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Blood infections or vector-borne infectious diseases. Infectious diseases - a list of the most dangerous ailments and infection prevention

A person is attacked by various pathological microorganisms. Some are transmitted by airborne droplets, others through blood. How to deal with blood infections, and what are the causes of their occurrence?

What is a blood infection?

This is an infectious disease that occurs when pathogenic microflora into the body through the blood. IN Lately Such microorganisms often affect human health. The causative agents of blood infections are viruses, protozoa, bacteria and rickettsia. They are constantly in circulatory system, that is, in a confined space, and cannot freely leave the human body.

These include such particularly dangerous infections as plague, yellow fever, malaria, and typhoid. These diseases are most often transmitted by insects: ticks, fleas, lice. Such a blood infection is transmitted through the saliva of an insect from one person or animal to another at the moment when they are bitten by this same insect. This type of disease also includes HIV infection and viral hepatitis. They can enter the human body through contaminated equipment or sexual contact.

What types of these diseases are there?

There are two types of blood infection: transmissible and non-transmissible. Vector-borne infections blood is carried by living creatures. These include plague, malaria, hemorrhagic fevers, and typhus. The sources of such infections can be a sick person or animal, and the carriers can be insects.

Non-vector-borne blood infections are transmitted directly from person to person during contact.

Infectious processes in the blood can be bacterial and viral. Blood viral infections occur when a pathogen of the corresponding type enters the human body. It could be human immunodeficiency virus or viral hepatitis. Bacterial blood infections occur when bacteria, such as malaria, enter the body.

Ways of transmission of blood infections

Among the ways of transmission of blood infections are:

transmissible;
natural;
artificial.

A transmissible blood infection, that is, occurring when infected through the blood, occurs through the bite of certain insects.

The natural route of transmission of this pathology occurs from mother to fetus, during breastfeeding, and during sexual intercourse.

A disease such as malaria can only occur if the malarial plasmodium goes through its development cycle in the body of a female Anopheles mosquito.

Rodents such as rats play a huge role in the outbreak of plague. A tick-borne encephalitis can be transmitted by ticks that carry this infection.

Therefore, as preventive measures blood infections, the leading role belongs to such measures as disinfection (the fight against pathogenic organisms), disinsection (the fight against insects that spread pathogenic microorganisms), deratization (the fight against wild rodents).

Signs of a blood infection in humans

When a pathogen enters infectious process increased reproduction occurs in the human body. This affects both a person’s well-being and his appearance, and on laboratory and clinical indicators.

All infectious diseases transmitted through blood have their own manifestations, but there are also those that are common to all these pathologies. Symptoms of blood infections in humans are:

rapid pulse;
increased body temperature;
pain in the head;
weakness;
lethargy;
decreased appetite;
the skin becomes pale;
Diarrhea or vomiting may occur.

Diagnosis for blood infections

If an infection is suspected in the patient's blood, he is prescribed clinical analysis this biological fluid. If there is an infectious focus, the analysis results will indicate an increase in the number of leukocytes, sticks, and an increase in ESR. If malaria is suspected, a thick blood smear is taken.

Be sure to examine the urine for general analysis. With advanced processes, kidney function is impaired, which will also affect laboratory parameters.

If infectious blood processes are suspected, biochemical blood tests are mandatory. At the same time, the blood is tested for HIV and syphilis (these tests are mandatory for any hospitalization and preventive medical examination).

If bacterial infections are suspected, bacteriological cultures are performed.

Treatment for such an infection

Most blood infections are life-threatening states. Therefore, all patients suspected of having this disease are hospitalized. Each infectious disease has its own specific treatment. But almost all require an appointment antibacterial therapy, a large number of vitamins and microelements that help the body cope with the disease.

Detoxification therapy is also prescribed in the form of intravenous drip infusions of glucose, Ringer's solution, and saline.

Prevention of such diseases

To protect yourself from blood-borne infections, you need to follow the rules of personal hygiene. After visiting the toilet, be sure to wash your hands with soap. Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly with warm water before eating. Maintain cleanliness bedding, maintaining personal hygiene. It is important to ensure constant cleanliness of a person’s body, clothes, and shoes. This is necessary to prevent infection from entering the home.

Prevention of blood infections is also carried out at state level, with the help of certain programs for draining swamp areas, inspections, and so on. To get rid of lice in children's institutions and various organizations, medical checks are periodically carried out. After relaxing in the forest, it is important to examine yourself and your children to avoid getting ticks under the skin. From pathogenic microbes Constant hand washing will help your skin. It is important to fight lice, destroy mosquitoes and various rodents. In summer, mosquito nets should be hung on windows.

Also for prevention viral infections blood, promiscuity should be avoided. At medical procedures Only use sterile instruments and gloves.

In case of blood infections, pathogens circulate in a closed circle of the circulatory system and therefore do not have a free exit from the patient’s body.

Plague - a particularly dangerous infectious disease caused by the plague bacillus (bacterium from the genus J. pestis) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease. The stick dies when exposed to conventional disinfectants.

The incubation period of plague is 2-3 days, rarely up to 6 days. Forms of the disease: bubonic (inguinal lymph nodes are affected), pulmonary, intestinal. When a person is infected in natural foci, bubonic or septicemic plague develops, which can be complicated by secondary pneumonic plague. With airborne transmission of the pathogen from patients with secondary pneumonic plague, primary pneumonic plague develops.

The possibility of spreading the plague pathogen is associated with the following features:

A) short incubation period of the disease;

B) rapid development, often sudden development of a severe clinical picture of the disease and high mortality;

C) the difficulty of differential diagnosis in the first days of the disease;

D) the possibility of creating persistent foci of infection as a result of the presence of infected fleas and rodents in them.

For outbreaks of plague, the most dangerous form of plague is the pneumonic form of plague, but multiple simultaneous occurrences of the bubonic form of plague are possible. These epidemics begin with a previous epizootic (spread of plague) among rodents.

The entrance gates for plague are the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract. The disease begins acutely: chills, severe headache, high fever, with the bubonic form - pain in the groin or under the armpit, with the pulmonary form - severe shortness of breath, chest pain, bloody sputum. Sleep is disturbed, aches in the muscles and joints, tachycardia and increasing shortness of breath appear. At the height of the disease, signs of toxic damage to the central nervous system and of cardio-vascular system. The pulmonary form is the most dangerous for the patient and others, often ending in death. The intestinal form occurs when eating meat from sick animals.

Patients and persons in contact with it are subject to immediate isolation. A quarantine is established in the outbreak. Disinfection, disinsection, and deratization are widely carried out. Great importance Among the activities carried out are vaccinations. Contact people are given antibiotic therapy.

On the territory of Russia there are the following natural foci of plague: 1) Northwestern Caspian region (the main source is the ground squirrel); 2) Volga-Ural (gerbil); 3) Trans-Ural (gerbil); 4) Transcaucasian (gerbil); 5) Gorno-Altai (gophers and marmots); 5) Transbaikal (tarbagany); 6) Tuvan.

Typhus. The causative agent is rickettsia. The source of infection is a sick person, the transmitter is a body louse. The incubation period is 7-20 days. Symptoms: chills, headache, loss of consciousness, delirium, from the 5th day - a rash on the side surfaces of the body.

The patient must be hospitalized. The outbreak is disinfected and disinfested, people who have been in contact with the sick are sanitized, and they are monitored. Vaccinations are being carried out.

Malaria. The causative agent is Plasmodium malaria, the carrier is the mosquito. It is not directly transmitted from patient to patient, but only through a mosquito. The incubation period is 1-3 weeks, sometimes 7-12 months.

Symptoms are sudden attacks of chills, fever, sweating, pain in the joints, muscles, and in the spleen area. The attacks last 6-10 hours and occur again with a certain frequency, depending on the form - three-day, four-day, tropical. The patient must be hospitalized. To prevent the disease - identifying and treating patients, as well as mosquito control. All those who were ill in the past year are given anti-relapse treatment in the spring, and then chemoprophylaxis throughout the entire period of mosquito activity.

Tick-borne encephalitis. The causative agent is a filter virus. The reservoir and carriers are ticks, as well as chipmunks, mice, moles, hedgehogs, and some birds. The virus is transmitted through tick bites. The incubation period is 10-14 days. The disease is seasonal - in spring, summer - due to the activity of ticks during this period.

Symptoms - severe headache, high temperature - 39-40 0, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, unconsciousness. There may be paralysis of the limbs. Mortality rate – 25%. After recovery, strong immunity remains. Prevention – vaccinations, protection against ticks, use of anti-tick products. When working in the forest, inspections and mutual inspections are required every 1.5-2 hours.

AIDS– an infectious viral disease transmitted through blood (transfusion of infected blood, injections, in dental offices, most often through sexual intercourse). There are patients who die quite quickly, and infected people who are carriers of the virus. The disease causes the body to lose its immunity and protective properties, and therefore indolent infections develop - sore throat, pneumonia, sudden weight loss, and in some patients sarcoma develops. There are no specific means of treatment and prevention yet. Risk groups are being checked for treatment of HIV infection, preventing the possibility of infection, checking donors, disposable syringes, etc.

The source of infection is a sick person or a sick animal. The carrier of pathogens is arthropods (lice, fleas, ticks, etc.), in whose bodies microbes multiply. Infection occurs when a pathogen contained in the saliva or in the ground body of an insect gets into the wound from a bite or scratch.

When pathogens are carried by living beings, blood infections are called transmissible: typhus, malaria, plague, tick-borne borreliosis and etc.
^

4.3.2. Blood-borne non-transmissible infections

The mechanism of infection transmission is blood contact. Transmission routes can be natural or artificial.

Natural routes of transmission: sexual, from mother to fetus (infection during pregnancy and childbirth), from infant mother (during breastfeeding), household - when implementing the “blood contact” mechanism through razors, toothbrushes, etc.

The artificial route of transmission is realized through damaged skin, mucous membranes during therapeutic and diagnostic procedures: injections, operations, blood transfusions, endoscopic examinations and etc.

The blood-contact mechanism of infection transmission occurs in viral hepatitis B, C and D, and in AIDS.
^

4.3.3. Viral hepatitis

Viral hepatitis- a group of infectious diseases with different transmission mechanisms, characterized primarily by liver damage. They are among the most common diseases in the world.

Cause. Viral hepatitis is caused by viruses belonging to different families. They are indicated by letters Latin alphabet: A, B, C, D, E. The hepatitis they cause is called accordingly.

Hepatitis A virus . According to classification belong to intestinal infections, but will be considered together with other forms in this section. Belongs to the picornavirus family. When boiled, it dies within 5 minutes. At room temperature in a dry environment it lasts for a week, in water - 3-10 months, in excrement - up to 30 days.

Hepatitis E virus - a member of a new, not yet identified family of viruses. Compared to the hepatitis A virus, it is less resistant to various factors external environment.

Hepatitis B virus belongs to the hepadnavirus family. It's structured is complicated. Outer layer The virus, consisting of particles of the fatty protein shell, is called surface antigen (HBsAg). An antigen is a foreign protein that, once it enters the body, causes a protective response. immune system- formation of antibodies. At first, this antigen was called Australian, as it was first discovered in the blood serum of Australian Aborigines. The virus shell contains its core, which includes two more proteins foreign to the body: insoluble - core antigen (HBcAg) and soluble - infectivity antigen (HBe-Ag).

The hepatitis B virus is highly resistant to low and high temperatures, chemical and physical influences. At room temperature it lasts for 3 months, in the refrigerator - 6 years, frozen - 15-20 years. Boiling will only kill the virus if it lasts longer than 30 minutes. The virus is resistant to almost everything disinfectants. Autoclaving at 120 o C suppresses the virus after 5 minutes, exposure to dry heat (160 o C) - after 2 hours.

Hepatitis C virus belongs to the flavivirus family, external environment unstable.

Hepatitis D virus - unclassified heat-resistant virus.

Hepatitis A and E combines the fecal-oral transmission mechanism. The source of infection are patients with any form of the disease: icteric, anicteric, erased, incubating and initial periods diseases in the feces of which the hepatitis A or E virus is detected. The greatest epidemiological significance is for patients with anicteric, erased forms, the number of which can be 2-10 times higher than the number of patients with icteric forms of the disease. Isolation of the virus in feces begins in the second half of the incubation period, and maximum infectivity is observed in the last 7-10 days of incubation and in the pre-icteric period. When the patient turns yellow, he is usually no longer contagious. Infection most often occurs through sewage-contaminated water. The susceptibility of those who have not been ill to the virus is absolute. Hepatitis A affects mainly children, hepatitis E affects mainly adults.

Hepatitis A is found everywhere, while hepatitis E is found mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, in the countries of Central Asia.

Hepatitis B, C and D transmitted parenterally. Infection occurs with blood, its products, semen, saliva, vaginal secretions, sweat and tears from persons with expressed and unexpressed forms of acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, carriers of HBsAg (surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus or "Australian" antigen) and persons with the presence of anti-HCV (antibodies to the hepatitis C virus), 70-80% of which are chronic carriers of the hepatitis C virus. The virus penetrates through damaged skin and mucous membranes when intravenous administration drugs, tattoos, therapeutic and diagnostic procedures, during pregnancy and childbirth, during sexual intercourse, during household microtraumas (manicures, combing hair with sharp combs at the hairdresser, shaving with someone else's razor, etc.). Breast milk is never contagious.

^ The process of disease development. Pathogens hepatitis A and E are introduced into the human body through the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract and are carried into the liver by the blood flow, penetrate into its cells and are reproduced in them. At the same time, viruses destroy them. Immunity quickly increases, the virus is neutralized, affected cells and viral particles are removed from the body. After hepatitis A, lifelong immunity to the pathogen develops. After hepatitis E, immunity is unstable and re-infection is possible.

Virus hepatitis B the blood into which it enters is carried into the liver and, without damaging the liver cell, is integrated into it. During a normal, sufficiently strong protective reaction of the body, lymphocytes destroy infected cells and the virus is removed from the liver tissue. The patient suffers acute form hepatitis of moderate severity, gradually recovers and develops strong immunity.

With a weak protective reaction or its absence, the virus lives in the liver cells for months, and more often longer (years, decades, a lifetime). An asymptomatic or erased form of the disease develops with subsequent transition to chronic hepatitis (5-10%). Chronic carriage of HBsAg is an asymptomatic form of chronic hepatitis. In this case, the genetic program of the cell gradually changes and it can degenerate into a tumor (0.1%). Most common reason lack of a protective reaction of the body to the hepatitis B virus - “getting used to it” in the mother’s womb, if the pregnant woman is a carrier of the virus.

Virus hepatitis D , as a rule, overlaps with hepatitis B, often protracted or chronic (asymptomatic or pronounced), damages liver cells and sharply activates the process. In this case, fulminant forms of the disease, severe chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and even liver cancer often develop.

Virus hepatitis C, Once in the liver cells, it damages them. However, this does not lead to a rapid release of the virus from the body, as with hepatitis A. The hepatitis C virus “escapes” from under defense mechanisms organism through continuous change, reproducing itself in ever new varieties. This feature of the virus determines the possibility of many years, almost lifelong survival of the virus in the infected body. It is the main cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. Immunity after hepatitis C is unstable, repeated infections are possible.

Signs. With viral hepatitis, according to the severity of the manifestations of the disease, the following forms are distinguished: icteric, anicteric, erased, asymptomatic. At icteric forms allocate following periods: pre-icteric, icteric and recovery.

Hepatitis A . The incubation period averages from 15 to 30 days.

Preicteric period lasts, as a rule, 5-7 days. The disease begins acutely. Body temperature rises to 38-39 o C and persists for 1-3 days. Flu-like symptoms appear - headache, severe general weakness, feeling of weakness, muscle pain, chills, drowsiness, restlessness night sleep. Against this background, dyspeptic disorders appear - loss of appetite, perversion of taste, a feeling of bitterness in the mouth, nausea, sometimes vomiting, a feeling of heaviness and discomfort in the right hypochondrium and epigastric region, an aversion to smoking. After 2-4 days, a change in urine color is noted. It takes on the color of beer or strongly brewed tea. Then there is discoloration of the stool. Yellowness of the sclera appears, indicating the transition of the disease to the icteric stage.

The icteric period lasts 7-15 days. First of all, the oral mucosa (tongue frenulum, solid sky) and sclera, hereinafter referred to as skin. With the appearance of jaundice, a number of signs of the pre-icteric period weaken and disappear in a significant proportion of patients, while weakness and loss of appetite persist the longest.

The outcome of hepatitis A is usually favorable. Complete clinical recovery in most cases (90%) occurs within 3-4 weeks from the onset of the disease. In 10%, the recovery period is delayed to 3-4 months, but chronic hepatitis does not develop.

Hepatitis E. The disease progresses similarly to hepatitis A. Pregnant women have a severe course with fatal in 10 - 20%.

Hepatitis B. The average incubation period is 3-6 months.

The pre-icteric period lasts 7-12 days. The disease begins gradually with malaise, weakness, fatigue, feelings of weakness, headaches, sleep disturbances. In 25 - 30% of cases, joint pain is observed, mainly at night and in the morning. 10% of patients experience itchy skin. Many patients develop dyspeptic disorders - loss of appetite, nausea, often vomiting, a feeling of heaviness, sometimes dull pain in the right hypochondrium. At the end of the pre-icteric period, the urine darkens, usually in combination with lightening of the stool.

The icteric period is characterized by the greatest severity of manifestations of the disease. Jaundice reaches its maximum. Some patients with severe disease experience bleeding gums and nosebleeds. Total duration This period, depending on the severity of the disease, is 1-3 weeks.

The recovery period is longer than with hepatitis A and amounts to 1.5-3 months. There is a slow disappearance of the manifestations of the disease and, as a rule, weakness and a feeling of discomfort in the right hypochondrium persist for a long time. Full recovery occurs in 70%. In other cases, residual effects are observed in the form of persistent enlargement of the liver in the absence of complaints and abnormalities in the blood. In addition, there is damage to the biliary tract or pancreas, manifested by pain in the right hypochondrium and epigastric region associated with food intake. Less commonly, functional hyperbilirubinemia may occur, characterized by an increase in the level of free bilirubin in the blood serum and unchanged other indicators. Residual effects do not threaten the development of chronic hepatitis.

^ Erased icteric form is characterized by satisfactory well-being of patients and mild jaundice, which is limited to yellowness of the sclera, darkening of urine and lightening of feces with a slight icteric discoloration of the skin. This and the following two forms of hepatitis in most cases indicate a threat of chronicity of the disease.

^ Anicteric form manifested by weakness, malaise, fatigue, loss of appetite, a feeling of bitterness in the mouth, unpleasant sensations in the epigastric region, a feeling of heaviness in the right hypochondrium. When examined by a doctor, an enlarged liver is detected, and a laboratory examination reveals changes in biochemical blood parameters.

Asymptomatic form characterized complete absence visible manifestations of the disease, in the presence of hepatitis B virus antigens in the blood. This form of the disease, as a rule, threatens the development of chronic hepatitis.

Hepatitis C. The incubation period lasts about 2-3 months. The disease in most cases (up to 90%) begins without clearly defined signs of the disease and for a long time remains unrecognized.

Manifestations of the disease include deterioration of health, lethargy, weakness, fatigue, and loss of appetite. When jaundice appears, its severity is very weak. There is a slight yellowing of the sclera, slight staining of the skin, short-term darkening of the urine and lightening of the stool. Recovery from acute hepatitis C most often occurs with the icteric variant of the disease.

The rest, the majority of patients (80-85%) develop chronic carriage of the hepatitis C virus. Most infected individuals consider themselves healthy. A minority of those infected periodically have complaints of decreased performance, the liver is slightly enlarged, and biochemical changes in the blood are detected.

Resumption of the disease occurs after 15-20 years in the form of chronic hepatitis. Patients are concerned about rapid fatigue, decreased performance, sleep disturbance, a feeling of heaviness in the right hypochondrium, loss of appetite, and weight loss. 20-40% of patients with chronic hepatitis C develop cirrhosis of the liver, which remains unrecognized for many years. The final link of the disease, especially with cirrhosis of the liver, may be liver cancer.

^ Recognition of the disease. The appearance of weakness, lethargy, malaise, fatigue, loss of appetite, and nausea should always be a reason to consult a doctor. A feeling of bitterness in the mouth, a feeling of heaviness in the right hypochondrium, especially darkening of the urine indicate liver damage and require immediate treatment. medical care. Jaundice is first found on the sclera, mucous membrane of the palate and under the tongue, then appears on the skin. Recognition of viral hepatitis is based on the manifestations of the disease and epidemiological data, as well as on the results of special laboratory tests (detection in blood serum of antibodies to hepatitis A, C, D, E, hepatitis B virus antigens and corresponding antibodies).

Treatment. All patients with viral hepatitis, except hepatitis A, are subject to treatment in infectious diseases departments of hospitals. The basis of treatment for patients is semi-bed rest, diet (with the exception of alcohol, fried, smoked, refractory fats, canned food, spicy seasonings, chocolate, sweets), multivitamins, which is often enough for treatment lung patients forms of viral hepatitis A and E.

For viral hepatitis B and C, which occurs with the threat of chronicity, treatment with interferon is currently being carried out, aimed at suppressing the virus.

In acute hepatitis B, these are patients with erased icteric, anicteric and asymptomatic forms of the disease. In such patients treated without the use of interferon, chronic hepatitis develops in 15% of cases, when treated with interferon - in 3% of cases.

With hepatitis C, all patients in the acute phase of the disease, especially the anicteric form of the disease, are treated with interferon. When interferon is prescribed, recovery occurs in 60% of patients, without it - in 15-20% of patients.

At chronic hepatitis Interferon treatment ensures sustainable recovery in 35-40% of patients with hepatitis B and in 20-30% of patients with hepatitis C.

For chronic carriage of hepatitis B and C viruses, interferon is not used.

Among a significant number of interferon preparations, the most effective for hepatitis are alpha-2b-interferon preparations: intron A), realdiron and reaferon dry for injection.

Considering that the preferable results of treatment with interferon are achieved when it is prescribed as soon as possible early dates after infection and the high cost of interferon, it should be borne in mind that for acute hepatitis B and C, the course of interferon therapy is 3 months, for chronic hepatitis B - 6 months, for chronic hepatitis C - 12 months.

Clinical examination. The disappearance of jaundice in icteric forms of viral hepatitis significantly advances the recovery processes in the liver. Therefore, patients with acute hepatitis in the recovery period begin observation in the hospital and continue on an outpatient basis in order to identify a possible threat of chronicity of the disease and timely treatment, if necessary, with interferon. Clinical examination includes repeated examinations by an infectious disease specialist, biochemical blood tests, and for hepatitis B, C and D, determination of antigen and antibodies to viruses.

All patients who have recovered from viral hepatitis undergo primary clinical examination from an infectious disease specialist.

After hepatitis A and E If there are no deviations in the state of health and biochemical blood parameters, dispensary observation is terminated. If deviations from the norm persist, additional examination in 3 months.

At hepatitis B, C and D Repeated examinations are carried out 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after discharge from the hospital. These dates may be changed depending on the results of the previous examination. Dispensary observation stops no earlier than a year after recovery and the body is cleared of the virus. If signs indicating the formation of chronic hepatitis are identified, observation and treatment continue.

During the recovery period after hepatitis, heavy physical labor and sports are contraindicated for six months. At this time, it is recommended to exclude the above foods from your diet. The consumption of any alcoholic beverages is strictly contraindicated. Application medicines should be limited as much as possible. Contraindicated for 6 months preventive vaccinations, it is undesirable to carry out operations other than urgent ones. According to the decision of the infectious disease specialist, rehabilitation in recovery period after viral hepatitis can be carried out in a sanatorium: Arshan in Buryatia, Goryachiy Klyuch in the Khabarovsk Territory, Darasun or Shivanda in the Chita region, Essentuki or Pyatigorsk in Stavropol region, Izhevsk mineral water, Lipetsk, Bear Lake in the Kurgan region, Nalchik in Kabardino-Balkaria, Sestroretsk in the Leningrad region, Staraya Russa in the Novgorod region, Khilovo in the Pskov region, Shmakovka in the Primorsky Territory, Yumatovo in Bashkiria, Yamarovka in Transbaikalia or another local sanatorium. After hepatitis B, women are not recommended to become pregnant for a year - a child may be born with an infected liver.

For pain in the right hypochondrium, which is most often associated with damage to the biliary tract, they help medicinal plants, which have choleretic, bile-forming and soothing properties. We recommend maple seeds, infusions of birch leaves and some medicinal plant herbs.

Grind the unripe seeds ("lionfish") of the dried Norway maple in a coffee grinder. Take the resulting powder 1/2 teaspoon 20 minutes before meals.

Infusion of birch leaves - put 40 g of pure warty birch leaves in a vessel and pour boiling water over it. Close the vessel with a lid and wrap it with a towel. After 2 hours, the infusion is ready. Drink 0.5 cups strained 30 minutes before meals for 10 days, then take a 10-day break.

Collection I. Celandine herb - 15 g, three-leaf leaves - 10 g, chamomile flowers - 15 g. Dry raw materials are poured into 0.5 liters of boiling water in a thermos. The grass is infused overnight. Can be stored in a thermos for 1 day. Take 1 glass in the morning and evening 1 hour after meals.

Collection II. Valerian officinalis root - 20 g, barberry bark - 10 g, blood red hawthorn flowers - 20 g, peppermint leaves - 10 g. Take 1 glass in the morning and evening after meals.

Collection III. Centaury herb - 20 g, caraway fruits - 10 g, peppermint leaves - 20 g, fennel fruits - 10 g, alder buckthorn bark - 20 g, yarrow herb - 20 g. Take 0.5 cup 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals.

Carriers of the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus and patients with chronic hepatitis are under constant medical supervision and are examined by an infectious disease specialist twice a year. They are extremely vulnerable to harmful effects, first of all - to alcohol.

In case of chronic hepatitis, complete dietary food. It should be fractional - 4-5 times a day, little by little. Dishes are mostly boiled, steamed or baked in the oven.

Chemical irritants are excluded from the diet - extractives, aromatic substances, foods rich in essential oils, cholesterol, refractory animal fats. You cannot eat meat, fish and mushroom soups, or strong vegetable broths. Prohibited are egg yolks, brains, kidneys, liver, fatty meats and lamb, fatty pork, geese, ducks, veal, fatty fish, all fatty foods, smoked meats, and canned food. Vinegar, pepper, mustard, horseradish, and alcohol of any kind are excluded. Salt as little as possible. You should avoid baked goods, pastries, cakes, chocolate, and cocoa. Sugar, jam, honey, sweet juices, fruit drinks, syrups, watermelons, and grapes are not contraindicated.

Recommended are lean meat, lean fish, dairy products, preferably fermented milk, all flour except baked goods, day-old bread, greens and vegetables in large quantities, both boiled and stewed, and raw, milk fats and more vegetable fats, tea or weak coffee with milk, fruit and vegetable juices, rosehip infusions.

What is a blood infection?

This is an infectious disease that occurs when pathogenic microflora enters the body through the blood. Recently, such microorganisms often affect human health. The causative agents of blood infections are viruses, protozoa, bacteria and rickettsia. They are constantly in the circulatory system, that is, in a confined space, and cannot freely exit the human body.

These include such particularly dangerous infections as plague, yellow fever, malaria, and typhoid. These diseases are most often transmitted by insects: ticks, fleas, lice. Such a blood infection is transmitted through the saliva of an insect from one person or animal to another at the moment when they are bitten by this same insect. This also includes HIV infection and viral hepatitis. They can enter the human body through contaminated equipment or sexual contact.

What types of these diseases are there?

There are two types of blood infection: transmissible and non-transmissible. Vector-borne blood infections are carried by living creatures. These include plague, malaria, hemorrhagic fevers. The sources of such infections can be a sick person or animal, and insects can be carriers.

Non-vector-borne blood infections are transmitted directly from person to person during contact.

Infectious processes in the blood can be bacterial and viral. Blood viral infections occur when a pathogen of the corresponding type enters the human body. It may be human immunodeficiency virus or viral hepatitis. Bacterial blood infections occur when bacteria, such as malaria, enter the body.

Ways of transmission of blood infections

Among the blood are:

transmissible;
natural;
artificial.

A transmissible blood infection, that is, occurring when infected through the blood, occurs through the bite of certain insects.

The natural route of transmission of this pathology occurs from mother to fetus, during breastfeeding, and during sexual intercourse.

A disease such as malaria can only occur if the development cycle in the body of a female mosquito of the genus Anopheles goes through.

Rodents such as rats play a huge role in the outbreak of plague. And tick-borne encephalitis can be transmitted by ticks, which are carriers of this infection.

Therefore, as preventive measures for blood infections, the leading role belongs to such measures as disinfection (the fight against pathogenic organisms), disinsection (the fight against insects that spread pathogenic microorganisms), deratization (the fight against wild rodents).

Signs of a blood infection in humans

When the causative agent of an infectious process enters the human body, its increased reproduction occurs. This is reflected both in a person’s well-being, in his appearance, and in laboratory and clinical indicators.

Everything through the blood has its own manifestations, but there are also those that are common to all these pathologies. Symptoms of blood infections in humans are:

rapid pulse;
increased body temperature;
pain in the head;
weakness;
lethargy;
decreased appetite;
the skin becomes pale;
Diarrhea or vomiting may occur.

Diagnosis for blood infections

If an infection is suspected in the patient's blood, he is prescribed a clinical analysis of this biological fluid. If there is an infectious focus, the analysis results will indicate an increase in the number of leukocytes, sticks, and an increase in ESR. If malaria is suspected, a thick drop is taken.

Be sure to examine the urine for a general analysis. With advanced processes, kidney function is impaired, which will also affect laboratory parameters.

If bacterial infections are suspected, bacteriological cultures are performed.

Treatment for such an infection

Most blood infections are life-threatening conditions. Therefore, all patients suspected of having this disease are hospitalized. Each infectious disease has its own specific treatment. But almost all of them require the prescription of antibacterial therapy, a large amount of vitamins and microelements that help the body cope with the disease.

It is also prescribed in the form of intravenous drip infusions of glucose, Ringer's solution, and saline.

Prevention of such diseases

To protect yourself from blood-borne infections, you need to follow the rules of personal hygiene. After visiting the toilet, be sure to wash your hands with soap. Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly with warm water before eating. Ensure cleanliness of bedding and personal hygiene. It is important to ensure constant cleanliness of a person’s body, clothes, and shoes. This is necessary to prevent infection from entering the home.

Prevention of blood infections is also carried out at the state level, with the help of certain programs for draining swamps, inspections, and so on. To get rid of lice in children's institutions and various organizations, medical checks are periodically carried out. After relaxing in the forest, it is important to examine yourself and your children to avoid getting ticks under the skin. Constant hand washing will help prevent pathogenic microbes on the skin. It is important to fight lice, destroy mosquitoes and various rodents. In summer, mosquito nets should be hung on windows.

Also, to prevent viral blood infections, you need to avoid promiscuous sexual intercourse. During medical procedures, only sterile instruments and gloves should be used.

Infectious diseases are the most common types of diseases. According to statistics, every person suffers from an infectious disease at least once a year. The reason for such prevalence of these diseases lies in their diversity, high contagiousness and resistance to external factors.

Classification of infectious diseases

A common classification of infectious diseases is based on the method of transmission: airborne, fecal-oral, household, vector-borne, contact, transplacental. Some of the infections may also be related to different groups, because they can be transmitted in different ways. Based on location, infectious diseases are divided into 4 groups:

Infectious intestinal diseases in which the pathogen lives and multiplies in the intestines. Diseases in this group include: salmonellosis, typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, botulism.
Respiratory infections that affect the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. This is the most common group of infectious diseases, causing epidemic situations every year. IN this group include: ARVI, various types of influenza, diphtheria, chicken pox, tonsillitis.
Skin infections transmitted by touch. These include: rabies, tetanus, anthrax, erysipelas.
Blood infections transmitted by insects and through medical procedures. The pathogen lives in the lymph and blood. Blood infections include: typhus, plague, hepatitis B, encephalitis.

Features of infectious diseases

Infectious diseases have common features. In various infectious diseases these features manifest themselves in varying degrees. For example, contagiousness chickenpox can reach 90%, and immunity is formed for life, while the infectiousness of ARVI is about 20% and forms short-term immunity. The following features are common to all infectious diseases:

Contagiousness, which can cause epidemic and pandemic situations.
Cyclicity of the disease: incubation period, the appearance of harbingers of the disease, acute period, decline of illness, recovery.
Common symptoms include fever, general malaise, chills, and headache.
Formation immune defense regarding the disease.

Causes of infectious diseases

The main cause of infectious diseases are pathogens: viruses, bacteria, prions and fungi, but not in all cases the entry of a harmful agent leads to the development of the disease. The following factors will be important:

what is the infectiousness of pathogens of infectious diseases;
how many agents entered the body;
what is the toxicogenicity of the microbe;
what does it feel like general state body and the state of the human immune system.

Periods of infectious disease

From the time the pathogen enters the body until full recovery it takes some time. During this period, a person goes through the following periods of infectious disease:

Incubation period– the interval between the entry of a harmful agent into the body and the beginning of its active action. This period ranges from several hours to several years, but more often it is 2-3 days.
Pre-normal period characterized by the appearance of symptoms and a vague clinical picture.
Period of disease development, in which the symptoms of the disease intensify.
High period, in which the symptoms are most pronounced.
Extinction period– symptoms decrease, condition improves.
Exodus. Often this is recovery - the complete disappearance of signs of the disease. The outcome may be different: transition to chronic form, death, relapse.

Spread of infectious diseases

Infectious diseases are transmitted in the following ways:

Airborne– when sneezing, coughing, when particles of saliva with a microbe are inhaled healthy person. This is how mass distribution occurs. infectious disease among people.
Fecal-oral– germs are transmitted through contaminated foods and dirty hands.
Subject– transmission of infection occurs through household items, dishes, towels, clothing, and bed linen.
Transmissible– the source of infection is an insect.
Contact– transmission of infection occurs through sexual contact and contaminated blood.
Transplacental– an infected mother transmits the infection to her child in utero.

Diagnosis of infectious diseases

Since the types of infectious diseases are diverse and numerous, to make a correct diagnosis, doctors have to use a complex of clinical and laboratory-instrumental research methods. At the initial stage of diagnosis important role Anamnesis is collected: history of previous diseases and this one, living and working conditions. After examination, medical history and initial diagnosis, the doctor prescribes laboratory test. Depending on the suspected diagnosis, this may include various blood tests, cell tests, and skin tests.

Infectious diseases - list

lower respiratory tract infections;
intestinal diseases;
ARVI;
tuberculosis;
Hepatitis B;
candidiasis;
toxoplasmosis;
salmonellosis.

Human bacterial diseases - list

Bacterial diseases transmitted through infected animals, sick people, contaminated products, objects and water. They are divided into three types:

Intestinal infections. Particularly common in summer. Caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella, Shigella, coli. TO intestinal diseases include: typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, food poisoning, dysentery, escherichiosis, campylobacteriosis.
Respiratory tract infections. They are localized in the respiratory system and can be complications of viral infections: FLU and ARVI. TO bacterial infections respiratory tract include the following: tonsillitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia.
Infections of the external integument caused by streptococci and staphylococci. The disease can occur due to harmful bacteria coming into contact with the skin from the outside or due to an imbalance in the skin bacteria. Infections in this group include: impetigo, carbuncles, boils, and erysipelas.

Viral diseases - list

Human viral diseases are highly contagious and widespread. The source of the disease is a virus transmitted from a sick person or animal. Infectious disease agents spread rapidly and can affect people over a vast area, leading to epidemic and pandemic situations. They manifest themselves fully in the autumn-spring period, which is associated with weather conditions and weakened human bodies. The top ten common infections include:

ARVI;
rabies;
chickenpox;
viral hepatitis;
herpes simplex;
Infectious mononucleosis;
rubella;

Fungal diseases

Fungal infectious skin diseases are transmitted through direct contact and through contaminated objects and clothing. Most fungal infections similar symptoms, therefore, to clarify the diagnosis it is necessary laboratory diagnostics skin scraping. Common fungal infections include:

candidiasis;
keratomycosis: lichen and trichosporia;
dermatomycosis: mycosis, favus;
: furunculosis, ulcers;
exanthema: papilloma and herpes.

Protozoal diseases

Prion diseases

Among prion diseases, some diseases are infectious. Prions, proteins with an altered structure, enter the body along with contaminated food, through dirty hands, unsterile medical instruments, and contaminated water in reservoirs. Prion infectious diseases in humans are severe infections that are practically untreatable. These include: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru, fatal familial insomnia, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome. Prion diseases affect nervous system and brain, leading to dementia.

The most dangerous infections

The most dangerous infectious diseases are diseases in which the chance of recovery is only a fraction of a percent. In the top five dangerous infections includes:

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or spongiform encephalopathy. This rare prion disease is transmitted from animals to humans, leading to disorders brain activity and death.
HIV. The immunodeficiency virus is not fatal until it has progressed to the next stage - .
Rabies. Cure from the disease is possible with vaccination before symptoms appear. The appearance of symptoms indicates imminent death.
Hemorrhagic fever. This includes a group of tropical infections, some of which are difficult to diagnose and cannot be treated.
Plague. This disease, which once devastated entire countries, is now rare and can be treated with antibiotics. Only some forms of plague are fatal.

Prevention of infectious diseases

Prevention of infectious diseases consists of the following components:

Increasing the body's defenses. The stronger a person’s immunity, the less often he will get sick and the faster he will recover. To do this it is necessary to conduct healthy image life, eat right, exercise, get proper rest, try to be optimistic. Good effect to increase immunity has hardening.
Vaccination. During epidemics positive result provides targeted vaccination against a specific rampant disease. Vaccinations against certain infections (measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus) are included in the mandatory vaccination schedule.
Contact protection. It is important to avoid infected people, use protective by individual means During epidemics, wash your hands frequently.