What diseases are classified as blood infections? Transmissible blood infections

Blood infections are infectious diseases that are transmitted through the blood.

Types of blood infections

Blood-borne infections are divided into two types: vector-borne and non-transmissible.

Carriers of vector-borne diseases infectious diseases(typhus and encephalitis, mosquito, tick-borne and hemorrhagic fevers and plague) are blood-sucking insects (mosquitoes, lice, ticks and fleas) or animals (rodents). Infection with these diseases occurs when a person is bitten by an infected insect or animal (mice, rats) or can occur through food, infected with the urine of rats (patients) or feces of fleas. These infections are not transmitted from person to person.

Transmission of non-transmissible blood infections occurs through blood contact - natural: through the placenta to a newborn child in the womb, through household objects (razors, Toothbrush). Through damage to the skin or mucous membranes, through transfusion of contaminated blood, injections, during sexual contact from one partner to another, or during operations and endoscopic examinations, infection can occur artificially.

The blood-contact mechanism of infection contributes to the transmission of viral hepatitis C, D, B. and AIDS.

Signs of infection in the blood

Pathogenic bacteria, entering the body of a person with a weakened immune system through the mouth, nose, damage to the skin (bites), begin to multiply and release toxins into his blood. As a result of blood infection, pathological changes in the functioning of all human organs.

The main symptoms of the development of infection in the blood are increased heart rate, high temperature, fever, weakness, headache, diarrhea or vomiting, also apathy and lethargy, lack of appetite and pale skin.

Treatment and prevention of blood infections

At the first signs of the development of these diseases, you must contact the clinic and begin immediate treatment. Patients with infections of this kind require urgent hospitalization.

To prevent typhus, the main measure is the elimination of pediculosis (lice). Conducting medical examinations in organizations, children's institutions and sanitary treatment of persons found to have lice, disinfection bedding- basic methods of combating blood-borne infections.

Careful observance of personal hygiene (cleanliness of the body, clothes and shoes) is an integral part of a person’s general culture, which plays a vital role in maintaining his health. Mandatory hand washing after visiting public places will completely protect your skin from pathogenic microbes.

Blood infections: plague, yellow fever, cholera, malaria, hemorrhagic fever - especially dangerous infections highly contagious and fatal, which are classified as quarantine infections.

Important anti-epidemic measures and basic preventive measures are the elimination of pathogens in the environment (disinfection) and drainage of swampy areas. Destruction of mosquitoes, ticks, mosquitoes (disinsection) or rodents (deratization). For this purpose, insecticides are used (hexachlorane, DDT, chlorophos). The vents and windows in the premises are covered with nets to prevent mosquitoes from entering inside.

Increasing a person’s immunity to infection (creating artificial immunity) through preventive vaccinations with various therapeutic serums, vaccines, gamma globulin. In places where carriers of infectious diseases live, special agents (dimethyl phthalate and diethyltoluamide) are used to repel them, which are applied to exposed areas of the skin and treated with underwear.

Blood infections is a group of infections whose pathogens penetrate the human bloodstream and develop in it through the bite of blood-sucking carriers (fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, mosquitoes, etc.).

Typhus- an acute infectious disease characterized by a cyclic course with fever, symptoms of acute intoxication of the body and a specific rash.

Only people get typhus.

Ways of transmission of the disease. The source of infection is a sick person, and the carrier is a louse (usually a body louse). Infection of a person does not occur as a result of a louse bite, but due to rubbing of louse feces along with pathogens into superficial skin wounds from a bite when scratching. Incubation period lasts on average 12-14 days.

Main symptoms. The disease usually begins acutely: malaise, a feeling of weakness, headaches, thirst appear, appetite is lost, and the temperature rises to 39-40°C. Later, a characteristic appearance appears on the skin. pinpoint rash. The toxins of the pathogen have a depressing effect on the central nervous system. During the period of rash, headaches intensify, delusions, hallucinations, and disturbances of consciousness appear. With typhus, serious complications are possible: mental disorders, thrombosis, intestinal bleeding, myocardial infarction, abscesses, nephritis, otitis, pneumonia.

Principles of treatment and patient care. Patients are treated in a hospital using antibiotics, dietary nutrition, bed rest.

Prevention. A decisive role in the fight against typhus is played by the prevention of pediculosis, which is achieved by sanitizing people.

Ways of transmission of the disease. The disease is characterized by spring-summer seasonality, which is determined by the biology of ticks. Ticks transmit infection when they suck blood, as well as when they are crushed and removed from the body. An additional reservoir of infection can be various rodents (hares, field mice, etc.), birds (thrush, goldfinch, finch, etc.). A special role in the spread is played by goats, and less often by cows, which are infected through ticks. The virus penetrates milk, and if it is consumed raw, infection can occur. Hence, tick-borne encephalitis has two transmission routes - the main one through ticks and an additional one - through milk.

Main symptoms. The incubation period lasts on average 7-14 days. The disease, as a rule, begins acutely with signs of general intoxication. Characterized by an increase in body temperature to 39-40°C, chills, severe headache and weakness, nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbance. There is redness of the skin of the face, neck, upper body, mucous membranes of the pharynx, loss of consciousness, convulsions, impaired peripheral sensitivity and reflexes, etc. residual effects relate flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, decreased intelligence, sometimes epilepsy.

For prevention tick-borne encephalitis for people working in areas possible infection, do preventive vaccinations. Those working in the tick attack zone must wear special protective clothing and carry out tick checks every 2 hours. preventive examinations body and clothing for the presence of ticks.

Review questions

1. Describe typhus.
2. What is tick-borne encephalitis?

For the development and spread of infection, it is necessary to fulfill 3 main links in the epidemiological chain:

1. source of infection;
2. mechanism of infection transmission;
3. susceptible organism.

To prevent the spread of infections, it is necessary to know the conditions that contribute to the implementation of the mechanism of transmission of infection, namely the route of transmission.

The mechanism of transmission of infection is the transfer of the pathogen from the source of infection to a susceptible organism. It is realized through the transmission route and environmental objects - infection transmission factors (water, air, insects, etc.). Mechanisms of transmission of infection:

• nutritional();
• airborne;
• contact;
• hemocontact (blood);

Nutritional transmission mechanism

The nutritional (outdated name) mechanism of infection transmission involves infection through infection through the organs of the digestive system. Accordingly, microorganisms are isolated from the intestines. Depending on the environmental objects through which infection occurs, the following transmission routes are distinguished:

• Food route– infection occurs by eating food contaminated with the pathogen (all intestinal infections, , ). Microorganisms enter food through unwashed hands, vectors (flies), or violation of food preparation technology. The food route of transmission of infection is also characteristic of such a process as foodborne toxic infection, but in this case microorganisms multiply in products and toxins are released. After eating such foods, food poisoning develops.
• Water route – the pathogen is isolated from the intestines; the transmission factor is the water into which the pathogen has entered. It is of great epidemiological significance, since the entry of microorganisms into the centralized water supply system can lead to infection of a large number of people. A typical example infections with water transmission is a particularly dangerous infection.

Airborne mechanism

Infection occurs when air containing the pathogen is inhaled. This mechanism is possible when microorganisms are isolated from environment with exhaled air (organ infections respiratory system). Main routes of infection transmission:

• Droplet route - the pathogen is released into external environment from the source of infection on tiny droplets of mucus when an infected person sneezes or coughs (, , ,). With the advent of air conditioners, another infectious disease appeared - legionellosis or “Legionnaires' disease” with droplet transmission of infection. Legionella bacteria can multiply in the condensate (settled water) of the device, which, after turning on the air conditioner, spreads with the air in the room.
• Dust path – possible when the pathogen remains in dust for a long time. In tuberculosis, mycobacteria settled in dust under certain conditions (absence of direct sun rays) can long time maintain viability.

Contact transmission mechanism

It occurs when a susceptible organism comes into contact with a source of infection. Contact can be direct or indirect, depending on this there are the following routes of transmission of infection:

• Direct contact - a healthy person through direct skin contact can become infected from a sick person ( skin infections– streptoderma, fungal infections, herpes, or “kissing disease”).
• Sexual transmission is a type of direct contact transmission of infection; infection is possible through contact of the mucous membranes of the genital organs (, , viral hepatitis B and C, HIV AIDS).
• Contact-household route is an indirect contact route of transmission of infection; infection occurs through the contact of microorganisms with household items (towels, shoes for mycoses).

Hemocontact (blood) transmission mechanism

This transmission mechanism is possible when blood infected with a pathogen enters the bloodstream. healthy person. There are 3 ways of transmission of infection:

• Blood transfusion route - associated with the transfusion of blood and its components, medical manipulations, accompanied by damage to the skin and mucous membranes due to insufficient sterilization of instruments. There are also cases of infection due to poor quality processing of instruments in hairdressing salons and tattoo parlors (viral B, C, HIV AIDS).
• The vertical route is infection of the fetus from the mother’s blood through the placenta (transplacental route), or during childbirth (HIV AIDS, viral).
• Transmissible route - realized through the bites of blood-sucking insects (malaria from mosquito bites, tick-borne borreliosis - bites, leishmaniasis - mosquitoes, relapsing fever -).

A feature of some infections is the presence of several routes of transmission, so HIV AIDS, viral B and C can be transmitted through sexual, blood transfusion and vertical transmission.

Knowledge of the mechanisms and routes of transmission of infection and the impact on them are very important factor for the prevention of infectious diseases.

This chapter describes the most common infectious diseases (19 nosological forms are described) caused by viruses, rickettsia, borrelia (spirochetes), bacteria (plague, tularemia), most of which belong to dangerous or especially dangerous categories of infectious diseases and are natural focal or natural-anthropurgic diseases. The reservoirs and sources of pathogens are a wide variety of species of wild, agricultural and domestic animals, which determines the predominantly professional nature of morbidity and seasonal manifestations epidemic process, as well as a transmissible transmission mechanism associated with the activity of many types of carriers (with the exception of certain nosoforms). The pathogen is transmitted by various types of ticks, fleas, horse flies, mosquitoes, mosquitoes and lice. It should be noted that the causative agents of a number of infections are transmitted by a non-transmissible mechanism, but the common thing is that they relate to blood infections.

In general, blood infections can be grouped as follows:

Almost all nosological forms have significant socio-economic and medical-veterinary significance. Not all infections of this group are endemic to our country, but if they are introduced, certain difficulties may arise timely diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) characterized by damage to small blood vessels(universal capillary toxicosis), impaired permeability vascular system, hemorrhagic syndrome, changes in the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and internal organs.

The following are characteristic of VHF: general signs:

1. Etiology. The pathogens belong to RNA and DNA genomic viruses and they are united by tropism for the endothelium of small blood vessels - capillaries, arterioles, venules. Some of them reproduce in the body of arthropod carriers and are known as arboviruses (from the English arthropod-borne - transmitted through arthropods). They enter the human body through the bite of arthropods. Another group of viruses circulates among rodents (so-called roboviruses, from the English rodent-borne - transmitted from rodents). IN last years big problem represents the isolation of new pathogens of hemorrhagic fevers, such as Venezuelan, Brazilian, Astrakhan.

2. Belonging to natural focal infections– characterized by prevalence in certain areas with the presence of certain sources or vectors of pathogens. A person is involved in the circulation of pathogens by chance and is a dead end infectious process, since it is not able to infect a large number of carriers. The development of new territories and the intensification of human economic activity on them can lead to an increase in the threat of the emergence of infectious diseases new to the given territory.

3. Highly contagious and lethal, characteristic of some hemorrhagic fevers, allows them to be classified as dangerous and especially dangerous contagious infections (Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, yellow fever, CCHF).

4. Common pathogenesis. It is based on systemic destructive damage to the walls of small blood vessels, caused by the vasotropic effect of viruses. There are two main directions in the development of pathogenesis: impaired vascular permeability and the development of hemorrhagic manifestations.

5. Hemorrhagic syndrome . Its intensity varies depending on the type of fever. Characterized by rashes and hemorrhages on the skin and mucous membranes, hemorrhages, bleeding of various locations.

6. Intoxication. General symptoms– arterial hypotension, bradycardia, dullness of heart sounds, dystrophic processes and conduction disturbances in the myocardium, kidney damage, thrombocytopenia, in most infections – leukopenia (with HFRS – leukocytosis).

7. High lethality. For various hemorrhagic fevers – from 5 to 85%.

8. Immunity. After illness, stable and long-lasting immunity usually develops.

Viral encephalitis:

Tick-borne encephalitis – typical natural focal infections with a transmissible mechanism of pathogen transmission, causing severe damage to the central nervous system. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, tick-borne encephalitis has a certain territorial prevalence (mountain and foothill areas of Almaty and East Kazakhstan regions, as well as some areas of Kostanay, Karaganda, Akmola and North Kazakhstan regions, where ticks live Ixodes persulcatus And I.ricinus.

Japanese encephalitis not registered in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Basic natural hotbeds exist on Far East, Primorsky Krai of the Russian Federation, as well as in the countries of East and Southeast Asia.

Spirochetoses– a group of diseases caused by spirochetes - motile microorganisms whose cytoplasm is curled around an axis.

Spirochetes of the family are pathogenic for humans Treponematacae, which are divided into next birth: Borrellia have 3-5 large curls; Leptospira have frequent shallow curls; Trepanema, have 5-6 small curls.

Trepanematosis is divided into 2 groups:

· venereal trepanematosis (epidemic syphilis), pathogen T. pallidum;

· non-venereal trepanematoses (yaws, pinta, benjel) - contagious anthroponoses, strictly confined to the tropics, typically social diseases, mainly children are affected.

Borreliosis- group vector-borne infections, caused by spirochetes of the genus Borrelia and characterized by repeated paroxysms of fever. The group of borrelioses includes louse-borne and tick-borne relapsing fevers. Louse-borne (epidemiological) relapsing fever has not been registered in most countries of the world since 1950; isolated foci of infection remain in a number of countries in Africa and Asia.

Tick-borne borreliosis – current problem in the countries of tropical Africa and Asia, where up to 20 species of pathogens are found. Wide use tick-borne borreliosis in Africa is associated with agro-livestock farming, the proximity of settlements to “wild” natural foci, where in the burrows of rodents there is a large abundance of ticks, especially argasids, which are difficult to destroy with acaricidal substances, because they live deep in burrows and in hard-to-reach shelters. In addition, the nature of buildings in populated areas - adobe huts and fences, livestock buildings - contributes to the infestation of ticks.

Particularly dangerous bacterioses- include plague and tularemia. These infections are characterized by an acute, severe course and manifest as lesions skin, frequent generalization of the infectious process. In the absence of timely and adequate treatment lead to fatal outcome. There are natural plague foci in the Republic of Kazakhstan, occupying almost 40% of the territory; tularemia is also registered in many regions of the republic. Due to the active economic development of territories endemic for these infections, there is a danger of human infection. Thanks to the efforts of an extensive network of anti-plague stations in Kazakhstan, these infections are recorded in the form of isolated cases.

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* For more details, see Order of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 84 dated December 2, 2005.

** RNGA is used to indicate the virus in the blood of sick people, corpses of people and animals, as well as arthropod carriers.

*** Changes in the general picture of blood and urine are indirect evidence and do not confirm the diagnosis.

**** Conducted in a laboratory working with pathogens of group II pathogenicity - the blood of patients is examined in acute period, internal organs(liver, spleen) and blood clots of the deceased, as well as ixodid ticks in lesions.

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* For more details, see Order of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 84 dated December 2, 2005.

*See CCHF Laboratory Criteria.

Continuation.

Continuation.

Pathogens infections belonging to this group can be various microorganisms: rickettsia, spirochetes, filterable viruses and protozoa. In the body of vectors, pathogens multiply in significant quantities by direct division or undergo cyclic development. For example, Provacek's rickettsia - the causative agents of typhus - multiply by simple transverse division in the epithelial cells lining the intestinal wall of the louse infected with them, and malarial plasmodia undergo the sexual development cycle in the body of the Anopheles mosquito, which is a carrier of malaria.

The circulation of pathogens of vector-borne infectious diseases in the blood causes a number of characteristic functional and anatomical changes in various organs and systems (for example, availability universal defeat small blood vessels in patients with typhus).

Some vector-borne diseases is characterized by natural focality, i.e. the ability to spread only in certain geographical areas, which is associated with the biological characteristics of carriers, whose life activity can only occur in certain natural conditions.

Sypnoy typhus epidemic (typhus exanthematicus; synonym epidemic typhus) -- infectious disease, characterized by a cyclical course, fever, severe intoxication, roseola-petechial rash, damage to the vascular and central nervous systems.

Epidemiology. The source of the infectious agent is only a sick person who is contagious during the last 2-3 days of the incubation period, the entire febrile period and up to the 7-8 day normal temperature. The carrier of the infectious agent is the body louse, mainly the body louse. The louse becomes infected by sucking the blood of a patient with S. t. and becomes infectious on the 5th-6th day. Rickettsia Provacek, which enters the body of lice, penetrates into the body along with the blood. epithelial cells the intestinal wall, where they multiply and enter the intestinal lumen. When sucking blood on a person, the louse defecates, and a large number of rickettsiae are released along with the feces. Itching occurs at the site of the bite; the person scratches the skin and rubs lice feces containing rickettsiae into it.

S. t. is more often observed in temperate latitudes in the winter-spring period. Mass distribution of S. t. is usually observed during wars, famines and other social upheavals, causing a sharp deterioration in hygienic living conditions. Crowding of people contributes to the spread of the disease.

Pathogenesis. Provachek's rickettsia rubbed into the skin penetrates the bloodstream and spreads throughout the body. In vascular endothelial cells they multiply intensively, the cells swell and desquamate, thrombusculitis and vascular granulomatosis, characteristic of the disease, develop, especially characteristic of the vessels of the brain, skin, adrenal glands, and myocardium. Important role In the pathogenesis of the disease, not only the rickettsiae themselves play a role, but also the toxin they secrete, which has a pronounced vasodilating effect. Specific rickettsial intoxication and vascular granulomatosis lead to disruption of the activity of primarily the vascular system and central nervous system.

Immunity. After suffering from S. t., persistent immunity remains; However, after many years, due to the activation of rickettsia remaining in the body, recurrent diseases are sometimes observed - the so-called Brill's disease.

Clinical painting. The incubation period is 5-25 days (usually 10-12). In the most typical moderate course, the disease usually begins acutely: body temperature rises, fever, weakness, dizziness and headache, insomnia, pain throughout the body, and loss of appetite are noted. Headache and insomnia become painful by the 3rd-4th day, the temperature rises sharply (up to 39° and above) and remains at a constant level for 6-9 days. Total duration febrile period 12-14 days. Hyperemia of the face, conjunctiva, skin of the neck and upper body, and puffiness of the face (the appearance of a person emerging from the steam room) are observed. The skin feels hot and dry to the touch. On the 3rd-4th day of illness on transitional folds In the conjunctiva, characteristic pinpoint spots of red or dark red color with a cyanotic tint with a diameter of 0.1-1.5 mm can be detected (Chiari-Avtsyn symptom). The same formations are possible on the mucous membrane of the soft palate, as well as at the root of the uvula. Herpetic rashes may occur on the lips and wings of the nose. Pinch and tourniquet symptoms are positive. The tongue is dry, covered with a dirty gray coating, and constipation is observed. From the 3rd-4th day the spleen usually enlarges, and later the liver. Euphoria and excitement appear, delirium is possible, and less often - a state of lethargy, tremors of the hands, tongue, and head. When trying to stick out the tongue, its jerky movements are noted - Govorov's - Godelier's symptom. On the 4th-6th day one of the most important clinical signs- roseola-petechial rash. Typical localization of the rash is on the lateral surfaces of the torso, flexor surfaces of the arms, back, and inner thighs. The elements of the rash are in a “blooming” state (pink, bright red or somewhat cyanotic color) for 3-5 days, after which they begin to turn pale and gradually disappear after 7-10 days. The sizes of the rash elements are from 1 to 3 mm in diameter, their edges are uneven. Recurrent rashes are not observed. In the midst of illness, a fall is possible vascular tone up to the point of collapse. Tachycardia, muffled heart sounds, and shortness of breath are almost always observed. Moderate neutrophilic leukocytosis is detected in the blood. Recovery is characterized by a decrease in temperature from the 9th to 11th day of illness over 2-3 days in the form of accelerated lysis to normal.

In mild cases of the disease, the headache is moderate, the temperature usually does not exceed 38° and lasts 7-10 days, the rash is rose-like in nature and not abundant. The spleen and liver are enlarged only in some patients. In severe cases, hyperthermia and a febrile period are observed (up to 14-16 days). Characteristic nonsense, agitation, severe tachycardia and hypotension, often shortness of breath, signs of meningoencephalitis develop, manifested by impaired consciousness, meningeal and delirious syndrome, and urinary retention.

Typhus in children is characterized by a milder course than in adults and a shorter febrile period. Confusion, delirium, facial hyperemia, and tremors usually occur only in older children. The rash is more sparse, but can spread to scalp heads, face. The duration of the disease is much shorter than in adults. An atypical course of the disease is often observed, which in these cases is difficult to recognize.

In the blood at the height of the disease, moderate neutrophil leukocytosis is detected with a shift of the neutrophil formula to the left, monocytosis, Turk cells appear, and a moderate increase in ESR. Possible proteinuria.

Complications occur late and insufficiently effective treatment. These include pneumonia, which occurs in any period due to the activation of secondary microflora; encephalitis and meningoencephalitis (including purulent), psychosis, myocarditis, collapse, thrombophlebitis, thromboembolism, trophic ulcers and bedsores.

Diagnosis It is based on clinical picture, epidemiological history data (stay 1-3 weeks before the development of the disease in unfavorable sanitary and hygienic conditions, presence of lice), results laboratory research. Use specific serological reactions: agglutination with Provachek's rickettsia, indirect hemagglutination(RNGA), complement fixation. These reactions become positive on the 3rd-5th day of illness in most patients with S. t. The Weil-Felix reaction is not used due to insufficient specificity for diagnosing S. t. With influenza, catarrhal symptoms are pronounced, the duration of the febrile period is 3-5 days, there is no rash, hepatolienal syndrome. For lobar pneumonia characterized by shortness of breath, pain when breathing, cough with “rusty” sputum, physical signs of pneumonia, no rash, hepatolienal syndrome. At meningococcal infection hemorrhagic rash appears on the 1st-2nd day of illness, is localized mainly in distal sections limbs. Meningeal symptoms occur within a few hours and progress rapidly, disturbances of consciousness are observed on the 2nd-4th day of illness. Hemorrhagic fevers are characterized by the appearance of a rash and signs of increased bleeding against the background of a decrease in temperature, a short febrile period, and no enlarged spleen is observed. At typhoid fever the disease begins gradually, the skin is pale, patients are sluggish and adynamic, the rash appears on the 8-10th day of illness, roseola, is localized mainly on the abdomen, leukopenia is detected in the blood. Trichinosis is characterized by puffiness of the face, pain and muscle soreness, and eosinophilia in the blood.

Treatment. The patient is hospitalized and transported on a stretcher accompanied by a medical worker. Antibiotics of the tetracycline group or chloramphenicol are used until the 2-3 day of temperature normalization, cardiovascular drugs(cordiamine, caffeine or ephedrine, cardiac glycosides), as well as when patients are excited, bromides, hypnotics, tranquilizers. For severe headaches and high temperature Cold on the head and antipyretics are indicated. In case of severe intoxication, a 5% glucose solution, polyionic solutions, hemodez, and reopolyglucin are administered intravenously. Similar pathogenetic therapy is carried out when providing first aid to a patient before hospitalization.

Patient S. t. should be under special supervision of medical staff, because he may suddenly become very excited, delirious, he may jump out of bed, run, jump out of the window. Collapse may develop. More often these manifestations occur at night, and during this period it is necessary Special attention to the patient. The nurse should enter the room more often, ventilate it, and monitor the patient’s pulse and blood pressure. Those who have been ill are discharged from the hospital after clinical recovery, but not earlier than on the 12th-14th day of normalization of temperature.

Forecast usually favorable. If severe complications develop, death is possible.

Prevention includes early detection, isolation and hospitalization of the patient, as well as the fight against head lice. By epidemic indications conduct regular examinations for pediculosis of children in preschool institutions, schools, patients admitted to medical institutions, as well as other population groups. If pediculosis is detected, sanitary treatment is carried out. A patient admitted to an isolation ward or hospital with typhus or suspected of having it, as well as persons who were in contact with the patient, undergo complete sanitization. Disinsection of the premises where the patient lived, clothing and bedding is simultaneously carried out.

IN locality, where there are cases of S. t., a system of examination for pediculosis is introduced with mandatory sanitation of all family members in which pediculosis is detected. Persons with elevated temperatures are isolated and hospitalized. When repeated cases of S. t. appear, or the presence of pediculosis among the population, a repeated complete sanitation of the outbreak is carried out.

For specific prevention S. t. use typhus vaccine; vaccination - according to epidemic indications. Vaccinations are also indicated for medical personnel working in conditions of S. t. epidemics. Persons aged 16 to 60 years are vaccinated. Importance in the prevention of pediculosis include health education, promotion of measures to prevent pediculosis and typhus.