Uterine bleeding - what is dangerous and what are the symptoms? Causes and treatment. How to stop uterine bleeding quickly? Heavy bleeding

Uterine bleeding in medicine is usually called dysfunctional uterine bleeding - this is pathological heavy bleeding from the uterus. They are one of the most striking manifestations of violation hormonal functions among women. Therefore, the main cause of uterine bleeding most often lies in the disruption of the production of female sex hormones. This pathology can occur in any woman, at any age, therefore uterine bleeding is classified according to age criteria as follows:

• Uterine bleeding at the age of 12-18 years - during puberty or juvenile age
• During the reproductive age period 18-45 years
• During the menopausal period 45-55 years, when ovarian function fades away

Symptoms or signs uterine bleeding are expressed either by significant bleeding during menstruation, or by an increase in the duration of menstruation, as well as acyclic bleeding or metrorrhagia, when there is no menstruation for 6 - 8 or more weeks, and then bleeding of varying intensity develops.

How to independently determine uterine bleeding - symptoms of blood loss

Causes of uterine bleeding

Let us consider the causes of dysfunctional uterine bleeding depending on the woman’s age, since in different periods Throughout a woman's life, the risk factors for bleeding vary.

Uterine bleeding at the age of 12-18 years

During this period, uterine bleeding appears in almost 20% of all gynecological pathologies in girls, this is due to a violation of the formation of hormonal regulation for a number of reasons:

• Provoking factors are mental or physical trauma
• Hypovitaminosis, malnutrition
• and thyroid gland
• Various serious children's infectious diseases, also affect the appearance of signs of uterine bleeding in girls of puberty - influenza, chronic tonsillitis, chickenpox, measles (see), mumps, whooping cough (), etc.
• If a girl was born to a mother during a complicated pregnancy and pathological birth.
• Rarely, there are cases when the cause of bleeding is a bleeding disorder or tuberculosis of the female genital organs.

Causes of uterine bleeding in women of reproductive age

During childbearing age, this pathology is among all gynecological diseases accounts for only 5% of cases. As a rule, uterine bleeding is accompanied by ovarian dysfunction, the causes of which are a number of provoking factors:

• Stressful situations, chronic mental stress, overwork
• Occupational hazards, living in cities with developed chemical and metallurgical industries
• Changing of the climate
• Various inflammatory and infectious diseases of women reproductive system, which lead to thickening of the ovarian capsule, and also reduce the sensitivity of their tissues to gonadotropins, as well as:
  • Chronic endometritis, endometriosis of the uterus
  • Myoma
  • Polyps and malignant neoplasms cervix and uterus itself
  • Ovarian tumors
• Surgical or drug interruption pregnancies, miscarriages,
• Application medicines, causing dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary system.

Uterine bleeding during menopause

This is the most common pathology occurring in premenopausal women - 15% among all gynecological diseases in this age category. This is explained by a natural decrease in gonadotropins secreted by the pituitary gland, therefore, during menopause, the release of hormones occurs irregularly, ovulation, development corpus luteum, folliculogenesis. Uterine bleeding is especially common when accompanied by climacteric syndrome- in 30% of cases, when they are significantly expressed and intense. With typical menopause, hyperestrogenism and endometrial proliferation develop.

If a woman aged 45-55 years has uterine bleeding, other pathologies that can cause it should be excluded, so the woman should have it done twice - both before and after diagnostic curettage. The most common causes of uterine bleeding in this case are:

• Endometriosis
• Uterine fibroids
• Uterine polyps
• Rarely - ovarian tumors are hormonally active

Common causes of uterine bleeding

• Thyroid dysfunction - with diseases such as hyperthyroidism and the risk of symptoms of uterine bleeding increases.
• Hormonal imbalance. This is the most common cause uterine bleeding in young girls and women after 45 years. With normal hormonal levels, when the balance between progesterone and optimal, blood loss during menstruation is usually minimal. When this imbalance is disturbed, uterine bleeding occurs.
• Diseases of the circulatory system. With a decrease in platelet levels, as well as with other blood diseases, bleeding is also possible in women.
• Uterine fibroids. Particularly severe bleeding occurs in women with internal uterine fibroids, when the only option is surgery.
• Adenomyosis. This disease is characterized by fusion of the inner and muscular layers of the uterus; menstruation with adenomyosis becomes painful, prolonged and abundant, since the menstrual area expands significantly.
• Polyps. This benign formations which often occur in women of childbearing age. If their number or size is significant, their removal is indicated, since they are the cause of uterine bleeding and painful menstruation.
• Ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, premature placental abruption. These complications during pregnancy occur in women Lately quite a common occurrence. If there is any bleeding during pregnancy, the woman should immediately call " Ambulance“, since bleeding can threaten the life of not only the baby, but also the expectant mother.
• Malignant neoplasms of the genital organs. This is the most serious cause of possible bleeding, and regardless of the location of the tumor - uterus, cervix, ovaries, with any bleeding, a woman should first of all exclude cancer, since in our time the oncological intensity increases every year, and no longer has clear age boundaries , oncology occurs both in very young women and in women during menopause.
• Breakthrough uterine bleeding. This reason is directly related to the use of intrauterine contraceptives - spirals or taking birth control pills hormonal drugs. The risk of bleeding especially increases after simultaneous use of both contraceptives and anticoagulants (aspirin). Breakthrough bleeding may be minor when starting to use hormonal contraceptives as an adaptation to the drug. In these cases, the dosage should be reconsidered or the drug discontinued; if this does not help, then another cause of uterine bleeding should be sought. Blood loss also occurs due to damage to the uterus by the intrauterine device, and it should be removed as quickly as possible.

If something unusual happens during menstruation, in the middle of the cycle, during pregnancy or premenopause, at the slightest suspicion of starting bleeding, a woman should immediately contact her gynecologist for consultation, examination and establishment of the true cause of uterine bleeding, since only knowing accurate diagnosis adequate and timely treatment can be started.

For emergency symptomatic treatment For uterine bleeding, experts recommend the following hemostatic drugs: etamzilate, vikasol, dicinone, aminocaproic acid, calcium preparations.

- This is the outpouring of blood into the external environment, natural body cavities, organs and tissues. The clinical significance of the pathology depends on the magnitude and rate of blood loss. Symptoms: weakness, dizziness, pallor, tachycardia, decreased blood pressure, fainting. Detection of external bleeding is not difficult, since the source is visible to the naked eye. To diagnose internal bleeding, depending on the location, various instrumental techniques can be used: puncture, laparoscopy, X-ray contrast study, endoscopy, etc. Treatment is usually surgical.

ICD-10

R58 Bleeding not elsewhere classified

General information

Bleeding – pathological condition, in which blood from the vessels is poured into the external environment or into the internal organs, tissues and natural cavities of the body. Is a condition that requires emergency medical attention. The loss of a significant volume of blood, especially within a short time, poses an immediate threat to the patient’s life and can cause fatal outcome. Treatment of bleeding, depending on the cause of its occurrence, can be carried out by orthopedic traumatologists, abdominal surgeons, thoracic surgeons, neurosurgeons, urologists, hematologists and some other specialists.

Classification

Taking into account the place into which the blood flows, the following types of bleeding are distinguished:

• External bleeding - into the external environment. There is a visible source in the form of a wound, open fracture or crushed soft tissue.
• Internal bleeding - into one of the natural body cavities communicating with external environment: bladder, lung, stomach, intestines.
• Hidden bleeding– in tissues or body cavities that do not communicate with the external environment: in the interfascial space, ventricles of the brain, joint cavity, abdominal, pericardial or pleural cavities.

As a rule, in clinical practice hidden bleeding is also called internal, however, taking into account the characteristics of pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, they are separated into a separate subgroup.

Depending on the type of damaged vessel, the following types of bleeding are distinguished:

• Arterial bleeding. Occurs when the artery wall is damaged. It has a high rate of blood loss and is life-threatening. The blood is bright scarlet and flows out in a tense, pulsating stream.
• Venous bleeding. Develops when the vein wall is damaged. The rate of blood loss is lower than when an artery of similar diameter is damaged. The blood is dark, with a cherry tint, flows in an even stream, and there is usually no pulsation. If large venous trunks are damaged, pulsation in the rhythm of breathing may be observed.
• Capillary bleeding. Occurs when capillaries are damaged. Blood is released in separate drops resembling dew or condensation (symptom of “blood dew”).
• Parenchymal bleeding. Develops when parenchymal organs (spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, pancreas), cavernous tissue and cancellous bone are damaged. Due to the structural features of these organs and tissues, damaged vessels are not compressed by the surrounding tissue and do not contract, which causes significant difficulties in stopping bleeding.
• Mixed bleeding. Occurs when veins and arteries are simultaneously damaged. The cause, as a rule, is injury to parenchymal organs that have a developed arterial-venous network.

Depending on the severity, bleeding can be:

• Lungs (loss of no more than 500 ml of blood or 10-15% of blood volume).
• Average (loss of 500-1000 ml or 16-20% of bcc).
• Severe (loss of 1-1.5 liters or 21-30% of bcc).
• Massive (loss of more than 1.5 liters or more than 30% of the bcc).
• Fatal (loss of 2.5-3 liters or 50-60% of blood volume).
• Absolutely fatal (loss of 3-3.5 liters or more than 60% of the blood volume).

Taking into account the origin, traumatic bleeding is distinguished, which develops as a result of injury to unchanged organs and tissues, and pathological bleeding, which occurs as a result pathological process in any organ or are a consequence of increased permeability of the vascular wall.

Depending on the time of occurrence, specialists in the field of traumatology and orthopedics distinguish between primary, early secondary and late secondary bleeding. Primary bleeding develops immediately after injury, early secondary bleeding occurs during or after surgery (for example, as a result of a ligature slipping from the wall of a vessel), and late secondary bleeding occurs after several days or weeks. The cause of late secondary bleeding is suppuration followed by melting of the vessel wall.

Symptoms of bleeding

To the number common features pathologies include dizziness, weakness, shortness of breath, extreme thirst, pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, decreased blood pressure, increased heart rate (tachycardia), pre-syncope and fainting. The severity and rate of development of these symptoms is determined by the rate of bleeding. Acute blood loss is more difficult to tolerate than chronic blood loss, since in the latter case the body has time to partially “adapt” to the changes taking place.

Local changes depend on the characteristics of the injury or pathological process and the type of bleeding. With external bleeding, there is a violation of the integrity of the skin. When bleeding from the stomach occurs, melena (tarry black loose stool) and vomiting changes dark blood. Esophageal bleeding is also possible bloody vomiting, but the blood is brighter, red, rather than dark. Bleeding from the intestines is accompanied by melena, but the characteristic dark vomiting is absent. If the lung is damaged, bright scarlet, light foaming blood is coughed up. For bleeding from renal pelvis or bladder is characterized by hematuria.

Hidden bleeding is the most dangerous and most difficult to diagnose; they can only be identified by indirect signs. At the same time, the blood accumulating in the cavities compresses the internal organs, disrupting their functioning, which in some cases can cause the development of dangerous complications and death of the patient. Hemothorax is accompanied by difficulty breathing, shortness of breath and weakening of percussion sound in the lower parts chest(with adhesions in the pleural cavity, dullness in the upper or middle sections is possible). With hemopericardium, due to compression of the myocardium, cardiac activity is disrupted, and cardiac arrest is possible. Bleeding into the abdominal cavity is manifested by bloating of the abdomen and dullness of percussion sound in its sloping sections. When bleeding into the cranial cavity, neurological disorders occur.

Bleeding out of bounds vascular bed has a pronounced Negative influence for the whole body. Due to bleeding, the blood volume decreases. As a result, cardiac activity deteriorates, organs and tissues receive less oxygen. With prolonged or extensive blood loss, anemia develops. The loss of a significant volume of bcc over a short period of time causes traumatic and hypovolemic shock. Shock lung develops, volume decreases renal filtration, oliguria or anuria occurs. Foci of necrosis form in the liver, and parenchymal jaundice is possible.

Types of bleeding

Bleeding from wounds

First aid consists of anesthesia and immobilization with a splint. At open fractures A sterile bandage is applied to the wound. The patient is taken to the emergency room or trauma department. To clarify the diagnosis, radiography of the damaged segment is prescribed. For open fractures, PSO is performed; otherwise, treatment tactics depend on the type and location of the injury. For intra-articular fractures accompanied by hemarthrosis, a joint puncture is performed. In case of traumatic shock, appropriate anti-shock measures are taken.

Bleeding from other injuries

TBI can be complicated by hidden bleeding and hematoma formation in the cranial cavity. At the same time, a fracture of the skull bones is not always observed, and patients in the first hours after the injury may feel satisfactory, which complicates the diagnosis. With closed rib fractures, damage to the pleura is sometimes observed, accompanied by internal bleeding and the formation of hemothorax. With blunt trauma to the abdominal cavity, bleeding from the damaged liver, spleen or hollow organs (stomach, intestines) is possible. Bleeding from parenchymal organs is especially dangerous due to the massive blood loss. Such injuries are characterized by rapid development of shock, without immediate qualified assistance usually death occurs.

In case of injuries to the lumbar region, a bruise or rupture of the kidney is possible. In the first case, the blood loss is insignificant; bleeding is evidenced by the appearance of blood in the urine; in the second case, there is a picture of rapidly increasing blood loss, accompanied by pain in the lumbar region. With bruises in the lower abdomen, rupture of the urethra and bladder may occur.

First aid for all internal bleeding of a traumatic nature consists of pain relief, ensuring rest and immediate delivery of the patient to a specialized medical facility. institution. The patient is placed in horizontal position with raised legs. Apply cold (blister or heating pad with ice or cold water). If esophageal or gastric bleeding is suspected, the patient is not allowed to eat or drink.

On prehospital stage If possible, carry out anti-shock measures and replenish the blood volume. Upon admission to medical school. establishment continues infusion therapy. The list of diagnostic measures depends on the nature of the injury. In case of TBI, a consultation with a neurosurgeon, skull X-ray and EchoEG are prescribed, in case of hemothorax - chest X-ray, in case of

Uterine bleeding is a condition manifested by the discharge of blood from the internal genital organs. Menstruation is also manifested by the release of blood, but this natural process, genetically programmed by nature.

Distinctive features of menstrual discharge from uterine bleeding in women are profuseness and duration increases, there is no consistency.

What causes uterine bleeding?

The reasons leading to the development of uterine bleeding are diverse, and a classification was created to understand them.

Uterine bleeding causes, main categories:

1. bleeding caused by pathologies not affecting reproductive system or extragenital conditions. Their reasons: infectious diseases (typhoid fever, sepsis, dysentery), blood diseases (genetic vasculitis, hemophilia), liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular pathology vascular system, dysfunction of hormonal organs;
2. bleeding caused by genital pathologies. These could be: rupture of the ovary or cyst, tumor of the uterus or ovary, infectious diseases of the genital organs, menopause or puberty.

Genital pathologies of uterine bleeding

This group of causes is divided into two large categories: uterine bleeding associated with the course of pregnancy and independent of it.

Uterine bleeding is associated with pregnancy and delivery:

• Ectopic pregnancy or interrupted classical pregnancy;
• Premature placental abruption, violation of the integrity of the surgical scar on the uterus, violation of the integrity of its walls;
• Traumatization of the external genitalia of women during actions maternity ward, and other soft birth canals;
• Incomplete release of the placenta, its infringement;
• The muscle tissue of the uterus has lost strength, elasticity and endurance after childbirth;
  Chorionepithelioma, hydatidiform mole and other diseases of the ovum.

Uterine bleeding that occurs regardless of pregnancy:

• Discirculatory uterine discharge. They are classified according to age categories: juvenile (at puberty - 11-18 years), reproductive (period favorable for the birth of children - 19 - 46 years), menopause (during menopause);
• Neoplasms of the internal genital organs of women - uterus, ovaries;
• The superficial membrane of the tumors is damaged, as well as cysts on the genitals;
• Inflammatory processes of the uterus - endometritis, cervicitis, erosive processes affecting the cervical canal, etc.

Juvenile bleeding - causes, symptoms

During the transformation of a little girl into a beautiful girl, the appearance of intermenstrual bleeding or an increase in the volume of blood during menstruation is often noticed. The most common cause of this is ovarian dysfunction, which is directly affected by frequent psychological stress, redundant physical exercise, poor nutrition, constant colds.

When examining teenage girls with uterine bleeding, a lack of ovulation is discovered due to a disruption in the production of hormones. Often, the causes are insufficiency of blood clotting factors, tuberculosis of the internal organs of the reproductive system, tumor formations of the cervical canal and the walls of the uterus.

Regardless of the cause, uterine bleeding during puberty is dangerous to health and life, and an urgent visit to the doctor is necessary.

In this option, the number of reasons causing bleeding much more.

Main reasons:

• dysfunction of the hormonal system due to an abortion, taking a number of medications, “playing” with hormonal oral contraceptives;
• on early stages pregnancy, bleeding is the result of spontaneous abortion;
• ectopic pregnancy– after a rupture of the fallopian tube;
• hydatidiform mole, placental previa and placental abruption;
• decline muscle tone uterus;
  after childbirth, bleeding due to incomplete discharge of the placenta;
  fibroids, endometriosis, uterine tumors, endometritis.

Danger during menopause

Menopause is not the best easy time in a woman’s life - reorganization hormonal sphere, which is why bleeding is not rare. Among other reasons, neoplasms with and without malignancy should be highlighted. Women need special attention in the postmenopausal period, when periodic periods have long stopped and blood suddenly appears.

If even a small amount of blood appears, immediately go to the doctor. Do not despair if the problem is a tumor; in the initial stages it is easily treatable. For diagnostic examination during menopause, histological material is taken from the cervical canal and uterine body, after which a microscopic examination of the scraping will reveal the cause of bleeding.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

This group of bleeding cannot be strictly separated at any age. They can occur both during puberty and during menopause.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is a popular type and is characterized by dysfunction endocrine system, starting with the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, and ending with the ovaries and adrenal glands.

Gynecology identifies the main causes of dysfunctional uterine bleeding:

• endocrine system disorders related to the thyroid gland,
• pancreas, as well as against the background of obesity;
• overwork – emotional and physical;
• climate change;
• artificial termination of pregnancy, often spontaneous.

According to the time of appearance of blood during periods of the menstrual cycle:

• ovulatory - depend on menstruation, the period of maturation of the egg and its release from the follicle;
• anovulatory – intermenstrual bleeding not associated with the menstrual cycle. As a rule, with anovulatory bleeding, the duration and volume of menstruation itself changes.

Breakthrough bleeding

They cannot be classified into any one category, since they appear against the background of the initial use of oral hormonal contraceptives. A small amount of bleeding is a manifestation of the women’s body adapting to the new drug. But to further prevent their occurrence, contact your gynecologist to adjust the dosage.

This phenomenon occurs infrequently, but you should take it seriously and consult a gynecologist

Symptoms and first signs

All clinical symptoms are divided into general and local.

General symptoms:

• weakness throughout the body, dizziness;
• skin pale;
• nausea, urge to vomit;
• loss of consciousness;
• weakened thready pulse;
• lowering blood pressure.

Local symptoms of uterine bleeding:

• The appearance of bloody discharge from the vagina;
• During menstruation, you notice an increase in the number of clots, the total volume of discharge has become larger, one hygiene product quickly becomes unusable;
• After sexual intercourse, women may experience a slight bruising;
• Taking into account the fact that bleeding can be heavy or not very heavy, pain does not appear;
• Signs of uterine bleeding appear regardless of menstruation.

Regular symptoms of heavy uterine bleeding indicate tumors (for example, fibroids), adenomyosis, or disorders of the body's blood system.

Treatment and first aid

It is impossible to figure out the causes of uterine bleeding on your own; the gynecology department will probably deal with it faster and better, and therefore if you notice strange symptoms and unplanned bloody issues, call an ambulance immediately. Signs of uterine bleeding - serious signal women's bodies global problems, and every minute can be decisive.

Treating uterine bleeding in women at home is an absurdity of the highest degree, but there are certain rules that, if followed or not followed, will help save lives.

Forbidden:

• apply a warm compress or heating pad to the abdominal area;
• perform douching;
• forget about a warm bath;
• accept medications affecting uterine contraction.

Uterine bleeding in women - first aid at home:

1. Strict bed rest with legs elevated. Roller under lower limbs will not allow vital organs - the brain, kidneys, liver - to suffer from blood loss, which means the likelihood of loss of consciousness is excluded;


2. Cold. Try to stop the bleeding yourself. Place a bubble, heating pad or bottle with cold water or ice on the lower abdomen, first wrap it with a towel to prevent frostbite. 10-15 minutes of cold compress, after a five-minute break, continue for two hours. This simple method of treatment will narrow the blood vessels and reduce the percentage of blood loss;
3. We replenish the volume of circulating blood. At home with emergency situations It’s hard to come up with an alternative to IVs, but drinking plenty of warm, sweet drinks can restore blood loss. Glucose will provide nutrition to brain cells;
4. Emergency assistance - medications. Let us point out once again that medications should be taken only in extreme cases or after consultation with a doctor. IN home medicine cabinet The presence of aminocaproic acid, calcium gluconate, and dicinone will not be superfluous.

Opening internal bleeding is a health and life-threatening condition that occurs due to various reasons. Most often, blood penetrates into the cavities of the body, as well as the spaces formed by it.

Internal bleeding - what is it?

This is a rapid loss of blood, in which it does not flow out of the body, but ends up in certain places inside. This could be the uterus in women, the space between joints, stomach, bladder, lungs, intestines.

Symptoms this state depends on its location. Hemorrhage can occur in the abdominal cavity, intermuscular, etc.

The causes of pathology are, as a rule, of two types: mechanical damage (trauma, shock) and chronic illness.

The danger of this phenomenon is increased by untimely provision of first aid, ignoring signs by patients, and late diagnosis.

If you seek medical help in time, you can minimize serious complications, determine the location of the bleeding and stop it.

Symptoms of pathology

Intra-abdominal bleeding is one of the most common mechanical injuries. The symptoms of this form are quite serious.

The patient becomes very sick and vomits blood if the pathology is in the gastrointestinal tract. Diarrhea occurs when there is internal bleeding in the upper esophagus or small intestine. If there is a lesion in the large intestine, red discharge will come from the anus.

Gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the most dangerous. Symptoms include fever, and the patient may feel abdominal pain. If, then the person is tormented by a strong bloody cough, and the place where the discharge accumulates is pleural cavity. Shortness of breath appears, there is not enough air.

With uterine bleeding, blood flows in the middle of the cycle and pours out of the vagina. However, many symptoms in a number of species are not clearly expressed, which makes it difficult diagnostic measures and leads to a deterioration in the patient's condition.

So, the symptoms of bleeding that occurred inside the body:

1. Deterioration in health.
2. Sudden weakness, lethargy, apathy.
3. Chills, heat, fever, sweating, pallor.
4. Acute feeling of fear.
5. Nausea, vomiting.
6. Thirst.
7. Loss of self-control.
8. Dizziness, fainting.
9. Severe cough with blood.
10. Dyspnea.
11. Sudden pain inside or its complete absence.

If no one is nearby, you need to call the ambulance service, then take a horizontal position. If possible, you should also call your loved ones if they are nearby. In this case, being alone is not only scary, but also dangerous..

You cannot take any pills or drink water. You need to apply ice to your head, chest, and stomach. It is important to try not to panic or make sudden movements.

Common signs of bleeding

The main signs for all forms of bleeding occurring inside the body: weakness in the body, lethargy, arterial pressure(BP) decreases significantly, the skin turns pale, and cold sweat.

Suspicion of such a condition should arise if there were provoking factors (impacts with blunt, piercing objects; injuries), diseases were diagnosed internal organs.

The patient may lose appetite, feel very thirsty, and even lose consciousness. How serious a person’s condition is can be recognized by certain signs.

If the bleeding is minor, then the pulse is intense - up to 80 beats per minute, and blood pressure decreases, other symptoms may be absent.

If bleeding is moderate, upper pressure drops to 90 mm. Hg Art. and below, the heart rate increases. In this case, the skin turns pale, hands and feet become cold, breathing quickens, nausea, weakness, dizziness appear, and all psychomotor reactions slow down.

In severe cases, the patient’s blood pressure drops significantly, the pulse is rapid, breathing is intermittent, cold sweat appears, drowsiness appears, trembling of the arms and legs, the eyes darken, vomiting begins, the skin turns pale, cyanosis develops, and the person’s condition is critical.

If the blood loss is massive, then the pressure decreases sharply, the pulse is very fast - up to 160 beats per minute, the patient’s consciousness is confused, pale skin, delirium, cold sweat are observed, facial features become sharpened.

Fatal blood loss: slow pulse, low blood pressure, respiratory arrest, convulsions, dilated pupils, dry and pale skin, agony and death.

Kinds

There are several types of bleeding: arterial, capillary, venous. The cause of arterial disease is damage to the artery by a sharp, cutting object, a gunshot wound; trauma resulting from blunt impact.

It is very difficult to stop bleeding on your own. Blood flows like a fountain inside and outside the organs; the victim can lose a critical volume of blood in a few minutes, which will lead to death.

Capillary - common. In this case, the surface of the internal organs may bleed, these include the liver, kidneys, and spleen.

Symptoms are mild at the very beginning, which complicates the diagnostic process. A stomach ulcer can cause it, and hemorrhage also occurs in the brain tissue. In this case, it is necessary to urgently provide assistance to the patient.

Venous is formed if the walls of the veins are damaged. The patient immediately develops symptoms of anemia, anemia, and state of shock. Venous bleeding may cause dangerous conditions, in which the escaping fluid accumulates in the pleural and retroperitoneal cavities.

Causes

Why does such a pathology occur? The factors of its formation can be different, at first glance, even impossible. Among them:

• poor blood clotting (heredity);
• rib fractures, mechanical injuries, wounds;
• infections, pathologies, liver cirrhosis, ulcers, tuberculosis, incorrect location of internal organs, their displacement, enlargement due to illness;
• during pregnancy - ovarian rupture, cysts, ectopic location of the ovum;
• decay malignant tumor;
• arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis.

There can be many more reasons, so it is important to respond in a timely manner to sudden changes in well-being, especially if there were provoking factors, and also diagnosed chronic diseases intestines, stomach and other vital organs.

Methods for determining the location of internal damage

If a person feels bad, how to find an objective sign of internal bleeding and recognize its source?

If the hemorrhage occurred in abdominal cavity, followed by a rupture of the spleen or liver, then to general symptoms include dizziness, weakness, low blood pressure and tachycardia. The patient experiences heaviness in the abdomen, pain in the left and right shoulder, and upon palpation of the peritoneum there is pain in the upper part.

It is difficult, but possible, to independently determine bleeding and its nature..

If there is a rupture of the tubes or ovaries, then pain appears in the lower abdomen, in anus, deterioration in health, there is red discharge from the genitals.

When bleeding occurs in the retroperitoneal space (ruptures of the kidneys, aorta), the patient experiences general symptoms, not very pronounced.

There is pain in lumbar region, if you lightly tap on the spine, it will intensify.

If the lesion is in the stomach or intestines, then bloody vomiting or diarrhea and no abdominal pain are observed.

How to stop bleeding

If there is a suspicion of internal hemorrhage, then first aid at home will help important role for the outcome of the situation. Before the doctors arrive, the patient should be laid down so that the muscles relax. If the victim has a cough, then his body is given a semi-sitting position.

Be sure to open a window in the room and apply cold to the suspected area of ​​damage.

It is important to control a person’s breathing and pulse. If he gets worse, artificial respiration needs to be done and carried out.

Do not give painkillers, water, medicine, stretch the body, tightly bandage the injury site, or move the victim.

Drug therapy

The best treatment for internal hemorrhages is timely help and surgery. Therapy for this pathology is carried out in a hospital setting, in the departments of gynecology, surgery, neurosurgery - depending on the source of blood loss.

Doctors first stop the blood, replace its loss, and improve circulation. Use physical solutions, glucose, the rest medications are prescribed according to the patient's condition.

In what cases is surgery required?

Surgery is necessary if the patient's condition is critical. After the person has been given first aid, he is hospitalized. Specialists take into account the source of bleeding, and then take measures.

If the place of concentration of fluid is the pleural cavity, then the treatment is carried out by traumatologists, if the lungs are treated - by surgeons, in case of intracranial damage - by neurosurgeons, in case of uterine damage - by gynecologists.

Surgery will be required if the source is in the gastrointestinal tract.

The main task of the doctor is to stop the bleeding, compensate for the amount of loss and improve blood supply. Patients often experience shock, in which internal organs do not receive enough oxygen.

In such cases, patients are given a transfusion, glucose and saline are administered. If the case is severe, the bleeding is stopped by cauterization, but most often surgery is required.

In case of pulmonary hemorrhage, bronchial tamponade is performed. If the abdominal part is filled with blood, then an urgent laparotomy is performed. If the damage is intracranial, then trepanation is performed. In case of an ulcer, damaged vessels are removed; in case of cracks in the intestines, surgery is performed and they are sutured.

If a woman has an ectopic pregnancy (a tube ruptures), the pathology can only be eliminated surgically.

Internal bleeding during pregnancy

This condition is also called premature placental abruption, and it requires urgent intervention from a specialist.

Clinical manifestations of this condition:

• discharge can be abundant, average, or absent altogether;
• pain in the lower abdomen, the uterus “turns to stone,” which is easy to feel upon palpation;
• the cardiac activity of the fetus is disrupted, hypoxia occurs (determined by ultrasound);
• The woman's body temperature rises.
• health worsens.

Detachment is provoked by maternal alcohol consumption, drug addiction, smoking, anemia, low red blood cell count, abdominal trauma, allergies to medications, fluctuations in blood pressure.

Consequences

Any bleeding poses a threat to a person, and internal bleeding even more so. In this condition, blood pressure suddenly drops and hemoglobin decreases.

If blood gets into the cavities of internal organs, their activity is disrupted. If the vessels are compressed, tissue necrosis occurs. Blood that remains in the cavities of organs for some time (not circulating) becomes a suitable place for bacteria to multiply and develop infections.

If the patient is not provided timely assistance, there is a high probability of death. The body is bleeding, the activity of the heart and brain is disrupted. If a person manages to help, then he will receive a long period recovery, and it all depends on the severity of the condition.

Uterine bleeding always poses a serious danger to a woman and can cause death. Therefore, ignore this symptom It’s not worth it, and if you suspect a pathology, you should take immediate action. What types of uterine bleeding do doctors distinguish? What symptoms do they have? Is it possible to stop blood loss on your own at home? This is what we will talk about.

There are many reasons for blood loss, and they are provoked in every period of life various factors. In their practice, doctors divide them into the following types:

If the pathology is not treated, malignant tumors may develop.

• Dysfunctional look- main external symptom there will be a disruption of the menstrual cycle towards delay. IN in this case bleeding is caused by a violation of the production of reproductive organs female hormones in the endocrine glands.
• Hypotonic- develops due to decreased myometrial tone.
• Breakthrough look- occurs when the hormonal system malfunctions, in the presence of an imbalance between the levels of tarragon and progesterone. Blood loss occurs and develops when a woman takes hormonal drugs, such as contraceptives.

Symptoms of pathological blood loss

Sometimes when unidentified menstrual cycle, a woman mistakenly perceives uterine bleeding as just another period. How to distinguish the first from the second? Regarding the general signs of blood loss, these include:

• dizziness,
• general weakness,
• pale skin,
• attacks of nausea and vomiting,
• in some cases - fainting, hypotension, weak pulse.

How to recognize bleeding from the uterus by local signs:

• bleeding from the vagina,
• during menstruation they come with a large number of blood clots, which may also indicate pathology,
• an increase in the period of menstruation, when the latter lasts longer than usual by 6-8 days.

These signs include and.

Is it possible to stop uterine bleeding on your own?

In the event of abnormal development of pathological blood loss, first aid, before the ambulance arrives, may include remedies from the arsenal of traditional medicine.

What to do, both at home and for a teenager, and for women during menopause, before going to see a doctor?

Folk remedies:

In addition to giving the woman a decoction to drink, she is placed in a horizontal position with a pillow placed under her feet, raising them above the body. The patient should place a cold heating pad or an ice pack on her stomach. Leave for 15 minutes, take a break for 5 minutes and then put the cold on the body again. This technique will narrow the blood vessels and reduce blood loss.

A woman needs to drink constantly and should definitely call an ambulance if she cannot stop the blood loss.

Using the same methods, you can stop uterine bleeding with clots before medical help arrives.

The danger of pathological blood loss and possible consequences

Any uterine bleeding is characterized by a rapid increase in intensity - it may not stop for a long time, it is difficult, and sometimes impossible to stop. Due to the development of one or another type of pathology, the following dangers and problems arise:

Whatever the causes of uterine bleeding, treatment should not only be traditional methods. To understand the whole picture, it is important to go through comprehensive examination, after which the doctor will prescribe appropriate medications.

Traditional methods of stopping uterine bleeding on video: