Calendar of preventive vaccinations for children: timing and features of vaccination. What vaccinations are required for children? What vaccinations are given to children under three years of age?

Children's diseases are usually called measles, diphtheria, chickenpox and most diseases for which vaccinations are given. In fact, they are not children's at all - nothing changes with age.

It's just that all these diseases are easy to catch. Before mass vaccination, people became infected as soon as they encountered pathogens. This happened at an early age, and then those who became ill either died or acquired active immunity who protected them. So it seemed that only children were sick.

Now there is no need to risk your life for the sake of immunity - there is. But if you haven’t had them done or have had them done for too long, you are at risk.

Currently, no one will warn a person about the timing of immunization: you need to find out for yourself right time and age of revaccination.

Olga Vladimirovna Shirai, epidemiologist, head of the epidemiological department of St. Petersburg State Budgetary Institution "Elizabeth Hospital"

Many adults do not get revaccinated, but still do not get sick thanks to their immunity. For some it remains after an illness, for others after vaccination (even if everyone has forgotten about it), for others it protects herd immunity- epidemics simply have nowhere to roam if the majority are vaccinated. Revaccination is needed to avoid getting sick and not to provoke epidemics.

How can I find out what vaccinations I have had?

In theory, all vaccinations are recorded on a card or vaccination certificate, and cards with data travel with the person from clinic to clinic.

In practice there is none of this. Even if you have been attached to the same clinic all your life, your registration has not changed, all this data can easily be lost. For everyone else, this is a “I remember - I don’t remember” quest. Most likely you don't remember.

If this is so, then there is a guideline for those born in Russia - the national vaccination calendar. If there is a vaccine in it, you may have received it. Then you most likely need a revaccination, because not all vaccinations last a lifetime. If vaccination is not on the national calendar, then you need to get it anyway.

What tests will show that there were vaccinations?

If a person has ever been vaccinated, he has antibodies to this disease. These are proteins that attack bacteria or viruses that have entered the body. They are designated as IgG. - immunoglobulins type G.

Conduct a blood test for the presence of antibodies to viral hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, polio (in relation to three types virus), measles, rubella, mumps, whooping cough. To do this, a RPGA reaction is carried out with the appropriate diagnosticum (diphtheria, tetanus, measles, mumps) or ELISA (whooping cough, hepatitis, rubella).

Olga Shirai

For immunity to work, a certain titer is needed - the amount of these same immunoglobulins. If the titer is low, you need to get vaccinated. The indicators for all vaccinations are different; this is discussed with the doctor separately.

But even if you get vaccinated against a disease to which you already have immunity, nothing special will happen - the agents introduced with the vaccine will be destroyed.

What vaccines can you get vaccinated with?

When it comes to vaccines, the rule of thumb is “the newer the better,” because researchers are constantly working on improvements. New vaccines are well tolerated and often protect against several diseases at once.

Even if you were vaccinated with old vaccines as a child, you can safely revaccinate with new ones - there will be no conflict.

We have listed the vaccines that are approved for use in Russia Vaccines of the national vaccination calendar.. To learn more about them, you need to read the instructions and study the contraindications. Some vaccines are not available in clinics, while others are simply difficult to find.

How to get vaccinated against hepatitis B?

Women who have not had chickenpox and are planning a pregnancy should also be vaccinated against this disease, since infection during pregnancy (especially during pregnancy) early stages) can lead to the development of defects in the fetus and even miscarriage.

Olga Shirai

The chickenpox vaccination can also be done to prevent the disease if there has been contact with a sick person. WHO considers this measure effective if vaccination is carried out no later than 72 hours after contact healthy person with the patient.

Vaccine:"Varilrix."

How to get vaccinated against polio?

Polio viruses have terrible complications: one out of 200 people who recover from the disease suffers complications in the form of paralysis. You need to get vaccinated if you have no immunity and you are going to a country where the disease is common.

The vaccination is done in three stages. Better to use inactivated vaccine- the one that comes in injections, it is much safer than drops in the mouth.

Vaccines:"Pentaxim", "Imovax Polio", "Poliorix", "Tetraxim", "Infanrix Hexa".

How to get vaccinated against hemophilus influenzae infection?

Haemophilus influenzae infection causes severe forms meningitis, pneumonia, sometimes leads to sepsis. The infection does not respond well to antibiotics.

Among children, only those who are at risk due to health conditions are vaccinated. This also applies to adults: they vaccinate the elderly, people in contact with sick people, people with chronic diseases.

Vaccines:"Act-HIB", "Hiberix Pentaxim", "Infanrix Hexa".

How to get vaccinated against papillomavirus?

Some types of papillomavirus (HPV) pose a risk to women's health, causing cervical cancer, genital warts and some other diseases.

Vaccination is recommended for girls and women aged 9 to 26 years, preferably before the onset of sexual activity (because with its onset the risk of becoming infected from a partner increases sharply). Vaccination can be done in more late age up to 45 years old.

Olga Shirai

Men can also get this vaccine so as not to tease the virus, cancer-causing(not only the cervix, but also other organs), and not suffer from condylomas. The vaccination is done in three stages according to the instructions.

Vaccines:"Gardasil", "Cervarix".

How to get vaccinated against pneumococcus?

Adults are vaccinated upon request. Pneumococcal infection, as a rule, joins other diseases and is a complication. It causes meningitis otitis media, sinusitis, .

• adults over 65 years old;
• people who frequently come into contact with possible carriers of infection;
• employees of preschools, schools, boarding homes;
• those who have chronic respiratory diseases, liver diseases, diabetes mellitus;
• people suffering from immunodeficiencies;
• patients who have an increased risk of meningitis (after traumatic brain injury, neurosurgical interventions on the spine).

Vaccines:"Pneumo-23", "Prevenar 13".

How to get vaccinated against meningococcus?

Meningococcus causes meningitis, but in a special way. This is always a rapid infection, potentially fatal. Every case of illness is an emergency.

In Russia, vaccination is carried out if there is an outbreak of the disease, as well as among those who are subject to conscription for military service, and those who travel to Africa and Asia.

Modern vaccines protect against several subtypes of the disease at once. One vaccination in adulthood is sufficient.

Vaccines:"Menactra", "Mencevax ACWY".

What other vaccinations should I get?

In addition to those listed, there are also vaccinations for epidemic indications. They are done if an epidemic has started somewhere or if a person at work often encounters rare diseases. This is a matter for specialists, but there are several vaccinations that are worth getting without waiting for epidemics.

• Tick-borne encephalitis. We have already written about who, how and when to get vaccinated against ticks (start dealing with the issue in February in order to have time to complete the full course and develop immunity before ticks wake up).
• Flu. We also already talk in detail about the flu shot. Read everything you want to know. Vaccination - best protection from the flu. It is worth getting vaccinated before mid-October to meet the epidemic head-on.
• Vaccinations for travelers. If you are going to a country where there are frequent outbreaks of infections, you should get vaccinated before traveling. Usually this is hepatitis A (you can get vaccinated against it just for prevention), yellow fever. It all depends on the country you decide to go to.

What to do right now?

To ensure you don't get sick:

1. Go to your local clinic and ask your therapist what vaccines are on your card.
2. Get tested for antibodies to those diseases for which this is required.
3. Find out if the clinic has vaccines and their names.
4. Find a private medical Center, who has a license to conduct vaccinations.
5. Find out which pharmacies sell vaccines.
6. Set up a vaccination schedule with your doctor. Several vaccines can be administered at the same time; it is not necessary to take breaks between different drugs. It all depends on the instructions for each specific vaccine.
7. Get your vaccinations on this schedule.
8. Do not be ill.

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National vaccination calendar- a document approved by order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, which determines the timing and types of vaccinations (preventive vaccinations) carried out free of charge and on a large scale in accordance with the mandatory program health insurance(OMS).

The vaccination calendar is developed taking into account all age characteristics, including the most dangerous infectious diseases in children of the first year of life. Vaccinations, which are given as part of the National Calendar, can significantly reduce the risk of disease in children. And if the child does get sick, then the vaccination given will contribute to the progression of the disease to a more advanced stage. mild form and get rid of severe complications, many of which are extremely life-threatening.

The national vaccination calendar is a system for the most rational use of vaccines, ensuring the development of intense immunity at the earliest (vulnerable) age to the maximum extent possible. short time. The vaccination calendar can be divided into two parts.

First part– National calendar of preventive vaccinations, which provides vaccination against widespread infections that affect almost the entire human population ( airborne infections– measles, rubella, mumps, whooping cough, chicken pox, diphtheria, influenza), as well as infections that are characterized by a severe course with high mortality (tuberculosis, hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, hemophilus influenzae type b).

Second part– vaccinations for epidemic indications – against natural focal infections ( tick-borne encephalitis, leptospirosis, etc.) and zoonotic infections (brucellosis, tularemia, anthrax). This category may also include vaccinations carried out in risk groups - persons with both a high possibility of infection and a high danger to others in the event of their illness (such diseases include hepatitis A, typhoid fever, cholera).

Today, more than 1.5 thousand infectious diseases are known in the world, but people have learned to prevent only 30 of the most dangerous infections with the help of preventive vaccinations. Of these, 12 infections, which are the most dangerous (including due to their complications) and which easily affect children all over the world, are included in the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations of Russia. Another 16 from the list of dangerous diseases are included in the National Vaccination Calendar for epidemic indications.

Each WHO member country has its own vaccination schedule. The Russian national vaccination calendar is not fundamentally different from the national vaccination calendars of developed countries. True, some of them provide vaccinations against hepatitis A, meningococcal infection, human papillomavirus, rotavirus infection(for example, in the USA). Thus, for example, the US national vaccination calendar is more saturated than the Russian calendar. The vaccination calendar in our country is expanding - so, since 2015, it has included vaccination against pneumococcal infection.

On the other hand, in some countries the National Calendar does not provide for vaccination against tuberculosis, which in our country is forced to be preserved high level incidence of this infection. And to this day, vaccination against tuberculosis is included in the vaccination schedule of more than 100 countries, while many provide for its implementation in the first days after birth, as recommended by the WHO Vaccination Schedule.

National vaccination calendars of different countries

Infections	Russia	USA	Great Britain	Germany	Number of countries using vaccine in NK
Tuberculosis	+				more than 100
Diphtheria	+	+	+	+	194
Tetanus	+	+	+	+	194
Whooping cough	+	+	+	+	194
Measles	+	+	+	+	111
Flu	+	+	+	+
Haemophilus influenzae type b/Hib infection	+ (risk groups)	+	+	+	189
Rubella	+	+	+	+	137
Hepatitis A		+
Hepatitis B	+	+		+	183
Polio	+	+	+	+	all countries
Mumps	+	+	+	+	120
Chicken pox		+		+
Pneumococcus	Since 2015	+	+	+	153
Human papillomavirus / CC		+	+	+	62
Rotavirus infection		+			75
Meningococcal infection		+	+	+
Total infections	12	16	12	14
Number of injections administered up to 2 years	14	13		11

In Russia The national calendar is less saturated than the vaccination calendars of countries such as the USA and a number of European countries:

• there are no vaccinations against rotavirus infection, HPV, chickenpox;
• vaccinations against Hib are carried out only in risk groups, hepatitis A - according to epidemiological indications;
• there is no 2nd revaccination against whooping cough;
• Combination vaccines are underused.

Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 25, 2014. Registration No. 32115 Published: May 16, 2014 in "RG" - Federal issue No. 6381.

National calendar of preventive vaccinations

Categories and ages of citizens subject to mandatory vaccination	Name of preventive vaccination
Newborns in the first 24 hours of life	First vaccination against viral hepatitis B
Newborns on the 3rd - 7th day of life	Vaccination against tuberculosis Vaccination is carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis for gentle primary vaccination (BCG-M); in the subjects Russian Federation with incidence rates exceeding 80 per 100 thousand population, as well as in the presence of tuberculosis patients around the newborn - the vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis (BCG).
Children 1 month	Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B The first, second and third vaccinations are carried out according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of vaccination), with the exception of children belonging to groups risk, vaccination against viral hepatitis B is carried out according to the 0-1-2-12 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 2 dose - 2 months after the start of vaccination, 3 dose - after 12 months from the start of vaccination).
Children 2 months	Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups)
	First vaccination against pneumococcal infection
Children 3 months	First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus
	First vaccination against polio
	First vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk group)
Children 4.5 months	Second vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus
	Second vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk group) Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to risk groups (with immunodeficiency conditions or anatomical defects leading to a sharply increased risk of hemophilus influenzae infection; with oncohematological diseases and/or long-term immunosuppressive therapy; children born from mothers with HIV infection; children with HIV- infection; children in orphanages).
	Second vaccination against polio The first and second vaccinations are carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated).
	Second vaccination against pneumococcal infection
Children 6 months	Third vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus
	Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B The first, second and third vaccinations are carried out according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of vaccination), with the exception of children belonging to groups risk, vaccination against viral hepatitis B is carried out according to the 0-1-2-12 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 2 dose - 2 months after the start of vaccination, 3 dose - after 12 months from the start of vaccination).
	Third vaccination against polio
	Third vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (risk group) Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to risk groups (with immunodeficiency conditions or anatomical defects leading to a sharply increased risk of hemophilus influenzae infection; with oncohematological diseases and/or long-term immunosuppressive therapy; children born from mothers with HIV infection; children with HIV- infection; children in orphanages).
Children 12 months	Vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps
	Fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to risk groups (born from mothers who are carriers of HBsAg, patients with viral hepatitis B or who have had viral hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy, who do not have test results for markers of hepatitis B, who consume narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, from families in which there is a carrier of HBsAg or a patient with acute viral hepatitis B and chronic viral hepatitis).
Children 15 months	Revaccination against pneumococcal infection
Children 18 months	First revaccination against polio The third vaccination and subsequent revaccinations against polio are given to children with the vaccine for the prevention of polio (live); children born to mothers with HIV infection, children with HIV infection, children in orphanages - a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated).
	First revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus
	Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk groups)
Children 20 months	Second revaccination against polio The third vaccination and subsequent revaccinations against polio are given to children with the vaccine for the prevention of polio (live); children born to mothers with HIV infection, children with HIV infection, children in orphanages - a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated).
Children 6 years old	Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps
Children 6 - 7 years old	Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus
	Revaccination against tuberculosis Revaccination is carried out with a vaccine to prevent tuberculosis (BCG).
Children 14 years old	Third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus The second revaccination is carried out with toxoids with a reduced content of antigens.
	Third revaccination against polio The third vaccination and subsequent revaccinations against polio are given to children with the vaccine for the prevention of polio (live); children born to mothers with HIV infection, children with HIV infection, children in orphanages - a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated).
Adults over 18 years old	Revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus - every 10 years from the date of the last revaccination
Children from 1 year to 18 years old, adults from 18 to 55 years old, not previously vaccinated	Vaccination against viral hepatitis B Vaccination is carried out for children and adults who have not previously been vaccinated against viral hepatitis B, according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of vaccination).
Children from 1 year to 18 years, women from 18 to 25 years (inclusive), not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once against rubella, who have no information about vaccinations against rubella	Vaccination against rubella
Children from 1 year to 18 years inclusive and adults under 35 years of age (inclusive), who have not been sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, and have no information about measles vaccinations	Vaccination against measles The interval between the first and second vaccinations should be at least 3 months
Children from 6 months, students in grades 1 - 11; students in professional educational organizations and educational organizations higher education; adults working in certain professions and positions (medical and educational organizations, transport, utilities); pregnant women; adults over 60 years of age; persons subject to conscription for military service; persons with chronic diseases, including lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders and obesity	Flu vaccination

The child receives the first vaccinations according to the National Calendar in the maternity hospital - this is the very first vaccination against hepatitis B, which is given in the first hours of life. Often the first vaccination against tuberculosis is also carried out within the walls of the maternity hospital. Before one year of age, children are vaccinated against hemophilus influenzae, whooping cough, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, and pneumococcal infection. From the age of six months, you can vaccinate your child against influenza. Older children, at the age of 12 months, receive protection against measles, rubella, and mumps through vaccinations.

Vaccinations with polysaccharide vaccines (Pneumo23, meningococcal vaccine, etc.) should begin after 2 years of age, since the child’s body does not respond by producing antibodies to these antigens. For children more early age Conjugate vaccines (polysaccharide with protein) are recommended.

Ask a question to a specialist

Question for vaccination experts

The immune system of a newborn is not always able to independently resist surrounding viruses and infections. To protect your baby, it is necessary to vaccinate. The vaccination calendar for children under 1 year of age is a document approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation that regulates the timing and types of free vaccinations under the compulsory health insurance program.

Vaccination is carried out by introducing antigenic material into the body, which stimulates the production of antibodies to specific viral and infectious pathogens.

Vaccination is a preventive measure that protects against certain diseases. In case of infection, it relieves painful symptoms, prevents the development of complications.

Antigenic material is a weakened version of the virus or bacterial infection, which stimulates innate immune system in organism. Antibodies are produced to the introduced stimulus. Upon re-infection, antibodies immediately begin to fight the specific disease.

Vaccination according to epidemic indications

Preventive measures based on epidemic indicators are carried out for the population who live in areas with a characteristic spread of certain infections.

There is a list of epidemic zones approved by the Ministry of Health. Depending on the epidemiological situation, routine vaccinations are carried out annually in the regions against:

• anthrax;
• Q fever;
• brucellosis;
• plague;
• tularemia;
• tick-borne spring-summer encephalitis;
• leptospirosis.

Timely prevention ensures human protection from harmful, dangerous infectious diseases.

What laws regulate the voluntary nature of vaccinations?

According to paragraph 4 of the law “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” vaccination is not mandatory.

Parents have the right to refuse vaccination by confirming this in writing. You can refuse preventive measures in whole or in part - at the request of the parents.

Vaccination can be resumed at any time by contacting the clinic at your place of residence (written confirmation of consent).

What are the risks of refusing vaccinations?

It is worth flying for a person from Bangladesh or Venezuela, where a real epidemic of diphtheria with a highly toxicogenic diphtheria bacillus is raging in the countries; unvaccinated children and adults have a minimal chance of survival

Vaccination is considered effective preventive measure preventing infectious diseases. Unvaccinated children may have a harder time enduring infection and are more susceptible to complications..

In addition, there are some administrative restrictions:

• a ban on travel to countries where stay requires certain preventive vaccinations due to the epidemiological situation;
• temporary refusal of admission to educational establishments when there is a threat of an epidemic or mass infection (in the absence of vaccinations against the very disease that provokes the epidemic).

According to statistics, the level of vaccination is low, the lack of developed immunity from terrible diseases, diphtheria, measles, etc. - a nationwide problem, says Evgeniy Olegovich Komarovsky, candidate of medical sciences, pediatrician with 30 years of experience. We act, as the old proverb says, “until the thunder strikes, a man crosses himself”: people begin to think and change when they see real human deaths.

National calendar of preventive vaccinations in Russia for children under 1 year of age

The baby receives some vaccinations already in the maternity hospital. Subsequent vaccination is carried out in the children's clinic. Immunoprophylaxis in the Russian Federation according to the 2020 vaccination calendar for children under 1 year of age is carried out in accordance with Federal laws:

• “On immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases” dated September 17, 1998 N 157-FZ;
• “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on protecting the health of citizens” dated July 22, 1993 N 5487-1;
• “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population” dated March 30, 1999 N 52-FZ.

Routine vaccinations are carried out in all regions, regardless of population size. Immunoprophylaxis is aimed at combating 11 infectious diseases.

Approved vaccination schedule for children under one year of age:

Child's age	From what disease	Vaccine name
First 24 hours of life	I vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Euvax B, Regevak B
On days 3-7 of life	Vaccination against tuberculosis	BCG, BCG-M
1 month	II vaccination against hepatitis B	Euvax B, Regevak B
2 months	III vaccination against hepatitis B	Euvax B, Regevak B
	I vaccination against pneumococcal infection	Pneumo-23, Prevenar 13
3 months	I vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus
	I vaccination against polio	Infanrix Hexa, Pentaxim
	I vaccination against hemophilia, given to children at risk	HIB Act, Hiberix, Pentaxim
4.5 months	II vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus	ADS, ADS-M, AD-M, DTP, Infanrix
	II vaccination against hemophilia, given to children at risk	HIB Act, Hiberix, Pentaxim
	II polio vaccine	Infanrix Hexa, Pentaxim
	II vaccination against pneumococcal infection	Pneumo-23, Prevenar 13
6 months	III vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus	ADS, ADS-M, AD-M, DTP, Infanrix
	III vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Euvax B, Regevak B
	III polio vaccine	Infanrix Hexa, Pentaxim
	III vaccination against hemophilia, given to children at risk	HIB Act, Hiberix, Pentaxim
12 months	Vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps	Priorix,MMP-II
	IV vaccination against viral hepatitis B (given to children at risk)	Euvax B, Regevak B

The schedule of preventive vaccinations for children under 14 years of age can be found.

5 rules for preparing for vaccination

For the procedure to be successful, parents must know several rules for preparing children for vaccination.

1. It is necessary to pay attention to the quality of the vaccine and the number of complicated reactions in children who have taken the drug previously. The vaccine must be certified and meet regulatory requirements. Parents can freely obtain such information at the clinic.
2. The venue plays an important role for a safe vaccination procedure. The vaccination room must be equipped with anti-shock therapy. Vaccination is carried out with disposable sterile materials (syringes, gloves) in compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards.
3. Before the procedure, the pediatrician examines the child. The doctor identifies or eliminates contraindications to the procedure. If necessary, sends a small patient for tests to clarify the diagnosis. If upon examination no abnormalities or pathologies are identified, the doctor allows for vaccination.
4. If a child is prone to allergies, then 2 weeks before vaccination it is necessary to exclude contact with a possible irritant. Avoid overheating and hypothermia. It is recommended to visit often fresh air(about the features of the organization), regularly conduct hygiene procedures.
5. It is strictly prohibited to introduce new foods into complementary foods before vaccination., start hardening. It is necessary to follow the established sleep and nutrition schedule. If the baby is on breastfeeding, then the mother must follow a diet; prohibited foods must not be consumed.

When and for what reasons should it not be carried out?

It is forbidden to vaccinate a sick child. Even minor symptoms of various ailments cause postponement.

Is it possible to postpone vaccination dates: consequences

If there are contraindications, you should not strive to carry out the procedure exactly within the time limits given in the 2020 vaccination calendar.

Vaccination dates can be postponed. The attending physician determines when the child needs to be vaccinated for the procedure to be effective. Negative consequences There is no harm from non-compliance with the schedule; the main thing is to resume vaccination after the doctor lifts the restrictions.

Side effects after administration of the vaccine

If such symptoms occur, you should seek help from qualified professionals.

Depending on the individual sensitivity of the body and other accompanying factors, some children have difficulty with vaccination.

The reaction is divided into two groups - natural and unwanted.

Natural include: swelling, itching, local redness skin at the injection site, sometimes the child feels general malaise, the symptoms disappear within 1-2 days after the procedure.

Undesirable consequences:

• increase in body temperature to 39 degrees and above (they will come to the rescue);
• anaphylaxis (difficulty breathing). You especially need to be careful with children who have been diagnosed with;
• afebrile seizures with normal temperature bodies;
• neurological disorders.

conclusions

Health must be maintained from birth; vaccination is a preventive measure to prevent certain diseases. No one is responsible for the health and well-being of children except their parents, so the issue of vaccination should be approached with a cool mind.

Before carrying out procedures, familiarize yourself with all aspects, weigh the pros and cons, and take responsibility for possible further consequences.

The Ministry of Health has developed a vaccination schedule for children under 3 years of age, or an immunization table, the use of which is recommended for all parents and attending pediatricians.

Calendar of preventive vaccinations and 7 basic rules for preparing a child for vaccination

Child's immunity to special dangerous diseases formed at an early stage of development. It has been proven that when microorganisms and bacteria are administered in the form of an injection (vaccination) in infancy, vaccination is practically asymptomatic.

The vaccination plan for children under 3 years of age has been agreed upon with WHO (World Health Organization) and is applied by employees maternity wards hospitals.

AGE

GRAFT

Newborns (in the first 24 hours of life)

Hepatitis B – 1st vaccination

3-7 days

Tuberculosis - vaccination

1 month

Hepatitis B – 2nd vaccination (children at risk)

2 months

Hepatitis B – 3rd vaccination (children at risk)

3 months

Hepatitis B – 2nd vaccination, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b – 1st vaccination

4.5 months

Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b – 2nd vaccination

6 months

Hepatitis B – 3rd vaccination, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b – 3rd vaccination

12 months

Hepatitis B – 4th vaccination (children at risk), measles, rubella, mumps - vaccination

18 months

Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b – 1st revaccination

20 months

Poliomyelitis – 2nd revaccination

24 months

Pneumococcal infection, chickenpox - vaccination

36 months

Viral hepatitis A - vaccination

Parents should follow the following rules to properly prepare their child for vaccination.

1. A few days before vaccination, it is recommended not to visit places where there are large crowds of people. Under no circumstances should you change your usual daily routine or diet. Do not introduce new products.
2. Do not take vaccinations 3 days before the planned date antihistamines(suprastin, tavegil, etc.), stop taking vitamin D3. You can add calcium to complementary foods.
3. To try to avoid the risk of complications, the parent must monitor whether the child has gone to the toilet in a big way. As a last resort, you can do a cleansing enema on the day of vaccination.
4. Parents of older children who strictly adhere to the 2015 vaccination schedule for children in Russia are required to prepare their child for vaccination by telling them about the need for an injection. For infants, hospital visits and possible contact with other children should be kept to a minimum.
5. After vaccination, you must spend a maximum of 1 hour in the fresh air.
6. On the day of vaccination, it is forbidden to bathe the baby.
7. In a situation of hardening at the grafting site, it is recommended to make an iodine mesh. If the temperature rises from 37.1 °C, give an antipyretic and call an ambulance.

The vaccination schedule for children under 3 years of age is valid only for healthy babies. In case of frequent illnesses, an individual vaccination table is compiled.

Indications and contraindications for vaccination

As stated above, a child is brought in for vaccination provided that he had no behavioral abnormalities several days before the plans of the doctors and parents. He ate normally, was in high spirits, was not ill, and was not capricious.

Any ARVI pushes scheduled vaccination back 2 weeks. You should inform your attending pediatrician about this circumstance.

Also, the child's disability and birth injuries are considered reasons for not vaccinating, violating the vaccination schedule for children under 3 years of age.

Reaction to the vaccine, side effects, possible complications (using the example of DPT)

DTP stands for adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine.

If you give DTP, the vaccination schedule is as follows:

• 3 months,
• 4.5 months,
• six months,
• 1.5 years.

Consequences: diarrhea, vomiting, fever, cough, loss of appetite.

At this moment, the parent should not worry, there is no need to frantically search for children’s medications in the medicine cabinet: the reaction to the vaccine will pass by the evening. Unless, of course, the child caught it viral disease in the clinic.

Read more about complications after DTP vaccination, how to deal with them, as well as the opinions of doctors and reviews of parents about this vaccination in this material.

If there were any complications after vaccination , The vaccination schedule is still mandatory for doctors, moms and dads.

Is it necessary to do it at all? DTP vaccination, is it worth risking the child and is it possible to refuse it? We talk about these and other questions.

How to avoid complications or what to do if they arise? (using the example of vaccination against polio)

Antiviral drugs There is no cure for polio. The disease most often affects children under 10 years of age

If you pay attention to the vaccination schedule for children under 3 years of age, the table shows that the vaccine against such terrible disease like polio, it is planned for a baby from 3 months.

The main condition for successful vaccination is good condition health, which is confirmed general analysis blood, urine test and visual examination by a pediatrician.

If polio vaccination is carried out, the schedule of which has been agreed upon with the WHO organization, this means that there are no other remedies for this terrible disease.

Vaccinations are carried out in the form of drops in the mouth and in the form of injections. Moreover, after vaccination, the baby’s body reactions in in this case Hardly ever:

• after vaccination, the temperature may rise to 37.5 ° C within 14 days,
• there is rarely frequent bowel movements. They stop exactly after one or two days.

If complications occur, do not worry. With vaccination, pathogens and bacteria are introduced, and the child’s body, in turn, tries to develop immunity against dangerous diseases. During this period, the baby’s parent should temporarily refrain from various innovations in food and “trips” to relatives and friends.

AND do not forget to revaccinate after 1 year after the first vaccination!

6 rules to follow before and after vaccination

Vaccination is an important step for all parents. The vaccination schedule for children under 3 years of age is mandatory subject to a number of rules:

1. Children vaccinated with one vaccine against one infection can be vaccinated with another vaccine no earlier than after 2 months.
2. Polio vaccinations can be given on the same day as whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus vaccinations.
3. If a child was born premature, with a body weight of less than 2300 g or slightly more, then the dose of vaccination is halved.
4. An individual vaccination table for children under 3 years of age is entered into medical card child.
5. When curing from injection hepatitis and meningococcal infection, the vaccination schedule after 1 year is postponed later by 6 months.
6. A severe case of acute respiratory viral infection shifts the vaccination calendar by 1 month.

What should parents do if they want to refuse vaccinations and does this make sense?

The vaccination calendar for children under 3 years of age, the table presented above, can become a guide to action. In this case, the child’s legal representative decides for himself whether to vaccinate or not.

Regarding the dilemma of whether to vaccinate or not, smart parents have no doubts. Otherwise, when the child reaches 2-3 years old, he will have problems attending preschool institutions.

Caring parents argue that it is better to vaccinate than to refuse it. Indeed, in case of disagreement with the doctor, all responsibility for life and health is transferred to the parents, and an unexpected illness can ruin the whole fate of the little man and even lead to irreparable consequences.

The 2015 national calendar of preventive vaccinations was developed based on the results of many years of practice by practicing doctors. All experts believe that it is better to prevent a disease than to treat it.

If you still have doubts and do not dare to vaccinate your child, listen to the authoritative opinion of Dr. Komarovsky, a pediatrician, a doctor of the highest category.

Vaccination done on time, according to the schedule, becomes the guarantor of your child’s health and longevity.

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Content

From the very birth of their children, parents constantly take care of their health. A newborn baby is born with weak immunity, so it is not protected from surrounding viruses and infections. To protect your baby, you should be vaccinated regularly. As a rule, the first vaccinations are given monthly for up to a year.

What vaccinations are given to children under one year of age?

Vaccination in modern society is generally accepted, and vaccinations for children under one year of age are included in the schedule of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. main reason the fact that vaccination should be carried out is to reduce mortality and disability in children. However, the procedure does not guarantee that the baby will not get sick, just from the moment the medicine is administered children's body will begin to produce antibodies to resist viruses, and in case of illness, the baby will have a better chance of being cured without consequences.

Parents are often interested in the question of how many vaccinations a child receives before one year of age. As a rule, Russian vaccination is carried out according to a schedule, or, as it is often called, the national calendar. This list is approved in legislature, it is relevant for all regions of the country. The main preventive list of vaccinations for the first year of a baby’s life includes vaccines that protect against the following diseases:

• tuberculosis;
• viral hepatitis;
• whooping cough;
• tetanus;
• diphtheria;
• pigs;
• Hib infections;
• rubella;
• polio;
• measles

Is vaccination required?

Many parents are often interested in the question: should their children be vaccinated at all? As a rule, childhood vaccinations are included in the generally accepted list recommended by WHO and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. If parents are afraid of complications after the administration of drugs or the baby is allergic to certain medicinal components, then they have the right to refuse vaccination, because vaccinations, although included in national calendar, however, are not mandatory.

To refuse, you just need to write an application addressed to the head physician of the maternity hospital or clinic. In addition, you can refuse if the mother believes that vaccination will not bring much benefit to the child. It should be remembered that all responsibility for the baby’s health will rest with her. In any case, parents have the right to know what vaccine they are going to give their child, its contraindications and side effects.

How safe are vaccinations?

An undoubted advantage of vaccination is protection against diseases that are impossible or difficult to cure. At the same time, there are side effects that parents should know about in advance in order to understand responsibility, because the introduction medicinal drugs can cause a response in the body. These are the so-called normal or normal changes, which develop after one or another medication. A local reaction to the drug, which should subside in a couple of days, may be as follows:

• tissue compaction;
• redness, which is no more than 8 cm in diameter;
• mild soreness;
• temperature increase;
• short-term intoxication ( headache, malaise, sleep disturbance).

Any of the vaccines given may cause the following complications:

• allergic reaction;
• encephalitis;
• convulsions;
• meningitis;
• neuritis;
• polyneuritis;
• paralysis;
• myocarditis;
• hypoplastic anemia;
• collagenoses;
• abscess at the injection site;
• lymphadenitis;
• Osteitis

Vaccination table for children under one year old

	Name of vaccination
Newborn (first hours of life)	1st from viral hepatitis B	Combiotech, Engerix V
Newborn (3-7 days after birth)	For tuberculosis
	2nd from viral hepatitis B	Combiotech, Engerix V
	3rd from viral hepatitis B	Combiotech, Engerix V,
	1st for diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus	Infanrix, DPT, Pentaxim
	1st for hemophilus influenzae infection	Hiberix, Act-HIB, Pentaxim
	1st from polio	OPV, Pentaxim, IPV
	2nd for diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus	Pentaxim, DPT, Infanrix
4.5 months	2nd from hemophilus influenzae infection	Hiberix, Akt-HIB, Pentaxim
	2nd from polio	Pentaxim OPV, IPV
	3rd from tetanus, whooping cough, diphtheria	Pentaxim, DPT, Infanrix, Bubo-Kok
6 months	3rd from hemophilus influenzae infection	Hiberix, Act-HIB, Pentaxim
	3rd from polio	OPV, Pentaxim IPV
	3rd from viral hepatitis B	Combiotech, Engerix V, Bubo-Kok
12 months	Against rubella, measles, mumps	MMR II, Priorix
	4th from viral hepatitis B	Combiotech, Engerix V

When not to vaccinate

• prematurity;
• exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• anemia;
• when hemoglobin is below 84 g/l;
• cold, malaise, fever;
• blood transfusion.

In each of these cases, the duration of the medical withdrawal must be determined individually; as a rule, this period is from 7 to 30 days. The main indications for completely stopping the administration of drugs:

• acquired or congenital immunodeficiency;
• progressive damage to the central nervous system;
• allergy to a previous vaccination;
• afebrile seizures;
• severe reaction to one of the components of the medicine.

Video

All parents must clearly understand that by refusing routine vaccination, they are exposing their baby to a number of dangerous diseases. Vaccinations for children under one year of age, although not mandatory, are, according to many doctors, considered an important component of a child’s life. The vaccination calendar will help you find out in more detail the answers to questions about which vaccination and when to get it. Well-known doctors: Komarovsky, Yakovlev and Tkachenko tell more about the schedule and schemes for administering drugs in videos.

National vaccination calendar for children under 1 year of age

What is a vaccination calendar

Vaccination schedule for the first year of a child’s life