Growth hormone where functions are produced. Hormonal status of the newborn

Effector hormones of the pituitary gland

These include a growth hormone(GR), prolactin(lactotropic hormone - LTG) of the adenohypophysis and melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSG) of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland (see Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones (RG - releasing hormones (liberins), ST - statins). Explanations in the text

Somatotropin

Growth hormone (somatotropin, somatotropic hormone GH)- a polypeptide consisting of 191 amino acids, formed by red acidophilic cells of the adenohypophysis - somatotrophs. The half-life is 20-25 minutes. Transported by blood in free form.

The targets of GH are cells of bone, cartilage, muscle, adipose tissue and liver. It has a direct effect on target cells through stimulation of 1-TMS receptors with catalytic tyrosine kinase activity, as well as an indirect effect through somatomedins - insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I, IGF-II), formed in the liver and other tissues in response to action GR.

Characteristics of somatomedins

The content of GH depends on age and has a pronounced daily periodicity. The highest content of the hormone was noted in early childhood with a gradual decrease: from 5 to 20 years - 6 ng/ml (with a peak during puberty), from 20 to 40 years - about 3 ng/ml, after 40 years - 1 ng/ml. During the day, GH enters the blood cyclically - the absence of secretion alternates with “explosions of secretion” with a maximum during sleep.

Main functions of GH in the body

Growth hormone has a direct effect on metabolism in target cells and the growth of organs and tissues, which can be achieved both by its direct effect on target cells and by the indirect effect of somatomedins C and A (insulin-like growth factors) released by hepatocytes and chondrocytes when exposed to GR on them.

Growth hormone, like insulin, facilitates the absorption of glucose by cells and its utilization, stimulates glycogen synthesis and is involved in maintaining normal blood glucose levels. At the same time, GH stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver; the insulin-like effect is replaced by a counter-insular one. As a consequence of this, hyperglycemia develops. GH stimulates the release of glucagon, which also contributes to the development of hyperglycemia. At the same time, the formation of insulin increases, but the sensitivity of cells to it decreases.

Growth hormone activates lipolysis in adipose tissue cells, promotes the mobilization of free fatty acids into the blood and their use by cells for energy.

Growth hormone stimulates protein anabolism, facilitating the entry of amino acids into the cells of the liver, muscles, cartilage and bone tissue and activating the synthesis of protein and nucleic acids. This helps to increase the intensity of the basal metabolism, increase the mass of muscle tissue, and accelerate the growth of tubular bones.

The anabolic effect of GH is accompanied by an increase in body weight without fat accumulation. At the same time, GH promotes the retention of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, sodium and water in the body. As mentioned, GH has an anabolic effect and stimulates growth through increased synthesis and secretion in the liver and cartilage of growth factors that stimulate chondrocyte differentiation and bone elongation. Under the influence of growth factors, the supply of amino acids into myocytes and the synthesis of muscle proteins increases, which is accompanied by an increase in the mass of muscle tissue.

The synthesis and secretion of GH are regulated by the hypothalamic hormone somatoliberin (SGHR - growth hormone releasing hormone), which enhances the secretion of GH, and somatostatin (SS), which inhibits the synthesis and secretion of GH. The level of GH progressively increases during sleep (the maximum content of the hormone in the blood occurs in the first 2 hours of sleep and at 4-6 hours in the morning). Hypoglycemia and lack of free fatty acids (during fasting), excess amino acids (after eating) in the blood increase the secretion of somatoliberin and GH. The hormones cortisol, the level of which increases with pain stress, injury, cold exposure, emotional arousal, T 4 and T 3, enhance the effect of somatoliberin on somatotrophs and increase the secretion of GH. Somatomedins, high levels of glucose and free fatty acids in the blood, and exogenous GH inhibit the secretion of pituitary GH.

Rice. Regulation of somatotropin secretion

Rice. The role of somatomedins in the action of somatotropin

The physiological consequences of excessive or insufficient secretion of GH have been studied in patients with neuroendocrine diseases in which the pathological process was accompanied by disruption of the endocrine function of the hypothalamus and (or) pituitary gland. A decrease in the effects of GH has also been studied in cases of impaired response of target cells to the action of GH, associated with defects in hormone-receptor interaction.

Rice. Daily rhythm of somatotropin secretion

Excessive secretion of GH in childhood manifests itself sudden acceleration growth (more than 12 cm/year) and the development of gigantism in an adult (body height in men exceeds 2 m, and in women - 1.9 m). Body proportions are preserved. Overproduction of the hormone in adults (for example, with a pituitary tumor) is accompanied by acromegaly - a disproportionate increase in individual parts of the body that still retain the ability to grow. This leads to a change in a person’s appearance due to disproportionate development of the jaws, excessive lengthening of the limbs, and may also be accompanied by the development of diabetes mellitus due to the development of insulin resistance due to a decrease in the number of insulin receptors in cells and activation of the synthesis of the enzyme insulinase in the liver, which destroys insulin.

Main effects of somatotropin

Metabolic:

• protein metabolism: stimulates protein synthesis, facilitates the entry of amino acids into cells;
• fat metabolism: stimulates lipolysis, the level of fatty acids in the blood increases and they become the main source of energy;
• carbohydrate metabolism: stimulates the production of insulin and glucagon, activates liver insulinase. In high concentrations, it stimulates glycogenolysis, blood glucose levels increase, and its utilization is inhibited

Functional:

• causes a delay in the body of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, water;
• enhances the lipolytic effect of catecholamines and glucocorticoids;
• activates growth factors of tissue origin;
• stimulates milk production;
• is species specific.

Table. Manifestations of changes in somatotropin production

Insufficient secretion of GH in childhood or disruption of the connection between the hormone and the receptor is manifested by inhibition of growth rate (less than 4 cm/year) while maintaining body proportions and mental development. In this case, an adult develops dwarfism (the height of women does not exceed 120 cm, and that of men - 130 cm). Dwarfism is often accompanied by sexual underdevelopment. The second name for this disease is pituitary dwarfism. In an adult, a lack of GH secretion is manifested by a decrease in basal metabolism, weight skeletal muscles and an increase in fat mass.

Prolactin

Prolactin (lactotropic hormone)- LTG) is a polypeptide consisting of 198 amino acids, belongs to the same family as somatotronin and has a similar chemical structure.

Secreted into the blood by yellow lactotrophs of the adenohypophysis (10-25% of its cells, and during pregnancy - up to 70%), transported by the blood in free form, the half-life is 10-25 minutes. Prolactin affects target cells of the mammary glands through stimulation of 1-TMS receptors. Prolactin receptors are also found in the cells of the ovaries, testes, uterus, as well as the heart, lungs, thymus, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, skeletal muscles, skin and some parts of the central nervous system.

The main effects of prolactin are associated with exercise reproductive function. The most important of them is to ensure lactation by stimulating the development of glandular tissue in the mammary gland during pregnancy, and after childbirth - the formation of colostrum and its transformation into mother's milk (formation of lactoalbumin, milk fats and carbohydrates). However, it does not affect the secretion of milk itself, which occurs reflexively during feeding of the baby.

Prolactin suppresses the secretion of gonadotropins by the pituitary gland, stimulates the development of the corpus luteum, reduces the formation of progesterone, and inhibits ovulation and pregnancy during breastfeeding. Prolactin also contributes to the formation of the mother's parental instinct during pregnancy.

Together with thyroid hormones, growth hormone and steroid hormones, prolactin stimulates the production of surfactant by the fetal lungs and causes a slight decrease in pain sensitivity in the mother. In children, prolactin stimulates the development of the thymus and is involved in the formation of immune reactions.

The formation and secretion of prolactin by the pituitary gland is regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus. Prolactostatin is a dopamine that inhibits the secretion of prolactin. Prolactoliberin, the nature of which has not been definitively identified, increases the secretion of the hormone. The secretion of prolactin is stimulated by a decrease in dopamine levels, an increase in estrogen levels during pregnancy, an increase in serotonin and melatonin, and reflexively when the mechanoreceptors of the nipple of the mammary gland are irritated during the act of sucking, signals from which enter the hypothalamus and stimulate the release of prolactoliberin.

Rice. Regulation of prolactin secretion

Prolactin production increases significantly during anxiety, stress, depression, severe pain. FSH, LH, and progesterone inhibit the secretion of prolactin.

Main effects of prolactin:

• Enhances breast growth
• Initiates milk synthesis during pregnancy and lactation
• Activates the secretory activity of the corpus luteum
• Stimulates the secretion of vasopressin and aldosterone
• Participates in the regulation of water-salt metabolism
• Stimulates the growth of internal organs
• Participates in the realization of the maternal instinct
• Increases fat and protein synthesis
• Causes hyperglycemia
• Has an autocrine and paracrine modulating effect on the immune response (prolactin receptors on T lymphocytes)

Excess of the hormone (hyperprolactinemia) can be physiological and pathological. Increased prolactin levels in healthy person can be observed during pregnancy, breastfeeding, after intense physical activity, during deep sleep. Pathological hyperproduction of prolactin is associated with pituitary adenoma and can be observed in diseases of the thyroid gland, cirrhosis of the liver and other pathologies.

Hyperprolactinemia can cause problems in women menstrual cycle, hypogonadism and decreased function of the gonads, increased size of the mammary glands, galactorrhea in breastfeeding women (increased production and secretion of milk); in men - impotence and infertility.

A decrease in prolactin levels (hypoprolactinemia) can be observed with insufficiency of pituitary gland function, postterm pregnancy, after taking a number of medicines. One of the manifestations is insufficient lactation or its absence.

Melantropin

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSG, melanotropin, intermedin) is a peptide consisting of 13 amino acid residues, formed in the intermediate zone of the pituitary gland in the fetus and newborns. In an adult, this zone is reduced and MSH is produced in limited quantities.

The precursor of MSH is the polypeptide proopiomelanocortin, from which adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and β-lipotroin are also formed. There are three types of MSH - a-MSH, β-MSH, y-MSH, of which a-MSH has the greatest activity.

Main functions of MSH in the body

The hormone induces the synthesis of the enzyme tyrosinase and the formation of melanin (melanogenesis) through stimulation of specific 7-TMS receptors associated with G-protein in target cells, which are melanocytes of the skin, hair and retinal pigment epithelium. MSH causes dispersion of melanosomes in skin cells, which is accompanied by darkening of the skin. Such darkening occurs when the MSH content increases, for example during pregnancy or during adrenal disease (Addison's disease), when not only the level of MSH, but also ACTH and β-lipotropin in the blood increases. The latter, being derivatives of pro-opiomelanocortin, can also enhance pigmentation, and if the level of MSH in the body of an adult is insufficient, they can partially compensate for its functions.

Melantropins:

• Activate the synthesis of the enzyme tyrosinase in melanosomes, which is accompanied by the formation of melanin
• They take part in the dispersion of melanosomes in skin cells. Dispersed granules of melanin, with the participation of external factors (lighting, etc.), aggregate, giving the skin a dark color
• Participate in the regulation of the immune response

Tropic hormones of the pituitary gland

They are formed in the adenogynophysis and regulate the functions of target cells of the peripheral endocrine glands, as well as non-endocrine cells. The glands whose functions are controlled by hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-endocrine gland systems are thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads.

Thyrotropin

Thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSG, thyrotropin) synthesized by basophilic thyrotrophs of the adenohypophysis, is a glycoprotein consisting of a- and β-subunits, the synthesis of which is determined by various genes.

The structure of the TSH a-subunit is similar to the subunits in the composition of lugeinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin formed in the placenta. The a-subunit of TSH is nonspecific and does not directly determine its biological action.

The a-subunit of thyrotropin can be contained in blood serum in an amount of about 0.5-2.0 μg/l. A higher level of its concentration may be one of the signs of the development of a TSH-secreting pituitary tumor and observed in women after menopause.

This subunit is necessary to impart specificity to the spatial structure of the TSH molecule, being in which thyrotropin acquires the ability to stimulate the membrane receptors of the thyroid gland thyrocytes and cause its biological effects. This structure of TSH arises after non-covalent binding of the a- and beta-chains of the molecule. Moreover, the structure of the p-subunit, consisting of 112 amino acids, is the determining determinant for the manifestation biological activity TSH. In addition, to enhance the biological activity of TSH and the rate of its metabolism, glycosylation of the TSH molecule in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of thyrotrophs is necessary.

There are known cases of children having point mutations of the gene encoding the synthesis (β-chain of TSH, as a result of which the P-subunit of an altered structure is synthesized, unable to interact with the α-subunit and form biologically active tnrotropin. Children with a similar pathology have clinical signs of hypothyroidism.

The concentration of TSH in the blood ranges from 0.5 to 5.0 μU/ml and reaches its maximum between midnight and four hours. TSH secretion is minimal in the afternoon. This fluctuation in TSH levels at different times of the day does not have a significant effect on the concentrations of T4 and T3 in the blood, since the body has a large pool of extrathyroidal T4. The half-life of TSH in blood plasma is about half an hour, and its production per day is 40-150 mU.

The synthesis and secretion of thyrotropin is regulated by many biological active substances, among which the leading ones are TRH of the hypothalamus and free T 4, T 3 secreted by the thyroid gland into the blood.

Thyrotropin releasing hormone is a hypothalamic neuropeptide produced in the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus and stimulates the secretion of TSH. TRH is secreted by the cells of the hypothalamus into the blood of the portal vessels of the pituitary gland through axovasal synapses, where it binds to thyrotroph receptors, stimulating the synthesis of TSH. TRH synthesis is stimulated with reduced levels of T4 and T3 in the blood. TRH secretion is also controlled through the negative channel feedback thyrotropin level.

TRH has multiple effects in the body. It stimulates the secretion of prolactin, and when elevated level TRH in women may experience the effects of hyperprolactinemia. This condition can develop when there is decreased thyroid function accompanied by an increase in TRH levels. TRH is also found in other structures of the brain, in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract. It is believed to be used in synapses as a neuromodulator and has an antidepressant effect in depression.

Table. Main effects of thyrotropin

The secretion of TSH and its level in plasma are inversely proportional to the concentration of free T 4, T 3 and T 2 in the blood. These hormones, through a negative feedback channel, suppress the synthesis of thyrotropin, acting both directly on the thyrotrophs themselves and through a decrease in the secretion of TRH by the hypothalamus (the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus, which form TRH and thyrotrophs of the pituitary gland, are the target cells of T 4 and T 3). When the concentration of thyroid hormones in the blood decreases, for example with hypothyroidism, there is an increase in the percentage of the thyrotroph population among the cells of the adenohypophysis, an increase in the synthesis of TSH and an increase in its level in the blood.

These effects are a consequence of stimulation by thyroid hormones of the TR 1 and TR 2 receptors expressed in the thyrotrophs of the pituitary gland. Experiments have shown that leading value for TSH gene expression, the TR 2 isoform of the TG receptor is used. Obviously, a violation of the expression, change in the structure or affinity of thyroid hormone receptors can be manifested by a violation of the formation of TSH in the pituitary gland and the function of the thyroid gland.

Somatostatin, serotonin, dopamine, as well as IL-1 and IL-6, the level of which increases with inflammatory processes in organism. It inhibits the secretion of TSH norepinephrine and glucocorticoid hormones, which can be observed under stress conditions. The TSH level increases with hypothyroidism and may increase after partial thyrsoidectomy and (or) after radioiodine therapy for thyroid tumors. This information should be taken into account by doctors when examining patients with diseases of the thyroid system for correct diagnosis of the causes of the disease.

Thyrotropin is the main regulator of thyrocyte functions, accelerating almost every stage of the synthesis, storage and secretion of TG. Under the influence of TSH, the proliferation of thyrocytes accelerates, the size of the follicles and the thyroid gland itself increases, and its vascularization increases.

All these effects are the result of a complex set of biochemical and physicochemical reactions that occur following the binding of thyrotropin to its receptor located on the basement membrane of the thyrocyte and the activation of G-protein coupled adenylate cyclase, which leads to an increase in the level of cAMP, activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinases A, which phosphorylate key enzymes in thyrocytes. In thyrocytes, the level of calcium increases, the absorption of iodide increases, its transport and inclusion, with the participation of the enzyme thyroid peroxidase, into the structure of thyroglobulin are accelerated.

Under the influence of TSH, the processes of formation of pseudopodia are activated, accelerating the resorption of thyroglobulin from the colloid into thyrocytes, the formation of colloidal drops in the follicles and the hydrolysis of thyroglobulin in them under the influence of lysosomal enzymes is accelerated, the metabolism of the thyrocyte is activated, which is accompanied by an increase in the rate of absorption of glucose, oxygen, and glucose oxidation by thyrocytes, accelerates synthesis of proteins and phospholipids, which are necessary for the growth and increase in the number of thyrocytes and the formation of follicles. In high concentrations and with prolonged exposure, thyrotropin causes proliferation of thyroid cells, an increase in its mass and size (goiter), an increase in the synthesis of hormones and the development of its hyperfunction (with sufficient iodine). The body develops the effects of excess thyroid hormones (increased excitability of the central nervous system, tachycardia, increased basal metabolism and body temperature, bulging eyes and other changes).

Lack of TSH leads to rapid or gradual development of hypofunction of the thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). A person develops a decrease in basal metabolism, drowsiness, lethargy, adynamia, bradycardia and other changes.

Thyrotropin, stimulating receptors in other tissues, increases the activity of selenium-dependent deiodinase, which converts thyroxine into the more active triiodothyronine, as well as the sensitivity of their receptors, thereby “preparing” tissues for the effects of thyroid hormones.

Disruption of the interaction of TSH with the receptor, for example, due to changes in the structure of the receptor or its affinity for TSH, may underlie the pathogenesis of a number of thyroid diseases. In particular, a change in the structure of the TSH receptor as a result of a mutation in the gene encoding its synthesis leads to a decrease or absence of sensitivity of thyrocytes to the action of TSH and the development of congenital primary hypothyroidism.

Since the structure of the α-subunits of TSH and gonadotropin is the same, at high concentrations gonadotropin (for example, in chorionepitheliomas) can compete for binding to TSH receptors and stimulate the formation and secretion of TG by the thyroid gland.

The TSH receptor is capable of binding not only to thyrotropin, but also to autoantibodies - immunoglobulins that stimulate or block this receptor. This binding occurs when autoimmune diseases thyroid gland and, in particular, with autoimmune thyroiditis (Graves' disease). The source of these antibodies is usually B lymphocytes. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins bind to the TSH receptor and act on the thyrocytes of the gland in a similar way to how TSH acts.

In other cases, autoantibodies may appear in the body, blocking the interaction of the receptor with TSH, which can result in atrophic thyroiditis, hypothyroidism and myxedema.

Mutations in genes that affect the synthesis of the TSH receptor can lead to the development of TSH resistance. With complete resistance to TSH, the thyroid gland is gynoplastic, unable to synthesize and secrete sufficient amounts of thyroid hormones.

Depending on the link of the hypothalamic-hyophyseal-thyroid system, a change in which led to the development of disorders in the functioning of the thyroid gland, it is customary to distinguish: primary hypo- or hyperthyroidism, when the disorder is associated directly with the thyroid gland; secondary, when the disorder is caused by changes in the pituitary gland; tertiary - in the hypothalamus.

Lutropin

Gonadotropins - follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH), or follitropin And luteinizing hormone(LH), or lutropin, - are glycoproteins, formed in different or the same basophilic cells (gonadotrophs) of the adenohypophysis, regulate the development of endocrine functions of the gonads in men and women, acting on target cells through stimulation of 7-TMS receptors and increasing the level of cAMP in them. During pregnancy, FSH and LH can be produced in the placenta.

The main functions of gonadotropins in the female body

Under the influence of an increasing level of FSH during the first days of the menstrual cycle, the primary follicle matures and the concentration of estradiol in the blood increases. The effect of the peak LH level in the middle of the cycle is the direct cause of the rupture of the follicle and its transformation into corpus luteum. The latent period from the time of peak LH concentration to ovulation ranges from 24 to 36 hours. LH is the key hormone that stimulates the formation of progesterone and estrogens in the ovaries.

The main functions of gonadotropins in the male body

FSH promotes testicular growth, stimulates Ssrtoli cells and promotes their formation of androgen binding protein, and also stimulates the production of inhibin polypeptide by these cells, which reduces the secretion of FSH and GnrH. LH stimulates the maturation and differentiation of Leydig cells, as well as the synthesis and secretion of testosterone by these cells. The combined action of FSH, LH and testosterone is necessary for spermatogenesis.

Table. Main effects of gonadotropins

The secretion of FSH and LH is regulated by the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GHR), also called GnRH and LH, which stimulates their release into the blood, primarily FSH. An increase in the content of estrogen in the blood of women on certain days of the menstrual cycle stimulates the formation of LH in the hypothalamus (positive feedback). The action of estrogens, progestins and the hormone inhibin inhibit the release of GnRH, FSH and LH. Prolactin inhibits the formation of FSH and LH.

The secretion of gonadotropins in men is regulated by GnrH (activation), free testosterone (inhibition) and inhibin (inhibition). In men, GnRH secretion occurs continuously, in contrast to women, in whom it occurs cyclically.

In children, the release of gonadotropins is inhibited by the pineal gland hormone melatonin. Wherein reduced level FSH and LH in children are accompanied by late or insufficient development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics, late closure of growth plates in the bones (lack of estrogen or testosterone) and pathologically high growth or gigantism. In women, a lack of FSH and LH is accompanied by disruption or cessation of the menstrual cycle. In nursing mothers, these cycle changes can be quite pronounced due to high prolactin levels.

Excessive secretion of FSH and LH in children is accompanied by early puberty, closure of growth plates and hypergonadal short stature.

Corticotropin

Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH, or corticotropin) is a peptide consisting of 39 amino acid residues, synthesized by corticotrophs of the adenohypophysis, acts on target cells, stimulating 7-TMS receptors and increasing the level of cAMP, the half-life of the hormone is up to 10 minutes.

Main effects of ACTH divided into adrenal and extra-adrenal. ACTH stimulates the growth and development of the zona fasciculata and reticularis of the adrenal cortex, as well as the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone by the cells of the zona fasciculata and, to a lesser extent, sex hormones (mainly androgens) by the cells of the zona reticularis. ACTH weakly stimulates the release of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone by the cells of the zona glomerulosa adrenal cortex.

Table. Main effects of corticotropin

The extra-adrenal action of ACTH is the action of the hormone on cells of other organs. ACTH has a lipolytic effect in adipocytes and helps to increase the level of free fatty acids in the blood; stimulates the secretion of insulin by β-cells of the pancreas and promotes the development of hypoglycemia; stimulates the secretion of growth hormone by somatotrophs of the adenohypophysis; enhances skin pigmentation, like MSH, with which it has a similar structure.

Regulation of ACTH secretion is carried out by three main mechanisms. Basal ACTH secretion is regulated by the endogenous rhythm of corticoliberin release by the hypothalamus (maximum level in the morning 6-8 hours, minimum level 22-2 hours). Increased secretion is achieved by the action of a larger amount of corticoliberin, formed during stressful effects on the body (emotions, cold, pain, physical activity, etc.). The level of ACTH is also controlled by a negative feedback mechanism: it decreases when the level of the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol in the blood increases and increases when the level of cortisol in the blood decreases. An increase in cortisol levels is also accompanied by inhibition of the secretion of corticosteroid hormones by the hypothalamus, which also leads to a decrease in the formation of ACTH by the pituitary gland.

Rice. Regulation of corticotropin secretion

Excessive secretion of ACTH occurs during pregnancy, as well as during primary or secondary (after removal of the adrenal glands) hyperfunction of corticotrophs of the adenohypophysis. Its manifestations are varied and are associated both with the effects of ACTH itself and with its stimulating effect on the secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex and other hormones. ACTH stimulates the secretion of growth hormone, the level of which is important for normal growth and development of the body. Increased ACTH levels, especially in childhood, may be accompanied by symptoms due to excess growth hormone production (see above). With excessive levels of ACTH in children, due to its stimulation of the secretion of sex hormones by the adrenal glands, early puberty, imbalance of male and female sex hormones and the development of signs of masculinization in women.

At high concentrations in the blood, ACTH stimulates lipolysis, protein catabolism, and the development of excess skin pigmentation.

ACTH deficiency in the body leads to insufficient secretion of pyococorticoids by adrenal cortex cells, which is accompanied by metabolic disorders and a decrease in the body’s resistance to the adverse influences of environmental factors.

ACTH is formed from a precursor (proopiomelanocortin), from which a- and β-MSH, as well as β- and γ-lipotropins and endogenous morphine-like peptides—endorphins and enkephalins—are also synthesized. Lipotropins activate lipolysis, and endorphins and enkephalins are important components of the antinociceptive (pain) system of the brain.

Direct participation in proper development child's body takes growth hormone (GH). extremely important for a growing organism. The correct and proportional formation of the body depends on HGH. And an excess or deficiency of such a substance leads to gigantism or, conversely, growth retardation. In the body of an adult, somatotropic hormone is contained in smaller quantities than in a child or teenager, but still has important. If the GH hormone is elevated in adults, this can lead to the development of acromegaly.

General information

Somatotropin, or growth hormone, is a growth hormone that regulates the development processes of the entire organism. This substance is produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Synthesis growth hormone controlled by two main regulators: somatotropin-releasing factor (STGF) and somatostatin, which are produced by the hypothalamus. Somatostatin and STHF activate the formation of somatotropin and determine the time and amount of its elimination. HGH - the intensity of the metabolism of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and somatotropin depends on it; it activates glycogen, DNA, accelerates the mobilization of fats from the depot and the breakdown of fatty acids. STH is a hormone that has lactogenic activity. The biological effect of somatotropic hormone is impossible without the low molecular weight peptide somatomedin C. When GH is administered, “secondary” growth-stimulating factors—somatomedins—increase in the blood. The following somatomedins are distinguished: A 1, A 2, B and C. The latter has an insulin-like effect on fat, muscle and cartilage tissue.

The main functions of somatotropin in the human body

Somatotropic hormone (GH) is synthesized throughout life and has a powerful effect on all systems of our body. Let's look at the most important functions such a substance:

• The cardiovascular system. STH is a hormone that is involved in the regulation of cholesterol levels. A deficiency of this substance can provoke vascular atherosclerosis, heart attack, stroke and other diseases.
• Leather. Growth hormone is an essential component in the production of collagen, which is responsible for the condition. skin. If the hormone (GH) is reduced, collagen is synthesized in insufficient quantities and, as a result, the aging process of the skin accelerates.
• Weight. At night (during sleep), somatotropin is directly involved in the process of lipid breakdown. Violation of this mechanism causes gradual obesity.
• Bone. Somatotropic hormone in children and adolescents ensures the elongation of bones, and in an adult - their strength. This is due to the fact that somatotropin is involved in the synthesis of vitamin D 3 in the body, which is responsible for the stability and strength of bones. This factor helps to cope with various diseases and severe bruises.
• Muscle. STH (hormone) is responsible for the strength and elasticity of muscle fibers.
• Body tone. Somatotropic hormone has a positive effect on the entire body. Helps maintain energy, good mood, and sound sleep.

Growth hormone is very important for maintaining a slim and beautiful body shape. One of the functions of somatotropic hormone is the transformation of adipose tissue into muscle tissue, this is what athletes and everyone who watches their figure achieve. STH is a hormone that improves joint mobility and flexibility, making muscles more elastic.

In older age normal content in the blood somatotropin prolongs longevity. Initially, somatotropic hormone was used to treat various senile ailments. In the world of sports, this substance was used for some time by athletes to build muscle mass, but growth hormone was soon banned for official use, although today it is actively used by bodybuilders.

STH (hormone): norm and deviations

What are the normal values ​​of growth hormone for humans? IN at different ages the indicators of such a substance as growth hormone (hormone) are different. The norm for women also differs significantly from normal values for men:

• Newborns up to one day - 5-53 mcg/l.
• Newborns up to one week - 5-27 mcg/l.
• Children aged from one month to one year - 2-10 mcg/l.
• Middle-aged men - 0-4 mcg/l.
• Middle-aged women - 0-18 mcg/l.
• Men over 60 years of age - 1-9 mcg/l.
• Women over 60 years of age - 1-16 mcg/l.

Somatotropic hormone deficiency in the body

Particular attention is paid to somatotropin in childhood. GH deficiency in children is a serious disorder that can cause not only growth retardation, but also delayed puberty and general development. physical development, and in certain cases - dwarfism. This violation can be caused by various factors: pathological pregnancy, heredity, hormonal disorders.

An insufficient level of somatotropin in the body of an adult affects general condition metabolism. Low growth hormone levels are associated with various endocrine diseases, also, a deficiency of somatotropic hormone can provoke treatment with certain medications, including the use of chemotherapy.

And now a few words about what happens if there is an excess of somatotropic hormone in the body.

STH is increased

Excess growth hormone in the body can cause more serious consequences. Height increases significantly not only in adolescents, but also in adults. The height of an adult can exceed two meters.

At the same time, there is a significant increase in the limbs - hands, feet, the shape of the face also undergoes serious changes - the nose becomes larger, the features become coarser. Such changes can be corrected, but in this case it will be necessary long-term treatment under the supervision of a specialist.

How to determine the level of growth hormone in the body?

Scientists have found that the synthesis of somatotropin in the body occurs in waves, or in cycles. Therefore, it is very important to know when to take the growth hormone (hormone), i.e. at what time to test for its content. This kind of research is not carried out in regular clinics. The content of somatotropin in the blood can be determined in a specialized laboratory.

What rules should be followed before conducting an analysis?

A week before the test for growth hormone (growth hormone), it is necessary to refuse x-ray examination, as this may affect the reliability of the data. During the day before blood sampling, you should adhere to a strict diet, excluding any fatty foods. Twelve hours before the test, avoid eating any foods. It is also recommended to stop smoking, and within three hours it should be completely eliminated. A day before the test, any physical or emotional stress is unacceptable. Blood sampling is carried out in the morning, at this time the concentration of somatotropic hormone in the blood is maximum.

How to stimulate the synthesis of somatotropin in the body?

Today, the pharmaceutical market offers a large number of different drugs containing growth hormone. The course of treatment with such drugs can last several years. But such medications should be prescribed exclusively by a specialist after a thorough medical examination and if available. objective reasons. Self-medication may not only not improve the situation, but also cause many health problems. In addition, you can activate the production of growth hormone in the body naturally.

1. The most intense production of growth hormone occurs during deep sleep, which is why you need to sleep at least seven to eight hours.
2. Rational diet. The last meal should be at least three hours before bedtime. If the stomach is full, the pituitary gland will not be able to actively synthesize growth hormone. It is recommended to have dinner with easily digestible foods. For example, you can choose low-fat cottage cheese, lean meat, egg whites, and so on.
3. Healthy menu. The basis of nutrition should be fruits, vegetables, dairy and protein products.
4. Blood. It is very important to monitor the level of glucose in the blood; its increase can cause a decrease in the production of somatotropic hormone.
5. Physical activity. For children, volleyball, football, tennis, and sprinting sections would be an excellent option. However, you should know: the duration of any strength training should not exceed 45-50 minutes.
6. Fasting, emotional stress, stress, smoking. Such factors also reduce the production of growth hormone in the body.

In addition, conditions such as diabetes mellitus, pituitary gland injuries, and increased blood cholesterol levels significantly reduce the synthesis of growth hormone in the body.

Conclusion

In this article, we examined in detail such an important element as growth hormone. The functioning of all systems and organs and the general well-being of a person depend on how its production occurs in the body.

We hope you find the information useful. Be healthy!

Today I will tell you my knowledge about growth hormone (samotropin) what it is, how it works, what properties it has, which one is better (price/quality, fakes and other issues), how to take it (how to use it) and, in short, a whole bunch of things. questions that are somehow related to the pot..

Growth hormone (samotropin) is a peptide hormone of the anterior pituitary gland, which is widely used not only in bodybuilding, but also among many other ordinary people whose goal is to look good.

It is used:

• with growth retardation (in order to grow in length)
• to heal injuries
• as a rejuvenation
• Hollywood actors inject it in order to look as slender and beautiful as possible...
• in general, the list goes on and on, but that’s not what we’re talking about now.

The most important thing to remember: never buy a drug like growth hormone from your hands!

Because this is 100% fake (fake). Only in a pharmacy or trusted companies.

The main producer of GH is considered (well, at least in this moment) - China.

Medicines of Chinese origin are of average quality and low prices(which is a significant plus). It is best to view and purchase products only on large or trusted websites, companies, or in a pharmacy (which is best, but very expensive).

The following growth hormones are currently licensed (i.e. those that have received certificates):

• Ansomon (China, Anhui Anke Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.)
• Jintropin (China, Gensci Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.)
• Dynatrope is actively licensed (Iran, Dynamic Development)

These are the drugs that you should pay attention to first.

Of course, if you don’t want to buy a fake (but cheaper).

They have the best price/quality ratio, and yes, they are similar in quality to European GR producers, but at the same time they are 5 times cheaper.

So that you understand the amount we are talking about, in Europe growth hormone costs about 12-20 dollars per 1 unit, i.e. for one injection per day (if the dosage is 10 units) in Europe this will cost 100-200 dollars.

And ours is about 25-30 dollars. Can you imagine the difference?

In general, in China as many as 4 companies produce Growth Hormone:

• Jintropin (Gensci Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.)
• Ansomone (somatrem)(Anhui Anke Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.)
• Hygetropin (Hygene Biopharm Co.,Ltd.)
• Hypertropin (NeoGenica BioScience Ltd.)

The first two (Jintropin and Ansomon) are licensed in our country, they are of good quality.

This can even be checked, for example, Jintropin has a protective sticker and under it there is a unique number (code). Those. you can go to the official website of the GR manufacturer and enter the code and see whether this packaging was produced by this company or is it a fake. This is, firstly.

Secondly, you can and should pay attention to other factors: (signs that this is high-quality GH):

• The packaging itself should be made of thick, moisture-resistant cardboard
• The bottle must come with the original solvent
• The label must be pasted and evenly (equally) on all bottles from the box
• The lid should be aluminum and, most importantly, even (without any traces of manual packaging, so to speak).

The manufacturer must be indicated (namely the manufacturer, not the seller’s or drug’s website, but the manufacturer’s website).

• If the site is not on the packaging or is there, but you come in and such a site does not exist, then it is a fake.
• If the site exists, then look there for the names of the companies, their contact details, in which factories all this stuff is produced, etc. = if all this is not there, then it is a fake.
• If you have contact information, check with them whether they are currently producing the drug. If the answer is no, it's a fake.

In general, these are the basic rules, signs, features of what you need to pay attention to (you need to know this) otherwise you will purchase a fake.

By the way, the main sign of a fake is the price.

Because the price of natural GH is very expensive, if they sell you cheap GH, then it’s a fake. Focus on the price in GR of approximately 25 euros for 10 units. But there are much more expensive ones (read above, in Europe they are generally tough).

Pharmacological properties of growth hormone

• Has an anabolic effect - causes muscle growth
• Has an anti-catabolic effect - inhibits the breakdown (destruction) of muscle tissue (muscles)
• Burns fat
• Increases bone growth (can increase height in young people until growth plates close, i.e. up to 26 years).
• Strengthens bones
• Accelerates wound healing
• Improves energy use
• Strengthens immunity
• Has a rejuvenating effect
• May stimulate the regrowth of human internal organs (which have atrophied with age)
• Increases blood sugar levels

Please note that the drug itself causes some pharmacological effects.

However! A significant part of its effects (one might say most of the effects of somatropin) are realized due to the insulin-like growth factor IGF-1 (it was previously called samotomedin C), it is produced under the influence of samotropin in the liver and actually stimulates the growth of internal organs.

Therefore, we can safely say that almost all the effects of taking growth hormone in sports are associated precisely with the action of the insulin-like growth factor IGF-1.

As we see, the pharmacological properties that growth hormone has are very highly effective (the drug is really effective), which is why it is so expensive (this is a serious disadvantage), however, I assure you, no other drug can do what the hormone does growth (samotropin) and this also explains why people spent and will spend money on this drug.

How does growth hormone work?

Gaining muscle mass + burning fat.

Please note these are two different processes.

Those who regularly read my issues understand what I’m talking about: gaining weight = excess kcal (you need to eat a lot), and burning fat = deficit of kcal (you can’t eat too much, on the contrary, you need to limit yourself). And when using a pot, what was previously impossible (what is impossible with natural training) becomes possible.

Increase in quantity muscle cells.

This, my friends, is simply a masterpiece effect. Because your gains after a course of taking growth hormone are preserved (and in theory can even grow after the end of the course).

This is another fact that separates anabolic steroids from a course of GH.

Those. Unlike AS (steroids), which have a rollback phenomenon after the end of the cycle, growth hormone does not have this rollback (and this is great). I will say more, after the end of taking the hormone, growth continues because the size of muscle cells in the body increases and they are transferred to new muscle cells.

Minimal side effects from taking growth hormone, unlike anabolic steroids, this is due to the fact that the potassium does not have the same mechanism of action as AS, therefore growth hormone does not affect the production of sex hormones, moreover, PCT (PCT) post-cycle therapy is not required.

Moreover, growth hormone itself can heal your body from various damages.

And these are just three miraculous functions of this drug.

We will not describe them all, i.e. We have a bodybuilding section, and that’s more than enough. For those who are interested in almost all the properties, scroll up slightly and read the pharmacological properties.

Side effects

Due to the fact that GH is produced naturally in the human body, side effects are rare.

And they arise only when GH is used in large dosages and for a very long time.

In practice, the following side effects occur:

• Pain and numbness in the limbs
• Liquid accumulation (well, not a side effect, but still)
• Increased blood pressure
• Suppression of thyroid function
• Hyperglycemia (this is a high level of sugar in the blood, which can be eliminated with the help of insulin).
• Acromegaly - with correct use does not occur, only in cases of abuse.
• Hypertrophy of the heart and other organs (only in case of long-term use and large dosages).
• Enlarged belly (yes it’s true) no matter what anyone says. But, only those athletes (pros) who use megadoses of GH + insulin + steroids + wild, abundant nutrition = big belly.

In general, there are rarely any side effects from GH.

If you do everything correctly (in moderate doses, do not exceed the duration of use).

In addition, almost all side effects are reversible (if done correctly).

If you abuse it (you may develop type 1 diabetes and you will have to inject yourself, or you will have problems with the thyroid gland and you will have to swallow artificial hormones, again for life).

Therefore, it is important to do everything right.

But at the same time, it has been proven that GR is capable of:

• rejuvenate
• improve skin properties
• improve a person's physical fitness
• reduce bad cholesterol levels
• strengthen bones, ligaments
• and many other positive effects.

Growth hormone: general information (details about important things)

Growth hormone (samotropin) became a banned drug in 1989. Olympic Committee (IOC), but its use by people has not decreased somewhat, but on the contrary has even increased all over the world (both among ordinary people and athletes).

By the way, growth hormone received this name due to the fact that it caused pronounced accelerated growth in length (mainly due to the growth of long tubular bones of the limbs).

The somatotropic hormone preparation itself is somatotropin synthesized using recombinant technologies, which is identical to human growth hormone.

The basic concentration of growth hormone in human blood is 1-5 ng/ml, and during peaks it can increase to 10-20 and even 45 ng/ml (mainly after training or at night during sleep).

Those. I want to say that the natural production of growth hormone has a very strong variation (it’s different for everyone), it depends on genetics. To identify a person who is predisposed to high production of GH, simply look at their hands and feet. For one they will be really massive, but for the other they will not.

What affects the natural secretion of growth hormone?

The hypothalamus primarily influences.

It is he who monitors the amount of samotropin and the need for its additional production for the various needs of our body.

To do this, he has assistants (two peptide hormones) whose names are:

• samotropin (it suppresses the production of GH)
• somatoliberin (on the contrary, it stimulates the production of GH)

Actually, it is these hormones that, only if necessary, enter the pituitary gland and force it to either increase or decrease the amount of growth hormone production by somatotropes.

Hence the question: is it possible to somehow influence this hypothalamus?

In order to force him to change the amount of natural growth hormone produced?

The answer is yes. It is possible, because there are many different pharmacological and physiological factors that affect its production. What are the factors? - you ask.

Factors that stimulate growth hormone

• Somatoliberin (it is an antagonist of somatostatin, so the less it is, the more growth hormone will be produced)
• Amount of protein (the more the better)
• Hypoglycemia (low glucose levels in the human body)
• Ghrelin (regulates the balance of the peak-decline of growth hormone, it is very important for the production of self-totropin because it disrupts the natural production of growth hormone: it increases the concentration regardless of the level of its own somatostatin. Peptides based on it are: GHRP-6, GHRP-2, Hexarelin and Ipamorelin)
• Large production of androgen secretion
• Peptides (CJC-1295, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, GRF (1-29) and some others.

With the help of these factors, you can increase the natural production of growth hormone by 3-5 times, and with the help of peptides, in general, by 10-15 times.

Factors that suppress growth hormone

• Somatostatin (i.e., on the contrary, the more it is, the smaller the peak of growth hormone)
• Hyperglycemia (also the other way around, when there is a lot of sugar in the blood, the less growth hormone, and the less sugar in the blood, the more of it)
• Lots of fatty foods
• The hormone cortisol and other catabolic hormones
• Estrogens (which increase body fat levels and decrease growth hormone levels in the body).
• Excess growth hormone or insulin-like growth factor IGF-1 in the body (i.e., the more of it in the body, the smaller body produces natural GH).

Now let's talk about the factors that stimulate and suppress growth hormone, namely:

• Hypoglycemia (low sugar in a person's blood)
• Hyperglycemia (this is a lot of sugar in the blood)

The fact is that growth hormone causes an increase in human blood sugar levels.

Therefore, growth hormone is an insulin antagonist.

This is why it has such a strong effect on the human pancreas, because growth hormone causes it to produce more insulin than nature intended.

And all because growth hormone and insulin = antagonists.

This explains why the lower your blood sugar, the more growth hormone is produced, and vice versa, the higher your blood sugar, the more insulin is produced. Do you see this connection?

When growth hormone raises your blood sugar, it causes your pancreas to produce more insulin. So that there is a balance, otherwise a breakdown will occur...

Your pancreas cannot cope with producing such a large amount of insulin necessary for this balance and will simply refuse... this is what is called type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent).

What I mean is, when you have natural production of growth hormone (that is, you don’t inject yourself with additional GH), then everything is ok. It does not matter. But when you inject yourself with additional growth hormone (increase it tens of times, and then for many months), it requires a lot of insulin (your pancreas has a hard time, it works around the clock) and if this goes on for too long, something will happen breaking.

The pancreas cannot cope and voila, diabetes may develop.

Therefore, you need to take additional insulin (with long and large doses of growth hormone) in order to help yourself, namely your pancreas (with insulin from the outside).

For example, if you inject yourself with 4 units of GH for 2 weeks, then this is not critical.

But if you inject yourself with 10-20 units of growth hormone per day for 3 months = this is critical (you must inject yourself, take additional insulin injections, usually 5 units of short-acting insulin a couple of times a day before large meals will be enough).

Summary of the above

The above test explains why it is so important to use external insulin in case of long-term and large dosages of growth hormone (i.e. more than 10 units + more than 3 months).

In general, insulin is a dangerous weapon (not for beginners, obviously) because it can cause hypoglycemia and if it is not stopped in time, hypoglycemic coma and death are possible. But now you understand (I hope you understand) that it was impossible to talk about the combination of growth hormone + insulin = because your health depends on it.

Still, for most people (if they decide) to use growth hormone, a dosage of up to 10 units per day will be enough (in this case, insulin and other hormones will not be needed, which will not be discussed today, because these are ligaments for professional athletes, and for amateurs and ordinary inhabitants of our island do not need this).

Use of growth hormone (details about the important ones)

Growth hormone has short term life (period of validity).

This means that in order to maintain a high concentration, you will have to inject frequently.

You need to use (inject) growth hormone:

• In fractional doses during the first half of the day (it’s better not to do this in the evening, I’ll tell you why a little later)
• Either in the middle of a workout or immediately after it

Those. The lower your blood sugar level, the better your growth hormone will work.

Therefore, the best time to take growth hormone would be:

• Breakfast (on an empty stomach) because you woke up (you haven’t eaten for a long time, usually 8-10 hours) and your blood sugar level is low (again, because you didn’t eat anything at night).
• After training (the same thing, sugar is low because the carbohydrates eaten before training were spent on the training itself (they were burned) as energy while you tormented the barbells and dumbbells).

Growth hormone: COURSE

For example, your dosage is 10 units per day.

So we do this:

• 1 injection: 5 units in the morning on an empty stomach, immediately after getting out of bed.
• A couple of hours have passed
• 2nd injection: 5 units during training

If you have a workout in the evening (let’s say at 17.00 or 18.00), then do this:

• 1 injection: 5 units in the morning on an empty stomach, immediately after waking up and getting out of bed.
• 2nd injection: 5 units at lunch (half an hour or 1 hour before meals).

This is the optimal scheme. Without the use of insulin and other hormones. This is a solo course of GH.

If you use insulin together with growth hormone, then remember: give an injection of GH and wait 15-30 minutes and only then give an insulin injection. The rule is simple (we do insulin a little later than growth hormone).

The most popular questions (details about the important ones)

#1. How long before meals should I inject growth hormone?

The question is important. If you are not yet able to answer, it means you haven’t read well.

Food (food) = increased blood sugar, and high blood sugar reduces the effectiveness of growth hormone.

The answer is obvious: you need to inject when the blood sugar level is low (0.5 - 1 hour before meals and 2 hours after meals). Only in this case will it be as effective as possible!!!

#2. Where to inject growth hormone (in what places)?

It can be in the stomach, or intramuscularly.

Some people colitis intramuscularly (I think this is more correct) because... this speeds up its action. In this case, injections can be given in the triceps or deltoids using an insulin syringe (do it at an angle of 45-90 degrees).

#3. Can I inject growth hormone before bed?

Depending on what goals you are pursuing, it depends on whether you are drying out or gaining muscle mass.

By weight = not possible, by drying = possible. Because the maximum natural release of growth hormone occurs at night, and GH also works very well when blood sugar levels are low. And since you are not cutting (limiting yourself in calories), this should work well, which cannot be said about the mass (because you eat a lot), but depending on what, if you don’t get too fat at night (as many people do), then in theory that’s all should be ok. Here you need to look at the situation.

#4. Is it possible to inject GH at night?

If you wake up at night and give yourself an injection of growth hormone, then this should work well (due to low blood sugar), especially as we found out during cutting, but the effect on mass will also be good.

#5. How do you know if growth hormone is working?

Visually look at yourself in the mirror.

First, water retention should appear.

If you use large doses, your face may become swollen.

But up to 10 units a day this is not the case, there will be water retention and that’s it.

• working weights will increase
• joints and ligaments will stop hurting (injuries will go away)
• fat will burn (you will become, well, dry).

All these properties will tell you that your growth hormone is really working.

#6. How to give injections, where and how to store growth hormone?

You need to store it in the refrigerator.

You only need to dilute it when you are going to use it.

And for this you will also need to buy water (special) which is sold in pharmacies for diluting powder solutions. Actually, then you fill the water into the insulin syringe and release it into the bottle with growth hormone powder. And then with light movements you shake (dissolve) this powder in that water.

After which you will need to take and draw the resulting solution into the same insulin syringe and inject yourself subcutaneously (in the stomach) or intramuscularly (deltas, triceps)). If you have used only a small part of the solution and there is still left, then put the rest in the refrigerator. That's all.

Combining growth hormone + steroids

The main goal of combining drugs is to gain relief and muscle mass at the same time.

As well as additional effects:

• improve skin properties
• increase muscle elasticity
• rejuvenate
• etc. (read the pharmacological properties of GH at the very top).

Combinations: either this or that

• Growth hormone + Testosterone enanthate (at a dose of 250-500 mg per week)
• Growth hormone + Sustanon 250 (same dosages as enanthate)
• Growth hormone + Boldenone (dosage 400 mg per week)

Such courses are incredibly powerful due to the synergistic effect, and moreover, the combination of anabolic steroids + growth hormone = is considered supposedly safe for human health, because the drugs have different mechanisms of action (which allows them to be used in moderate doses) without causing hormonal disorders.

After stopping taking anabolic steroids, PCT (PCT) post-cycle therapy is required.

Somehow like this. By the way, if your goal is muscle definition (the initial goal, priority), then it is recommended to use the following combination: either this or that

• GH + anavar (30-50 mg per day, daily)
• GH + Winstrol (30 mg per day, daily)

These drugs, unlike mass-gaining drugs (testosterone enanthate, sustanon or boldenone), have a lesser ability to stimulate muscle growth, but instead they are better suited for burning excess fat and acquiring relief and muscle density.

Also, do not forget about the basis of all the basics:

• Proper nutrition (diet) for gaining muscle mass and strength

And vice versa (if your goal is drying, losing weight):

I've pretty much covered everything (I hope). I do not claim anything, the information is written for people only for informational purposes, I draw attention to this, the administration bears absolutely no responsibility for the use of any hormones, anabolic steroids, any illegal drugs, etc. and so on. we are simply providing public information and nothing more.

Best regards, administrator.

A growth hormone Today it is quite popular among professionals and sports fans. However, in Lately people began to talk more and more often about the side effects and dangers of using this drug, while the information is quite contradictory. Some experts consider growth hormone one of the most effective means to prolong life, others claim that it is very harmful to our body. Let's try to understand this controversial issue!

The mechanism of action of growth hormone.

A growth hormone, or somatotropin, is a protein that consists of the 191st amino acid. The production and secretion of this hormone occurs in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (in the endocrine gland). By the way, of all existing hormones pituitary gland, growth hormone is produced in the greatest quantities, and this process lasts throughout a person’s life (after 20 years, the production of growth hormone begins to decrease by 15% per decade). The basal level of growth hormone reaches its maximum in early childhood, and the peak secretion occurs in teenage years(puberty, intensive linear growth).

Main functions of growth hormone.

Having a direct effect on the endocrine glands, somatotropin accelerates the production of a number of growth factors and muscle mass, and also actively regulates the metabolism of human bone tissue.

Growth hormone inhibits enzyme activity, which have a destructive effect on amino acids, regulates collagen synthesis in bone tissue, skin and other tissues and organs. Causes an increase in the size and number of cells of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, liver, gonads, thymus gland and muscles.

Growth hormone enhances fat breakdown, as a result of which the concentration of fatty acids in the blood increases, which suppress the effect of insulin on membrane glucose transport.

Physiological effects of growth hormone.

Growth hormone prevents the development of a large number of destructive processes in the human body and stimulates restoration ones. Many authoritative scientists claim that under the influence of growth hormone, the body rejuvenates by 10-20 years:

• the skeletal system is strengthened;
• fat deposits are converted into muscle;
• immunity is strengthened;
• mental abilities increase;
• blood cholesterol levels decrease;
• sexual activity increases.

Dosages.

Growth hormone is the strongest active drug for active growth of muscle mass and rapid reduction of fat deposits. But to achieve desired results From taking this drug, a number of conditions are required, which not many people can adhere to (a fairly strict schedule of nutrition, training and injections). So, what is a growth hormone course? Of course, the course of the drug and its dosage depend on the severity of physical activity and the type of sport, for example, dosages for track and field athletes reach 8 units per day, which is insufficient for an effective gain of muscle mass for a weightlifter.

For bodybuilders, the dosage should be at least 12-16 units, and the course duration should be at least 3 months. It is recommended to take growth hormone in large dosages for one simple reason: the receptors quickly get used to the drug, so you should not inject it for a long time. After a course of therapy, a break equal to the length of the course is required.

Of course, growth hormone is not prohibited from being taken for 6 months or more, but only in small dosages of 2-4 units per day. However, it is almost impossible to achieve hypertrophy and hyperplasia of muscle cells with this regimen.

Anabolic effect of growth hormone and related drugs.

Your goal is hyper growth of muscle mass. For such a process, your body will need maximum stimulation, and growth hormone alone will not cope. Complex therapy is required, including drugs that can not only enhance the effect of growth hormone, but also ensure the safety of your body. There is a certain regimen of drugs: growth hormone - anabolic and androgenic steroids - insulin - thyroid hormones. Let's look at each drug separately.

Androgenic steroids have powerful anabolic properties and significantly enhance muscle cell hypertrophy, so their inclusion in the complex is mandatory. Steroids will also stimulate cell hyperplasia, which will lead to faster results.

Insulin is also a mandatory drug in the complex, especially if the dosages of growth hormone are really high. Insulin will ease the load placed on the pancreas, which, under the influence of growth hormone, enhances its work and quickly depletes its reserves, and will also accelerate the growth of muscle cells. It is recommended to take 6-8 units of insulin before each meal.

Thyroid hormones help accelerate metabolism and stimulate tissue growth. The inclusion of thyroid hormones in the cycle will weaken the effect of growth hormone on the function of the gland (the size of the thyroid gland may increase). It is important to know that the use of growth hormone in large dosages can lead to changes in the functions of the thyroid gland (the development of hypothyroidism). Athletes using rather large dosages of growth hormone should take triiodothyronine (thyroid hormone) 50 mcg per day in two doses. However, large dosages of triiodothyronine are not recommended, as this will contribute to the opposite effect, i.e. loss of muscle mass.

What are the concerns?

Growth hormone, being an anabolic agent, promotes more intense metabolic processes and the production of free radicals in the body, which in turn leads to a shortening of life and the occurrence of a host of diseases: heart attack, stroke, cancer, etc.

When using growth hormone, the following may occur: side effects such as nausea, headache, hyperglycemia, increased intracranial pressure, development of diabetes mellitus, excessive growth cartilaginous bones, which leads to enlargement of facial features and enlargement of the lower and upper jaw.

To avoid local reactions, subcutaneous injection sites should be changed, as lipoatrophy, the burning of adipose tissue, may develop over time. With open growth zones (up to 25 years), the fact of linear body growth cannot be ruled out.

In custody.

Remember that you should not start a course of growth hormone without auxiliary drugs - otherwise you will not only not achieve the desired results, but will also earn a number of chronic diseases. The dosage and duration of use in this case are critical. That's why, be careful and trust only experienced specialists!

Growth hormone (or somatotropin), which is produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, is responsible for human growth in height. Under the influence of somatotropin, an insulin-like growth factor is formed in the body, which is responsible for the development of cells and tissues of almost all organs in human body. In addition, growth hormone affects protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism: it has an anabolic effect (accelerates the formation of muscle structures), promotes fat burning and increases the concentration of glucose in the blood.

The anabolic and fat-burning properties of somatotropin are the reason why drugs based on growth hormone have received wide application in sports (especially in bodybuilding to increase muscle mass and improve muscle definition). However, the artificial introduction of somatotropin into the body has a lot of side effects , not always commensurate with the effect obtained, is hyperglycemia, arterial hypertension , cardiac hypertrophy, tumor processes and much more. In addition, most of these drugs are very expensive. Therefore, both for professional athletes and for people who want to improve their physical fitness, doctors recommend using alternative ways increasing the concentration of growth hormone in the body. About them and we'll talk

in the article.

The production of somatotropin does not occur constantly, but in waves. During the day, as a rule, there are several peaks, during which the concentration of growth hormone in the blood increases significantly. Moreover, the peaks of the greatest amplitude are observed at night, a couple of hours after falling asleep in the evening (which is why they say that children grow in their sleep), as well as during physical activity.

In addition, the concentration of somatotropin is affected by a person’s age. The maximum level of growth hormone occurs during the prenatal period of the child's development. After birth, a significant increase in the concentration of somatotropin in the blood occurs when children are actively growing (the first year of life, adolescence). After 20 years, the rate of somatotropin synthesis gradually decreases, which affects the overall physical condition person.

How does growth hormone deficiency manifest itself?

A decrease in the activity of somatotropin synthesis with age is a completely normal physiological process. When the concentration of growth hormone in the blood goes beyond age norms, this is already a pathological condition.

The causes of impaired somatotropin synthesis in children, as a rule, are various congenital and genetically determined conditions, less often acquired (hypoxia, head injuries, central nervous system tumors, etc.). In adults, problems with growth hormone occur with pituitary adenoma, as a result of radiation and operations performed on the brain.

Hyperproduction of somatotropin in childhood leads to the development gigantism, in adults – acromegaly. Insufficient secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland in children is the cause pituitary dwarfism(dwarfism to varying degrees expressiveness).

In adults, somatotropin deficiency may manifest itself as the following symptoms:

• (fat accumulates mainly in the abdominal area).
• Early.
• Increased concentration of fats in the blood.
• Low level of physical activity.
• Sexual function disorders.

In addition, it has been proven that a lack of somatotropin in the body increases the risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases.

How is growth hormone secretion regulated?

The main regulators of growth hormone production are peptide substances produced by the hypothalamus - somatostatin and somatoliberin. The balance of these substances in the body is largely influenced by various physiological factors. Stimulate the production of growth hormone (increase the synthesis of somatoliberin by the hypothalamus):

The following factors suppress the formation of growth hormone (that is, stimulate the release of somatostatin):

• increased concentration of glucose in the blood;
• hyperlipidemia;
• an excess of growth hormone in the body (for example, if it is administered to a person artificially).

You can increase growth hormone in several ways:

Any physical activity already stimulates the production of growth hormone. However, some types of physical activity have a particularly noticeable effect on the process of somatotropin synthesis. Such loads include aerobic training - fast walking, running, skiing, etc. That is, for an ordinary person (not an athlete), a daily jog or an hour-long walk at an active pace in the park will be enough to keep their body in good shape.

For those who want to get rid of fat deposits and build muscle mass, the approach to stimulating the synthesis of somatotropin should be somewhat different. In such cases, a combination of strength and aerobic exercise (for example, exercises with a barbell and dumbbells followed by running on a treadmill) is considered ideal. Such combined workouts should last 45-60 minutes, take place at an active pace and be repeated 3-4 times a week.

In the diet of a person who seeks to increase growth hormone in the body, it should prevail protein food, since it contains amino acids that stimulate the production of somatotropin. But it’s better to exclude “fast” carbohydrates (sugar, confectionery) from your menu altogether, since sharp increase The concentration of glucose in the blood inhibits the synthesis of growth hormone. Preference should be given to “slow” carbohydrates - vegetables, fruits, cereals, wholemeal bread, etc.

It is also better to limit fats in the diet, but you should not completely abandon them, since the body needs them and cannot compensate for the deficiency of a number of fatty acids through something else.

If we talk about specific products that can affect the concentration of growth hormone in the body, then these include:

• Milk.
• Cottage cheese.
• Eggs.
• Chicken meat.
• Beef.
• Cod.
• Oatmeal.
• Nuts.
• Cabbage.
• Legumes.

You need to eat small portions 5-6 times a day.

You can also provide the body with amino acids useful for the synthesis of growth hormone with the help of dietary supplements. In addition, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA or GABA) has good effectiveness in stimulating the production of somatotropin.

and growth hormone

Neither physical exercise, nor proper nutrition will not help increase the concentration of growth hormone without a complete one. Only by combining these three methods can you achieve a good result.

Therefore, you should accustom yourself to go to bed between 10 and 11 o’clock in the evening, so that by 6-7 o’clock in the morning (sleep should last at least 8 hours), the body is fully rested and produces a sufficient amount of somatotropin. In addition, experts recommend taking every morning cold and hot shower, which also has a very positive effect on the regulation of growth hormone synthesis processes.

To summarize, I would like to note once again that the human body responds best to natural stimulation of physiological processes, and any influence on these processes through artificial means (injections of growth hormone, peptides, etc.) cannot occur without any complications and side effects. actions. Therefore, everything that is done to improve health and improve one’s physical fitness should be as natural as possible, otherwise it simply does not make sense.

Zubkova Olga Sergeevna, medical observer, epidemiologist