Children from 1 to 18 years of age (inclusive) and adults up to 35 years of age (inclusive), who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated, have been vaccinated once, and have no information about vaccinations against measles; adults from 36 to 55 years (inclusive) belonging to risk groups (medical and educational organizations, trade, transport, utility and social sphere; persons working on a rotational basis and employees of state control bodies at checkpoints across the state border Russian Federation), not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, with no information about measles vaccinations
Children from 6 months, students in grades 1-11;
students in professional educational organizations and educational organizations higher education;
adults working in certain professions and positions (employees of medical and educational organizations, transport, public utilities);
pregnant women;
adults over 60 years of age;
persons subject to conscription for military service;
faces with chronic diseases, including lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders and obesity
*(1) The first, second and third vaccinations are carried out according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after the 1st vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of vaccination), with the exception of children belonging to risk groups, vaccination against viral hepatitis In which it is carried out according to the 0-1-2-12 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 2 dose - 2 months after the start of vaccination, 3 dose - 12 months after the start of vaccination) .
*(2) Vaccination is carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis for gentle primary vaccination (BCG-M); in constituent entities of the Russian Federation with incidence rates exceeding 80 per 100 thousand population, as well as in the presence of tuberculosis patients around the newborn - the vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis (BCG).
*(3) Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to risk groups (born from mothers of HBsAg carriers, patients with viral hepatitis B or those who have had viral hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy, who do not have test results for hepatitis B markers, who consume narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, from families in which there is a carrier of HBsAg or a patient with acute viral hepatitis B and chronic viral hepatitis).
*(4) The first and second vaccinations are carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated).
*(5) Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to risk groups (with diseases nervous system, immunodeficiency states or anatomical defects leading to a sharply increased risk of hemophilus influenzae infection; with intestinal development abnormalities; With oncological diseases and/or receiving long-term immunosuppressive therapy; children born to mothers with HIV infection; children with HIV infection; premature and low birth weight babies; children in orphanages).
*(6) The third vaccination and subsequent revaccinations against polio are given to children with the vaccine for the prevention of polio (live); children belonging to risk groups (with diseases of the nervous system, immunodeficiency conditions or anatomical defects leading to a sharply increased risk of contracting hemophilus influenzae infection; with intestinal abnormalities; with cancer and/or receiving long-term immunosuppressive therapy; children born to mothers with HIV -infection; children with HIV infection; premature and low birth weight children; children in orphanages) - vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated).
*(6.1) Vaccination and revaccination for children at risk can be carried out with immunobiological medicinal products for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, containing combinations of vaccines intended for use in the appropriate age periods.
*(7) The second revaccination is carried out with toxoids with a reduced content of antigens.
*(8) Revaccination is carried out with a vaccine to prevent tuberculosis (BCG).
*(9) Vaccination is carried out for children and adults who have not previously been vaccinated against viral hepatitis B, according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after start of vaccination).
*(10) The interval between the first and second vaccinations must be at least 3 months.
Procedure for citizens preventive vaccinations within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations
With changes and additions from:
1. Preventive vaccinations within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations are carried out to citizens in medical organizations if such organizations have a license providing for the performance of work (services) on vaccination (carrying out preventive vaccinations).
2. Vaccination is carried out medical workers who have undergone training on the use of immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, the organization of vaccination, vaccination techniques, as well as on the provision of medical care in an emergency or urgent manner.
3. Vaccination and revaccination within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations are carried out with immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, registered in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the instructions for their use.
In cases provided for by the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, vaccination and revaccination with immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases containing combinations of vaccines are allowed.
4. Before carrying out a preventive vaccination, the person subject to vaccination or his legal representative is explained the need for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, possible post-vaccination reactions and complications, as well as the consequences of refusal to carry out a preventive vaccination, and informed voluntary consent is drawn up. medical intervention in accordance with the requirements of Article 20 Federal Law dated November 21, 2011 N 323-FZ "On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation".
5. All persons who should receive preventive vaccinations are first examined by a doctor (paramedic).
6. If the timing of vaccination changes, it is carried out according to the schemes provided for in the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and in accordance with the instructions for the use of immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases. It is allowed to administer vaccines (except for vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis), used within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, on the same day with different syringes in different parts of the body.
7. Vaccination of children who are undergoing immunoprophylaxis against pneumococcal infection was not started in the first 6 months of life, it is carried out twice with an interval between vaccinations of at least 2 months.
8. Vaccination of children born to mothers with HIV infection is carried out within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations in accordance with the instructions for the use of immunobiological drugs for the immunoprevention of infectious diseases. When vaccinating such children, the following are taken into account: the child’s HIV status, type of vaccine, indicators immune status, age of the child, concomitant diseases.
9. Revaccination of children against tuberculosis born to mothers with HIV infection and who received three-stage chemoprophylaxis for mother-to-child transmission of HIV (during pregnancy, childbirth and the neonatal period) is carried out in maternity hospital vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis (for gentle primary vaccination). In children with HIV infection, as well as when HIV nucleic acids are detected in children by molecular methods, revaccination against tuberculosis is not carried out.
10. Vaccination with live vaccines within the framework of the national schedule of preventive vaccinations (with the exception of vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis) is carried out for children with HIV infection with immune categories 1 and 2 (no immunodeficiency or moderate immunodeficiency).
11. If the diagnosis of HIV infection is excluded, children born to mothers with HIV infection are vaccinated with live vaccines without a preliminary immunological examination.
12. Toxoids, killed and recombinant vaccines As part of the national schedule of preventive vaccinations, they are administered to all children born to mothers with HIV infection. For children with HIV infection, the specified immunobiological medications for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases are administered in the absence of pronounced and severe immunodeficiency.
13. When vaccinating the population, vaccines containing antigens relevant to the Russian Federation are used to ensure maximum effectiveness of immunization.
14. When vaccinating against hepatitis B in children of the first year of life, against influenza in children from 6 months of age, studying in educational institutions, and pregnant women, vaccines that do not contain preservatives are used.
______________________________* Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2012, No. 26, Art. 3442; N 26, Art. 3446; 2013, N 27, art. 3459; N 27, art. 3477; N 30, art. 4038; N 39, art. 4883; N 48, art. 6165; N 52, art. 6951.
** Order of the Ministry of Health and social development Russian Federation dated March 23, 2012 N 252n “On approval of the Procedure for assigning a supervisor to a paramedic, midwife medical organization when organizing the provision of primary health care and emergency medical care, the individual functions of the attending physician for the direct provision of medical care to the patient during the period of observation and treatment, including the prescription and use of medications, including narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs" (registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 28, 2012, registration number N 23971).
The domestic healthcare system pays a lot of attention to the prevention of diseases, among which infectious diseases occupy a special place. For warning epidemic process Among the population, epidemiologists developed a national calendar of preventive vaccinations. Official document regulates age periods and types of vaccination, which is absolutely free. According to the program social insurance medical industry in the Russian Federation, starting from birth, every resident of our country must be vaccinated against 12 mandatory infectious pathologies.
National calendar Preventive vaccinations include two main parts. The initial appendix indicates the necessary vaccinations against the most common and potentially life-threatening pathologies, after what time they should be given, and the dosages of the drugs. The second part indicates vaccination episodes that are prescribed when necessary for epidemiological reasons or when there is a risk of an epidemic developing in the region where people live.
Number of preventable diseases included in the list of mandatory vaccinations in different countries of the world
Most countries support the basic concepts of the policy of the World Health Organization and are its participants, and have their own national calendars of preventive vaccinations. This is urgent preventative measure, allowing to prevent the popularization the most dangerous illnesses around the globe and significantly reduce the mortality rate among the population. In the Russian Federation, the national immunization calendar is not particularly different from its own foreign analogues, although it does not contain some vaccinations as in other countries. On the territory of Russia in mandatory do not vaccinate against viral hepatitis A, human papillomavirus, rotavirus or meningococcal invasion.
The United States of America boasts the most extensive calendar of preventive vaccinations, where the document list includes 16 diseases. In other states this list is somewhat smaller. Germany prefers to vaccinate against 14 diseases, while Russia and the UK prefer to vaccinate against only 6 of them. In total, 30 pathologies are included in national calendars and vaccination calendars for epidemic indications in the world. These pathogens pose a particular danger to the normal existence of humanity.
Interesting fact. The US vaccination schedule does not include vaccination against tuberculosis. American infectious disease specialists do not regard the vaccine liquid against tuberculosis as a reliable means of preventing it. Our doctors are of the exact opposite opinion and are convinced that it is anti-tuberculosis vaccination that makes it possible to reduce high level incidence of tuberculosis among our fellow citizens. Today, vaccination against tuberculosis is among the mandatory anti-infective measures in more than 100 countries.
Features of vaccination calendars in foreign countries
Each individual country uses its own personal schedule of preventive vaccinations. This vaccination list is approved at the legislative level and can be supplemented depending on epidemiological features region. On general form and the content of the national calendar is influenced by several factors:
- indicators of general morbidity in the country;
- the presence of patients from so-called risk groups;
- territorial predisposition of the region to the spread of pathogenic agents (climate, population density, presence of vectors, etc.);
- socio-economic level of wealth.
Table 1. Comparative content of vaccinations in several countries
| A country | Russia | England | Germany | USA |
|
List of diseases subject to vaccination |
- tuberculosis - diphtheria bacillus - whooping cough - tetanus — hemophilic disease (only people at risk are vaccinated) - rubella - mumps - viral hepatitis B - polio — pneumococcal infection (since 2014) |
- diphtheria lesion - whooping cough - tetanus infection - rubella - hemophilic disease — papillomavirus — meningococcus - polio - Pneumococcus |
- against diphtheria - tetanus - whooping cough - Haemophilus influenzae - Hepatitis B - papilloma virus - meningitis virus - pneumococcal infection - rubella - mumps - chickenpox - polio |
- tetanus - diphtheria disease - mumps - whooping cough - rubella - hemophilus influenzae infection - viral hepatitis A - viral hepatitis B - polio - Pneumococcus — papillomavirus — rotavirus — meningococcus |
Despite the fact that in Russia vaccination is carried out against only 12 pathogens, each child under the age of two receives 14 injections of vaccine preparations. At the same time, children from America and Germany up to 24 months are vaccinated 13 and 11 times, respectively. With such a busy plan, there is always a risk of immunization complications.
The Russian schedule differs from its foreign competitors in less saturation. It does not include vaccination against HPV, rotavirus and chickenpox. Vaccinations against acute hemophilus influenzae infection are given only to people at risk, and vaccination against hepatitis A is administered exclusively for epidemic indications. In addition, our doctors do not see the point in a second revaccination against pertussis agents and rarely give preference combination vaccines. Most injections are given 3-12 months after birth.
National calendar of preventive vaccinations
The vaccination schedule in our country has been approved by the Ministry of Health and provides a list of vaccinations against the most dangerous diseases from an epidemiological point of view.
Table 2. Calendar of preventive vaccinations: content by month
| Person's age (in months and years) | Name |
| Newborn babies in the first day of life | 1st vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
| Infants under 7 days of age | Immunization against tuberculosis infection |
| Children at 1 month | 2nd vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
| Children at 2 months | First injection against pneumococcus 3rd vaccination against hepatitis B (given only to infants at risk) |
| Children at 3 months | First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus First polio vaccine The first anti-haemophilus influenza vaccine for children at risk |
| Children at 4.5 months | Second vaccination protecting against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus The second injection (after about 6 weeks), intended against hemophilus influenzae infection (given to babies at risk) Second polio vaccine Second immunization against pneumococcal infection |
| Children at 6 months | Third vaccination against the source of diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus The third vaccine to protect against viral hepatitis B Third immunization against polio The third injection against hemophilus influenzae infection |
| Children at 12 months | Vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps Fourth injection of anti-hepatitis B solution (given to infants at risk) |
| Children at 15 months | Revaccination against pneumococcal infection |
| One and a half year old children | First revaccination against polio Revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough virus and tetanus infection Revaccination against hemophilus influenzae in children at risk |
| Children at 20 months | Second revaccination against polio |
| Children aged 6-7 years | Revaccination against mumps, measles and rubella pathogens Revaccination against the causative agent of tuberculosis Another revaccination against viral agents of diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus |
| Children aged 14 | The third revaccination, which allows you to create immunity against diphtheria, and with it tetanus Next booster vaccination against polio |
| from 18 years old | Revaccination to maintain the immune response against diphtheria (performed every 10 years) |
There are a number of vaccinations indicated for several age categories at once:
- For previously unvaccinated children from one year of age and adults up to 55 years of age, the first anti-hepatitis vaccination is carried out at any time;
- children over 12 months of age and adult women from 18 to 25 years of age who have not had this disease and have not previously been vaccinated against it receive a one-time vaccination against rubella;
- against measles, children after twelve months and adults up to 35 years of age, if they have not been vaccinated before or have been immunized once and have not been infected with infectious diseases, are vaccinated once;
- children after six months, students secondary schools and higher educational institutions, adults at risk, pensioners over 60 years of age with accompanying pathological conditions Vaccination against ARVI is carried out annually to prevent the spread of the epidemic.
The implementation of the preventive vaccination calendar must take place in the approved manner and in compliance with the rules prescribed by law:
- vaccinations against infectious diseases in childhood and older age are given only in medical organizations if they have the appropriate license from the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation;
- vaccination is carried out by a specially trained employee who has completed a special training course and knows how to use immunobiological preparations, and also, if necessary, provide first medical and emergency aid;
- immunization against pathologies from the list, as well as revaccination against such painful conditions, is carried out with vaccines certified in the country, according to official instructions;
- Before vaccination, all patients or their legal representatives are given an explanation about possible consequences procedure, risks of refusing it;
- vaccination is carried out after a medical examination;
- vaccination against pneumococcal-associated infection in children without vaccination within six months should be carried out unscheduled, twice with a break between injections, lasting 2 months;
- Children of the first year of life are vaccinated against hepatitis and influenza with vaccine solutions that do not contain preservatives.
In addition to the generally accepted rules of vaccination against the most dangerous pathologies, there is a list of recommendations regarding vaccination of HIV-infected patients. This group people need special measures prevention, since it is more susceptible to pathogenic microorganisms than others. When immunizing HIV-infected adults and children, it is important to use the following settings:
- vaccination against diseases in HIV-infected children is carried out according to the immunization schedule and in accordance with the recommendations attached in the annotations to the immunobiological forms of preventing infections in a child (the type of vaccine, the child’s HIV status, age, and the presence of concomitant pathologies are taken into account);
- revaccination against tubercle bacilli in children born to HIV-positive mothers who have received three-time prevention of transmission of the virus from woman to child is carried out in the maternity hospital with gentle vaccines for primary vaccination;
- children with the HIV virus are not revaccinated against Koch bacillus infection;
- live vaccines for HIV infection in young patients, vaccination is carried out in the absence of immunodeficiency or weak degree its development;
- toxoids and killed vaccines are administered to a child with HIV infection only in the absence of severe immunodeficiency.
In addition to the national immunization schedule, there is a calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications. This schedule is approved at the legal level and allows you to prevent infection in a child or adult patient who is part of certain groups at risk of infection.
The schedule of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications includes a list of pathologies and people most at risk of infection:
- vaccination against tularemia is indicated for people living or working in areas affected by disease;
- vaccination against plague is given to persons living in areas that are dangerous in terms of infection or working with live plague pathogens;
- the vaccine against brucellosis is administered to patients from foci of the disease, workers at enterprises for the procurement, processing and storage of raw materials obtained from farms where brucellosis was previously registered, veterinarians, livestock specialists, and developers of the anti-brucellosis vaccine;
- persons are vaccinated against anthrax work activity which are associated with the pre-slaughter keeping of livestock, slaughter, processing of hides, geologists and builders sent to areas where episodes of the virus were recorded;
- foresters are vaccinated against rabies, veterinarians, hunters, people involved in catching wild or stray animals, workers in laboratories where the virus persists;
- vaccination against leptospirosis is indicated for livestock workers in regions unfavorable for leptospirosis, slaughterers of infected livestock, and people working with weakened but live cultural strains of the pathogen;
- vaccination against tick-borne viral encephalitis is indicated for people registered in endemic zones with an unfavorable infection situation, construction industry workers and geologists, forwarders to typical tick habitats, exterminators, foresters;
- Vaccination against Q fever is carried out for workers in the field of procurement, cutting and processing of livestock products obtained from farms with registered cases of the disease, and in contact with live cultures of the pathogen;
- against yellow fever, a preventive vaccination for epidemic indications is given to subjects planning to visit enzootic regions and having contact with the causative virus;
- Citizens visiting countries with an unfavorable situation in terms of infection with Vibrio cholerae, and residents of regions of our country where incidents of the disease are registered, are vaccinated against cholera;
- Residents of disadvantaged areas, workers in the food industry and service sector are immunized against viral hepatitis A, service staff sewer and plumbing systems, contact persons in regions with outbreaks of the virus;
- anti-meningococcal vaccination is recommended for children under 18 years of age and adult members of the public living in endemic areas or who have come into contact with patients, and conscripts;
- All unvaccinated persons are immunized against measles age groups who have been in contact with infected people and have not previously been sick;
- against viral hepatitis B, it is necessary to vaccinate people in areas of infection who have no data on previous vaccinations or facts of the disease;
- an anti-diphtheria injection is given to people who do not have information about the injections performed that form protection against diphtheria;
- mumps are prevented in unvaccinated persons, regardless of their age, motivating actions with information about their lack of confirmation of vaccination;
- Children who are not immunized in the first year of life are vaccinated against hemophilus influenzae infection;
- Infection at an early age caused by rotaviruses is prevented if there is a risk of infection.
Based on epidemiological indications, the polio vaccine is offered to contact people in outbreaks rapid spread virus, which allows patients to avoid possible infection. Among these categories are:
- children after three months, since their pathology leads to irreparable consequences (the vaccine is used once);
- Medical workers are vaccinated against polio once;
- people without permanent residence;
- children who arrived from disadvantaged areas;
- people in contact with people potentially dangerous in terms of infection.
The painful process in children often occurs behind a mask colds and is often determined at the stage of expressed clinical manifestations or complications. Therefore, it is better to vaccinate children according to the national vaccination schedule recommended by the country's leading immunologists.
Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 2014 No. 252n
“On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications «
“National calendar of preventive vaccinations”
|
Age |
Name of vaccination |
Vaccines |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Newborns (in the first 24 hours of life) |
First vaccination against viral hepatitis B¹ |
Euvax B 0.5 |
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|
Newborns (3-7 days) |
Vaccination against tuberculosis 2 |
BCG-M |
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|
Children 1 month |
Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B 1 |
Engerix B 0.5 Euvax B 0.5 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Children 2 months |
Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) 1 First vaccination against pneumococcal infection |
Euvax B 0.5 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Children 3 months |
First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus First vaccination against polio 4 |
Infanrix Pentaxim |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
First vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk group) 5 |
Act-HIB Pentaxim |
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|
4.5 months |
Second vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus Second vaccination against polio 4 Second vaccination against pneumococcal infection |
Infanrix Pentaxim Prevenar 13 |
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|
Second vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk group) 5 |
Act-HIB Pentaxim |
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|
6 months |
Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B 1 |
Euvax B 0.5 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Third vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus Third vaccination against polio 6 |
Infanrix Pentaxim Infanrix Hexa |
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|
Third vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (risk group) 5 |
Act-HIB Pentaxim Infanrix Hexa |
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|
12 months |
Fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) 1 |
Measles Rubella |
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|
15 months |
Revaccination against pneumococcal infection | Prevenar 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
18 months |
First revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus First revaccination against polio 6 |
Infanrix Pentaxim |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk group) 5 |
Act-HIB |
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|
20 months |
Second revaccination against polio 6 |
OPV |
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|
6 years |
Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps |
Priorix Measles Rubella |
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|
6-7 years |
Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus 7 |
ADS-M |
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|
Revaccination against tuberculosis 8 |
BCG-M |
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|
14 years |
Third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus 7 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Third revaccination against polio 6 |
Poliorix |
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|
Adults over 18 years old |
Revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus - every 10 years from the date of the last revaccination |
ADS-M |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Children from 1 year to 18 years old, adults from 18 to 55 years old, not previously vaccinated |
Vaccination against viral hepatitis B 9 |
Engerix B 0.5 Euvax B 0.5 Engerix V 1,0 |
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| Children from 1 year to 18 years (inclusive), women from 18 to 25 years (inclusive), who have not been sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once against rubella, who do not have information about vaccinations against rubella |
Vaccination against rubella, revaccination against rubella |
Rubella |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children from 1 year to 18 years (inclusive) and adults up to 35 years (inclusive), who have not been sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, and have no information about vaccinations against measles; adults from 36 to 55 years (inclusive) belonging to risk groups (employees of medical and educational organizations, trade, transport, public utilities and social spheres; persons working on a rotational basis, and employees of state control bodies at checkpoints across the state border of the Russian Federation ), not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, with no information about measles vaccinations |
Vaccination against measles, revaccination against measles |
Measles |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Children from 6 months; students in grades 1-11; students studying in professional educational organizations and educational organizations of higher education; adults working in certain professions and positions (employees of medical and educational organizations, transport, public utilities); pregnant women; adults over 60 years of age; persons subject to conscription for military service; people with chronic diseases, including lung disease, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders and obesity |
Flu vaccination |
Vaxigrip Influvac Grippol+ Grippol quadrivalent Ultrix |
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|
Pneumococcal |
Pneumo 23 Prevenar 13 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children and adults according to epidemiological indications |
Meningococcal |
Calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications
The procedure for carrying out preventive vaccinations for citizens within the framework of the preventive vaccination calendar for epidemic indications1. Preventive vaccinations within the framework of the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications are carried out to citizens in medical organizations if such organizations have a license providing for the performance of work (services) on vaccination (carrying out preventive vaccinations). 2. Vaccination is carried out by medical workers who have been trained in the use of immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, the rules of organization and technique of vaccination, as well as in the provision of emergency or emergency medical care. 3. Vaccination and revaccination within the framework of the preventive vaccination calendar for epidemic indications is carried out with immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, registered in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the instructions for their use. 4. Before carrying out a preventive vaccination, the need for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, possible post-vaccination reactions and complications, as well as the consequences of refusing immunization is explained to the person to be vaccinated or his legal representative (guardians), and informed voluntary consent to medical intervention is drawn up in accordance with the requirements of Article 20 of the Federal Law dated November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ “On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation.” eleven 11 Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2012, No. 26, Art. 3442; No. 26, art. 3446; 2013, No. 27, art. 3459; No. 27, art. 3477; No. 30, art. 4038; No. 48, art. 6165; No. 52, art. 6951. 5. All persons who should receive preventive vaccinations are first examined by a doctor (paramedic). 12 12 Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated March 23, 2012 No. 252n “On approval of the Procedure for assigning to a paramedic and midwife the head of a medical organization when organizing the provision of primary health care and emergency medical care of certain functions of the attending physician for the direct provision of medical care to the patient during the period of observation and treatment, including the prescription and use of medications, including narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs." (registered Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation April 28, 2012, registration number No. 23971). 6. It is allowed to administer vaccines on the same day with different syringes to different parts of the body. The interval between vaccinations against different infections when administered separately (not on the same day) should be at least 1 month. 7. Vaccination against polio according to epidemic indications is carried out with oral polio vaccine. Indications for vaccination of children with oral polio vaccine for epidemic indications are registration of a case of polio caused by wild poliovirus, isolation wild poliovirus in human biospecimens or from objects environment. In these cases, vaccination is carried out in accordance with the decree of the chief state sanitary doctor of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, which determines the age of children to be vaccinated, the timing, procedure and frequency of its implementation. |
National vaccination calendar- a document approved by order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, which determines the timing and types of vaccinations (preventive vaccinations) carried out free of charge and on a large scale in accordance with the mandatory program health insurance(OMS).
The vaccination calendar is developed taking into account all age-related characteristics, including the most dangerous infectious diseases in children in the first year of life. Vaccinations, which are given as part of the National Calendar, can significantly reduce the risk of disease in children. And if the child does get sick, then the vaccination given will contribute to the progression of the disease to a more advanced stage. mild form and get rid of severe complications, many of which are extremely life-threatening.
The national vaccination calendar is a system for the most rational use of vaccines, ensuring the development of intense immunity at the earliest (vulnerable) age to the maximum extent possible. short time. The vaccination calendar can be divided into two parts.
First part– National calendar of preventive vaccinations, which provides vaccination against widespread infections that affect almost the entire human population ( airborne infections– measles, rubella, mumps, whooping cough, chickenpox, diphtheria, influenza), as well as infections that are characterized by severe course with high mortality (tuberculosis, hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, hemophilus influenzae type b).
Second part– vaccinations for epidemic indications – against natural focal infections ( tick-borne encephalitis, leptospirosis, etc.) and zoonotic infections (brucellosis, tularemia, anthrax). This category may also include vaccinations carried out in risk groups - persons with both a high possibility of infection and a high danger to others in the event of their illness (such diseases include hepatitis A, typhoid fever, cholera).
Today, more than 1.5 thousand infectious diseases are known in the world, but people have learned to prevent only the 30 most dangerous infections with the help of preventive vaccinations. Of these, 12 infections, which are the most dangerous (including due to their complications) and which easily affect children all over the world, are included in the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations of Russia. Another 16 from the list of dangerous diseases are included in the National Vaccination Calendar for epidemic indications.
Each WHO member country has its own vaccination schedule. The national vaccination calendar of Russia is not fundamentally different from the national vaccination calendars of developed countries. True, some of them provide for vaccinations against hepatitis A, meningococcal infection, human papillomavirus, rotavirus infection (for example, in the USA). Thus, for example, the US national vaccination calendar is more saturated than the Russian calendar. The vaccination calendar in our country is expanding - for example, since 2015, it has included vaccination against pneumococcal infection.
On the other hand, in some countries, the National Calendar does not provide for vaccination against tuberculosis, which in our country is forced by the high incidence of this infection. And to this day, vaccination against tuberculosis is included in the vaccination schedule of more than 100 countries, while many provide for its implementation in the first days after birth, as recommended by the WHO Vaccination Schedule.
National vaccination calendars of different countries
| Infections | Russia | USA | Great Britain | Germany | Number of countries using vaccine in NK |
| Tuberculosis | + | more than 100 |
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| Diphtheria | + | + | + | + | 194 |
| Tetanus | + | + | + | + | 194 |
| Whooping cough | + | + | + | + | 194 |
| Measles | + | + | + | + | 111 |
| Flu | + | + | + | + | |
| Haemophilus influenzae type b/Hib infection | + (risk groups) | + | + | + | 189 |
| Rubella | + | + | + | + | 137 |
| Hepatitis A | + | ||||
| Hepatitis B | + | + | + | 183 | |
| Polio | + | + | + | + | all countries |
| Mumps | + | + | + | + | 120 |
| Chicken pox | + | + | |||
| Pneumococcus | Since 2015 | + | + | + | 153 |
| Human papillomavirus / CC | + | + | + | 62 | |
| Rotavirus infection | + | 75 | |||
| Meningococcal infection | + | + | + | ||
| Total infections | 12 | 16 | 12 | 14 | |
| Number of injections administered up to 2 years | 14 | 13 | 11 |
In Russia The national calendar is less saturated than the vaccination calendars of countries such as the USA and a number of European countries:
- there are no vaccinations against rotavirus infection, HPV, chickenpox;
- vaccinations against Hib are carried out only in risk groups, hepatitis A - according to epidemiological indications;
- there is no 2nd revaccination against whooping cough;
- Combination vaccines are underused.
Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 25, 2014. Registration No. 32115 Published: May 16, 2014 in "RG" - Federal issue No. 6381.
National calendar of preventive vaccinations
| Categories and ages of citizens subject to mandatory vaccination | Name of preventive vaccination |
| Newborns in the first 24 hours of life | First vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
| Newborns on the 3rd - 7th day of life | Vaccination against tuberculosis Vaccination is carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis for gentle primary vaccination (BCG-M); in constituent entities of the Russian Federation with incidence rates exceeding 80 per 100 thousand population, as well as in the presence of tuberculosis patients around the newborn - the vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis (BCG). |
| Children 1 month | Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B The first, second and third vaccinations are carried out according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of vaccination), with the exception of children belonging to groups risk, vaccination against viral hepatitis B is carried out according to the 0-1-2-12 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 2 dose - 2 months after the start of vaccination, 3 dose - after 12 months from the start of vaccination). |
| Children 2 months | Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) |
| First vaccination against pneumococcal infection | |
| Children 3 months | First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus |
| First vaccination against polio | |
| First vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk group) | |
| Children 4.5 months | Second vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus |
| Second vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk group) Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to risk groups (with immunodeficiency conditions or anatomical defects leading to a sharply increased risk of hemophilus influenzae infection; with oncohematological diseases and/or long-term immunosuppressive therapy; children born from mothers with HIV infection; children with HIV- infection; children in orphanages). |
|
| Second vaccination against polio The first and second vaccinations are carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated). |
|
| Second vaccination against pneumococcal infection | |
| Children 6 months | Third vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus |
| Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B The first, second and third vaccinations are carried out according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of vaccination), with the exception of children belonging to groups risk, vaccination against viral hepatitis B is carried out according to the 0-1-2-12 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 2 dose - 2 months after the start of vaccination, 3 dose - after 12 months from the start of vaccination). |
|
| Third vaccination against polio | |
| Third vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (risk group) Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to risk groups (with immunodeficiency conditions or anatomical defects leading to a sharply increased risk of hemophilus influenzae infection; with oncohematological diseases and/or long-term immunosuppressive therapy; children born from mothers with HIV infection; children with HIV- infection; children in orphanages). |
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| Children 12 months | Vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps |
| Fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to risk groups (born from mothers who are carriers of HBsAg, patients with viral hepatitis B or who have had viral hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy, who do not have test results for markers of hepatitis B, who use narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, from families in which who are a carrier of HBsAg or a patient with acute viral hepatitis B and chronic viral hepatitis). |
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| Children 15 months | Revaccination against pneumococcal infection |
| Children 18 months | First revaccination against polio The third vaccination and subsequent revaccinations against polio are given to children with the vaccine for the prevention of polio (live); children born to mothers with HIV infection, children with HIV infection, children in orphanages - a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated). |
| First revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus | |
| Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk groups) | |
| Children 20 months | Second revaccination against polio The third vaccination and subsequent revaccinations against polio are given to children with the vaccine for the prevention of polio (live); children born to mothers with HIV infection, children with HIV infection, children in orphanages - a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated). |
| Children 6 years old | Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps |
| Children 6 - 7 years old | Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus |
| Revaccination against tuberculosis Revaccination is carried out with a vaccine to prevent tuberculosis (BCG). |
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| Children 14 years old | Third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus The second revaccination is carried out with toxoids with a reduced content of antigens. |
| Third revaccination against polio The third vaccination and subsequent revaccinations against polio are given to children with the vaccine for the prevention of polio (live); children born to mothers with HIV infection, children with HIV infection, children in orphanages - a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated). |
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| Adults over 18 years old | Revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus - every 10 years from the date of the last revaccination |
| Children from 1 year to 18 years old, adults from 18 to 55 years old, not previously vaccinated | Vaccination against viral hepatitis B Vaccination is carried out for children and adults who have not previously been vaccinated against viral hepatitis B, according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of vaccination). |
| Children from 1 year to 18 years, women from 18 to 25 years (inclusive), not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once against rubella, who have no information about vaccinations against rubella | Vaccination against rubella |
| Children from 1 year to 18 years inclusive and adults under 35 years of age (inclusive), who have not been sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, and have no information about measles vaccinations | Vaccination against measles The interval between the first and second vaccinations should be at least 3 months |
| Children from 6 months, students in grades 1 - 11; students studying in professional educational organizations and educational organizations of higher education; adults working in certain professions and positions (employees of medical and educational organizations, transport, public utilities); pregnant women; adults over 60 years of age; persons subject to conscription for military service; people with chronic diseases, including lung disease, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders and obesity | Flu vaccination |
The child receives the first vaccinations according to the National Calendar in the maternity hospital - this is the very first vaccination against hepatitis B, which is given in the first hours of life. Often the first vaccination against tuberculosis is also carried out within the walls of the maternity hospital. Before one year of age, children are vaccinated against hemophilus influenzae, whooping cough, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, and pneumococcal infection. From the age of six months, you can vaccinate your child against influenza. Older children, at the age of 12 months, receive protection against measles, rubella, and mumps through vaccinations.
Vaccinations with polysaccharide vaccines (pneumo23, meningococcal vaccine, etc.) should begin after 2- summer age, since the child’s body does not respond by producing antibodies to these antigens. For children more early age Conjugate vaccines (polysaccharide with protein) are recommended.
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Question for vaccination experts
Each country uses its own national vaccination schedule, which is adopted by the Ministry of Health. A table of mandatory vaccinations is compiled. Vaccination is the most effective and cost-effective means of protection against infectious diseases known. modern medicine. Mandatory vaccinations will protect children from many diseases.
What is regulated by the national calendar of preventive vaccinations
The calendar of preventive vaccinations indicates when this or that vaccination should be carried out, revaccination according to plan, and the timing of vaccinations. There are some features of adding vaccines to calendars, establishing the timing and schedule of each individual vaccination. These include:
- Degree of morbidity.
- How severe is the disease?
- Risks of spread.
- Age indicator for the formation of immunity.
- Are there any contraindications to vaccinations?
- Row side effects.
- Influence of antibodies from mother.
- Risk of complications.
- Availability of vaccines.
Each state has its own vaccination calendar. The Russian national calendar of preventive vaccinations provides for mandatory vaccination against tuberculosis for both adults and children after birth.
In this case, on the contrary, vaccination against hemophilia is not carried out.
Vaccination against tuberculosis is mandatory in our country, as the incidence rate is very high. But vaccination against hemophilia is not done, because the vaccine is not produced in our country. For example, in the United States, in addition to other vaccinations, they also vaccinate against chickenpox.
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Every person should receive vaccinations, especially important for children.
In the Russian Federation, 2002 was the year of introduction of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations. After this, the preventive vaccination plan was slightly modified and certain additions were made. For example, the first vaccination against hepatitis B is now carried out no later than 24 hours after the birth of a child. Children who are not vaccinated for one reason or another immediately after birth are vaccinated after the age of 13. In addition, the updated national calendar for preventive vaccinations included vaccination against rubella, mandatory for girls at 13 years of age. Not all regions have an established schedule of vaccinations; some regions can independently change vaccinations according to the plan, that is, they have the right to adjust the calendar of preventive vaccinations according to epidemic indications.
Vaccination begins immediately after birth, and the baby receives more than a dozen different vaccines throughout the year. Some vaccines are administered to a child more than once. Each country prefers vaccination at an earlier date, thereby covering a larger percentage of the population in childhood. When vaccination will be carried out directly depends on which age group has a greater risk of developing a particular disease. Therefore, in an advanced country, vaccination is carried out at more early, but in less developed countries later in time. In Russia today, immunization occurs regardless of the epidemiological situation. Each person vaccinated is given a preventive vaccination card (adults, children). A copy of the card is stored in medical institution at the place of registration.
In our country, the national calendar of preventive vaccinations includes vaccines against 10 of the most dangerous infectious diseases.
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Vaccinations by age
In accordance with the national calendar for preventive vaccinations, an individual schedule is drawn up, in order to increase the effectiveness and safety of vaccination, the vaccination schedule is followed. Age recommendations are based on:
- Specifics of age-related risk of contracting a particular infection: what are the risks of contracting the disease for which the vaccine is given.
- An individual vaccination schedule is developed taking into account the specific risk by age, which is associated with the possibility of developing side effects leading to complications. In other words: what are the dangers of vaccination at a certain age.
Based on the above provisions, it is necessary to do scheduled vaccinations according to the calendar for children who are at risk and for whom the effectiveness of vaccination and the absence of its danger has been confirmed. It is very important to comply with the deadlines specified in the preventive vaccination calendar. Vaccination against hepatitis B is given to all newly born babies, including children who are at risk. Newborns are vaccinated against tuberculosis with the BCG vaccine. Children are vaccinated three times in the first year of life. inactivated vaccine from polio. According to the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, vaccination is carried out using vaccines of both Russian and foreign production.
Available special instructions, according to which each drug must be registered and permitted for further use on the territory of the Russian Federation. When vaccinating children against hepatitis B, only the vaccine that does not contain a preservative is used. Syringes must be individual, sterile for each injection. There may be a gap of one month between vaccinations.
If the vaccination period has been violated, then vaccinations are given in accordance with a special schedule and according to the instructions provided for by the national calendar of preventive vaccinations. For newborns with HIV infection transmitted in utero from the mother, there is a special individual schedule according to which vaccination is carried out. Children born to mothers diagnosed with HIV are vaccinated taking into account several factors:
- Type of vaccines.
- Do you have an immunodeficiency?
- Age indicator of the child.
- Do you have any other diseases?
It doesn't matter what stage of HIV disease you have. Toxoids are administered to everyone without fail. Live vaccine administered to newborns whose diagnosis is confirmed. The live vaccine is not indicated if immunodeficiency is diagnosed. Six months after vaccination with live vaccines, those infected must be tested, and the level of specific antibodies must be assessed. If antibodies are not detected, a second vaccination can be carried out, monitoring the state of the immune system.
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Should I get vaccinated?
Why is it necessary to get vaccinated? Moreover, should newborn children be vaccinated? Is it worth observing the vaccination dates stipulated in the preventive vaccination calendar? To begin with, it should be said that any child must be protected from dangerous diseases immediately after he was born. Timely vaccinated children acquire immunity to infectious diseases. Artificial immunity protects the baby from the disease itself and from the complications it can cause. In addition, vaccination prevents the development of the epidemic and prevents it.
When vaccinating babies up to one year old, it is recommended to follow certain rules, deadlines, and schedules. In no case is it permissible to vaccinate a baby who is sick during the vaccination period or has just been ill. IN in this case The pediatrician adjusts the schedule independently.
The national calendar of preventive vaccinations provides a schedule, and as mentioned above, it is clearly prescribed by law. After birth, on the first day of life, the child receives 2 vaccinations at once. The first BCG vaccination is carried out by injecting the drug into the arm above elbow joint, and the first of three hepatitis B vaccinations is given in any muscle. The second vaccination against hepatitis B is given at 3 months and the third at 6 months. The DTP schedule includes three vaccinations. Vaccinations against measles, mumps and rubella are given annually. Timely vaccinations will help protect your child from dangerous diseases and their consequences.
Not so long ago, about ten years ago, no one could even think that it was possible to refuse the required vaccinations, because the vaccine provided protection against viruses circulating everywhere. The risks of contracting not only an ordinary infection, but also a dangerous incurable disease leading to irreversible consequences, were great. Nowadays, such outbreaks do not occur precisely because the population was vaccinated without the right to choose whether to vaccinate or not. Today people are accustomed to thinking that the disease will not affect them, that vaccination makes no sense.
People today underestimate the importance of vaccinations. But it is necessary to realize that viruses have not gone away; they can appear nearby quite unexpectedly.
For example, friends were vacationing in African countries, or a passenger on regular transport carries a dangerous infection “brought” from GOA. Or, finally, a neighbor arrived after another “vacation” in places not so remote, and not alone, but with tuberculosis for a couple.
And if you remember the children's towns in our yards, where you can meet not only cheerful children, but also stray animals that are carriers the most dangerous infections. We go for a walk with our baby and don’t always wipe his hands, and it’s simply unrealistic to completely disinfect the playground.
The baby puts sand in his mouth, grabs onto buildings “marked” by dogs, and as a result of all this, infection can occur.
There is another myth according to which it is believed that those children who are breastfed acquire the strongest immunity from their mother. This is not entirely true. Yes, breastfeeding is undoubtedly beneficial, but it will not be able to protect the baby from diseases such as polio, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, mumps and others that are no less dangerous.
There are no guarantees, so subjecting your baby to this unjustified risks just cynical. The only right decision: put aside any prejudices and, following the rules of vaccination, vaccinate your child.
The timing of each vaccination is provided for in the national calendar of preventive vaccinations.
