the death of the patient. The period of symptom extinction is characterized by the disappearance of the main symptoms.

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The body recovers after full recovery body functions disrupted by the disease. If this does not happen, then recovery is considered incomplete.

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Currently, five routes of transmission of infectious diseases are known: fecal-oral; - airborne; - liquid; - contact and household; - carriers of zooborne infections (wild and domestic animals).

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If an infectious disease is detected, it is necessary: - Isolate the patient - Hospitalize the patient - Wear cotton-gauze bandages - Carry out disinfection - Take antibiotics - If a source of infection occurs, declare quarantine.

Asbestovsko-Sukholozhsky branch

GBPOU "SOMK"

Topic 1.5 Infectious diseases, their classification and prevention .

Scientists who have contributed to the study of infectious diseases
Infectious diseases concept
Classification.
Anti-epidemic (anti-epizootic) and sanitary and hygienic measures

Tsykarev Anton Yurievich

Teacher

1. Scientists who contributed to the study

infectious diseases

Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch
Dmitry Ivanovsky
Alexander Fleming
Ilya Mechnikov

He established the participation of microbes in fermentation and decay, scientifically substantiated and introduced sterilization and pasteurization into practice.
Developed a method for preparing vaccines. They have prepared vaccines against anthrax and rabies.

Louis Pasteur

(1822-1895)

Discovered the causative agents of tuberculosis (Koch's bacillus; 1882)
Received (1890) bacterial preparation tuberculin, which is used for diagnostic purposes.
Developed by general methods bacteriological research, including the method of cultivating microorganisms on biological fluids and solid nutrient media.
Laureate Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine (1905).

Robert Koch

(1843 -1910)

He discovered viruses - tiny pathogens of infectious diseases that penetrate filters that trap other types of microorganisms.

Dmitry Ivanovsky

(1864 -1920)

He was the first to isolate penicillin from mold fungi and was the historically first antibiotic.

Alexander Fleming

(1881-1955)

He discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis, which laid the foundation for the doctrine of immunity.

Immunity-immunity to infectious diseases

Ilya Mechnikov

(1845 -1916)

2. The concept of infectious diseases

Infectious (contagious) diseases - diseases that arise as a result of the introduction into a macroorganism (human, animal, plant) of a living specific infectious agent (bacteria, virus, fungus, etc.)

Characterized by

intensity

distribution

development

epidemic process

Epidemic process

continuous process

emergence

distribution

infectious diseases

supported by the presence and interaction of three constituent elements

Anthroponoses - diseases that are unique to humans and transmitted from person to person (from the Greek words: anthropos - person, nosos - disease).

Zoonoses -(from Greek word zoon - animals) - diseases characteristic of animals and humans and transmitted from animals to humans are not transmitted from humans to humans.

3. Classification of infectious diseases .

Intestinal infections
Respiratory tract infections, or airborne infections
Blood infections
Zoonotic infections
Contact and household

Infectious diseases group

Intestinal infections

Brief

Respiratory tract infections, or airborne infections

Infections included in the group

The pathogen is excreted in feces or urine. Transmission factors include food, water, soil, flies, dirty hands, and household items. Infection occurs through the mouth.

characteristic

Typhoid fever, paratyphoid A and B, dysentery, cholera, food poisoning, etc.

Transmission is carried out by airborne droplets or airborne dust.

Blood infections

Zoonotic infections

Flu, measles, diphtheria, scarlet fever, smallpox and etc.

The pathogen is transmitted through the bites of blood-sucking insects (mosquitoes, ticks, lice, mosquitoes, etc.)

Typhus and relapsing fever, malaria, plague, tularemia, tick-borne encephalitis, etc.

Diseases transmitted through animal bites

Contact and household

Rabies

Diseases are transmitted through direct contact healthy person with a patient in which the infectious agent spreads to a healthy organ. No transfer factor

Infectious skin and venereal diseases, sexually transmitted diseases (syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, etc.)

early detection sick and suspected of illness by walking around the courtyards;

enhanced medical and veterinary surveillance of infected people, their isolation and treatment;

disinfection of clothes, shoes, care items, etc.;

4. Anti-epidemic (anti-epizootic) and sanitary and hygienic measures

sanitizing people

disinfection of territory, structures, transport, residential and public premises

disinfection of food waste, wastewater and waste products of sick and healthy individuals;

establishment of an anti-epidemic regime for the operation of treatment-and-prophylactic and other medical institutions;

carrying out sanitary educational work

Source of infectious agent

sick body

bacteria carriers

in which the pathogen not only persists and multiplies, but is also released into the external environment or directly transmitted to another susceptible organism

An organism that shows no signs of disease.

Present great danger for others, since it is much more difficult to identify them than patients.

the ability of the human, animal, plant body to respond to

Susceptibility

implementation

reproduction

vital activity

pathogenic microorganisms by a complex of protective and adaptive reactions, the development of the infectious process.

Observation

implementation of enhanced medical (veterinary) supervision

partial isolation and restrictive measures

therapeutic, preventive and anti-epidemic measures

aimed at eliminating the source of infection

The period of quarantine and observation depends on the duration of the incubation period of the disease and is calculated from the moment of isolation (hospitalization) of the last patient and completion of disinfection treatment of the outbreak.

Disinsection - the destruction of insects (lice, bedbugs, cockroaches, etc.) capable of carrying infections.

Deratization is comprehensive measures to destroy rodents (rats, mice, voles, etc.) capable of carrying infections.

Disinfection is a set of measures aimed at destroying pathogens of infectious diseases.

Types of prevention

Primary prevention is a set of measures aimed at maintaining health and preventing the occurrence of diseases. Secondary prevention is a set of measures aimed at preventing the recurrence of the disease and its progression after recovery. Tertiary prevention is a set of measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of complications and disability after improvement in the course of the disease.

Nonspecific prevention infectious diseases

Strengthening the protective properties of the immune system:

Balanced diet;
Work and rest schedule;
Physical activity;
Hardening;
Hygienic education;
Course intake of drugs: multivitamins, immunostimulants;

Specific prevention of infectious diseases

Conducting vaccination among the population in order to create immunity to typical pathogens circulating in the country/region.

Control questions

1. Tell us about the scientists who studied infectious diseases?

2. What are the main types of infectious diseases?

3. What are the causes of infectious diseases and what is the mechanism of their transmission?

4. What is the prevention of infectious diseases?

Test control

1. Define:

1) Epidemic

2) Anthroponoses

3) Pandemic

4) Epizootic

5) Zoonoses

Test control

2. Define:

1) observation

2) quarantine

3) disinfection

4) disinfestation

5) deratization

Test control

3. Mark the correct and incorrect statements:

Statement

1) In the Middle Ages, the anthrax pandemic was known

2) In order to limit the spread of plague and cholera, observation is carried out

3) The most dangerous rodents for humans are mice and rats

4) Particularly dangerous infectious diseases include cholera, plague, smallpox and anthrax

5) Tick-borne encephalitis is a natural focal disease in our region

6) Quarantine conditions are more stringent than during observation

7) Cholera is an intestinal infection

Test control

4. What is quarantine?

1) disinfection (neutralization) of toxic substances or their removal from contaminated objects;

2) removal of pathogens and destruction of toxins on contaminated objects;

3) specially organized medical surveillance of the population in the focus of bacteriological damage;

4) a system of strict isolation and restrictive anti-epidemic measures.

Test control

5. Sign the names and discoveries of these scientists:

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Plan:

1. The concept of an infectious disease. a) Nature of the disease. b) Routes of infection. c) Sources of infection, transmission factors. 2. Types of diseases: a) Fever, b) rash, c) rabies, d) diseases of the digestive system. 3. Basic provisions on the treatment of diseases.

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1. The concept of an infectious disease.

Infectious diseases are a group of diseases caused by the penetration of pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms into the body. In order for a pathogenic microbe to cause an infectious disease, it must have virulence, that is, the ability to overcome the body’s resistance and exhibit a toxic effect. Some pathogenic agents cause poisoning of the body with exotoxins released by them during life (tetanus, diphtheria), others release toxins (endotoxins) when their bodies are destroyed (cholera, typhoid fever)

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a) One of the features of infectious diseases is the presence of an incubation period, that is, the period from the time of infection to the appearance of the first signs. The duration of this period depends on the method of infection and can last from several hours to several years (the latter is rare)

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b) The place where microorganisms enter the body is called the entry gate of infection. Each type of disease has its own entrance gate, for example, Vibrio cholera enters the body through the mouth and is not able to penetrate the skin. There is a classification of infectious diseases according to the route of infection of the body: 1) airborne (such as chickenpox, measles, mumps, plague, smallpox) 2) oral - fecal, also called diseases of dirty hands (cholera, dysentery) 3) blood (malaria, encephalitis)

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There are also sources of diseases and factors of their transmission:

Transfusions of blood and blood products, multiple parenteral procedures, and dental procedures in the period preceding jaundice allow one to suspect viral hepatitis B.

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Typhoparatyphoid diseases and salmonellosis are associated with violations of the sanitary and hygienic regime of life and nutrition; brucellosis - with consumption of raw sheep's milk and home-made cheese. The assumption of botulism arises as soon as it becomes known that the sick person has used home-canned products, etc.

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The professional factor is of no small importance. Cattle breeders, shepherds, and tannery workers may suffer from anthrax. Veterinarians and livestock specialists can get brucellosis, diggers and gardeners can get tetanus, grooms can get glanders; agricultural workers, water supply network personnel, sewage treatment plants, miners, pig farm workers - leptospirosis; lumberjacks - hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, tick-borne encephalitis; surgical nurses, staff of hemodialysis departments - serum hepatitis.

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Numerous connections connect a person with surrounding nature. Clarification of these connections is one of the conditions for early recognition and differential diagnosis infectious diseases. In its focus and content, the epidemiological anamnesis acquires not only clinical, but at the same time also preventive significance. A thoughtful and skillfully collected, reliable and timely anamnesis not only facilitates the recognition of the disease, but also becomes a kind of control over the state of the environment, a signal of its troubles. Health improvement environment- the most important state task, one of the decisive conditions for further reducing infectious morbidity.

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Types of diseases:

Fever is one of the most common manifestations of the infectious process. The duration and severity of the febrile state depends on the virulence of the pathogen, the duration of its stay in the active state, and the protective properties of the body. Most common acute fever up to 15 days. Types of temperature curve: constant - typhus, typhoid fever: laxative - bronchopneumonia, purulent-septic diseases: intermittent - malaria, tuberculosis: hectic - generalized tuberculosis, sepsis: wavy - brucellosis, lymphogranulomatosis. The onset of the disease with chills - malaria, leptospirosis, erysipelas, scarlet fever, smallpox: repeated chills - sepsis.

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Rash - with many infectious diseases, changes in the skin and mucous membranes are observed, varied in nature and course - roseola, spot, erythema, hemorrhage, papule, vesicle, pustule, etc.

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Digestive system. In many infections, the pathological process involves digestive system. The “typhoid” language has practical significance - grayish-white coating with a matte surface. The “flu” tongue is very similar to the typhoid tongue, the only difference being that at the tip you can see hypertrophied papillae. A “raspberry” tongue appears on the 4th - 5th day of scarlet fever. “Whooping cough” tongue is characterized by an ulcer on the frenulum. Many infectious diseases accompanied by flatulence, its high degree indicates a poor prognosis.

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With cholera, due to frequent profuse diarrhea, there is often a sunken abdomen; with dysentery, bloating is also absent. A scaphoid retraction of the abdomen during meningitis due to a reflex spasm of the intestines is very characteristic.

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Rabies (rabies, rage) is a viral disease of warm-blooded animals and humans, characterized by severe progressive damage to the central nervous system, absolutely fatal to humans.

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Aristotle pointed out the connection between rabies and dog bites. The disease was called hydrophobia (hydrophobia) by the Roman physician Cornelius Celsus (1st century BC), who first described the disease. In 1804, the infection of a dog with the saliva of a sick animal was reproduced. In 1885, Louis Pasteur developed an anti-rabies vaccine, which saved the lives of 2,500 people in 1886 alone. In 1903, the viral nature of the disease was proven.

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The rabies virus is bullet-shaped and belongs to the RNA viruses. There are several biological varieties of this virus - the feral virus (common in Siberia) and the “mad dog” virus. Unstable during external environment- boiling kills it within 2 minutes, it is sensitive to many disinfectants, but is resistant to low temperatures. Natural reservoirs and sources of infection for humans are dogs, foxes, bats, raccoon dogs, wolves, cats - all of them secrete the virus in their saliva and are infectious during the last week of the incubation period and the entire duration of the disease. The source of the disease can be a person - there are known cases of the disease after the bite of a patient. Exotic cases of infection include the infection of speleologists during the exploration of caves densely populated by patients bats. Rabies is reported on all continents, but countries with a large number dogs (Thailand) living among people are more likely to become infected.

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The entrance gates of infection are those damaged by the bite skin and mucous membranes. From the point of entry, the virus spreads to the nerve endings, then moving along the nerves it penetrates the spinal cord and brain. It is believed that from the moment the virus penetrates the nerve ending, we can talk about 100% probability fatal outcome. The most dangerous bites are to the head area. The incubation period (from the bite to the appearance of the first symptoms) lasts 10-90 days, in rare cases - more than 1 year. Its duration depends on the location of the bite (the farther from the head, the longer the incubation period).

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Symptoms of rabies. Hydrophobia or fear of water - convulsive contractions of the swallowing muscles, a feeling of fear, convulsions, shortness of breath. Attacks of hydrophobia first occur when trying to drink, then at the sight of water, its splashing, and simply the mention of it. The attacks are painful, and at first the patient actively complains about his torment. Convulsive attacks also occur from sound, light and other stimuli. During attacks, violent excitement occurs - patients break furniture, rush at people, injure themselves, showing superhuman strength. The “violent” period is then replaced by a “quiet” period - a sign of the onset of ascending paralysis, which subsequently seizes the respiratory muscles, leading to respiratory arrest and death of the patient. Less common is the initially “silent”, paralytic form of rabies.

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Rabies is a 100% fatal disease. This is why administering the vaccine (and immunoglobulin in special cases) in the first hours after the bite is extremely important. Preventive vaccination is also possible.

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The given examples of the infectious nature of various therapeutic diseases once again emphasize the need for people who do not have special medical education, gain broader insights.

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3.Very harmful to practical medicine is the opinion that the pathogen plays an active role in the pathology only at the beginning, and then the disease develops without its participation. The duration and recurrence of the disease depend primarily on the presence of the pathogen in the human body. As soon as the body is freed from it, the body recovers.

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Slide captions:

Infectious diseases of people Textbook on life safety for grade 7 Compiled by: Gubaidullina G.N.

Bibliography Fundamentals of life safety. 7th grade. Authors A.T. Smirnov, B.O. Khrennikov http://allahvar.org/images/content/meqale/heyvanlar/dil_bakteriya.jpg

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The difference between infectious diseases and ordinary diseases They are caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Visible only with a microscope. Transmitted from an infected organism to a healthy one. Each infectious disease is caused by a specific microbe - a pathogen.

Infectious diseases are divided into groups: Respiratory tract infections (influenza, sore throat, diphtheria, measles, tuberculosis) Intestinal infections (dysentery, cholera, typhoid fever) Blood infections (malaria, tularemia, tick-borne encephalitis, AIDS) Infection of the external integument (scabies, anthrax , tetanus)

Respiratory tract infections are transmitted by airborne droplets. The spread of droplets of mucus and saliva containing pathogens of infectious diseases when a patient coughs and sneezes.

Intestinal infections spread through food, water

Blood infections - through the bites of blood-sucking insects

Infection of the outer integument is a contact route.

Anti-epidemic measures Maintaining personal hygiene reduces the risk of disease

Preventive vaccinations are carried out

Isolate patients in a timely manner

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