Home Coated tongue How many people get chickenpox at 20 years old? How can you tell if your child has chickenpox? Advice for parents on diagnosing and treating chickenpox from a pediatrician

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How many people get chickenpox at 20 years old? How can you tell if your child has chickenpox? Advice for parents on diagnosing and treating chickenpox from a pediatrician

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Chicken pox ( chickenpox) is an infectious disease caused by a type of herpes virus. Chickenpox is considered to be childhood illness, because most people experience it during preschool and school age. However, if the infection did not occur in childhood, then you can get chickenpox at any age.

Outbreaks of chickenpox among adults often occur in closed groups, in the army among recruits, in boarding schools for people with disabilities. disabilities. Also at risk are parents of preschool children who do not have immunity. The incidence does not depend on gender or race.

Chickenpox in adults has its own characteristics:

adults suffer more severely from the disease;
intoxication is more pronounced than in children;
temperature rises to 40 degrees and above;
the rash appears only on the 2-3rd day of illness;
the rashes are numerous and can cover the entire surface of the face and torso;
in half of the adult patients, the elements of the rash suppurate and pustules form;
at the site of deep inflammation, scars remain - pockmarks;
Complications occur in 20-30% of patients.

Chickenpox is especially difficult for patients with weakened immune systems and people over 50 years of age.

Causes of chickenpox in adults

The causative agent of chickenpox– human herpes virus type 3, or Varicella Zoster. A viral particle is a DNA molecule surrounded by a protective shell of lipids.

The virus can only exist in the human body. IN environment he dies within 15 minutes. This is facilitated by drying, heating, freezing. The causative agent of chickenpox is not transmitted through things or third parties. Animals do not get chickenpox and cannot serve as carriers of the infection.

The main characteristics of the chickenpox virus that allow it to infect a large number of people are volatility and susceptibility. Viral particles fly away with air currents and penetrate into neighboring rooms, apartments and from one floor to another. And the high susceptibility of people to the chickenpox virus means that upon contact with a sick person, almost all people who have not previously been ill become infected. In a family where one person gets sick, the risk of illness for the rest of the household is 80-90%. Moreover, for those who became infected later, the disease is more severe and with more rashes.

Source of infection and the main reservoir of infection is a person with chickenpox. There is a risk of infection from a person with shingles.

Routes of infection– airborne and transplacental, when the virus is transmitted from mother to fetus through the placenta.

Incubation period– 10-21 days, more often 14-17. During this time, the virus multiplies on the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and spreads through the lymphatic system.

Immunity to chickenpox produced after an infection. Post-infectious immunity is believed to provide lifelong protection against infection. However, some people experience repeated cases chickenpox, which is associated with a weakening of immune defense.

What is happening in the patient's body?

1. The virus multiplies on the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.
2. Its number is rapidly increasing. Through the palatine tonsils, the virus enters the lymphatic system, inhibiting its functioning and reducing the activity of T-lymphocytes.
3. The virus enters the bloodstream at the end of the incubation period. Viral particles and their metabolic products present in the blood cause fever, weakness and other signs of intoxication.
4. The virus penetrates the nerve ganglia - nuclei spinal nerves, causing lysis (destruction) of nerve cells. The virus then persists for life in nerve ganglia. When the immune system is weakened, it becomes more active and spreads along the nerve, provoking the development of herpes zoster.
5. The virus settles in the cells of the epidermis. It causes the appearance of vacuoles - intracellular elements resembling vesicles. Vacuoles of neighboring cells merge with each other, forming cavities that are the basis of papules. These papules are filled with liquid, which contains a large number of viral particles and protein molecules. The contents of the papule are a good breeding ground for bacteria, so the elements of the rash can fester. In this case, a pustule (a blister with purulent contents) forms in place of the papule.
6. The bubble bursts and its contents spill onto the skin. At the site of the bubble, a crust forms, under which the epidermis heals.
7. Starting from the first days of the disease, the immune system recognizes the pathogen and begins to produce immunoglobulins, which bind toxins and stimulate phagocytosis (uptake) of viral particles. Subsequently, anti-chickenpox antibodies remain in the blood of the person who has been ill for life. They provide protection against recurrent chickenpox.

Chickenpox symptoms in adults

Symptoms of chickenpox in adults are a deterioration in general condition, fever and a maculopapular rash accompanied by itching. Signs of the disease in adults appear much more clearly, and the disease is more severe than in children.

There are several periods in the development of the disease:

Incubation period– the virus multiplies in the cells of the nasopharyngeal mucosa. There are no symptoms of the disease.
Prodromal period– release of the virus into the blood. Symptoms: fever, deterioration in general condition, weakness, loss of appetite.
Period of rash– active phase of the disease, when the virus is localized in the epidermis. It is characterized by the appearance of a rash and itching, which is accompanied by an increase in temperature.
Crust formation period– the elements of the rash dry out. The body actively produces anti-chickenpox antibodies, which ensure binding of the virus and recovery.

Chickenpox symptoms in adults:

Symptom	Development mechanism	Manifestations
General intoxication	Toxins produced during the life of the virus poison the nervous system.	Weakness, drowsiness, loss of strength. Headache, aches in the lumbar region and large joints. Nausea, repeated vomiting. The first signs of chickenpox resemble the flu. In adults, intoxication is severe.
Temperature increase	During the death of viral particles, pyrogens are formed - substances that provoke an increase in temperature. A large number of pyrogens enter the blood during mass rashes.	Wave fever - during the period of illness there are 2-3 rises in temperature, which coincide with massive outbreaks. The temperature rises to 38-40 degrees. The temperature with chickenpox in adults lasts 3-9 days, depending on the severity of the disease. Prolonged fever for more than 10 days indicates the development of complications.
Rash	Chickenpox is characterized by a maculopapular rash. Its appearance is associated with viral infection epidermal cells. The elements of the rash go through several stages in their development: spots, papules (nodules) and vesicles (bubbles). All of them can be present on one area of the skin.	In adult patients, chickenpox rash appears 2-3 days after the temperature rises. Stains. Round red spots, ranging in size from 3 mm to 1 cm, appear on the skin of the upper half of the body. Papules(infiltrates) - nodules without a cavity located in the center of the spots. Formed within 2-3 hours. Vesicles– bubbles filled with transparent contents. They have a hemispherical shape and are located on a hyperemic (red) base. They form at the site of red spots for 12-20 hours. Crusts are formed at the site of burst vesicles. On average, 5-7 days pass from the moment the spot appears until the crust forms. Eruptions occur chaotically on any part of the body with an interval of 1-2 days. Their number varies from a few in mild forms to 2000 in severe forms of the disease. New rashes continue for 4-5 days.
Itchy skin	Changes in epithelial cells cause irritation of sensitive nerve endings that are located in the skin. From them, a nerve impulse enters the central nervous system and is perceived by the brain as an itch.	Itching appears simultaneously with spots on the skin. It bothers patients until crusts form. Itching worsens at night when there are fewer distractions.
Rashes on the oral mucosa	The same processes occur in the cells of the mucous membranes as in the skin.	The rash appears simultaneously with the skin rash. Red spots of 3-5 mm are formed on the mucous membrane of the gums, palatine arches and soft palate. Over time, nodules and then bubbles form from the spot. After a few hours, ulcers (aphthae) appear in their place, covered with a white-yellow coating. The ulcers cause severe pain. Similar rashes appear on the vaginal mucosa in women. They cause severe itching and discomfort.

Classification of chickenpox in adults. Forms and stages

There are several classifications of chickenpox

1. According to the severity of the current

Mild form in 7-10% of patients. The temperature rises to 38 degrees. General state satisfactory. The number of rashes is moderate.
Moderate form in 80%. Temperature 38-39 degrees. Severe intoxication – weakness, nausea, vomiting, aches in muscles and joints. The rash is profuse, accompanied severe itching.
Severe form in 10%. Temperature 39-40 degrees. The general condition is serious, severe weakness, repeated vomiting, headache. The rash can cover the entire surface of the skin. Various complications develop. In severe form, there are several variants of the course:
- Hemorrhagic form. Occurs rarely in immunocompromised patients who have previously had hemorrhagic diseases - lesions blood vessels: hemorrhagic diathesis, vasculitis, thrombocytopathies, blood clotting disorders. Accompanied by the development of hemorrhagic rash (minor hemorrhages), hematomas, bruises, bleeding gums, intestinal bleeding.
- Bullous form. Simultaneously with typical vesicles, large flabby blisters called bullae appear on the skin. They are filled with cloudy contents and have a folded surface. At the site of their resolution, long-term non-healing wounds remain.
- Gangrenous form. It occurs extremely rarely in severely malnourished patients, with poor hygiene and poor care. Develops when papules become infected and a secondary infection occurs. A black border consisting of necrotic dead tissue forms around the papules. The disease is accompanied by high fever and intoxication.

2. According to the type of disease

The typical form is manifested by intoxication, fever, and a characteristic rash.
The atypical form has several course options.
- The rudimentary form is a rise in temperature to 37.5, single elements of the rash, which may look like spots or nodules. The disease often goes unnoticed.
- Atypical forms include gangrenous, bullous and hemorrhagic forms described above.
The generalized (visceral) form is associated with mass lesions internal organs. It occurs in people with weakened immune systems when the virus multiplies in the cells of internal organs. Manifested by pain in the abdomen and lower back, severe damage to the liver, kidneys and nervous system, decreased blood pressure and heart rate.

Diagnostics

Examination by a doctor. As a rule, diagnosing chickenpox does not cause difficulties for a specialist. A doctor may suspect chickenpox in an adult based on the following signs:

A characteristic rash that appears against the background of elevated temperature and deterioration of general condition;
Periodic falling asleep, which is accompanied by a rise in temperature;
False polymorphism of the rash. In a limited area of skin, various elements of the rash are simultaneously present - spots, nodules and blisters;
Localization of the rash on any part of the body except the palms and soles;
Rashes on the mucous membranes of the mouth, genitals and conjunctiva;
There was contact with a patient with chickenpox.

After examining the skin and mucous membranes, the doctor listens to the condition of the bronchi and lungs, palpates the abdomen, and determines the size of the liver. The examination allows for early detection of complications. In most cases, other tests are not necessary.

Bacterial superinfection of the skin caused by streptococci and staphylococci is the most common complication. Numerous boils, abscesses and phlegmons form in place of the vesicles. Patients require surgical treatment.
Chickenpox pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by viral infection of the lung tissue and the formation of bacterial infiltrates. Develops in 20-30% of cases. Characterized by fever, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain.
Damage to internal organs. The virus multiplies in the cells of internal organs: spleen, pancreas, liver, lungs, heart. It is typical to damage several organs at once. On the 3-5th day of illness, the patient’s condition worsens significantly, severe abdominal pain occurs. Mortality up to 15%.
Lesions of the central nervous system. Appears 21 days after the onset of the disease. It is characterized by damage to the cerebellum, which is manifested by imbalance, which is especially noticeable when changing body position, trembling of the limbs, nystagmus (uncontrolled movements of the eyeballs). Diffuse encephalitis is also characteristic, the neurological consequences of which persist long time. Manifestations: headache, confusion and mental disorders, nausea, vomiting, epileptic seizures.
Hepatitis. Liver damage is a rare complication of chickenpox. It predominantly develops in patients with immunodeficiency. Has a high mortality rate.

Prevention of chickenpox in adults

Prevention of chickenpox in adults has several directions:

Specific prevention. Vaccination against chickenpox is carried out for categories of the population that are prone to severe chickenpox. In a number of regions of the Russian Federation it is included in the vaccination calendar. More details about the groups to be vaccinated and the drugs are described below.
Nonspecific prevention of chickenpox is based on timely isolation of the patient, who is a source of infection for others. He is isolated at home for 9 days from the moment the disease is detected. The person is then considered not infectious. There is no need to disinfect the patient’s apartment. Daily wet cleaning and ventilation is enough.
Emergency prevention of chickenpox is the administration of chickenpox immunoglobulin or live vaccine within 96 hours after contact with the patient (preferably in the first 72 hours).

Chickenpox in adults: symptoms, forms of the disease, complications, treatment, vaccinations - video

Answers to frequently asked questions

Should adults get the chickenpox vaccine?

There are categories of adults who have not had chickenpox who are recommended to be vaccinated against chickenpox:

People who are preparing for organ transplantation.
Those prone to severe chickenpox – hemorrhagic diseases, decreased immunity, age over 50 years.
Patients from the group high risk diseases. These include:
- patients with leukemia;
- receiving immunosuppressive therapy (including glucocorticosteroids);
- patients with malignant tumors;
- people with severe chronic pathologies - bronchial asthma, collagenosis, autoimmune diseases, chronic renal failure.
People who are in close contact with patients at high risk of the disease - relatives, family members.
Medical personnel, especially those working in infectious diseases departments.
Workers of preschool educational institutions.
Military personnel.

Vaccination with live vaccines is contraindicated:

pregnant women;
cancer patients;
people suffering from AIDS and primary immunodeficiency conditions;
receiving immunosuppressive therapy;
with hypersensitivity to vaccine components and neomycin.

For chickenpox vaccinations for adults, specific immunoglobulin and live vaccine are used.

Active immunization against chickenpox– introduction of a vaccine based on a live attenuated Varicella Zoster virus. The pathogen, processed in a special way, causes a mild asymptomatic form of chickenpox. After this, specific immunoglobulins are produced, which remain in the blood, providing long-term immunity.

Okavax is a Japanese-made chickenpox vaccine. Injected once subcutaneously into the deltoid muscle. The drug is approved for children over 12 one month old and adults. Suitable for emergency prophylaxis in the first 72 hours after contact with a patient.
Varilrix is a Belgian-made vaccine. The drug is injected subcutaneously into the deltoid muscle. For adults, the vaccine is administered 2 times: the first dose on the appointed day, and the second after 4-6 weeks. Allowed for adults and children from 9 months of age. Suitable for emergency prophylaxis during the first 96 hours after exposure.

Passive immunization against chickenpox– introduction of donor antibodies against the chickenpox pathogen. They are obtained from the blood plasma of a convalescent person (who has had chickenpox). Antibodies (IgG) neutralize the virus that is already present in the body. The drug does not contain the virus itself and does not provide long-term immunity, unlike live vaccines.

Zostevir is a drug containing immunoglobulin against the varicella zoster virus. Immunoglobulin against the Varicella Zoster virus can be used for treatment and emergency prevention after contact with a patient. Approved for use from the first day of life, as well as for pregnant women and nursing mothers.

A blood test to detect antibodies to the Varicella-Zoster virus helps determine the presence of immunity to chickenpox. You will have to wait 6 days for the results. Positive result The analysis suggests that the person already has immunity against chickenpox and does not need to be vaccinated.

What are the first signs of chickenpox in adults?

The first signs of chickenpox in adults resemble flu symptoms:

weakness;
headache;
loss of appetite;
temperature increase;
Nausea and vomiting are possible.

The rash appears on the 2-3rd day of fever. During the first hours it is represented by red spots. Over the course of several hours, small elevations form in the center - nodules, which then turn into bubbles.

Is it possible for chickenpox to reoccur in adults?

Recurrence of chickenpox in adults is possible, especially in people with weakened immune systems. As a rule, recurrent disease occurs in a milder form.

Repeated chickenpox occurs in some categories:

In people with weakened immune systems. This condition can occur with long-term use of antibiotics, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants;
Those who have completed chemotherapy courses;
Those who have suffered severe emotional shocks;
In people with diseases of the digestive system and deep violations nutrition.

Sometimes recurrent chickenpox in adults is called herpes zoster. This disease is caused by a virus that remains in the spinal ganglia after the first chickenpox infection.

What does chickenpox look like in adults, photo?

The first days of chickenpox in adults are no different from the flu. On the 3rd day, patients develop a characteristic rash. It has a number of signs that distinguish it from other diseases:

Is it possible to have chickenpox without fever?

In rare cases, chickenpox without fever is possible. This is the so-called erased or abortive form.

Symptoms of the erased form:

Mild malaise - weakness, loss of appetite;
Single elements of the rash are several red spots and nodules that usually do not turn into blisters.

Causes of chickenpox without fever:

Weakened immunity. Viruses and their breakdown products do not cause an adequate immune response.
Chickenpox suffered at an early age (up to one year). In this case, chickenpox in an adult is considered repeated. There is a small amount of antibodies in his blood that prevent the virus from actively multiplying and causing fever.
Taking medications that reduce fever. At the first symptoms of deterioration, many self-medicate and take medications containing paracetamol. Thus, they bring down the temperature, and the picture of the disease is distorted.

How long does chickenpox last in adults?

The duration of uncomplicated chickenpox in adults is 9 days from the moment the first signs appear. After this, the doctor can close the sick leave.

In practice, in 90% of patients the disease lasts 10-14 days:

prodromal period (without rash) – 2-3 days;
the period of appearance of new rashes is 3-4 days;
the period of formation of crusts is 5 days (from the moment the last rash appears).

Only after the last vesicle has crusted over is the patient considered non-infectious. The skin will be completely clear of crusts in 2-4 weeks.

Do scars remain on the skin?

With an uncomplicated course of the disease, chickenpox scars do not remain. The chickenpox virus infects only the upper layers of the epidermis, and the germinal layer, responsible for skin repair, remains intact.

Scars appear when bacteria enter the blister and develop purulent inflammation. In this case, the deep layers of the skin melt. After the crust falls off, a depression with uneven edges is discovered underneath - a pockmark. In the future, the “pit” remains, but is aligned in color with the surrounding skin.

How to prevent scars from chickenpox?

Compliance with hygiene rules - regular change of linen, shower;
Treating the rash with antiseptics - brilliant green, fucorcin;
Prescribing antibiotics wide range when the first pustules appear.

What to do if scars appear after chickenpox?

Ointments and gels for the treatment of scars. A small amount of gel is rubbed into the scar 2-3 times a day. For old scars, apply the gel under the bandage at night. The course of treatment can take from 1 month to a year. For treatment the following are used:
- Contractubex;
- Aldara;
- Kelofibrase;
- Skarguard.
Injection of collagen under the skin. The substance fills the skin defect and stimulates the formation of connective fibers.
Chemical peeling using phenol. Under the influence of aggressive chemical substances The keratinized layer of the epidermis and dermis is removed. After the epidermis is restored (takes up to 2 weeks), the skin becomes smooth.
Laser skin resurfacing. A focused laser beam penetrates the superficial layers of the dermis and heats them, evaporating the water. After the regeneration of skin cells, its surface is leveled. Caution: Carbon dioxide laser treatment may cause the appearance of a hypertrophic keloid scar that rises above the skin. Therefore, an erbium or carbon dioxide laser is used.

Chickenpox is an infectious disease caused by the varicella zoster virus, which belongs to the herpes family of viruses. It is characterized by fever, a rash with various elements (from spots to crusts), severe itching and catarrhal phenomena.

A feature of type 3 herpes virus is its volatility. In a poorly ventilated area, it can spread up to 20 m, and anyone who has not had chickenpox can become infected.

Chickenpox most often occurs in children preschool age, but it is extremely rare in children under 6 months.

In newborns, chickenpox has an extremely severe course. They are often diagnosed atypical forms chickenpox.

By age 6, 70% of children have antibodies to chickenpox and are immune for the rest of their lives.

After a person has chickenpox, they develop antibodies to the herpes virus type 3, and an immune response is formed to the re-introduction of the virus. But with immunodeficiency, shingles or a repeated case of chickenpox may develop, since the virus continues to “live” in the nerve ganglia and it is impossible to completely recover.

Shingles most often affects people with immunodeficiency. A feature of this disease is that the rash does not spread over the entire skin, but along the course of the nerve, for example, along the intercostal spaces or on the face along one of the branches of the facial or trigeminal nerve. This disease is unpleasant, its prodromal period is especially unpleasant; often the patient does not associate it with the manifestation of herpes infection.

A little history

Until the 18th century, chickenpox was not considered as an independent disease; it was considered one of the manifestations smallpox. It was only at the beginning of the 20th century that the first descriptions of a virus - the causative agent of the disease - appeared in the contents of vesicles. And only in the 40s of the twentieth century a description of the chickenpox virus appeared.

How does chickenpox manifest in children? Course of the disease

Usually after contact with a sick person after 11 - 21 days (this incubation period chickenpox) the first signs of chickenpox appear in a child. The long incubation period often causes a little confusion among parents.

It would seem that the meeting with the patient was a long time ago, and the threat of getting sick has already passed, and then the child begins to complain of body aches, chills appear, the temperature rises to 38 - 39 ˚C, nasal discharge appears, the baby becomes lethargic and drowsy. Since a lot of time passes after contact with a patient, mothers cannot always understand that these are the first symptoms of chickenpox in children.

After a day or two, a rash appears. It is initially small-spotted or spotted. Children usually complain of itching, and children under four years of age may cry and act restless. Within a day, the spots turn into vesicles filled with serous contents. After a few days, the blisters open, and in their place crusts form on the skin. After the crust comes off, the wound heals completely, leaving no scars.

It should be noted that the rash appears (sprinkles) every 2 - 3 days for 3 - 7 days, therefore all the elements of the rash are different (polymorphic).

The child is contagious two days before the first signs of the disease appear, during the period of rashes and up to seven days from the moment of the last addition.

It should be noted that usually younger age child, the easier he tolerates the disease. It is easier for a 3-year-old child to survive this period than for an adult.

Symptoms of chickenpox in children

temperature above 38˚С. Please note that sometimes the temperature rises to 40˚C. This is not a complication of the disease, but only a feature of the reactivity of the immune system of a sick person. However, in some cases the temperature throughout the entire illness can be 37 °C;
The appearance of the rash varies in stages. Stages of the rash - spot-bubble-appearance of crusts. The rash appears on the child's entire body, except the palms and feet. Chickenpox is also characterized by a rash on the scalp;
wave-like appearance of the rash, when after the appearance of the rash there is a short-term lull.

Other symptoms of the disease:

viral conjunctivitis. It usually appears when the herpes virus affects the first branch of the trigeminal nerve. When viral conjunctivitis appears, children may complain of unpleasant sensations in their eyes, they will say that it is unpleasant or painful for them to look at the light, tears flow from their eyes;
vulvovaginitis in girls;
stomatitis - the appearance of a rash on the mucous membranes of the mouth. If a rash appears in the child’s mouth, you should contact your doctor for further examination and possible changes in treatment tactics.

Swimming with chickenpox

Is it possible to bathe a child with chickenpox when he is sick? This question is especially acute.

Opinions on this issue, as always, differ.

You cannot take a bath, that is, lie for a long time and steam your body (to avoid infection of open wounds).
Do not use a sponge or washcloth. Do not rub the child’s body with anything or anything.
Be careful with soaps and shower gels. They dry out the skin and can increase irritation.
It is better if the child takes a shower.
After a shower, you need to blot the water with a soft towel. Under no circumstances should you rub your body.
After the skin has dried, it should be treated with brilliant green or fucorcin.

Features of caring for children with chickenpox

Children usually bring the infection from kindergarten and often infect their younger brothers and sisters. Chickenpox in children is mild, and the most unpleasant thing is the rash, which is why these children are treated at home.

We will discuss how to treat chickenpox in children a little later, but for now let’s remember how to care for children with chickenpox:

diet. If a child refuses to eat, do not force it; it is better to eat a little, but more often. Increase the amount of fruits and vegetables in your diet;
drinking plenty of water. Fruit drinks, compotes, jelly and homemade freshly squeezed juices are recommended. If the child does not want to drink it, offer tea or water;
it is advisable to limit active games, trying to keep a child in bed is pointless;
try to explain that the sores cannot be scratched, the child’s nails must be cut short;
It is advisable to change bed linen every day, the child should sleep separately in his own bed;
The room in which the child is located must be washed every day and ventilated at least once an hour;
It is desirable that there are no other children around the sick child, but, alas, this is not always possible.

To walk or not to walk?

This is another question in caring for a child with chickenpox that worries parents: is it possible to walk with a baby with chickenpox?

During the period when the child is contagious, walks are not recommended. But if the parents are sure that the baby will not have contact with anyone (for example, if you live in a private house), then you can go for a short walk.

We list the important conditions for walking:

Body temperature should return to normal.
The last rash was 7 days ago. Otherwise, if you do go for a walk, there should be no other people on the street, especially children or pregnant women.
If a child has recently had chickenpox, he should not sunbathe or swim in open water.
The immune system of a child who has recovered from the disease is still weakened, so he is not recommended to have contact with sick children or unwell adults.

Prevention and vaccination

Made in our country since 2008, but still not included in the list mandatory vaccinations, which means that parents themselves must decide for themselves whether to vaccinate their baby or not.

Vaccination is now recommended from the age of two. The vaccination is done once, provided that the child is under 13 years old, and twice for children over 13 and adults who have not yet been sick.

Vaccination is carried out with Varilrix or Okavax vaccines (they are live attenuated vaccines).

Vaccination takes place according to the following scheme:

"Okavax" - 0.5 ml (one dose) at a time for children over 12 months of age;
"Varilrix" - 0.5 ml (one dose) twice with an interval of 2 - 2.5 months.

Emergency prophylaxis is carried out with any of the above-mentioned drugs within 96 hours from the moment of contact with a sick person. In our country, such prevention is not common.

After administration of the drug, after 7 days, signs of chickenpox may appear in the child. This is a mild malaise, an increase in temperature to 38 ° C, and a mild rash may appear. All symptoms go away on their own within a few days. There is no need to treat them; they are not a complication of vaccination.

Another method of prevention is isolating sick children. True, this is ineffective, since in children the prodromal period does not always manifest itself clearly, and the child is contagious two days before the appearance of the rash.

What can chickenpox be confused with?

At the beginning, before the rash appears, the disease is similar to the course of any viral disease, such as influenza.

At the first signs of sleep, you can mistake chickenpox for an allergy or heat rash, but usually within 24 hours it becomes clear that the conclusion was made incorrectly.

Usually after the rash appears, everything becomes clear.

Complications of chickenpox

There are always exceptions, but more often they talk about rules. For example, when a pregnant woman who has not previously had chickenpox gets sick, she has a chance of losing her baby, or the baby may be born with chickenpox.

Children under the age of one year suffer from chickenpox extremely hard, and it occurs in them in an atypical form.

Another option is adults and teenagers. They also sometimes have complications, such as viral pneumonia, myocarditis or encephalitis.

Atypical forms of chickenpox

Rudimentary. The rash is spotty, there are practically no catarrhal symptoms, the disease passes easily.
Hemorrhagic form. Bubbles in this form are filled not with transparent, but with blood content. The course of the disease is severe, patients experience vomiting with blood, nosebleeds, and possible black stools. On the second day, petechial rashes (small pinpoint hemorrhages in the skin) appear.
Bullous form. The bubbles in this form merge, forming so-called bullae. They are usually filled with muddy contents.
Gangrenous form. It has an extremely severe course.
Generalized form. With this form of the disease, severe intoxication and damage to internal organs are observed.

All atypical forms (except rudimentary) are treated in the hospital, often in intensive care units.

Treatment of chickenpox in children

If you see that your child is sick, call a doctor who will prescribe and monitor treatment. Each drug has its own subtleties and features. Incorrect treatment, just like him complete absence, can lead to complications during the course of the disease.

If the temperature rises above 38.5 °C, you can give the child antipyretic drug based on ibuprofen or paracetamol.
For decreasing skin itching You can use local ointments, such as Gerpevir, Acyclovir. It is possible to use Fenistil gel.
Antihistamines can be used. For example, the drug Diazolin, it is available in tablets.
To prevent secondary infection of ulcers, use brilliant green or Fukortsin. The application of such preparations also helps to determine the appearance of new bubbles.
For a sore throat, you can use herbal decoctions and medications approved for the treatment of children of a particular age.
Antiviral therapy is mandatory. It is prescribed by a doctor.

Dear mothers, I wish you not to be overwhelmed by the tears of your children, but to do this, be very attentive and patient towards them. Chickenpox is just a part of your child's life, and over time, only photos will remain that remind you of the green-spotted period.

Chickenpox in adult women, the consequences of which can be negative, most often occurs in a moderate or severe form. In childhood, the disease has a milder course. People who have not previously had the disease are at greater risk of becoming infected at an older age. However, those who are immune to chickenpox can catch it.

The causative agent of chickenpox, HSV type 3, is easily transmitted by coughing, sneezing or talking. It moves well through ventilation.

You can get infected from:

an infected person 2-3 days before the first symptoms appear;
person in active stage illness;
someone who has had chickenpox, if less than 5 days have passed since the last vesicle formed;
a patient with herpes zoster in the acute stage.

Those who have a strong immune system are less likely than other people to become infected.

Symptoms of chickenpox in women

Signs of the disease in women are the same as in women. A characteristic rash appears, body temperature rises, and symptoms of intoxication occur. Unlike children, vesicles in adults cause more pronounced discomfort; they first appear on the stomach and thighs, and often affect the mucous membranes of the external genital organs.

Treatment of chickenpox in women

If you have chickenpox, you need to adhere to a diet and bed rest, and use antiviral and antipyretic drugs. It is advisable to treat the affected areas with special creams, ointments or lotions.

The most common consequence of the disease is the addition of a secondary skin infection. However, it can be prevented by not scratching the rash. To relieve severe itching, it is recommended to use antihistamines and apply a solution of brilliant green to the vesicles.

How long chickenpox lasts in adult women depends on the characteristics of the immune system and how the disease is treated. Sometimes, even at an older age, the disease is relatively mild. If complications are present, recovery usually occurs within 1.5 months.

Complications after chickenpox in adult women

A common consequence of the disease is infection. skin due to tearing off rashes, which are extremely undesirable to injure. When the crusts from the pustules are damaged, pockmarks appear, which over time turn into a scar. The rashes in adult women last much longer than in children and affect a larger area of the skin.

At older ages, there is a risk of developing complicated forms of chickenpox:

hemorrhagic, which occurs when blood vessels are damaged and is characterized by the accumulation of blood in vesicles;
gangrenous, which appears due to rotting inside the rash, and the formation of ulcers at the site of the vesicles, which increases the risk of secondary infection.

The likelihood of microorganisms entering the chickenpox rash increases when:

ignoring the rules of personal hygiene;
scratching pimples with unwashed hands;
lack of proper skin care.

Chickenpox at 30 years old, as well as at an older age, can lead to complications:

pneumonia caused by HSV type 3 or bacterial flora;
neuritis optic nerve, which usually develops when the pathogen enters the eye after scratching the vesicles;
arthritis (inflammation of the joints) of a reactive nature, that is, self-limiting after the person recovers;
meningitis, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), which are characterized by severe headaches, vomiting, convulsions;
viral laryngitis or tracheitis with severe cough, painful sensations in the throat (if a rash affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract);
acute stomatitis (in case of localization of rashes in the oral cavity and on the gums);
vulvitis (when the external genital organs are affected by vesicles);
liver disease - hepatitis;
lymphadenitis (inflammation lymph nodes).

Delayed periods due to chickenpox are not uncommon. After the illness, the menstrual cycle is gradually restored. HSV type 3 does not affect reproductive function, but pregnancy planning should begin some time after recovery.

Consequences of chickenpox during childbirth

Vaccination is not carried out during the gestational period. A pregnant woman with chickenpox will probably get over it normally. For the fetus, HSV type 3 is dangerous, especially if the infection occurred in the first trimester of pregnancy or shortly before birth.

Possible risks:

at an early stage of gestation, the causative agent of the disease can lead to spontaneous abortion, congenital anomalies of child development;
Childbirth during chickenpox can lead to infection of the baby, which can lead to the development of viral pneumonia.

If the expectant mother suffered from the disease at the beginning of pregnancy, then doctors carefully monitor the development of the fetus using ultrasound. If infection occurs before birth, attempts are made to delay it or immunoglobulin is administered, which includes antibodies to HSV type 3.

Prevention of complications

The incubation period for chickenpox is 10-21 days. If there was contact with a person infected with HSV type 3, then within 3 days after that you can get vaccinated. This measure will protect against the development of the disease or significantly smooth out its manifestations. In addition, upon contact with an infected person, it is possible to administer chickenpox immunoglobulin.

According to statistics, complications after chickenpox in adult women occur in no more than 10% of cases. Those most at risk are those suffering from blood diseases and human immunodeficiency virus. With timely and proper treatment negative consequences can usually be avoided.

To prevent complications, it is advisable to use Acyclovir - antiviral drug aimed at combating HSV. There is also an ointment of the same name that allows you to reduce the area of skin damage.

After chickenpox, lifelong immunity is formed. However, HSV type 3 remains in the blood forever and, with a decrease in the body’s defenses, reminds of itself with shingles. The vaccination (live attenuated vaccine) provides protection for 20 years.

Vaccination against chickenpox is an effective measure to prevent the disease. Women planning a pregnancy should especially take care to be vaccinated. After vaccination, conception is delayed for 3 months.

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The infection, popularly known as Chickenpox, became famous due to the unique feature of the herpes virus, which can easily travel through the air. Great amount These microorganisms can infect healthy, unprotected people indoors. Defenselessness in this case looks like the absence of antiviruses to herpes in the human blood. In addition, the virus is absolutely infectious upon contact with mucous membranes.

You can get infected when visiting shops, cinemas, restaurants and cultural institutions, as well as many other places that are popular among a large number of people. The microorganism enters the air of the room with droplets of the patient’s saliva when coughing, sneezing or talking. And ventilation flows carry the virus to other floors big building. Having established itself in the epithelium, the chickenpox virus begins to actively multiply and is eventually absorbed into the lymphatic system. After this, it enters the blood and spreads to all organs. The incubation period, usually from 1 to 3 weeks, ends with the manifestation of chickenpox in the form of acute physiological symptoms.

What does chickenpox look like?

First signs of infection are very similar to common ailments at the onset of influenza or acute respiratory viral disease:

high body temperature, reaching 39-39.5 C;
muscle and joint weakness;
inflammation of the larynx, cough and runny nose;
headache;
general intoxication (nausea, vomiting).

When a rash characteristic of chickenpox appears, especially in a child, nervousness and irritability increase. He may refuse food and have trouble sleeping. This is due to the influence of toxins produced by herpes as a result of its vital activity. Red spots appear on the skin surface in the face and other parts of the body. Over the course of several hours, they become larger and fill with clear liquid. These are papules that itch very much, making you want to scratch the thin surface of the blisters.

After the papules rupture, weeping vesicles appear. Their inflammation leads to severe dermatological complications, abscesses, phlegmons and others. negative consequences. This happens when dirt gets into open wounds. Pyogenic bacteria of streptococcus or staphylococcus can quickly develop in the skin layer and cause complications.

In the normal course of chickenpox, the development of vesicles only seems deep. In fact, only the superficial layer of the epidermis is damaged. It recovers quite normally and quickly after the start of recovery, without leaving whitish scars or scars. Young connective tissue aligns at the site where the crusts fall off, which form after the vesicles dry.

A characteristic rash determines the presence and facilitates the diagnosis of chickenpox in humans. The doctor will make an accurate diagnosis only after examining the patient. In cases of insufficient manifestation of elements (for example, with rudimentary chickenpox), the patient is prescribed laboratory analysis blood for antibodies to herpes.

Who can get chickenpox

This viral disease, like chickenpox, has no age limit. Infection with herpes also does not depend on a person’s gender, health status or place of residence.

But these factors can affect following conditions chickenpox progression:

severity of the disease - in a person with a strong immune system, chickenpox looks like a slight discomfort against the backdrop of quarantine restrictions, and vice versa, a weakened body suffers the disease in a severe form with serious complications;
form of chickenpox - depending on age and health, the disease takes a typical or atypical form. For small children 2-7 years old, the first, mild chickenpox is typical;
type of manifestation - the third type of herpes virus causes two types of disease: chicken pox and shingles;
the severity of quarantine measures - in many Western and developed countries they do not restrict infected children from communicating with peers and often allow them to be in the fresh air.

Common chickenpox can be found in more than 80% of children early age when the infection goes away naturally without the use of special medicines. The severity of symptoms in preschool children is sometimes completely absent or amounts to a very small number of rashes. At the same time, the body fully produces antibodies and retains them for life. And only their detection by checking the blood will allow an adult person to find out about the presence of protection.

In adults, the disease occurs with the same symptoms, but to a more pronounced degree. Development severe complications with disruption of internal organs is associated with the acquisition of chronic diseases and weakening of the immune system. Elderly people who do not have antibodies to chickenpox are at particular risk. Having encountered the herpes virus for the first time, their body reacts most sensitively to the pathogen. This manifests itself in a severe form of the disease and the likelihood of death. If old man If you have already had chickenpox before, then herpes can become active in the form of another disease - herpes zoster.

It can be concluded that Anyone can get chickenpox, at any time of the year, at any age, if they:

have not had chickenpox before;
did not undergo voluntary vaccination;
is in constant contact with a large number of people.

How to avoid getting chickenpox

When a person is infected with the third type of herpes virus, the body responds in the form of production of antibodies. Despite the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation and high temperature, the virus microorganism is able to penetrate the cells of the mucous membranes of a large number of people in a closed room. In this case, the source of chickenpox may not be detected due to the latent period of the disease, when the rash has not yet appeared on the skin. This period takes 1-2 days after the pathogen enters the circulatory system.

Today, all developed countries are implementing a chickenpox vaccination program. In most of them mandatory It is customary for children to be vaccinated before entering preschool institutions. Two types of foreign vaccines against chickenpox are registered in our country: Okavax and Varilrix. They contain a live strain of the herpes virus, specially grown in laboratories. To obtain a natural response from the immune system, the active life activity of the virus is weakened. Observations of vaccinated patients over a period of 20-30 years prove the high effectiveness of these drugs.

For whom is chickenpox dangerous?

The most important is the prevention of chickenpox for a number of people at risk, for whom the disease can cause disability or lead to general incapacity. Let's consider these categories of the population and the possible consequences of chickenpox for them.

Newborns

Infants under one year old who do not receive breastfeeding for various reasons when infected with chickenpox suffer destruction of cells of the nervous system, brain and many internal organs. In this case, encephalitis, laryngitis, pneumonia, skin abscess, as well as an additionally attached bacterial infection are diagnosed.

Pregnant

For women who did not have chickenpox in childhood, it is especially important to think about appropriate preventive measures. No less than 3 months before planning a pregnancy, you need to go to the clinic about getting a chickenpox vaccination, since it is prohibited to do it while carrying a child. The course of the infection in a woman will depend on her health, and for the fetus it can cause the development of severe pathologies. If infection occurs in the first trimester before the 20th week or a week before birth, then the child may experience:

disorders of the central nervous system;
underdevelopment of the limbs;
damage to the visual organs;
congenital chickenpox with a probability of death.

Weakened

Children and adults taking strong immunosuppressive medications, cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy, and those infected with HIV. The virus affects the most weak spots body, causing inflammation of the respiratory, digestive and cardiovascular systems. Often, patients suffer from profuse rashes throughout the body, including the mucous membranes of the mouth, nasopharynx, eyes, genital area and surfaces of internal organs.

Aged people

With age, a person acquires many bad habits and moves away from healthy image life, which significantly reduces the body's defenses. Therefore, even in the presence of antibodies to the Varicella-Zoster virus, upon contact with a sick child, herpes zoster appears in old people. It looks like a rash at the site of the nerve, in the nodes of which the inactive virus was hiding. In this case, the person feels unwell in the form of headaches, severe itching, increased body temperature, and so on. The disease goes away on its own within 1-2 weeks, but for several months the person may suffer from residual neurotic pain.

For the above groups of people, it is especially recommended to get vaccinated against chickenpox in a timely manner. The vaccine dose is designed for a single subcutaneous dose from 1 to 12 years of age and a double dose from 13 years of age. When contacting a specialist, before vaccination, the presence of possible contraindications is established, the main of which are allergies to the components of foreign drugs. A blood test is also performed to check for the absence of antibodies to chickenpox. Side effects include redness of the injection site, slight swelling, and itching. These symptoms pass very quickly and the person acquires stable, lifelong immunity against chickenpox.

Not everyone knows that there are complications after chickenpox in adults. The infectious disease is most often diagnosed in childhood. Since children tolerate it easily, many consider the disease harmless and harmless. However, after reaching adulthood, chickenpox is much more difficult to tolerate than in childhood. It is characterized by a moderate or severe course. The disease often provokes serious disruptions to the functioning of organs and systems. The older the sick person, the higher the likelihood of complications.

After streptococcus infection of a damaged chickenpox vesicle, the patient may develop bullous streptoderma. In place of chickenpox blisters, pea-sized pustules (phlyctenae) appear. They are covered with thin skin and filled with transparent contents that quickly become cloudy. Streptococcal vesicles rapidly increase in size, reaching a diameter of 1-2 cm. Then they burst and expose ulcers with scraps of skin at the edges. The wounds dry out very quickly and become covered with honey-yellow crusts. Since the development of the process is accompanied by severe itching, the patient scratches the ulcers and causes the infection to spread to adjacent areas of the skin.

Sometimes numerous blisters combine into large formations that can cover the entire face. In their place, ulcerated surfaces and crusts later appear. Bullous streptoderma does not cause scars or cicatrices. At the site of the ulcers, areas with temporary depigmentation (change in skin color to a lighter shade) may remain. Chronic form bullous streptoderma is characterized by a recurrent course and the development of large lesions.

If streptococcus penetrates into the deeper layers of the skin, streptococcal ecthyma is diagnosed. In this case, an abscess with serous-purulent contents forms on the skin. It quickly increases in size, then shrinks into a greenish-yellow crust. After the crust is rejected, a deep, painful ulcer with jagged edges and purulent discharge remains. A scar will later form in its place.

Boils, abscesses, phlegmons

Chickenpox in adulthood can cause severe purulent diseases skin - boils, abscesses and phlegmons.

A boil is a purulent-necrotic lesion hair follicle, sebaceous gland and subcutaneous fat. At the site of penetration of pyogenic bacteria (streptococci, staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), redness appears, which quickly increases in size. The skin becomes tight and hot. A bubble with purulent contents forms in the center of the lesion. The inflammatory process causes severe throbbing pain. A mature abscess bursts and is cleared of pus. Inside it, a dense formation is exposed - the rod. When the rod is rejected, the pain decreases sharply. The inflammatory process subsides, the tumor decreases. The wound that remains after a boil can be more than 1 cm in diameter. When it heals, a scar remains in its place.

An abscess is a purulent inflammation that causes tissue melting and the formation of a cavity. In the vast majority of cases, the causative agent of the disease is Staphylococcus aureus. At the site of infection, redness occurs, which gradually increases in size. The skin thickens, swells and becomes painful. An abscess forms inside a capsule, which occurs under the influence of the body's defenses. It prevents the infection from spreading to healthy tissue. If the immune system is weakened, the abscess can be huge. The volume of purulent contents sometimes reaches several liters. An abscess is characterized by the presence of a symptom of fluctuation. When pressed, the surface of the abscess oscillates, indicating the presence of liquid contents inside it.

Phlegmon is a diffuse inflammation subcutaneous tissue. The pathology differs from an abscess in the absence of a capsule holding the purulent contents inside the abscess. Therefore, phlegmon is characterized by rapid spread of infection within tissues human body. Abscess and cellulitis can cause strong increase body temperature. After opening them, deep scars remain.

Purulent skin diseases often occur in mature age. At risk are people suffering from chronic diseases and diabetes.

Chickenpox pneumonia develops simultaneously with an infectious disease. Inflammation of the lungs is caused by chickenpox viruses that penetrate the organs respiratory system. Symptoms of chickenpox pneumonia may appear before the rash appears or when the first blisters form. If a severe torpid form of the pathology has developed, the patient develops severe shortness of breath and cough with bloody sputum. The skin of the face takes on a bluish tint. He complains of shortness of breath and chest pain. Body temperature rises to 38-39 degrees.

Chickenpox accompanied by pneumonia in adults is diagnosed in 16% of cases. Her severe forms may lead to fatal outcome. Pregnant women and people with immunocompromised conditions are especially vulnerable.

If there is a mild or moderate form of the disease, the symptoms are not so obvious. In the second week of chickenpox pneumonia, the patient feels much better. Full recovery occurs several weeks or months after the first signs of pneumonia appear.

Sometimes the infectious process is complicated by the addition bacterial infection. In this case, the body temperature rises again to 38-39 degrees. The cough becomes dry and later becomes wet. During it, sputum containing pus is released. The consequences of chickenpox in adults, causing severe lung damage, are treated in a hospital.

Other diseases of the respiratory system

A rash on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and larynx can cause the development of chickenpox tracheitis, laryngitis and stomatitis.

Tracheitis is an inflammatory process on the mucous membrane of the trachea. The disease is accompanied by a dry, painful cough, which torments the patient more at night and in the morning. It causes pain in the throat and chest. Coughing attacks occur during strong inhalation, laughter, screaming, as well as during a sharp change in ambient temperature. Chickenpox tracheitis can occur with an increase in body temperature to 37-38 degrees. Fever occurs more often in the evening. The disease often develops simultaneously with chickenpox laryngitis.

Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx. The disease causes coughing and painful sensations in the throat when swallowing. First, a dry, strained cough appears. Later it becomes wet and light. Patients complain of soreness, rawness, scratching, and dry throat. After the inflammatory process spreads to the vocal cords, the voice of patients may become hoarse. Chickenpox laryngitis sometimes causes difficulty breathing. Violations respiratory function caused by a narrowing of the glottis due to its spasm. Chickenpox laryngitis is accompanied by mild malaise and an increase in body temperature to 37-37.5 degrees.

Chickenpox at age 20 can cause the development of stomatitis. Stomatitis is a lesion of the oral mucosa. At first, a slight redness appears on the surface of the mouth. The reddened area may swell slightly and cause a burning sensation. Later, a round or elliptical ulcer forms on it. The wound has smooth edges, bordered by a reddened area of the mucous membrane. Inside it there is a whitish-gray film loosely attached. The ulcer is usually small and shallow. It causes quite severe pain, which makes it difficult to eat and speak normally. Sometimes several ulcers form at the same time. As a rule, they are evenly distributed over the surface of the oral cavity.

Damage to the brain and central nervous system

Chickenpox at the age of 30 can provoke encephalitis - an infectious lesion of the brain accompanied by inflammation. Encephalitis can be pre-varicella, early and late (post-varicella). In the prevaricella form, signs of enphecalitis occur before the bubbles appear. Early encephalitis is considered a pathology, the symptoms of which arose during the formation of the first elements of the rash. Late encephalitis develops at the stage of fading of the rash (5-15 days after the first signs of chickenpox appear).

With the development of prevaricella and early encephalitis, the brain is damaged by the varicella zoster virus. Late encephalitis occurs in response to existing inflammation and is infectious-allergic in nature.

Prevaricella and early forms of pathology are considered the most dangerous. They cause swelling of the brain, which provokes an increase in intracranial pressure. The patient has difficulty breathing and swallowing, speech disorders, disorders of the cardiovascular system. There is confusion and delirium. Often the patient experiences convulsions. Varied pyramidal disorders lead to paralysis of the arms and legs. The patient may make involuntary chaotic movements with his limbs. Chickenpox in adults, complicated by early forms of encephalitis, leads to death in 10-12% of cases.

A more favorable prognosis is in patients diagnosed with a late form of chickenpox encephalitis. They suffer from headache, weakness, increased body temperature to 38-39 degrees, vomiting and dizziness. They may experience paresis (partial paralysis), impaired coordination and facial asymmetry, leading to the disappearance of facial movements. Complete temporary loss of vision is possible.

When the cerebellum is damaged, it may develop cerebellar ataxia. It is accompanied by scanned speech, trembling of the limbs, head and torso, and involuntary oscillatory movements of the eyes of high frequency. Symptoms neurological disorders disappear after 24-72 hours.

A consequence of chickenpox in adults can be meningoencephalitis. With meningoencephalitis, the inflammatory process spreads to the membranes of the brain and its substance. It is extremely rare that such a pathology leads to mental damage with the subsequent development of idiocy.

Chickenpox arthritis

During chickenpox, adults may develop reactive arthritis. Arthritis is a disease of the joints that is accompanied by inflammatory reaction. The reactive form of arthritis is temporary. Once chickenpox is cured, its symptoms usually disappear.

The development of reactive chickenpox arthritis is indicated by pain in the muscles and joints. Large joints are more often affected by chickenpox lower limbs(knees, ankles, big toes). The pain in the joints can be so severe that the sick person cannot walk. The pain intensifies at night. By morning, the joints become swollen and red. To alleviate the patient's suffering and give him the opportunity to sleep, painkillers are used. Symptoms of chickenpox arthritis are observed until the skin is completely clear of chickenpox crusts.

Eye diseases

Possible complications of chickenpox in adults can cause vision loss. A viral disease sometimes causes chickenpox keratitis. Keratitis is an inflammation of the cornea of the eye. It occurs as a result of infection from chickenpox blisters. Infection of the organs of vision occurs if a sick person does not wash their hands after handling the affected areas of the body.

The disease causes clouding of the cornea and ulceration. The eyes of a patient with chickenpox become red and painful. Watery eyes, photophobia, and blepharospasm (uncontrolled contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle), which causes intense closure of the eyelids, may appear. The patient complains of the presence of " foreign body"in the eye. If chickenpox blisters appear on the eyelids, they itch painfully. In rare cases, purulent discharge appears in the eyes.

Chickenpox keratitis is dangerous due to the development of an eyesore, which causes a significant decrease in vision or its complete loss.

With chickenpox in adults, optic neuritis can be detected. The disease develops as a result of inflammation of the optic nerve. It causes a sharp deterioration in vision and impaired color perception. Painful sensations occur in the orbital area. They intensify during movement of the eyeball. Moving objects—dots, spots, figures—may appear before your eyes. They often appear to glow. With timely consultation with a doctor, full recovery is possible. visual function. However, the disease often leads to atrophy of the optic nerve and complete loss of vision.

Diseases of the genital organs

If chickenpox blisters appear on the genitals in men, chickenpox balanoposthitis may develop. Balanoposthitis is an inflammation of the glans (balanitis) and the inner layer of the foreskin of the penis (posthitis). First, a slight redness appears on the skin of the organ. The affected area is slightly swollen and very itchy. There may be a stinging and burning sensation in the area of the head of the penis. Later, the skin at the site of infection becomes thin and dry. Bubbles and sores appear on it. The inflammatory process causes a narrowing of the foreskin, making it impossible to expose the head. An increase in the intensity of activity of the sebaceous glands of the foreskin leads to the appearance heavy discharge. Purulent discharge from the urethra. The patient feels weak. His body temperature rises to 37-38 degrees. Male complications may go away on their own after recovery.

If chickenpox blisters appear on the female genital organs, chickenpox vulvitis may develop. Vulvitis is an inflammatory process on the mucous membrane of the vulva. The infection causes redness and swelling of the mucous membrane of the external genitalia. The girl experiences itching, burning and pain. Unpleasant symptoms worse when walking. The surface of the mucous membrane in the lesion becomes rough due to the appearance of nodules (enlarged sebaceous glands). Later, blisters form on the mucous membrane of the external genitalia. When they open, ulcers appear in their place. Chickenpox vulvitis may be accompanied by an increase in body temperature to 37-38 degrees and weakness. After chickenpox is cured, the symptoms of chickenpox vulvitis often disappear.

Chickenpox myocarditis

Complications from chickenpox in adults can affect cardiovascular system. Patients are sometimes diagnosed with chickenpox myocarditis, an inflammation of the heart muscle. Cardiac dysfunction occurs as a result of damage to cardiomyocytes ( muscle cells heart) with varicella zoster virus. Infected cardiomycytes become a catalyst for the development of inflammation.

Symptoms of chickenpox myocarditis usually appear 7-17 days after the rash appears. The patient begins to suffer from shortness of breath and quickly gets tired. His body temperature rises to 37-38 degrees, and chest pain occurs. The patient complains of dizziness, increased sweating (especially at night). His arms and legs are swollen. Inflammation of the heart muscle can cause a sore throat. Chickenpox at the age of 40, complicated by myocarditis, sometimes leads to the death of a person.

Other complications of chickenpox

Chickenpox can cause liver damage. Chickenpox hepatitis is accompanied by yellowing of the skin and sclera of the eyes, darkening of urine and discoloration of feces. The patient's body temperature rises to 37-38 degrees. He feels tired and loses his ability to work. There is a feeling of heaviness and discomfort under the right rib. Symptoms are not always obvious. In some cases, liver damage can only be detected after additional research.

Chickenpox in adults can cause kidney damage. Signs of chickenpox nephritis appear 2 weeks after the rash appears. The patient's body temperature rises sharply to 38-39 degrees. He suffers from vomiting, headache and abdominal pain. After a few days, the patient’s condition improves significantly and he recovers.

Adults who have had chickenpox may experience a recurrence later in the form of shingles. The disease is caused by the chickenpox pathogen, which remains in the blood and multiplies in conditions of weakened immunity of the patient. Signs of shingles include itchy rashes on the torso, limbs and neck. The disease may be accompanied by pain and inflammation of the nerves. It goes away on its own within 10-14 days. However, in a 50-60 year old person with a weakened immune system, the virus can spread throughout the body and cause the development of pneumonia or meningitis.

A complication of chickenpox is lymphadenitis (inflammation of the lymph nodes). They arise as a result of the spread of a virus through lymphatic vessels. Most often the axillary, inguinal and cervical nodes. They become painful and increase in size.

Immediately after signs of chickenpox appear, you should definitely consult a doctor. He will examine the patient, tell you which symptoms of the disease are causing concern, and prescribe treatment aimed at preventing the development of complications.

Complications of chickenpox in pregnant women

Particularly dangerous. According to statistics, 10 women out of 1000 develop a viral disease. If the expectant mother is not immune to chickenpox, the virus can infect the fetus. Although the likelihood of this happening is extremely low (6%), the consequences for the developing child can be very serious.

If chickenpox develops in women in the first trimester of pregnancy, it may be prematurely terminated. If the child survives, the virus can cause brain damage, underdevelopment of the upper or lower extremities, visual impairment, developmental delays, or other deformities. If a pregnant woman was infected in the last weeks of pregnancy, her baby is at risk of congenital chickenpox. Infection occurs as the child passes through birth canal. Congenital chickenpox can cause serious disruption to the internal organs of an infant. They are usually discovered until the child is 1 year old.