A wound on the head from a blow, what to do. Injuries to the scalp

Wound healing is a complex process consisting of several intersecting phases: inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. Each phase has its own specific role and its own specific characteristics on the molecular and tissue levels. Healing can occur by primary, secondary and tertiary intention. Each type of healing has its own advantages and disadvantages; the choice of healing method depends on the wound and the characteristics of the process in each individual patient.

A) Epidemiology. Wounds can occur for a variety of reasons, the most common of which are trauma and surgery. It is not possible to calculate the exact ratio of the causes of wounds.

b) Terminology. The wound healing process consists of three partially overlapping phases. The initial phase of wound healing is the inflammatory phase, which begins immediately after tissue damage. It is characterized by gradual closure of the wound and migration of inflammatory components immune system. In the proliferation phase, a stable wound matrix is ​​formed, and granulation tissue is formed in the healing wound. In the remodeling phase, which lasts up to two years, the scar matures and strengthens.

Granulation tissue is new forming tissue, consisting of fibroblasts and developing blood vessels. Healing by primary intention occurs when primary sutures are applied, as a result of which the “dead space” is eliminated, and the wound surface quickly re-epithelializes. If the wound heals on its own, without any surgical intervention, the process is called healing secondary intention. For infected wounds, secondary sutures are placed and the wound heals by tertiary intention. Infected wounds require daily care, and when infectious process will resolve, the edges of the wound can be brought together surgically.

Wounds can capture all layers of tissue. TO soft tissues include skin and subcutaneous tissues (fatty tissue, muscles, nerves, blood vessels). More complex injuries are combined with damage to the cartilage and bones of the facial skeleton.

V) Progress of wound healing:

1. Etiology. In the vast majority of cases, wounds arise from trauma and surgery.

2. Pathogenesis. Without proper care, the healing outcome of open wounds may be unfavorable. Open wounds can become infected, causing tissue destruction and delaying the healing process. Wounds that are contaminated and covered with dry crusts also heal worse, since in these cases the migration of the epithelium to the edges of the wound is disrupted. Unfavorable wound healing can lead not only to the formation of a rough scar, but also to functional disorders, for example, to retraction of the eyelid or difficulty in nasal breathing if the wound is located near the eye or nose, respectively.

3. Natural course of the process. During the inflammatory phase, a clot formed from bleeding tissue closes the wound. This process is accompanied by primary vasoconstriction, which is then replaced by controlled vasodilation, during which platelets and fibrin migrate to the wound. The clot also protects the wound from the external environment and contamination. Inflammatory cells that migrate into the wound release a number of cytokines and immune factors, which further regulate the healing process. These include fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factors (TGFs).

Gradually formed fibronectin matrix, on which proteins and cellular complexes are subsequently deposited. Entering the wound bed immune cells, neutrophils and monocytes, participate in phagocytosis. Migration at the periphery of the wound epithelial cells begins as early as 12 hours after injury. This process is accompanied by flattening of epithelial cells and the formation of pseudopodia. In sutured wounds, the re-epithelialization process can be completed within 48 hours. Depending on the size and degree of contamination of the wound, the inflammatory phase lasts 5-15 days. Clinically, the processes described above are manifested by edema and inflammation.

During proliferative phase regeneration occurs cellular structures inside the wound. At this time, active proliferation of fibroblasts occurs, accompanied by collagen deposition, and the formation of granulation tissue, consisting of inflammatory cells and new blood vessels. Clinically, the yellowish fibrin plaque is gradually replaced by clear red granulation tissue.

Remodeling phase starts after a few weeks. This is the longest phase, taking up to two years from the moment of injury. Collagen deposition continues, its fibers intersect and become thicker. Type III collagen is gradually replaced by type I collagen, which ensures the formation of a stronger scar. Cellular composition also undergoes changes that ensure long-term maintenance of tissue integrity. For example, fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts, promoting wound contraction. The blood vessels slowly regress; clinically, this process is accompanied by the disappearance of hyperemia and the appearance of a mature scar, typically white.

4. Possible complications . If left untreated, the wound may become infected, resulting in healing ending in the formation of a cosmetically unsatisfactory scar. If large vessels in the face and neck are damaged, serious bleeding may occur. Unrecognized injury facial nerve may lead to irreversible paralysis. Damage to the parenchyma or parotid duct salivary gland may result in the formation of a salivary cutaneous fistula or sialocele.

1. Complaints. If the wound is in the healing stage, patients usually complain of pain and discomfort. Deeper wounds to the face and neck may also be accompanied by impaired nerve function or salivary glands. Sometimes patients do not attach importance to them, so the doctor must be attentive to detect them. Damage to the bones of the facial skeleton can lead to additional complaints, for example, diplopia in the case of blowout fractures of the orbit, or malocclusion in the case of fractures lower jaw or mid-face area.

2. Survey. In most patients with soft tissue wounds, additional methods no examination required. Penetrating injuries to the head and neck should alert the clinician to major vessel injury that requires CT angiography. For any bone injuries, a CT scan is necessary. If surgical suturing of the wound is necessary, the main blood parameters (hemoglobin, electrolytes, coagulation system parameters) are determined.

3. Differential diagnosis . The cause of the injury can often be determined during the patient's initial visit. It is imperative that when managing a patient with soft tissue injuries, the physician can formulate a “reconstructive algorithm,” which is a concept for treating patients with soft tissue injuries. The algorithm starts with the most simple methods, and then gradually moves on to the most difficult ones.

Areas of the face where wounds heal optimally by secondary intention.

As complexity increases, the reconstructive algorithm includes the following steps:
1. Wound healing without surgery (secondary intention)
2. Wound healing with delayed suturing (tertiary intention)
3. Simple wound suturing (primary intention)
4. Complex wound suturing with plastic surgery using local tissues (primary intention)
5. Skin grafts
6. Complex treatment using distant tissues (regional or free flaps).

d) Prognosis for healing of head and neck wounds. Proper analysis of the existing wound and selection of an appropriate treatment method will usually reduce the risk of severe scar formation. Some wounds may require repeat treatment to achieve optimal results. surgery. First of all, the prognosis is influenced by the desire of both the patient and the surgeon to make every effort to ensure favorable healing of the wound.

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Head injuries in children are often diagnosed. During active games The child may fall and cut his lip or eyebrow or other part of his head. Head injuries can vary in severity and require first aid and follow-up treatment if necessary.

First aid for head injuries in children

If a child has suffered a head injury, parents must approach first aid responsibly. What to do if a child has punched (broken) his head until it bleeds?

First aid algorithm for various injuries baby's head:

• Sit down or give a half-sitting position. Assess the child's condition. It is necessary to examine the head and identify abrasions, cuts, bruises and bumps. It is necessary to clarify with the child (if possible) his complaints (where and what hurts, whether there are ailments, and so on);
• If your child has an open wound or general ailments with closed injuries, you should call an ambulance;
• If there is a cut it is necessary to treat the wound with antiseptics (for example, hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine);
• Stop the bleeding. When the soft tissues of the head are cut, as a rule, the wound bleeds heavily. This happens because the head is well supplied with blood vessels. IN in this case a tight bandage must be applied. Also, treatment with Hydrogen Peroxide helps stop bleeding;
• Apply cold to the injury site. This will help reduce pain, swelling, hematoma, and also stop bleeding;
• If the child loses consciousness, then lay him on his side or turn his head to the side. Wipe the whiskey with ammonia;
• If a child begins to have convulsions, it is necessary to restrain him and prevent further head injury.

How to treat a cut wound on the head

For processing open wound use various antiseptics. It should be noted that antiseptics can be used both directly in the wound and in the areas surrounding it. There are alcohol and non-alcohol antiseptics.

Alcohol antiseptics should not be applied to the wound because it will cause a burn. They are used to treat wound edges. Alcohol antiseptics include: brilliant green (zelenka), alcohol solution iodine, medical alcohol.

Non-alcohol antiseptics are used to treat inside the wound. Non-alcohol antiseptics include:

• Hydrogen peroxide. Besides antiseptic properties It also has a hemostatic effect. This antiseptic forms abundant foam, while having a detrimental effect on anaerobic bacteria;
• Miramistin. This product has antiseptic and antibacterial properties. Used in various branches of medicine (dentistry, laryngology, surgery and traumatology, gynecology and others);
• Furacilin. At the pharmacy you can purchase both a ready-made solution and tablets for self-made aqueous solution;
• Chlorhexidine. Copes well with bacteria and fungi;
• Weak solution of potassium permanganate(potassium permanganate). If there are no other antiseptics at hand, then you can treat or wash the wound with pale pink aqueous solution potassium permanganate.

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The most common injuries in children

There are many objects around children that can harm them (furniture, toys, trees, fences, swings and much more). Therefore, you need to be careful. Most often, children injure and cut various parts of the face. There is also a high risk of injury to the nose (bruise, fracture, dissection of soft tissue) and eyes. Each of them has its own characteristics and similar pathological symptoms. For any head injury, the child must be given first aid.

The child cut his forehead and eyebrow

A child can cut an eyebrow or forehead when falling from their own height. In this case the following symptoms are observed:

• Gaping wound edges;
• Bruising;
• Strong pain.
• Intense bleeding from the wound;
• Swelling of the surrounding soft tissues;

If the wound is large, sutures are necessary. To do this, you should contact medical care to the surgeon.

What to do if a child cuts his eyebrow or forehead? If the wound is small, then you can deal with it at home. First aid for a cut in a child’s eyebrow or forehead includes:

• Treat the wound with a non-alcohol antiseptic;
• Stop the bleeding;
• Treat the edges of the wound with an alcohol antiseptic;
• Apply an aseptic bandage or bactericidal patch;
• If necessary, take the child to a trauma center.

Chin dissection in a child

A cut on the chin can occur from a blow, a fall, or when playing with dangerous, cutting objects. If the chin is damaged, it is necessary to check whether there is. This is especially important when the child has fallen and hit his chin hard.

To exclude a fracture, you must carefully feel the chin and lower jaw. When a fracture occurs, it will be observed pathological mobility and bone crunch.

It is also necessary to check the integrity of the teeth. It is not uncommon for teeth to break due to a chin injury.

When the chin is cut, it is observed:

• Pain in the lower jaw;
• Swelling and hematomas;
• Bleeding from the wound;
• Impaired jaw movement.

What to do if a child cuts his chin? If there is a suspicion of a jaw fracture, then in addition to treating the wound and applying cold, it is necessary to apply a bandage (as if to suspend the lower jaw) and seek medical help.

Broken lip

A split lip occurs in a fight (especially in teenagers) or during a fall. This injury can be combined with a fracture of the jaw and teeth. Symptoms in this case include bleeding and severe swelling in the child. Severe swelling and pain interfere with jaw movement, and the child has difficulty speaking.

In case of severe bleeding, swelling and suspected fracture, it is necessary to take the child to a trauma center.

There will be held full diagnostics and stitches were applied. For a minor wound, as part of first aid, it is necessary to treat with an antiseptic, apply an antibacterial patch, and apply cold to the injury.

Nose injury

When the nose is injured, the septum is deviated and the bone part is fractured. Symptoms of a nasal injury are:

• Severe pain in the nose area;
• Bleeding from the nose;
• Extensive hematomas in the nasal area;
• Severe swelling that makes breathing through the nose difficult or impossible.

If a child has injured his nose, he needs first aid:

• It is necessary to do a tamponade. Gauze swabs are moistened with hydrogen peroxide and inserted deep into the nasal passage;
• Apply an ice pack, cold compress, or any product from the refrigerator to the bridge of the nose.

If your nose is injured, you should seek help from a doctor to rule out a fracture or deformation of the cartilaginous part.

Eye injury

If the eye is injured, a loss of integrity may occur eyeball. In severe cases, the child loses vision. Damage to the eye occurs when there is an impact, foreign objects entering the eye, a fall, and so on.

Eye injury is characterized by the presence of the following pathological signs:

• Swelling in the eye area, causing the eye to close;
• Hematoma;
• Redness of the eyeball;
• Intense pain that intensifies when blinking and moving the eyeball;
• Visual impairment or complete absence.

If the eye is damaged, the child is hospitalized in the ophthalmology department.

Possible consequences

The consequences of a head injury may not appear immediately and can be quite severe. It is necessary to closely monitor the child’s condition and, if detected, the following symptoms See a doctor immediately for help:

• Dizziness;
• Nausea and vomiting;
• Loss of consciousness;
• Impaired coordination of movements;
• Visual and hearing impairment;
• Sudden mood swings.

The above pathological signs may indicate complications such as:

• Brain concussion;
• Hemorrhage in brain tissue;
• Fracture and dislocation of the jaw;
• Brain swelling;
• Fracture of the bones of the vault and base of the skull.

If you do not seek help in a timely manner, the child’s condition will deteriorate sharply. He may fall into a coma or die.

Types of head injuries

All head injuries are divided by 2 large groups: closed, open. Closed injuries characterized by damage to the osteoarticular system and soft tissues, while the integrity skin is not violated. These in turn include:

• Brain concussion;
• Closed fractures of the skull bones (cerebral and facial parts);
• Dislocation of the jaw;
• Brain contusion;
• Contusion of the soft tissues of the head.

Open head injuries are characterized by a violation of the integrity of the skin and soft tissues, These include:

• Dissection of soft tissues;
• Stab and cut wounds;
• Gunshot wounds to the head;
• Open fracture of the skull bones.

Injuries are also classified according to severity:

• Minor injuries include soft tissue bruises and minor cuts;
• Injuries of moderate severity include concussion, cuts, dislocation of the jaw, fracture of the facial skull;
• Severe head injuries include brain contusion, fracture of the base and vault of the skull.

Helping an adult

First aid provided to adults for head injuries is as follows:

• Assess the patient’s condition and the severity of the injury he received;
• Sit or lay the victim down depending on his condition;
• Call an ambulance if necessary;
• When providing first aid, it is necessary for open injuries;
• Treat wounds if present;
• Any head injury requires cold application. It will help avoid the occurrence of extensive hematoma, cerebral edema, and reduce pain;
• When providing assistance in the absence of consciousness, determine the presence of a pulse and breathing, as well as the reaction of the pupils to light;
• If there are no vital signs, you should perform resuscitation measures ().

A patient with a head injury should not be left alone; he must be monitored on the first day, as complications may be delayed.

Most common cause appeals to pediatric surgeon are sharp surgical diseases and injuries in children. Any emergency situation, especially if it requires the intervention of a surgeon, causes reasonable concern for parents. In case of a number of diseases or injuries, it is very important to contact a pediatric surgeon in a timely manner so that qualified surgical care can be provided as quickly as possible.

Some of the most common such injuries are bruised and cut wounds in children. What is it, and what should parents do in such cases, says Doctor of Medical Sciences, Head of the Department of Pediatric Surgery at EMS Viktor Rachkov.

Bruised wounds

Children aged 2 to 5 years are actively learning the world and the limits of your body. Unfortunately, the child’s coordination of movements does not always correspond to this activity. Therefore, very often children fall and get hurt. Bruising on hard objects can lead to damage (dissection) of the skin and underlying tissues and the appearance of bruised wounds. The reasons for a child to fall can be different: stairs, ice slide, bicycle, scooter, roller skates, objects household items etc. Most frequent area The location of bruised wounds is the head: scalp, forehead and chin. Bruised wounds may be accompanied by severe bleeding. Depending on the location where the wound was received and the method of its receipt, such wounds may be varying degrees pollution: more “clean” at home and “polluted” outside. Of course, wounds vary in size and depth of damage, from superficial to deep, which is determined by the force of the blow. It is important to understand that the force of the impact can be such that it will lead to damage to the underlying bone structures, and in the case of a head impact, to a traumatic brain injury (for example, concussion, brain contusion, etc.). Therefore, to make a diagnosis, it is very important for the doctor to assess the child’s condition immediately after the injury: did the child lose consciousness, did he cry immediately or with a delay, does he remember the circumstances of the injury, was there dizziness, nausea or vomiting? Parents should pay attention to such details. If you hit your head with at least one of the listed symptoms, you should immediately seek medical help.

Incised wounds

Incised wounds are less common in children. However, given the different mechanism of damage, they may be deeper. At cut wounds Damage to the underlying tissues is more common. For example, with incised wounds of the hand or foot, tendon damage may occur, leading to impaired finger function. Very rarely in children there are penetrating wounds of the chest and abdominal cavity which can cause damage to vital organs and serious internal bleeding. This must be remembered when there is an incised wound on the chest or abdominal wall caused by a sharp object. In addition, with incised wounds, damage to large blood vessels, arteries and veins may occur, accompanied by serious bleeding.

Treatment of bruised and cut wounds in children

What should parents do if their child receives such an injury? Of course, immediately contact the emergency room or a pediatric surgeon. If the bleeding is severe or the child is unconscious, call ambulance. If possible, cover the wound with a clean bandage, but never use cotton wool. Bleeding can be stopped with a pressure bandage. Heavy bleeding from great vessels(extremely rare in children) requires application of a tourniquet. But it is better not to apply a tourniquet if parents do not know how to do it.

The surgeon’s task is to assess the child’s condition and exclude concomitant injuries (for example, to the bones of the skull and brain with a bruised head wound, internal organs if penetrating injuries are suspected). This may require additional studies: x-rays, ultrasound, CT.

The extent of surgical care required depends on the severity of the injury. Any wounds are washed with antiseptic solutions to clean them from possible contamination. Small linear wounds can be closed using adhesive tape sutures or special medical glue. More serious wounds and wounds with significant bleeding or contamination require surgery or what is called primary debridement (DED). Typically, PST of a wound includes washing with antiseptic solutions, stopping bleeding, excision of damaged tissue and suturing the wound. For execution final stage– closing the wound, the surgeon has about a day from the moment of injury. If more time has passed since the wound was inflicted, then the wound is considered conditionally infected, and the application of primary sutures is impossible in most cases. Therefore, it is better for parents not to delay the consultation of a child with similar wounds with a surgeon.

PSO of a wound can be performed both under general (anesthesia) and local anesthesia. In many ways, the choice of anesthesia is determined by the extent of the surgical procedure, the location of the wound, and the age and character of the child. Small wounds in adult children or calm children preschool age can be closed under local anesthesia. To do this, inject into the edges of the wound local anesthetics, similar topics that are used in dental treatment. The child feels practically nothing. But, of course, the environment itself, the sight of the surgeon and the operating room, can cause anxiety in the child. Therefore, for young children, as well as in cases of more serious injuries, PSO of the wound must be performed under anesthesia in a full-fledged operating room. This usually requires hospitalization. At the EMC Children's Clinic, such hospitalization for PSO of an uncomplicated wound is carried out for only a few hours. Typically, an uncomplicated, uncontaminated bruised wound does not require antibiotics. postoperative period.

It is important to be aware of the risk of developing tetanus, especially with contaminated wounds. Therefore, doctors always discuss with parents what vaccinations were previously performed and carry out anti-tetanus vaccination (AS-toxoid) if it was not completed on time. In case of head injury, in many cases it is advisable to consult a neurologist to rule out a concussion. In the postoperative period, inflammation in the suture area may develop; in this case, antibiotics are additionally prescribed. Healing of a bruised wound may be worse than with an incised wound. This means the cosmetic effect may be worse. This is due to the mechanism of injury - bruising of soft tissues leads to damage to the edges of the wound. Therefore, you should not expect that after healing the cosmetic result will always be perfect (as before the damage).

The Children's Clinic of the European Medical Center provides surgical care children around the clock.

Any head injury is considered dangerous, as there is a high probability of injury. In this case, swelling of the brain tissue rapidly develops, which leads to wedging of part of the brain into the foramen magnum. The result of this is a disruption of the activity of vital centers that are responsible for breathing and blood circulation - a person quickly loses consciousness, and the likelihood of death is high.

Another reason for the high risk of head injuries is the excellent blood supply to this part of the body, which leads to large blood losses in case of injury. And in this case, it will be necessary to stop the bleeding as quickly as possible.

It is important for everyone to know how to correctly provide first aid for head injuries - correctly carried out measures can really save the life of the victim.

Head contusions and soft tissue damage

The soft tissues of the head include skin, muscles and subcutaneous tissue. If they are bruised, pain occurs, a little later swelling may appear (the well-known “bumps”), the skin at the site of the bruise becomes red, and a bruise subsequently forms.

In case of a bruise, it is necessary to apply cold to the injured area - this could be a bottle of cold water, a heating pad with ice, a bag of meat from the freezer. Next, you need to apply a pressure bandage and be sure to take the victim to medical institution, even if he feels great. The fact is that only a specialist can give an objective assessment of the state of health, exclude damage to the cranial bones and/or.

Damage to soft tissue can also be accompanied by intense bleeding, and possible detachment of skin flaps - doctors call this a scalp wound. If the blood flows slowly and has dark color, then you need to apply a tight bandage with sterile material to the wound - for example, a regular bandage or a piece of fabric ironed on both sides with a hot iron will work as a means at hand. If the blood spurts out, this indicates damage to the artery and the pressure bandage in this case becomes absolutely useless. It will be necessary to apply a tourniquet horizontally above the forehead and above the ears, but only if the scalp is damaged. If the victim has minor blood loss (help was provided quickly), then he is taken to the hospital in a sitting or lying position - he is strictly forbidden to stand. If the blood loss is extensive, then the victim’s skin quickly acquires a pale tint and appears on his face. cold sweat, excitement may set in, which turns into lethargy - urgent hospitalization is necessary and strictly accompanied by an ambulance team.

First aid procedure:

1. The victim is placed on a flat surface, which is covered with something - a jacket, a blanket, any clothing. A cushion is placed under the shins.
2. If the patient is in bed, then you need to place your palms on both sides under his lower jaw and slightly tilt his head back, while simultaneously pushing his chin forward.
3. The victim's mouth should be cleared of saliva with a clean handkerchief, and then the head should be turned to the side - this will prevent vomit from entering the respiratory tract.
4. If the wound contains foreign body, then under no circumstances should you move it or try to remove it - this can increase the volume of brain damage and significantly increase bleeding.
5. The skin around the lesion is cleaned with a towel or any cloth, then a pressure bandage is applied to the wound: several layers of cloth/gauze, then any hard object (TV remote control, bar of soap) is placed on top of the wound and bandaged well so that the object compresses the vessel.
6. If the bleeding is too severe and it is not possible to apply a bandage, then you need to press the skin around the wound with your fingers so that the blood stops flowing. Such finger pressure must be carried out before the ambulance team arrives.

After the bleeding has stopped, you can apply ice or a bottle of cold water to the wound, carefully cover the victim and urgently deliver him to any medical institution.

Note:if there is a torn skin flap, then it must be wrapped in sterile cloth (or any other rag), placed in a cold place (application to ice is prohibited!) and sent along with the victim to a medical facility - most likely, surgeons will be able to use this flap of skin for performing operations to restore soft tissues.

Closed head injuries

If the upper part of the skull occurs, then it is almost impossible to determine whether there is a fracture without. Therefore, if you hit the scalp, it would be a mistake to think that it was just a bruise. The victim must be placed on a stretcher without a pillow, ice applied to the head and taken to a medical facility. If such an injury is accompanied by disturbances in consciousness and breathing, then assistance should be provided in accordance with the existing symptoms, up to indirect massage heart and artificial respiration.

The most severe and dangerous head injury is a fracture of the base of the skull. This injury often occurs when falling from a height, and is characterized by brain damage. Distinctive feature Fracture of the base of the skull - discharge of colorless fluid (CSF) or blood from the ears and nose. If an injury to the facial nerve also occurs, the victim will experience facial asymmetry. The patient has a rare pulse, and a day later hemorrhage develops in the orbital area.

Note:Transportation of a victim with a fracture of the base of the skull should be extremely careful, without shaking the stretcher. The patient is placed on a stretcher on his stomach (in this case, it is necessary to constantly monitor the absence of vomiting) or on his back, but in this position his head should be carefully turned to the side if he begins to vomit. To avoid tongue retraction when transporting on the back, the patient’s mouth is opened slightly and a bandage is placed under the tongue (it is pulled slightly forward).

Maxillofacial trauma

If there is a bruise, it will be noted strong pain and swelling, lips quickly become inactive. First aid in this case consists of applying a pressure bandage and applying cold to the injury site.

When the lower jaw is fractured, the victim cannot speak; profuse salivation begins from the half-open mouth. Fracture upper jaw observed extremely rarely, accompanied acute pain and rapid accumulation of blood in subcutaneous tissue, which radically changes the shape of the face.

What to do in case of jaw fractures:

Note:Transportation of such a patient to a medical facility is carried out lying on his stomach. If the victim suddenly turns pale, then you need to lift the lower end of the stretcher (or just the legs when transporting yourself) so that a rush of blood flows to the head, but you need to be careful not to increase the bleeding.

Dislocation of the lower jaw

This injury is very common because it can happen when laughing, yawning too widely, when hitting, and in older people the usual dislocation of the jaw occurs.

Signs of the condition in question:

• open mouth;
• severe drooling;
• there is no speech (the victim makes mooing sounds);
• jaw movements are difficult.

Help is to reduce the dislocation. To do this, the person providing assistance needs to stand in front of the victim sitting on a chair. The thumbs are inserted into the mouth along the lower molars. Then the jaw is forced back and down. If the manipulation was carried out correctly, the victim’s jaw movements and speech are immediately restored.

Note:when realigned, the victim’s jaw spontaneously closes with great amplitude and force. Therefore, before carrying out the procedure, you need to wrap your fingers with any cloth and try to immediately pull your hands out of the victim’s mouth immediately after the characteristic click appears (this is the joint snapping into place). Otherwise, injury may be caused to the person providing assistance.

There are a large number of diseases associated with skin and hair problems. “Sores” on the head are not just an aesthetic nuisance.

Most of the time they talk about serious problems in organism. In the absence of proper treatment, the matter is not limited to ordinary itching. A rash, dandruff, and dry crusts appear on the scalp; the process may result in hair loss.

The presence of constant nervous stress, stress, lack of sleep is also the cause of poor immune function.

Immune defense weakens with an unbalanced diet. The occurrence of dandruff, for example, can be triggered not only by fungal microorganisms, but also by a common lack of essential microelements.

One of the reasons why sores appear on the head is a metabolic disorder. Bad job sebaceous glands gives impetus to the development of dermatitis. Diseases of internal organs and hormonal imbalances often lead to the appearance of cystic formations.

The appearance of painful areas on the head in the hair can be caused by the development of oncology, infection with ringworm, taking medications that are inappropriate for the patient, or allergies.

It is necessary to carefully follow all sanitary and hygienic rules: keep your hair clean, use only an individual comb, use proven cosmetic and hygiene products. Although following the rules of hygiene does not provide a 100% guarantee of protection against scalp diseases. Lice can live in completely clean hair.

Head wounds, in addition to injuries, can appear when an infection of a viral, bacterial, or fungal nature enters a weakened body. When immunity decreases, the body cannot cope with illnesses on its own. Over time, weeping areas of skin irritation become wounds, sometimes even purulent. The infection spreads when problem areas are scratched and in the absence of disinfection.

The cause of the disease hairline, may become trivial mechanical damage to the skin, the use of hairpins and other accessories that provoke the occurrence of wounds on the head.

Heredity, allergic reactions, and unfavorable ecology greatly complicate treatment.

Symptoms of major scalp problems

Their appearance is a signal of a violation of hygiene rules. They are often found on the head of a child who has been in contact with other sick people, or in adults who have visited a bathhouse or train where the rules were not followed. sanitary standards. Lice bites cause minor sores and an itchy head.

The reason is a microscopic mite that has settled in upper layers skin. With reduced immunity or due to skin wounds, the tick rushes into the deeper layers of the dermis, causing the patient to develop acne, ulcers, redness on the face and scalp. He's worried severe itching. You will need the help of not only a dermatologist, but also a dermatocosmetologist.

Sores on the scalp occur due to dysfunction of the sebaceous glands, poor nutrition, and deficiency of certain vitamins. Pathology may be associated with diseases nervous system or HIV infection.

Inflammation, crusts and peeling are observed in the hair and face. In some cases, seborrheic dermatitis develops.

It is characterized by itching and dandruff. And this is not necessarily due to poor hygiene. Even the best and most expensive shampoo will not help if the sebaceous glands are disrupted and the immune system is weakened.

Contact dermatitis

Sometimes called allergic reaction on various objects or organisms with which a person has been in contact. The place of contact turns red, there is a feeling of itching and burning that does not go away on its own.

The doctor must find out the nature of this reaction and prescribe an antiallergic drug.

Psoriasis

May have mild and severe form. With mild headaches, the head itches and small raised plaques appear on the skin, which can be gotten rid of with a special shampoo.

In severe cases, when there is an increase in regional lymph nodes, the help of a doctor will be required.

Why it occurs is still a mystery to scientists. The patient first appears under the hair, after a while it begins to itch and flake. If the disease cannot be overcome by initial stage using a special shampoo, then very soon its signs will appear on the face and throughout the body.

The scalp is covered with reddish and purple bumps (papules). Over time, they turn into scars, where hair disappears. Children rarely suffer from this disease; mostly older people suffer from this disease. You should contact a dermatologist immediately, as you will not be able to cure it on your own.

If watery blisters and reddish spots appear on the head, this may be a sign that a herpes virus similar to the chickenpox virus has entered the body. Characteristics of herpes zoster painful symptoms: itching, headaches, which can even result in paralysis of the facial nerve. Seeing a doctor is mandatory.

Ringworm

Also called dermatophytosis. The disease is caused by a fungus. Over time, they become inflamed and become wounds. In their place, scars form. The disease is highly contagious and mainly affects young people. Another unpleasant thing is that hair in problem areas can be lost forever.

Another name is multi-colored. Spots appear on the upper layers of the skin different color, appearing under small scales. This type of lichen is characterized by severe itching and sweating. Since it is fungal in nature, it is necessary to treat the disease with antifungal drugs.

At weak immunity Sores may appear on the head, which itch very much, and then become inflamed and fester. The scabs that form in their place will gradually grow if left untreated. timely treatment. The doctor will recommend a suitable ointment with shampoo and medication.

Very contagious. Transmitted from animal to human. The rash in the form of bubbles gradually expands in area. The hair dries out and begins to break.

Trichophytosis

Exists in two forms. When it is superficial, a rash appears, the skin peels, hair breaks easily and falls out. Dark dots remain in their place. In the second case, you can also lose hair, but at the site of hair loss there will be reddish-brown bumps.

Favus (scab)

Fungal skin infections lead to itching and burning. Crusts appear in this area yellowish color with an unpleasant odor. They may bleed. Hair becomes brittle and loses its shine. It sometimes takes several months to cure a patient.

Treatment

Itching, redness and rashes, all the negative phenomena presented in the photo are only the visible part of the problem. Scabs and falling scales can lead to the development of such serious consequences as:

• microbial eczema;
• protein in urine;
• even cancer skin problems.

If head sores do not disappear for a long time, and advertised shampoos, oils and vitamins do not help much, you should consult a doctor. Tests will be ordered to determine the nature of the disease: is it an infection, hormonal disbalance or an attack of a weakened organism by a fungus.

Recommendations on how to treat dandruff and scalp sores depend on the results of tests and analyses. In the mildest cases, patients receive advice from their attending physician on the use of ointments, gels, and serums that have a general tonic or antifungal effect. In more severe cases local treatment There are not enough foci where sores appear. Then apply:

• antibiotics;
• drugs that have a positive effect on intestinal microflora; removing toxins from the intestines;
• antihistamines - for allergies.

Most external remedies that are used when the head itches contain coal tar, zinc, and birch tar. In modern clinics, along with the use of shampoos and ointments containing salicylic acid or natural oils, they try to use complex treatment.

Patients who have undergone subcutaneous injection procedures or laser exposure, respond positively to these methods. Substances that kill the infection are injected under the skin, and wounds on the head are well disinfected using a laser. Complex therapy, including massage and the influence of a steam capsule, act quite effectively and quickly.

Traditional methods

Tested by time and in effectiveness are not inferior to the means invented in our time. Of course, they should not be used in advanced cases.

Traditional medicine knows how to get rid of scabs or dandruff. To do this, use tomato juice, mix it with vegetable oil in equal parts. Wipe the affected areas with a warm mixture. An ointment based on lard, with the addition of salt and sulfur, is also recommended. In folk practice, everyone’s favorite drink, bread kvass, is widely used. It is useful not only when consumed internally, but also helps to heal from crusts on the surface of the skin.

In combination with drug treatment A good help would be to use decoctions of St. John's wort, oak and chamomile. Collections of celandine, string and calendula will greatly alleviate the patient’s condition. A tar soap will be useful not only during the course of treatment, but also in the future, to prevent relapses. Herbal rinses will help not only sick hair, but also preserve the beauty of healthy hair.

It is better to discuss all the causes and treatment of the disease with your doctor so as not to harm your skin. An ordinary scratch can lead to dire consequences. The question of what happened to the skin and how to treat it should always be asked to a specialist.